ANCIENT NEPAL Journal of the Department of Archaeology
Number 15 1 November 2002
Editorial Board Chief Editor Ms. Sanu Nani Kansakar Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal
Published by His Majesty's Government Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation The Department of Archaeology Kathmandu, Nepal ANCIENT NEPAL
Number 15 1 November 2002
Editorial Board Chief Editor Ms. Sanu Nani Kansakar Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal m-FEitC\ Contents Page
The Ancient City of Kapilvastu-Revisited -Swoyamblzu D. Tulad?
Important Archaeological Sites of Devadaha Village -Ram Bahadur Kunwar To be had of . Sajha I'rakasl han Pulchok, Lalitpur
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The Director General Department of Archaeology Ramshahpath Kathmandu, Nepal The Ancient City of Kapilvastu-Revisited
- Swoyambhu D. Tuladhar
The ancient kingdom of Kapilvastu lying at the Thesearch forthe lostcity of Kapilvastu started foothills of the Himalayasspread between thecountry in the mid 19Ih Century after the translation of the of Kosala on the west and Koliyas on the east. It was notes of the great Chinese travelers. A. Cunningham known to be a stable kingdom flourishing during the identified Bhuila in UPas Kapilvastu which was later time of King Suddhodhana, father of Prince proved untrue. In 1895 Kapilvastu was rediscovered Siddhartha Gautam. It was in the city of Kapilvastu along with the Niglihwa Asokan pillar with that Prince Siddhartha Gautam spent his early years inscription, but not without controversy. The lost city after his birth in Lumbini in 623 BC. We know that of Kapilvastu was identified as Tilaura Kot until once Prince Siddhartha left Kapilvastu in search of 1898, when W. Peppe found several relic caskets truth at the age of 29 and attained enlightenment as inside an old stupa in Piprahwa believed to contain Buddha, he did not return to live in Kapilvastu. After the relics of Buddha. On the lid of the smaller vasean thedeath of King Suddhodhana, a gradual decline set inscription was incised mentioning Sakyamuni and in the country. For a long period Kapilvastu was left Sakya. But thc date and the translation of the utterly desolate and forsaken. It lapsed into oblivion inscription in old Prakrit and Brahmi script were and was ruined beyond recognition. It is not clear obscure and inconclusive. There was considerable how and why exactly the desolation of Kapilvastu difference of opinion regarding the date and the started but some construction activities had taken meaning of the inscription. The paleographic dating place even after the place was in ruins. Huen Tsian during his visit in 6'hCentury A.D. had mentioned varied from 6"' Century BC to 3'" Century AD by about the monasteries and stupas built over the ruins various scholars. Different scholars interpreted the of the royal precincts. In course of time Kapilvastu translation of the inscription differently. Some was almost forgotten and erased from the world map scholars interpreted that the relics are those of Buddha and the name of Kapilvastu remained known only in and some as those of Kinsmen of Buddha. Conflicting the old Buddhist Chronicles. dating and translation confused the identification of 2 Ancient Nepal
Kapilvastu. Vincent A. Smith in Nov. 1900 even A. Cunningham (1871) had rightly said "The suggested the theory of dual Kapilvastu. monuments themselves cannot enable us to indicate However, the identification of Kapilvastu was the real site, unless an ancient description of the treated as settled, based on the overwhelming monument is found or it speaks through the evidences provided by the archaeological sites and inscriptions." In Kapilvastu we have today theremains antiquities around Tilaura Kot, until the discovery of of the monument erected in third century BC with two more caskets below Peppe's coffer in 1972 clear-cut inscriptions left behind by King Asoka and by K. M. Srivastava who complicated the matter also seen later by the travelers who visited the site in further by bringing up the new theory of Piprahwa as the sixth century AD. They are the most reliable and the original Kapilvastu of the Sakya Clan. He put authentic evidences supporting to justify the actual forward various conjectural hypotheses regarding identification of KapiIvastu.This vital evidence have the relics and the location of Kapilvastu. He was been by passed by K.M. Srivastava. more obsessed with his belief that Piprahwa was the From the time of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha original city of Kapilvastu than analyzing the real till the end of 19"' Century AD we know of four great facts discovered in Piprahwa and Tilaura Kot. Since Visitors to Kapilvastu who have left behind valuable then the discussion on the identification of the actual evidence which later contributed to the identifications town of Kapilvastu resurfaced again.Today Piprahwa ofvarious Buddhistsites in India, Nepal and Pakistan. is being recognized and developed as the ancient city They are King Asoka, Chinese traveler Fah Hien, of Kapilvastu in India and Tilaura Kot is being Chinese traveler Huen Tsian and King Ripu Malla. developed as the original site of the Kapilvastu in King Asoka visited Kapilvastu in 249 BC with Nepal which sounds quite untrue. This has brought his spiritual advisor Upagupta. He erected numerous confusion in the World Buddhist community. The stone pillars and stupas. In Nepal three Asokan disputeoftllelocation oftheancient city of Kapilvastu Pillars have been found so far one each in Lumbini, between scholars of India and Nepal is quite unique. Niglisagar and Gotihwa. They are the only three In this planet nowhere do we find such type of structural elements found today credited to Asoka in scholarly dispute between two countries. Kapilvastu. Lumbini and Niglihwa Pillars are Various scholars supporting their opinions and inscribedanddated.The Lumbini and Gotihwa Pillars views about the actual location of Kapilvastu came are in situ. Huen Tsian witnessed all the three pillars forward with many arguments, reasons, evidences during his visit to Kapilvastu in 6Ih Century AD. In and facts. In this article I will be discussing the 1177 AD Ripu Malla engraved the date of his visit in position of Kapilvastu as noted by the Chinese the Lumbini and Niglihawa Piller. All three pillers travelers and with respect to the position of the three were erected within the dominion of Kapilvastu of Asokan Pillars found in Nepal Terai because the which two were in thevicinity ofthecity of Kapilvastu. locations and inscriptions of the pillars are important Of the two, one of them have been found in Gotihwa indications fortheactual identification of the lost city and second one at Niglihwa in Nepal. of Kapilvastu. Actual historical facts and figures In Gotihwa the lowerpart ofthe stumpstanding with archaeological evidences will be considered on a sandstone base was found. The upper part of the rather than depending upon the mythical legends, pillar with the inscription has broken off and is romances, stories and hypothetical presumptions. As missing. Three fragments of the pillars were found The Ancient...... around the village and one of them is a portion of the at the bank of Niglisagar. It was lying over a small bell shaped base which is about 1'-7" in height and tree, which indicates that it was in that position as 1'-8 '12" broad. The pillar is about 10'- 6" long and is recently as only 20 years before its discovery. Second standing on a sandstone base stone. There is no 10'-0"piece was found halfburied with inscribed part damage to the surface of the stem and there are no visible. The pillar was not in situ and the place of its signs of any dents due to the intentional hammering origin is not known but it's inscription proves that it to the pillar. The sharp edges at the point where the was previously located at the town of Kanakmuni pillarwas broken indicates that the pillar was damaged Buddha about a yojana (7-9 miles) from the city of due to the natural disaster and the damage is not very Kapilvastu. The bottom part of the base along with old. The assumption that the pillar was carried from the base is missing. Afterclosely examining the pillar some other place to its present position is quite even though it seems to be badly mutilated it does not remote and highly unlikely. The pillar is still fixed to lookas if the pillarwas initially damaged intentionally. its original position. The pillar is standing next to an The damage must be due to the natural cause. The ancient stupa on a base stone placed in a pit 7-8 feet deepcuts at the edges are not intentional and there are deep over rock bedding. It is not simple to erect a no sign of dents from hammering while trying to pillar 30-40 feet tall weighing fifty tons. Great damage the pillar. The buried part of the inscribed accuracy and engineering precision is required to piece has pointed edges indicating the breakage erect such pillar and is against any engineering norm similar to the Gotihwa Pillar. The pillar exhibited the to dig a pit, prepare a rock foundation, place the base most important evidence for the identification of slab, erect 50 ton pillarand then shift itto the intended Kapilvastu. The inscription confirmed theerection of place. The only uncertainty of the Gotihwa Pillar is the commemorative pillar by Asoka for Past Buddha that there is no inscription on the pillar. The upper in the town of Kanakmuni. It is mentioned that he stem with the inscription is missing. Theidentification doubly enlarged thestupa in his 14Ihyear of his reign, of the Gotihwa Pillar with Krakuchanda pillar could personally visited the place and erected the pillar on be confirmed by the description of Huen Tsian. He his 20thyear of his reign. There is collateral evidence had mentioned three pillars erected by Asoka in that the town of Kanakmuni is located at the Kapilvastu commemorating the birthplace neighborhood of city of Kapilvastu. Huen Tsian who Kanakrnuni Buddha, Krakuchanda Buddha and visited the town nine hundred years after it was Sakyamuni Buddha. The pillar of Lumbinigrama of erected confirmed the existence of the pillar and its Sakyamuni Buddha and the Kanakmuni pillar of position. As per him it was in a neighborhood of Nilglihwa have been found with inscription so the about 6-7 miles South East of the town of Kapilvastu third one has to be Gotihwa Pillar for there are no and today it was found at about 3 miles North East of recordsof otherpillarserected by Asoka in Kapilvastu. Tilaura Kot. G. Buhler in his article "The Asoka The distance and bearing given by Fah Hien and Edicts of Paderia and Niglihwa" in 1898 after finding Huen Tsian between Kapilvastu and the town of Huen Tsian's note about Kanakmuni Buddha pillar Krakuchanda Buddhaquite matches with the distance that the city of Kapilvastu should be in the and direction between Tilaura Kot and Gotihwa. neighborhood of Niglihwa. The finding of both the Niglihwa Pillar was found the bank of a lake in Gotihwa and Niglisagar pillars at the neighborhood two pieces. Top portion 14'-9'12"in length was found ofTilaura Kot clearly indicates that Tilaura Kot is the 4 Ancient Nepal actual position of the city of Kapilvastu. It is further be used to match the distances noted by the Chinese backed by the findings of 12-15 feet thick walled travelers. The actual distance of the winding road fortress surrounded by a moat in Tilura Kot and the should be considered. K. M. Srivastva had used the discovery of the terracotta seal containingthe legend direct distance in his identification of Kapilvastu. As Sa-ka-na-sya; he said in his report "The third indication for the Fah Hien and Huen Tsian provided the location identity of Piprahwa with Kapilvastu appeared from of the prominent towns, cities and places around the the records of the Chinese travelers Fah-Hien. vicinity of Kapilvastu. They have given distances According to him Lumbini (The Birth Place of and bearings of all the places with short stories and Buddha) should be nine miles east of Kapilvastu description. How they measured the distances and which corresponds very well with the ancient site of fixed thedirections arestill a big controversy because Piprahwa". He failed to consider the distances with they both differ from each other about the distances respect to other places. The roads must be winding and disections between places. Their means of through the jungles, crossing the rivers at the transportation and the method used for the convenient places. Even today the rivers are quite measurements of the distances and the directions are treacherous in Nepalese Terai. So we cannot unknown to us. We do not know if they had used completely just rely on the distances and directions compasses andother instruments to providedirections provided by the Chinese travelers as the clue to and the distances accurately. The bearing was given identify location of proper city of Kapilvastu. The in eight cardinal directions only. But it is believed location and position of the monuments mentioned that the Chinese had discovered Magnet around 1-11 by the Chinese traveler fifteen hundred years ago and Century AD. They both gave the distances mostly in their positions today have to be considered for the Li Le or Yojana and not in terms of days walk. It is identification of the location of Kapilvastu which highly probable that the measurement used by Huen K. M. Srivastva completely ignored. Tsian is completely different from what was used by The description of Fah Hien and Huen Tsian of Fah Hien. The exact equivalent values of the Li and their graphic accounts of the various sites in the city Yojana used by them are not clear. Today all we can of Kapilvastu and its suburbs do not match. There are do isguess usingvarious mathematical interpretations. differences between the description about what they C.F.Fleet in hisarticleonImaginary Yojanapublished saw and the distances and the bearings provided by in JRAS the value of Yojana ranges between 4.5 to 9 them. They visited the same place but described the Miles which isquitea big difference. A. Cunningham place differently. This may be probably due to the in Ancient Geography of India had alsogiven different long time span between their visits. They visited the equivalents. Kapilvastu is not a big country and the place 200 hundred years apart and it is apparent that distances between the towns and places are not very there must have been big changes in the size and long but the roads connecting the towns and the position of the places mentioned by them. In two places could not have been straight like the highway hundred years big changes to the landscaping of the connecting Delhi and Jaipur today. The roads in that towns and villages are apparent. Some towns and period were rough and had to pass through rough villages must have disappeared from the map terrain, thick jungles and cross many small and big altogether with new ones popping up. So it is highly rivers. The direct distances from today's map cannot probable that the description of some of the places The Ancient ...... 5 seen by Huen-Tsian are different from those seen by other about the location of the Kanakmuni and Fah-Hien two hundred yearsearlier. Rut theinteresting Krakachunda towns. Huen Tsian placed the birth part here is that their description of the same place place of Krakuchand Buddha as 50 li South from the with same story is different from one another in size, Kapilvastu where as Fah Hien placed it 1.4 yojana distance, direction and contents. Their distances and south west of Kapilvastu. Both have placed bearings of the spot of Buddha's Birthplace in Krakachunda town in the southerly direction whereas Lumbini, Kanakmuni and KrakachundaBuddha town Kanakmuni town is placed in the opposite directions. do not correspond. Fah Hien did not see all three Fah Hien placed Kanakmuni town on the westerly Asokan pillars of Kapilvastu. The pillars standing direction where as Huen Tsian in easterly direction. thirty feet above the ground with majestic capital So who is right? Fah Hien or Huen Tsian? Srivastava were missed by Fah Hien. Asokan stone pillars must hasclaimed that Fah-Hien'sposition about Kapilvastu have stood out prominently among the rest of the is the correct one. If we assume the position of construction of that period, which is usually of wood Piprahwa as Kapilvastu as suggested by K. M. or brick with mud mortar. It is inconceivable that any Sivastava the town of Kanakmuni and Krakachunda body would miss seeing such a monument had he have to be around Piprahwa and the broken pillars of visited theactual site. NiglihwaPiIlarwasstiII standing Niglisagar and Gotihwa must have been transported when Ripu Malla visited the town as late as 12Ih from about 7-8 miles west and 11-12 miles south Century AD. Fah Hien had mentioned the pillars of west of Piprahwa respectively which is quite remote. JetavanaVihara in Sravasti which werealso noted by There is no way to prove that they were taken to HuenTsian 200yearslater. Both theChineseTravelers Niglihwaand Gotihwafrom thevicinity ofpiprahwa. did not also mention the Piprahwa Stupa which K. M. Above all there are no traces of existence of any one Srivastava claimed to have been built over the one of the numerous ancient towns in the neighborhood eight share of Buddha's relics in Kapilvastu by the of Piprahwa. The old Buddhist Chronicles and the Sakyas where as both of them have mentioned the description of the Chinese Travelers had mentioned stupa built overtheoneeight shareof Buddha'srelics the existence of many towns and villages in the by the king of Ramagrama. Their description of neighborhood of the city of Kapilvastu. In the various sites at Sravasti also matches. This shows neighborhood of Piprahwa within a radius of 6-7 that they eitherdid not visit thesamecity ofKapilvastu miles no important monuments of Archaeological or visited different suburbs of Kapilvastu. After value have been found except in Ganawaria (See analyzing Huen Tsian and Fah Hien notes one can plate I). Piprahwa by its archaeological findings and with certainty say that they both saw the same its location do not have thecharacterofacentral town Kapilvastu but Fah Hien saw the wrong town of or a political center of a state or acountry. Every town Kanakmuni and Krakuchanda. Hypothetically it is or city, which seats the political power and is the possible tosee anothersite with layout of monilrnents economical center acts like a core nucleus with similartoKapilvastuandpresumethat it isKapilvastu. satellite towns radiating in all directions from it. The It happened in 19"' century when A. Cunningham city of Kapilvastu may not be a big town or city but identified Bhuila in the Basti Dist. of UP as the was the center of a country or a state. The evidences original Kapilvastu and was later proved wrong. found in Piprahwa are not substantial enough to back Both the Chinese travelers differ from each the identification of the old lost city of Kapilvastu. 6 Ancient Nepal
Evidences found in Piprahwadonot reflect any urban - K. M. Srivastava-Excavation at Piprahwa and character. Piprahwa by its findings isa large monastic Ganwaria zone on the remote southern border of Kapilvastu and - P. C. Mukherji-Antiquitiesof KapilvastuTerai the Stupa found belonged to a group of various of Nepal ranking monks of the Monastery. - Samuel Beal-The Travels of Fah Hien'and As mentioned in the old Buddhist Chronicles Sung-Yun and the description of the Chinese Travelers in the - Samuel Beal-Buddhist Recordsofthe Western neighborhood ofTilaurakot many ancient remains of World Archaeological value of that period have been found - to back the identification of Kapilvastu. Tilaurakot is Thomas Watters-On Yuan Chwang's Travel surrounded by towns and villages with ancient to India monuments within a radius of 8-10 miles like - W. C. Peppe-PiprahwaStupa, Containing the Taulihwa, Niglihwa, Sgrahwa, Gotihwa, Chitradei, Relics of Buddha JRAS 1898 Arura Kot, Lori-Kudan, Chitradei etc. - W. Vost-Identification in the Region of Thus, in a nutshell, based on the description of Kapilvastu, JRAS 1906 the Chinese travelers, the of Gotihwa Asokan Pillar, Inscription of Niglihwa Asokan pillar, the thick walled fortress with moat inTilaurakot, the seal denoting Sa-ka~na-sya,numerous archaeological sites and antiquities discovered aroundTi'laurakot, we can conclude that the ancient city of Kapilvastu has to be located in close vicinity of Tilaurakot and not Piprahwa.
RFFERENCES - A. Cunningham-AS1 Report - A.Fuhrer-AntiquitiesofBuddhaSakyamuni's Birthplace - Amar Nath Khanna-Archaeology of India - Babu Krishna Rijal-Kapilvastu Lumbini Devadaha - Debla Mitra-Excavation at Tilaura Kot and Kodan - Epigraphia lndica Vol. V 1898-99 - Giovanni Veradi-Excavation at Gotihwa and a Territorial Survey in Kapilvastu District of Nepal - James Legge-The Travels of Fah Hien The Ancient ...... 7
INDIA
KAPILVASTU 8 ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES &ROUND TlLAURMOT a PIPAAHW WITHIN A RADIUS OF 8 KlU)METERS
1 LOCATION OF ASHOKAW PILLARS IN NEPAL
SWOYAMBHU 8 ASSOCIATES THAPATHALI , KATHMAIWU 0 5 10 15 K.M. I0 10 2002 I I DAX - - Important Archaeological Sites of Devadaha Village
- Ram Bahadur Kunwar
Rupandehi district is known as the rich land for Government of Nepal. There are some sites which the archaeological sites. Many archaeological sites stiil need scientific investigation to find out the have been found in the different part of the district historicity ofthe area. In this article the present writer (one among them is a Lumbini Garden where would like to concentrate his investigation around Siddhartha Gautam was born in 623 B.C.) This the Devedaha village Development Committeewhere clearly attests that this area is very important for many sites are scattered and getting damaged by archaeological activities. Human activities started human encroachment.These sites are gradually here from tliepre-historic timeand many civilizations declining caused by the natural and human threats. developed arid declined in this area in the past. So,they need to be protected for the preservation of Ramapithecus, which was the first species of the ourage-old cultural monuments and artifacts toretain anatomical features of the human being, had lived in their historical glory and cultural values. Devadaha the region of Butwal and Palpa abouc9.0-9.5 million area is very important from the archaeological point year ago. The fossil of this man was discovered by an of view. The writer would like to explain some American anthropologist in 1981 A.D. Since this important archaeological sites and their condition species has much similarities with the ancient human and situation viz, Kanyamai, Bairimai, Khayardada species, supposed to be the missing link between the and Ghodaha. apes and the first series of the hominid- the ancestors of present human being. Kanyamai So wecan easily accept that the human activities Kanyamai is located 1 kilometer on the south of commenced here since the Pleistocene period. There village development committee office of Devadaha are many sites in the district which provided some village. It is situated on the bank of a small rivulet concrete information about theglory ofthe past ofthe which flows from north to south direction. There is a region. Some sites are very important and they have small mound of a ruined temple on which small been scientifically explored by various scholars and temple can be seen on the top ( Photo no. 1). This site the Department of Archaeology, His Majesty's stretches from south to north and is surrounded by Important ...... 9 paddy fields on the north and south. On the west there His majesty's Government of Nepal fenced the site is a small vertical ditch which is used as paddy field. by barbed wire and with the help of Lumbini Some sal trees can be seen sparsely around the site. Development Trust the area of this site is also The main mound is a debris of huge stone pieces. demarcated. They are there in large number and make one to guess that there might have been a temple which was fallen Bairimai down in the past by some natural calamity. The stone Bairimai is also an important site of Devadaha pieces have been elaborate1y carved out with different village development committee, which is situated on motifs. There can be seen brick structure on the south the north-west bank of Kairani khola, flowing north of the mound which might have been built after the to west direction (Photo No. 3). This site is stretched collapse of the stone structure. Moreover, there is a to south north and fenced by barbed wired by the small ditch which was dug by the layman of the near local people with the financial support of Lumbini by village to get treasure. The bricks are same as that Development Trust few year ago. The mound is from Sainamaina. So, the structure of Sainamaina raising gradually west to north. The Kairanikhola is and this site seem to have been built in the same cutting slowly the south part of the mound. It can be period. Monolithic huge long pillars can beseen from said that the mound is a debris of medieval temple. the east side and few columns have been laid down on In 2052 V.S. the present writer got a chance to study the center of the small rivulet. Few pottery are also this site along with his colleague. At that time he found around the site which testify that there might collected some decorated bricks from the bank of the have been a big village some time in the past. Inside river. The decorated bricks are very similar to those the temple there are a lot of images. Among them the of the Kudan. So, the structure might have been built image of Lokeshwara is important (Photo No. 2) in the same time or little later. Dr. D.C.Regmi which has been executed in thestanding posture with speculated that there might have been a big temple in two hand, holding lotus flower in one of his hand and the past, which had fallen or was destroyed by the another is broken. The crown is also decorative. Hair human activities or natural disaster.There is the small style is simple. The height of image is 48 cm. and roofed temple under which few images have been breadth is 28 c.m. Simple earrings, necklace and installed collected from different part of the village. waistband can be seen on the image. The image Among them the broken image of Lokeshwara is seems little complicated and similar to those of the important. The images are not in good state of images of Pala period in India. Beside the image of preservation. All are broken. The styles, stone and Lokeshwara, small fragments of icons are also there posture of the images are similar to those of the which are not possible to be identified. The images images of Lokeshwara in Kanyamai. which have been installed inside the temple were Khayardada collected from the different part of the village in the This site is located not far from the East West past.Theoriginal places of the imagesare not known. National High way near the village of Devadaha. The But the style of the images proved that there might site is covered by the sal trees (Photo No. 4). It have flourished a great artistic tradition in the past in stretches north to south. East west length of the site and around the area. The mound is being cut by a is shorter than the north south. The site is very small rivulet gradually. Therefore, there is an urgent important for the archaeological point of view. Three need of protection to save this site. The site is also important mound are seen in the middle of the site. being damaged by human activities and their All the mounds have been noted full of burnt bricks. encroachment. Last year Department of Archaeology, The southern most mound is smaller than the other 10 Ancient Nepal and on the top it has been dug by the people that is north and east but the south corner is being suffered why the mound is less safe than the other. Similarly by encroachment problem. So there is the need of a the mound seems to be the ruins of temple. There barbed fence to stop human activities around the site. might have been a temple in the past. The layman of Last year the team consisting the officials of LTD and the near by village regards the sites as a Buddhist DOA demarcated the site from all direction. The monuments. The mound is being suffered by the icons, burnt bricks and pottary, which are found on encroachment problem.The south comer of the mound the ground, seem to be the work of 15th or 16th has been occupied by the migrants of hilly region. centuries A.D. So the sites are not older than the 15th The another important mound is situated on the north centuries A.D. To reveal its real history the site is cornerof thesite. It has been completely destroyed by waiting the tools of an archaeologist. the human activities. The people of the near by villages usually try to hunt treasure during night Ghodaha expecting valuable treasure left by their forefathers. This site is located to the North of National The spade mark can be still seen there on the top of Highway nearDevadahavillage. It isalsoan important the mound. At present, the mound is sparsely covered site for archaeological activities. In 1998 strange with the sal bushes. This site also looks like a debris type of burnt bricks were found when a well was dug. of temple. The burnt bricks of the site are similar to The bricks possessed unique uneven lines which is a those of the bricks of Sainamaina and Kudan. The special featureofthese bricks (PhotoNo.5). Likewise, structure clearly elucidates that there might have the bricks are more bigger in size than those found in been a temple at this place in the medieval period and this region. The Site is being used by the hilly this area seems to have been in the dominion of Sen migrants as a agricultural field and the area is crowded of Palpa. It can be presumed that on the east of the site day by day. Some bricks, which were discovered there was a small village in the past. The wells, bricks from the site have been kept in the office of village fragment, icons and various structures which existed developmentcommittee. The bricks, which are found around the village clearly make a ground to presume from this site, should be studied thoroughly and if that there was a developed village where people built needed, small trial trench can be taken to find out a buildings. The fragmented images in these temple historicity of the site. This site is slowly destroyed by were scattered in the different part of village and the human activities and natural movement. So, to seems later collected anddeposited there. Then people reveal the mystery of the site urgent exploration and started to venerate them and worship. rescue excavation should be conducted to know the If we analyze the surrounding subtly then only reality and archaeological importance of this site. truth will come out. The third mound lies very near This site is also demarcated in all direction with the to the south corner of thesecond mound. Small pieces joint effort of LTD and DOA Personals. of burnt bricks are scattered around the mound. The All theabove mentionedsites have been situated small path, which has been built recently, hasdamaged around the Devadaha village development committee the east portion of the mound. This is also the and they are expecting scientific exploration and foundation of a small temple, which rises upward proper analysis. Beside these sites, the whole village slowly. This mound might have connection with the area is equally important because pieces of pottery, mound of the south comer. fragment of icons, burnt bricks and mark of well are Khayardada, which seems very important for found at many places which make a ground toassume archaeological research where people used to come that there was arich civilization hidden underground. for sectarian practice in the past. This site is saferthan the other existed sites around the village. There is no problem of encroachment by the people from west, Important ...... 1I
Photo No. 1
Photo No. 2 12 Ancient Nepal
Photo No. 3
Photo No. 4
Photo No. 5
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TmsmFJm(m) ~loYol- 90. rnm(@m) --?lla?maQFy7 (rn Tms) \d,~'dOl- 99. m(rn) ~loxol- I mm* T.Tf. mn3h m* T;rw !mftT * P.m* * R 11 Q. **ml * WO c;. m*, Tbft 9900 11 11 (8) @ FFh 9. - qoo 900% 900% 3. *v;riw$f* 9000 900% qooa 3. &fI ¶Ti7 3YOO 900% 900% ~~m~* yTrm-m~msm;~-m* m*WddMm&T ?lwWTtmRr;r~rn~rn*6~ct;T ?l%FmwmI Pjftx**m**m glxfPm*~mm~ ~'rMcm;mi~* RsioT@aritmtmmMcm;FK&T dm- I SZFfl ISIAO (Italian Institute for Africa and Orient) * hT w T=e%drm.-6;rcimml mFm3rnm-m %- %- Vq-f rn m wpr m m:* Mcm;mw l ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mr. Swoyambhu D. Tuladhar - Architect, Nepal Mr. Ram Bahadur Kunwar - Excavation Officer, DOA Mr. Shyam Sundar Rajbanshi - Epigraphist Officer, DOA Mr. Jayanti Shrestha - Technical Assistant, DOA Ms. Shobha Shrestha - Chief Exploration Officer, DOA Mr. Bharat Mani Jangam - Research Scholar, Nepal Mr. Bhes Narayan Dahal - Curio Inspection Officer, DOA