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Sector Energético En Kazajistán: Situación Y Oportunidades

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Sector Energético En Kazajistán: Situación Y Oportunidades MASTER EN INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍAS INDUSTRIALES UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Autor: D. Marcos Sáenz Niño Tutor: D. Alfonso Horrillo Güemes Valladolid, Abril, 2018 Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Resumen Kazajistán es un país desconocido en la mayoría de aspectos, que cuenta con unos recursos energéticos que lo sitúan como un gran productor. En los últimos años ha estado desarrollando e implementando un plan para modernizar el país en todos los sentidos, siendo el cambio de modelo energético uno de los puntos más interesantes. Para ello necesita de tecnología e inversión extranjera. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer información que permita a los inversores conocer Kazajistán de una manera detallada y analizar algunos posibles proyectos de implantación de tecnologías energéticas. Abstract Kazakhstan is an unknown country in most aspects, which because of its energetic resources stands out as a great producer. In the most recent years has been developing and implementing a plan to refresh the country in all ways, being the update of the energetic model one of the most interesting points. For this, they need both foreign technology and investment. The aim of this thesis is to provide with information to investors so they can know Kazakhstan in a detailed way and to analyze some possible energy technologies implementing projects. Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Dedicado a todos a quienes he conocido en este camino, tanto en España como en Asia Central. Посвящается всем, кого я повстречал в пути, - как в Испании, так и в Центральной Азии. Испанияда, сондай ақ Орта Азияда менің жолымда кездескен барлық адамдарға арналады. Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Índice Índice .................................................................................................................................... 7 Capítulo 1: Introducción .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objeto ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Alcance.................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Metodología .......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Organización del documento ................................................................................ 4 Capítulo 2: Sector y Políticas Energéticas .......................................................................... 7 2.1 Introducción .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Organización del sector ......................................................................................... 9 2.3 Consumo de energía ........................................................................................... 10 2.4 Sector eléctrico ................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Eficiencia Energética ........................................................................................... 22 2.6 Compromiso institucional, el Plan Verde ............................................................. 26 Capítulo 3: Energías Fósiles y Nuclear .............................................................................. 31 3.1 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Petróleo ............................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Gas natural .......................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Carbón ................................................................................................................ 46 3.5 Energía Nuclear ....................................................................................................51 Capítulo 4: Energías Renovables ..................................................................................... 59 4.1 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 61 4.2 Energía Solar ....................................................................................................... 61 4.3 Energía Eólica ...................................................................................................... 70 4.4 Energía Hidroeléctrica ......................................................................................... 80 4.5 Biomasa .............................................................................................................. 87 Capítulo 5: Análisis económico de proyectos ................................................................... 95 5.1 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 97 5.2 Eólica terrestre .................................................................................................... 97 Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño 5.3 Eólica marina ..................................................................................................... 102 5.4 Solar fotovoltaica ............................................................................................... 107 5.5 Rehabilitación de viviendas ................................................................................ 111 5.6 Planta de biogás ................................................................................................. 115 Capítulo 6: Conclusiones ................................................................................................ 121 6.1 Situación social y política ................................................................................... 123 6.2 Sector energético .............................................................................................. 124 6.3 Potencial energético ......................................................................................... 124 6.4 Viabilidad de proyectos ..................................................................................... 126 6.5 Conclusión final .................................................................................................. 127 Capítulo 7: Bibliografía .................................................................................................. 129 Capítulo 8: Anexos .......................................................................................................... 137 8.1 Anexo 1: Introducción a Kazajistán ..................................................................... 139 8.2 Anexo 2: Cálculos económicos .......................................................................... 149 Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño Capítulo 1: Introducción 1 Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño 2 Sector Energético en Kazajistán: Situación y Oportunidades Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales Marcos Sáenz Niño 1.1 Objeto El objetivo de este trabajo es ser una guía que sirva para conocer Kazajistán, el sector de la energía y las oportunidades relacionadas. Debe acercar el país a las empresas extranjeras que busquen oportunidades fuera de los países en los que ahora operan. Tiene que ser especialmente detallado en lo referente al sector de las energías renovables, mostrando el plan gubernamental hasta el año 2050. Se busca también plasmar todo el potencial visto en el país y servir de memoria de la experiencia durante varios meses en Kazajistán. La recopilación de bibliografía es un objetivo que surgió a mediado que se avanzó en la redacción del TFM. Las más de setenta fuentes bibliográficas consultadas y referenciadas proporcionan no sólo un respaldo y validez de los datos, sino también una base para seguir profundizando en el conocimiento de Kazajistán. 1.2 Alcance El alcance de este TFM es realizar una evaluación del sector de la energía en Kazajistán, evaluar las posibles oportunidades de negocio para empresas extranjeras. El informe debe tener una información y estructura tal que sea posible cumplir el objetivo del Trabajo de Fin de Máster. 1.3 Metodología La metodología de este trabajo fin de máster busca darle una conexión con la realidad de Kazajistán y su sector energético y evitar ser una simple recopilación de datos. Para ello se ha mantenido el contacto con el país, a través de visitas y de contactos. Durante la elaboración del informe se ha ido realizando una recopilación exhaustiva de bibliografía. Dentro de
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