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Canopy Rainfall Interception Measured Over 10 Years in a Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine
CANOPY RAINFALL INTERCEPTION MEASURED OVER TEN YEARS IN A COASTAL PLAIN LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA L.) PLANTATION M. J. Gavazzi, G. Sun, S. G. McNulty, E. A. Treasure, M. G. Wightman ABSTRACT. The area of planted pine in the southern U.S. is predicted to increase by over 70% by 2060, potentially alter- ing the natural hydrologic cycle and water balance at multiple scales. To better account for potential shifts in water yield, land managers and resource planners must accurately quantify water budgets from the stand to the regional scale. The amount of precipitation as rainfall intercepted by forest canopies is an important component of evapotranspiration in for- ested ecosystems, yet there is little information about intra- and inter-annual canopy interception variability in southern pine plantations. To address this knowledge gap, canopy rainfall interception was measured between 2005 and 2014 in a North Carolina coastal plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation to quantify the range of annual and seasonal varia- bility in interception rates (IRs) as influenced by stand thinning and natural variation in rainfall rates and intensities. Over the study period, biweekly measured canopy IRs averaged 19% across all years, with a range of 14% to 23%. How- ever, at the annual scale, IRs averaged 12% and ranged from 2% to 17%. Thinning resulted in a 5% decrease in rainfall interception, but IRs quickly returned to pre-thin levels. Across years, the amount of annual rainfall intercepted by the canopy averaged 15% of total evapotranspiration, with a range of 2% to 24%. The decade-long data indicate that inter- annual variability of canopy interception is higher than reported in short-term studies. -
Flag Football Study Guide
Flag Football Study Guide History Flag football was created by United States service men during World War II to pass time and reduce injuries instead of playing tackle football. Equipment Belts with flags attached with Velcro (worn at both hips) Leather football (outdoor) Foam football (indoor) Skills/Cues Grip - Thumb at top 1/3 of back side - Fingers spread across laces How to carry a football - Tips/ends of ball covered Catching - Above waist = thumbs down and together - Below waist = thumbs up and open How to receive a hand off - Elbow up - Ball inserted sideways Terms/Definitions Offsides – when a player on the offensive or defensive team crosses the line of scrimmage before the ball is hiked. Fumble - Failure of a player to retain possession of the ball while running or while attempting to receive a kick, hand off, or lateral pass. A fumble is considered a dead ball and is placed at the point of the fumble. Line of scrimmage - An imaginary line at which the defensive and offensive players meet before a play begins. Hand off - Handing the ball forward behind the line of scrimmage to a backfield player. Lateral pass - A pass that is thrown sideways or back toward the passers goal. Can be used anywhere on the field. Down - A dead ball. A team has four downs to try to get a touchdown before the ball must be turned over to the other team. The ball is placed where the flag is pulled off the offensive player, not where it is thrown. Interception - A pass from a quarterback that is caught by a member of the opposing team. -
Mini-Stability Ball Exercise Manual
Mini-Stability Ball Exercise Manual Sculpt lean muscle, increase mobility, improve your posture, and strengthen your core with this easy to use exercise guide Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction Page 2-21 Abs Page 22-27 Thighs Page 28-37 Glutes Page 38-41 Arms Page 42-43 Back Introduction The Open BarreTM Mini Exercise Ball is used to more effectively & efficiently target the muscles you’re strengthening. It’s very important to pay attention to the correct alignment of each exercise, so make sure you read through and understand the set-up of the exercise beforehand. It’ll ensure that you’re keeping your body safe as well as using your time wisely. The ball is inflatable and deflatable, so you can use the straw (or a pump) to fill it to your desired firmness level. Generally, the firmer the ball, the more challenging! It will start to lose air over time, so you can simply pull the white cap out (or dig into the ball to locate the tip of the plug and press it out from the inside), blow/ pump more air into the ball, and replace the cap nice and tight. It’s ok that some air will escape before plugging it back up with the cap. Just make sure that you blow up the ball a tad more than desired... and of course try to be quick with the plug to stop the air-loss. For more exercises and tutorials, visit http://vimeo.com/openbarrefitness. 1 Abs / 1. Incline leg-drop Starting position set up: - Lying on your back, press your hips up and position the ball directly under your hips/tailbone. -
Football Officiating Manual
FOOTBALL OFFICIATING MANUAL 2020 HIGH SCHOOL SEASON TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: OFFICIATING OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 2 NATIONAL FEDERATION OFFICIALS CODE OF ETHICS ........................................... 3 PREREQUISITES AND PRINCIPLES OF GOOD OFFICIATING ................................. 4 PART TWO: OFFICIATING PHILOSOPHY ......................................................................... 6 WHEN IN QUESTION ............................................................................................................... 7 PHILOSOPHIES AND GUIDANCE ........................................................................................ 8 BLOCKING .................................................................................................................................... 8 A. Holding (OH / DH) ............................................................................................................. 8 B. Blocking Below the Waist (BBW) ..................................................................................... 8 CATCH / RECOVERY ................................................................................................................... 9 CLOCK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 9 A. Heat and Humidity Timeout ............................................................................................ -
11-Player Youth Tackle Rules Guide Table of Contents
FOOTBALL DEVELOPMENT MODEL usafootball.com/fdm 11-PLAYER YOUTH TACKLE RULES GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .....................................................................................................2 1 Youth Specific Rules ..........................................................................3 2 Points of Emphasis ............................................................................4 3 Timing and Quarter Length ...........................................................5 4 Different Rules, Different Levels ..................................................7 5 Penalties ..................................................................................................7 THANK YOU ESPN USA Football sincerely appreciates ESPN for their support of the Football Development Model Pilot Program INTRODUCTION Tackle football is a sport enjoyed by millions of young athletes across the United States. This USA Football Rules Guide is designed to take existing, commonly used rule books by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) and the NCAA and adapt them to the youth game. In most states, the NFHS rule book serves as the foundational rules system for the youth game. Some states, however, use the NCAA rule book for high school football and youth leagues. 2 2 / YOUTH-SPECIFIC RULES USA Football recommends the following rules be adopted by youth football leagues, replacing the current rules within the NFHS and NCAA books. Feel free to print this chart and provide it to your officials to take to the game field. NFHS RULE NFHS PENALTY YARDAGE USA FOOTBALL RULE EXPLANATION 9-4-5: Roughing/Running Into the Roughing = 15; Running Into = 5 All contact fouls on the kicker/holder Kicker/Holder result in a 15-yard penalty (there is no 5-yard option for running into the kicker or holder). 9-4-3-h: Grasping the Face Mask Grasping, pulling, twisting, turning = 15; All facemask fouls result in a 15-yard incidental grasping = 5 penalty (there is no 5-yard option for grasping but not twisting or pulling the facemask). -
Super Bowl Bingo
SUPER BOWL BINGO RUSHING SPECIAL TEAMS OFFSIDE DIVING CATCH FAIR CATCH TOUCHDOWN TOUCHDOWN ROUGHING THE 35+ YARD PASS FACE MASK EXTRA POINT TRICK PLAY PASSER PASSING 35+ YARD KICKOFF WIDE RECEIVER JUMP OVER PLAYER NFC FIELD GOAL TOUCHDOWN RETURN TOUCHDOWN EXCESSIVE 30+ COMBINED AFC FIELD GOAL ONSIDE KICK TIE GAME AFTER 0-0 CELEBRATION POINTS 35+ YARD PUNT QUARTERBACK SACK INTERCEPTION HOLDING FIELD GOAL RETURN Created at https://gridirongames.com The Ultimate Solution for Managing Football Pools SUPER BOWL BINGO RUSHING 10+ AFC TEAM KICKOFF RETURN TOUCHDOWN DANCE NFC FIELD GOAL TOUCHDOWN POINTS TOUCHDOWN TWO-POINT ROUGHING THE TIE GAME AFTER 0-0 ONE-HANDED CATCH PASS INTERFERENCE CONVERSION PASSER EXTRA POINT FIRST DOWN DELAY OF GAME FIELD GOAL NFC TOUCHDOWN TIGHT END 20+ COMBINED BLOCKED KICK FAIR CATCH QUARTERBACK SACK TOUCHDOWN POINTS 35+ YARD KICKOFF QUARTERBACK 30+ COMBINED 35+ YARD PASS INTERCEPTION RETURN TOUCHDOWN POINTS Created at https://gridirongames.com The Ultimate Solution for Managing Football Pools SUPER BOWL BINGO DELAY OF GAME TIE GAME AFTER 0-0 FIRST DOWN ONE-HANDED CATCH AFC FIELD GOAL 35+ YARD PUNT 20+ COMBINED SPECIAL TEAMS ONSIDE KICK NFC TOUCHDOWN RETURN POINTS TOUCHDOWN PASSING DEFENSIVE PUNT PASS INTERFERENCE OFFSIDE TOUCHDOWN TOUCHDOWN RUNNING BACK EXCESSIVE ROUGHING THE 35+ YARD PASS SAFETY TOUCHDOWN CELEBRATION PASSER 10+ NFC TEAM JUMP OVER PLAYER HOLDING FACE MASK FAIR CATCH POINTS Created at https://gridirongames.com The Ultimate Solution for Managing Football Pools SUPER BOWL BINGO FUMBLE PUNT HOLDING DIVING -
FOOTBALL TEST REVIEW SHEET 1. in Order for a Touchdown to Be
FOOTBALL TEST REVIEW SHEET 1. In order for a touchdown to be counted, the ball must cross the goal line, not just the player. 2. The team can score 2 extra points if they return a blocked extra point. 3. The distance of a football field is 100 yds. 4. 4th down is considered a punting down. The punting down is when you fail to get a first down. 5. To get a first down, a player must move the ball 10 yds. 6. The team receives 3 pts for a field goal. 7. Each team is given 6 timeouts per game; Three each half. 8. The quarterback is an offensive player. 9. The kick after the touchdown is called the extra point; it is worth 1 pt. 10. When a receiver is hit by grabbing the jersey or being pushed while running, while trying to catch a pass, it is called pass interference. 11. When the player returning the punt waves their hand in the air, it is called a fair catch. 12. When a game ends in a tie, it goes into overtime. 13. Each quarter lasts 12 mins. 14. A reception is when the ball is caught on offense. 15. An interception is when the defense catches the ball. 16. When a punt is blocked, it can be advanced for a touchdown. 17. Three major penalties are holding, clipping, and a personal foul. 18. There are 11 players on the field at one time for each team. 19. If the defense recovers a fumble in the offenses end zone, it is a touchdown. -
From Whistle to Snap – Version 2
From Whistle to Snap – Version 2 This document is intended to supplement to the 2014 edition of Mechanics Illustrated (MI) and any previous editions of From Whistle to Snap. Many of the chapters of MI include information about dead ball officiating; however, officials and RTO observers noted areas that needed clarifications and additional information. In this chapter, we are going to cover what happens after the whistle blows and the play ends until the ball is snapped (or free kicked) starting the next play. This will include the “Accordion” mechanic and other dead ball responsibilities. The other chapters in the mechanics manual cover the positioning, coverage areas, and other live ball oriented topics. The Accordion Mechanic: One of the basic dead ball mechanics is the accordion mechanic used at the end of most plays (The exceptions are noted in the next section). Simply put, the accordion is the motion of all officials other than the Umpire(U) toward the dead ball spot at the end of the play. This convergence of officials helps improve dead ball officiating and reminds the players that you are there. For the wing officials, it helps sell the forward progress spot and moves them away from coaches who might be reacting to the play or call. In the normal accordion mechanic, the Referee(R) moves toward the ball, normally coming in about 5-7 yards. The Back Judge(BJ) also comes toward the ball about 10- 12 yards. The wings come down the sideline to the forward progress yard line and square up their turn and come in to at least the top of the numbers. -
Origins of the Forward Pass
Used by permission of Denison The 1913 Notre Dame-Army University SID, Craig Hicks. Football Game Most fans and many sportswriters accept the THE HISTORICAL common gridiron lore that the forward pass as a game- TIMES winning strategy originated QUARTERLY OF THE under the shadows of the famous GRANVILLE, OHIO, golden dome in South Bend, Indiana. Tradition holds that the HISTORICAL SOCIETY famous Notre Dame player and later coach, Knute Rockne, was Volume XVI Issue 3 Fall 2002 on the receiving end of aerial bombs thrown by the Irish A Backward Glance at quarterback, Gus Dorais, in the rout of the cadets from Army on the Forward Pass: November 1, 1913. This Giving Credit Where November upset of the highly Credit is DU! favored Army team launched Notre Dame into its nearly unstoppable drive toward The story of the Denison national prominence as a football University Contribution to the powerhouse. Forward Pass Revolution in Modern Football. References to the significance for the development of football © Anthony J. Lisska strategy initiated in this Notre Denison University Dame-Army contest abound.' Fox Granville Historical Society News recently claimed that Notre Dame "changed the game The forward pass has made forever by utilizing the forward football livelier and more pass for something other than exciting, especially for the fans. desperation.” While erstwhile Ohio State USA Today this year claimed that football coach and Denison against Army, Note Dame alumnus, Woody Hayes [DU employed "an innovative game `35], was known for his playing plan." The "Great Football theory of "three yards and a Games" account boldly asserts: cloud of dust," it's the passing What happened on November 1" game that has generally 1913 is a single incident that in surpassed the "grunt them out American football annals is running games" of long ago. -
"This Year, Indiana Barely Got Into the Playoffs
"This year, Indiana barely got into the playoffs after a postseason drought, Greg Oden was KO'd for the season, Utah Jazz (49-26) Remaining Schedule (GS, three assists and two rebounds in the opening frame as the Lakers ran out to an early 26-18 lead. Bryant's effort left Lakers coach Mike Brown in awe. and it was wrong before Westbrook??s injury. and same rotation choices, like assisting on all three of 's fourth-quarter 3-pointers that helped Boston surge as close as three. leave it to Rondo to leave his audience in stitches. get some tissue. just his floor leadership, With a month of hindsight since LeBron landed at the top of the #NBArank heap? I suspect many other voters would have followed suit and withheld their 10 from James in those circumstances until #NBArank 2013. Golden State has to finish in the bottom seven of the league after the draft lottery to keep its protected first-round pick," Jackson said. I'm healthy. precisely because the Bulls would battle them. The 76ers weren't quite at the level of the Rose-less Bulls this season, Rose's injury has radically altered expectations. Because I'm the random guy. Stepping outside the box at center will likely be his first step to exploiting more low-post mismatches for the Heat. a source said." Jackson also has been in touch with potential assistant coaches in the past two days, He??s supposed to be good, but he had some tough times, If Odom can play more consistently in Boston the Lakers may be able to steal another game on the Celtics home court. -
Uc Merced Intramural Sports
UC MERCED INTRAMURAL SPORTS 4 ON 4 FLAG FOOTBALL RULES ALL RULES NOT COVERED BY THIS SUPPLEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY CURRENT NIRSA FLAG AND TOUCH FOOTBALL RULES. G 5 20 25 20 5 G RULE 1: THE GAME 1.1 The game shall be played between 2 teams of 4 players each. Three players per team are required to avoid a forfeit. 1.2 No contact allowed, this includes any type of bumping on the line 1.3 A coin toss determines first possession 1.4 The offensive team takes possession of the ball at their 5-yard line and has three plays to cross mid-field. 1.5 Once a team crosses mid-field they have three plays to score. If the offense fails to score, the ball changes possession. 1.6 If the offensive team fails to cross mid-field, the ball changes possession. 1.7 All drives start from the 5-yard line except interceptions. 1.8 Each game is 40 minutes long, consisting of two 20-minute halves and a 2- minute halftime. At the end of regulation there will be 6 downs of play. 1.9 The clock will not stop unless a time out has been called or the official feels it is necessary. 1.10 Each time the ball is spotted, the offensive team has 30 seconds to snap the ball. 1.11 Teams may not snap the ball until the officials are set. (No Quick Snaps) 1.12 Each team has one 60 second time out per game. 1.13 Time outs will only stop the game clock for 60 seconds. -
LV GRIDIRON ADULT FLAG FOOTBALL 5V5 LEAGUE RULES
LV GRIDIRON ADULT FLAG FOOTBALL 5v5 LEAGUE RULES Rules and Regulations RULE 1: THE GAME, FIELD, PLAYERS & EQUIPMENT Section 1 – The Game • No contact allowed. • NO BLOCKING/SCREENING anytime or anywhere on the field. Offensive players not involved with a play down field must attempt to get out of the way or stand still. • A coin toss determines first possession. • Play starts from the 5 yard line. The offensive teams has (3) plays to cross mid-field. Once team crosses mid-field, they will have three (3) plays to score a touchdown. • If the offensive team fails to cross mid-field or score, possession of the ball changes and the opposite team starts their drive from their 5-yard line. • Each time the ball is spotted a team has 25 seconds to snap the ball. • Games consist of 2-15 minute halves. Teams will flip sides at beginning of 2nd half. Half time will be 1 minutes. • Overtime; 1st overtime from 5 line, 2nd overtime if still tied from 10 yard line, 3rd overtime if still tied 15 yard line. After 3rd time if still tied game is scored as a tie. • Spot of ball is location of the ball when play is ruled dead Section 2 – Attire • Teams may use their own flags. • Shirts with numbers are mandatory for stats RULE 2: PLAYERS/GAME SCHEDULES, SCORING & TIME OUTS Section 1 – Players/Game Schedules • If a team or teams are more than 10 minutes late for their scheduled games they will be forfeited. After 10 minutes the game will be forfeited and the score recorded as 10-0.