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How Governance Changes Affected the Supply of Ecosystem Services in Berg En Dal

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How governance changes affected the supply of ecosystem services in Berg en Dal Nina de Haan MSc Thesis in Environmental Sciences 2017 November Supervised by: Dr Lenny van Bussel and Dr Marjolein Lof Course code: ESA-80436 Environmental Systems Analysis Wageningen University & Research How governance changes affected the supply of ecosystem services in Berg en Dal Nina de Haan MSc Thesis in Environmental Sciences 2017 November Supervisors: Examiners: 1) Dr Lenny van Bussel (until 01-08-17) 1st: Dr Marjolein Lof Assistant professor 2nd: Prof. dr Rik Leemans Environmental Systems Analysis group, Wageningen University 2) Dr Marjolein Lof (from 01-08-17) Postdoctoral researcher on ecosystem service accounting Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University Disclaimer: This report is produced by a student of Wageningen University as part of her MSc-programme. It is not an official publication of Wageningen University and Research and the content herein does not represent any formal position or representation by Wageningen University and Research. Copyright © 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior consent of the Environmental Systems Analysis group of Wageningen University and Research. 2 Content Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 8 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Study area ....................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Problem statement .......................................................................................... 13 1.4. Purpose ........................................................................................................... 13 1.5. Outline ............................................................................................................. 15 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Literature review .............................................................................................. 17 2.2. Interviews ........................................................................................................ 17 2.3. Construction of ES maps ................................................................................ 19 2.4. Validation of ES maps and assessment method ............................................. 27 2.5. Analysis of drivers of change in ES supply ..................................................... 27 3. Results .................................................................................................................. 28 3.1. Developments in land use in Berg en Dal from 1995 to 2015 ......................... 28 3.2. Important ESs in Berg en Dal .......................................................................... 31 3.3. Spatial distribution of ESs in Berg en Dal ........................................................ 34 3.4. Developments in ES supply in Berg en Dal between 1995 and 2015 ............. 42 3.5. Developments in governance in Berg en Dal from 1995 to 2015 .................... 50 3.6. Drivers of change in ES supply ....................................................................... 65 3.7. The effects of governance changes on ES supply in Berg en Dal from 1995 to 2015 ....................................................................................................................... 71 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 75 4.1. LULC as proxy for potential supply ................................................................. 75 4.2. Matrix method is too coarse ............................................................................ 75 4.3. Temporal assessment ..................................................................................... 77 4.4. Stakeholder interviews .................................................................................... 76 4.5. Assessment of the temporal scale of ES supply ............................................. 77 4.6. Assessment of drivers ..................................................................................... 80 4.7. Governance research ...................................................................................... 80 4.8. Additional research ......................................................................................... 81 3 5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 82 5.1. Important ESs in Berg en Dal .......................................................................... 82 5.2. Developments in potential supply of ESs in Berg en Dal from 1995 to 2015 .. 82 5.3. Developments in governance that occurred from 1995 to 2015 that affected the landscape of Berg en Dal ....................................................................................... 83 5.4. Potential drivers of change in ES supply ......................................................... 84 5.5. Demand and its role as driver ......................................................................... 84 5.6. Important drivers of change in ES supply in Berg en Dal ................................ 84 5.7. Effects of governance changes on ES supply in Berg en Dal from 1995 to 2015 ............................................................................................................................... 86 5.8. Use of the matrix method to assess temporal changes of potential supply ..... 87 7. References ........................................................................................................... 88 Annex 1: Overview of interviewees ........................................................................... 93 Annex 2: Interview guidelines: interview topics ......................................................... 94 Annex 3: LGN to CLC conversion table .................................................................. 103 Annex 4: Difficulties in converting LGN maps to CLC maps ................................... 105 Annex 5: Developments in governance of nature and landscape from 1995 to 2015 ............................................................................................................................... 111 4 Acknowledgements Upon finishing this thesis report, I wholeheartedly thank everyone who contributed directly and indirectly to me completing this study. It was a journey of many challenges and I would not have made it through without the support of others. Naturally, I thank my supervisors Lenny and Marjolein for guiding me through the process of performing scientific research and reporting it. Additionally, I thank Bart Willers, Tiny Wigman, Maarten Merkus, Eric Marsman and Zeger Stappershoef for the valuable input they gave through the interviews. I am glad to have met such passionate people and I regard your work as highly valuable. Also, thank you for the cover picture, Bart. Many others supported me and I cannot list them all. However, very important factors were: my partner Jelle, my thesis buddies Ingeborg, Merijn and Marjolein, my parents Hannie en Gideon, and Rinske and Petra. I am thankful for being surrounded by such loving people. I could add more people to the list, but it would remain endless. Additionally, I am very glad that I was able to work on the theme of nature and landscape and the use thereof by society. I regard handling nature and landscape as one of the major challenges of our time. Studying this can contribute enormously to sustaining nature, ecosystem services and human life on earth. For now, I wish you a good read, Enjoy your day and enjoy ecosystem services! With kind regards, Nina 5 Summary Temporal changes in the supply of ecosystem services (ESs) are important to address, but they are often neglected. These changes are difficult to assess and their drivers are poorly known. This study therefore demonstrates a method to assess temporal changes in potential supply so to evaluate the used method and this study identifies the effects of governance changes on ES supply in Berg en Dal in the Netherlands over the last two decades. Literature review and stakeholder interviews identified the most important ESs. Land use and land cover (LULC) and their recent changes are assessed from detailed LULC maps from 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007 and 2012. These maps are converted by a matrix method to ES potential supply maps for seven ESs (i.e. water-flow regulation; pest and disease control; pollination; crops; livestock; recreation and tourism; and natural heritage and natural diversity). This allows to calculate potential supply and changes therein for each ES. Additionally, temporal changes in LULC and ESs potential supply are assessed through stakeholder interviews and literature review. The ES maps from 2012 are further validated using stakeholder interviews and reference maps for two ESs. Governance changes, potential and actual drivers of change in ES supply, changes in demand for ESs
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