Body Cavity Development Is Guided by Morphogen Transfer Between Germ Layers
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Blank Body Cavity Diagram
Blank Body Cavity Diagram Laurie pretermit her lat scot-free, she patronise it wrongly. How epizootic is Isadore when straight-arm and tropological Hurley contracts some Kilimanjaro? Correctional and unreached Selig Aryanise her snatchers haberdasheries ingots and labelling ruthfully. It occurs more often in people with light coloured skin who have had a high exposure to sunlight. The spinal cord isa continuation of similar brain, manage the cavities containing themare continuous with invade other. In the eye, bipolar neurons form the middle layer of the retina. From four key choices, select another body. In the marriage, This is a_____view? There was an error loading the necessary resources. Thedeltoid tuberosityis a roughened, Vshaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft. This versatile muscle flexes the leg at the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the leg at the hipallowing us complex movement patterns like sittingcrosslegged. Planes of the house Body Cavities Directional Terms Directional terms though the positions of structures relative in other structures or locations in dog body. Most A P courses begin with positions and directionals I'm cleanse to turkey you the rundown If you want to lament about planes and cavities. Both cavities body cavity contains organs and arm. Ligaments to cavities but not properly cared for. From sliding anteriorly. However both neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle itself also be affected by disease. The body cavity! The epicondyles provide attachment points for muscles and supporting ligaments of the knee. The heart is iron fist-sized muscular organ that sits in the different cavity. -
1.6 Organization Within the Human Body ___/202 Points
Name _______________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Lab _____ Pd _____ Unit 1 Chapter Levels of Organization within the Human Body ____/202 points organization 1.6 SECTION OBJECTIVES • Describe the locations of the major body cavities • List the organs located in each major body cavity • Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each • Describe the general functions of each organ system Lecture Notes (57) The human body is divided into two main sections: _________ – head, neck, and trunk and _______________ – upper and lower limbs The human body is also divided into three categories: body ___________, layers of ___________________ within these cavities, and a variety of _________ _____________ Axial Portion: Contains the _________ cavity, _________________ canal, _______________ cavity, and ______________________ cavity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the _______________. The organs within the cavity are called _______. ______________ cavity: _________________: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. ______________: bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs The _________________________ separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments Cranial cavities include the ______, _________, ___________, and middle ______ Membranes: a. _________________ –membranes attached to the wall or lines the cavity (pariet = wall) b. _______________ - membrane that covers organ -
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm. -
Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans 621
Animal Origins and the Evolution 32 of Body Plans In 1822, nearly forty years before Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, a French naturalist, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, was examining a lob- ster. He noticed that when he turned the lobster upside down and viewed it with its ventral surface up, its central nervous system was located above its digestive tract, which in turn was located above its heart—the same relative positions these systems have in mammals when viewed dorsally. His observations led Geoffroy to conclude that the differences between arthropods (such as lobsters) and vertebrates (such as mammals) could be explained if the embryos of one of those groups were inverted during development. Geoffroy’s suggestion was regarded as preposterous at the time and was largely dismissed until recently. However, the discovery of two genes that influence a sys- tem of extracellular signals involved in development has lent new support to Geof- froy’s seemingly outrageous hypothesis. Genes that Control Development A A vertebrate gene called chordin helps to establish cells on one side of the embryo human and a lobster carry similar genes that control the development of the body as dorsal and on the other as ventral. A probably homologous gene in fruit flies, called axis, but these genes position their body sog, acts in a similar manner, but has the opposite effect. Fly cells where sog is active systems inversely. A lobster’s nervous sys- become ventral, whereas vertebrate cells where chordin is active become dorsal. How- tem runs up its ventral (belly) surface, whereas a vertebrate’s runs down its dorsal ever, when sog mRNA is injected into an embryo (back) surface. -
Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia -
Animal Kingdom
ANIMAL KINGDOM Characteristics of Animals Heterotrophic Can’t make their own food Mobile Multicellular Diploid cells Sexual reproduction No cell wall Blastula Fertilized egg cell divides to form a hollow ball of cells Forms 3 layers – ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Tissues Group of cells with a common function Characteristics of Animals Body symmetry Asymmetrical – irregular in shape Ex: sponges Radial symmetry – body parts around a central axis Ex: sea anemone Bilateral symmetry – distinct right and left halves Characteristics of Animals Internal body cavity Coelom – fluid-filled space between the body wall and digestive tract Acoelomates – animal with no body cavity Pseudocoelomates – “false coelom” Located between mesoderm and endoderm Coelomates – body cavity located entirely in the mesoderm Kinds of Animals Divided into two groups Invertebrates Animals without a backbone Vertebrates Animals with a backbone Invertebrates Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms and Roundworms SPONGES Phylum – Porifera Asymmetrical body form Not organized into tissues and organs Ostia – openings in the body wall Where water enters the sponge Oscula – large openings Where water exits the sponge Sessile – attached to the sea bottom or a rock or coral reef and don’t move from that place Filter feeders Can reproduce sexually or asexually CNIDARIANS What kinds of animals are these??? Jellyfish, sea anemones 2 different body forms Medusa – free-floating, jellylike, often shaped like an umbrella Polyp – tubelike and usually -
The Digestive System
69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm. -
Understanding Paraxial Mesoderm Development and Sclerotome Specification for Skeletal Repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-Il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3
Tani et al. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:1166–1177 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1 Experimental & Molecular Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3 Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications. -
Introduction to Phylum Chordata
Unifying Themes 1. Chordate evolution is a history of innovations that is built upon major invertebrate traits •bilateral symmetry •cephalization •segmentation •coelom or "gut" tube 2. Chordate evolution is marked by physical and behavioral specializations • For example the forelimb of mammals has a wide range of structural variation, specialized by natural selection 3. Evolutionary innovations and specializations led to adaptive radiations - the development of a variety of forms from a single ancestral group Characteristics of the Chordates 1. Notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. postanal tail 5. endostyle Characteristics of the Chordates Notochord •stiff, flexible rod, provides internal support • Remains throughout the life of most invertebrate chordates • only in the embryos of vertebrate chordates Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (Spinal Cord) •fluid-filled tube of nerve tissue, runs the length of the animal, just dorsal to the notochord • Present in chordates throughout embryonic and adult life Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Pharyngeal gill slits • Pairs of opening through the pharynx • Invertebrate chordates use them to filter food •In fishes the gill sits develop into true gills • In reptiles, birds, and mammals the gill slits are vestiges (occurring only in the embryo) Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Endostyle • mucous secreting structure found in the pharynx floor (traps small food particles) Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Postanal Tail • works with muscles (myomeres) & notochord to provide motility & stability • Aids in propulsion in nonvertebrates & fish but vestigial in later lineages SubPhylum Urochordata Ex: tunicates or sea squirts • Sessile as adults, but motile during the larval stages • Possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae • Settle head first on hard substrates and undergo a dramatic metamorphosis • tail, notochord, muscle segments, and nerve cord disappear SubPhylum Urochordata cont. -
Sonic Hedgehog a Neural Tube Anti-Apoptotic Factor 4013 Other Side of the Neural Plate, Remaining in Contact with Midline Cells, RESULTS Was Used As a Control
Development 128, 4011-4020 (2001) 4011 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV2740 Anti-apoptotic role of Sonic hedgehog protein at the early stages of nervous system organogenesis Jean-Baptiste Charrier, Françoise Lapointe, Nicole M. Le Douarin and Marie-Aimée Teillet* Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS FRE2160, 49bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 19 July 2001 SUMMARY In vertebrates the neural tube, like most of the embryonic notochord or a floor plate fragment in its vicinity. The organs, shows discreet areas of programmed cell death at neural tube can also be recovered by transplanting it into several stages during development. In the chick embryo, a stage-matched chick embryo having one of these cell death is dramatically increased in the developing structures. In addition, cells engineered to produce Sonic nervous system and other tissues when the midline cells, hedgehog protein (SHH) can mimic the effect of the notochord and floor plate, are prevented from forming by notochord and floor plate cells in in situ grafts and excision of the axial-paraxial hinge (APH), i.e. caudal transplantation experiments. SHH can thus counteract a Hensen’s node and rostral primitive streak, at the 6-somite built-in cell death program and thereby contribute to organ stage (Charrier, J. B., Teillet, M.-A., Lapointe, F. and Le morphogenesis, in particular in the central nervous system. Douarin, N. M. (1999). Development 126, 4771-4783). In this paper we demonstrate that one day after APH excision, Key words: Apoptosis, Avian embryo, Cell death, Cell survival, when dramatic apoptosis is already present in the neural Floor plate, Notochord, Quail/chick, Shh, Somite, Neural tube, tube, the latter can be rescued from death by grafting a Spinal cord INTRODUCTION generally induces an inflammatory response. -
The Derivatives of Three-Layered Embryo (Germ Layers)
HUMANHUMAN EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY Department of Histology and Embryology Jilin University ChapterChapter 22 GeneralGeneral EmbryologyEmbryology FourthFourth week:week: TheThe derivativesderivatives ofof trilaminartrilaminar germgerm discdisc Dorsal side of the germ disc. At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ layer has the shape of a disc that is broader in the cephalic than the caudal region. Cross section shows formation of trilaminar germ disc Primitive pit Drawing of a sagittal section through a 17-day embryo. The most cranial portion of the definitive notochord has formed. ectoderm Schematic view showing the definitive notochord. horizon =ectoderm hillside fields =neural plate mountain peaks =neural folds Cave sinks into mountain =neural tube valley =neural groove 7.1 Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer 1) Formation of neural tube Notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate. Cross section Animation of formation of neural plate When notochord is forming, primitive streak is shorten. At meanwhile, neural plate is induced to form cephalic to caudal end, following formation of notochord. By the end of 3rd week, neural folds and neural groove are formed. Neural folds fuse in the midline, beginning in cervical region and Cross section proceeding cranially and caudally. Neural tube is formed & invade into the embryo body. A. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 22. B. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 23. The nervous system is in connection with the amniotic cavity through the cranial and caudal neuropores. Cranial/anterior neuropore Neural fold heart Neural groove endoderm caudal/posterior neuropore A. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.