FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta Succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) Tulio F

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FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta Succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) Tulio F Capítulo VIII. FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) Tulio F. Villalobos-Guerrero Foto: Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F. Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) 131 FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) 1. GENERALIDADES Información taxonómica Reino Animalia Phylum Annelida Lamarck, 1809 Clase Polychaeta Grube, 1850 Orden Phyllodocida Dales, 1962 Suborden Nereidiformia Glasby, 1993 Superfamilia Nereidoidea de Blainville, 1818 Familia Nereididae de Blainville, 1818 Nombre científico Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) Sinónimos basados en: Wilson (1984, 1988), de León-González et al. (1999), de León-González & Solís-Weiss (2000), Bakken & Wilson (2005): Nereis succinea Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847: 154–156, lám. 2, figs. 9, 11; Ehlers, 1868: 570– 572, lám. 22, figs. 18–22; Horst, 1896: 21; Augener, 1933: 247. Nereis (Neanthes) succinea Horst, 1909a: 144–149, figs. 1–4; 1909b: 215–218, figs. 1–4; Fauvel, 1923: 346–347, fig. 135f-i, k-m; Pettibone, 1963: 165, figs. 44–45a-d, tabla 2; Day, 1967: 321, fig. 14.9a-e; Hartmann-Schröder, 1971: 200, figs. 64–65. Neanthes succinea Hartman, 1945: 17, lám. 3, fig. 1–2; 1968: 529, figs. 1–5; Rioja, 1946: 205, lám. 1, figs. 1–2; 1947: 203; 1962: 165; Imajima, 1972: 108–110, fig. 32a-k; Fauchald, 1977: 29; Taylor, 1984: 31.17, figs. 31.16a-h; Wu et al. 1985: 156–159, fig. 88; Wilson, 1984: 218–221, fig. 4a-f; 1988: 5–7; de León-González et al. 1999: 673; de León-González & Solís-Weiss, 2000: 556. Nereis limbata Ehlers, 1868: 567–570; Verrill & Smith, 1874: 88, 296, lám. 11, fig. 51; Lillie & Just, 1913: 147. Nereis (Alitta) oxypoda von Marenzeller, 1879: 120–122, lám. 2, fig. 3. Nectoneanthes oxypoda Imajima, 1972: 113–117, figs. 35–36; Wuet al. 1985: 164–167, figs 92–93. Nereis oxypoda Monro, 1934: 362 (partim fide Wilson, 1984); 1938: 614, figs. 1–5. Nereis (Neanthes) oxypoda Ibáñez, 1972: 24–26, fig. 1. Neanthes oxypoda Hutchings & Murray, 1984: 37. Nereis (Neanthes) australis Treadwell, 1923: 1–3, lám 1, figs. 1–5. Nereis (Neanthes) saltoni Hartman, 1936: 477–479, fig. 52a-d. Neanthes saltoni Hartman, 1938: 79. Nereis alatopalpis Wesenberg-Lund, 1949: 281–283, figs. 15–17. Nectoneanthes alatopalpis Wu et al. 1985: 168–170, fig. 94a-f. Alitta succinea Bakken & Wilson, 2005: 516–517; Glasby et al. 2009: 6. Nombres comunes Español: Neréidido pardo del Noratlántico. Inglés: Pileworm, clamworm, ragworm. 132 FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) Determinación: Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F. Colección de referencia Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Colección de Referencia de Invertebrados (EMU). Descripción de la especie (basado en el examen de ejemplares atocos del puerto de Mazatlán recolectados en boyas del canal de navegación en 2009). Especie de vida libre, habita tubos excavados en el sedimento y tubos vacíos de terebélidos, ser- púlidos, sabélidos y eunícidos. Cuerpo alargado; robusto en la región anterior, delgado y apla- nado dorsoventralmente en la posterior (fig. 1), con una longitud de 18±7.6 mm (n= 80; 7–42), al segmento 15 de 5.7±1.7 mm (n= 142; 2.5–11), ancho a la altura del segmento 15 de 1.4±0.70mm (n= 142; 0.5–6) y posee 69±15 segmentos (n= 80; 37–122). Dorso pardo, notorio en la región anterior (fig. 1a-b). Prostomio entero distalmente, tan largo como el ancho del cuerpo o ligera- mente más ancho. Un par de palpos subtriangulares (fig. 1b); palpostilos cortos, digitiformes. Un par de antenas cortas, cirriformes (fig. 1b). Cuatro pares de cirros tentaculares; cirróforos dorsales largos, cilíndricos; cirróforos ventrales cortos, anuliformes. Dos pares de ojos redondos, oscuros. Faringe con mandíbulas ámbar (fig. 3a-b), con 9±1 dientes (n= 58, 7–11) dirigidos dis- talmente. Paragnatos (dientes de quitina) en ambos anillos de la faringe (fig. 3a-b), la mayoría cónicos excepto algunos del área VII-VIII como barras puntiagudas. Número de paragnatos por área: AI= 3±1 (n= 58, 2–4); AII= flanco derecho: 17±4 (n= 55, 8–25), flanco izquierdo: 18±4 (n= 55, 8–26); AIII= 13±4 (n= 55, 5–23); AIV= flanco derecho: 19±5 (n= 57, 10–32), flanco izquierdo: 20±5 (n= 57, 11–29); AV= 5±2 (n= 121, 2–11); AVI= flanco derecho: 8±2 (n= 121, 3–12), flanco izquierdo: 8±2 (n= 120, 4–13); AVII-VIII= 84±14 (n= 73, 56–128) (fig. 3a-b). Notópodos con lígula dorsal larga, lamelar y comprimida en setígeros posteriores, con lígula ventral y lóbulo presetal triangulares. Cirro dorsal cirriforme sito en la base ligular de setígeros anteriores (fig. 2a, d, g), céntrico en setígeros medios (fig. 2b, e, h), subterminales en posteriores (fig. 2c, f, i) y distales en últimos setígeros; longitud 1–1.5 veces la longitud de la lígula ventral en los primeros 15 setíge- ros. Neurópodos con lígula ventral, lóbulo presetal digitiforme y lóbulo postsetal cirriforme, más largo que el lóbulo presetal. Notosetas: Espinígeros homogonfos. Neurosetas: Fascículo dorsal con espinígeros homogonfos y falcígeros heterogonfos; fascículo ventral con espinígeros y fal- cígeros heterogonfos. Dos acículas negras aguzadas. Dos cirros anales cirriformes. Usos de la especie Se considera un organismo modelo en la ecología marina química (Hardege, 1999); se utiliza en pruebas ecotoxicológicas, como bioindicador de contaminación marina (Dean, 2008; Ayoola et al. 2010) y en estudios de biomonitoreo (Rhee et al. 2007). En algunos sitios de Norteamérica se emplea como alimento en la acuicultura (Glasby et al. 2009); y también se aprovecha como carnada (NOBANIS, 2011). Es una de las especies de neréididos mejor estudiadas en términos 133 FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) de fisiología, reproducción y ecología. Figura 1. Epitocos de A. succinea, vista dorsal. a) Macho, b) hembra. Figura 2. Parápodos anteriores (fila superior), medios (fila media) y posteriores (fila inferior) de A. succinea. a, b, c) Atoco; d, e, f) macho; g, h, i) hembra. 134 FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) Figura 3. Faringe, anillo maxilar y oral. a) Vista dorsal, b) vista ventral. 2. DISTRIBUCIÓN 2.1 Distribución original En la Base de Datos Global de Especies Invasoras (GISD por sus siglas en inglés) (2007) se consi- dera a esta especie como nativa de la costa del Atlántico. De acuerdo con los registros mundia- les de la especie, es probable que provenga de la ecorregión del mar del Norte, principalmente la región sur que comprende desde el límite oeste del canal de La Mancha hasta los litorales de Alemania (fig. 6) (ver sección 5.1). En esta región, desde el siglo XIX hasta la fecha ha sido regis- trada en numerosas localidades, algunas son: Helgoland y Cuxhaven locus typicus, Norderney y Kiel en Alemania (Leuckart, 1847; Ehlers, 1868; Banse, 1954), área del Delta y Zuider Zee en Países Bajos (Horst, 1909a, 1922a, b; Wolff, 1973), estuario de Francia (de Saint-Joseph, 1898; Fauvel, 1923), fiordos del norte y este de Dinamarca (Rasmussen, 1973; Smith, 1963; Bakken & Wilson, 2005), y en el estuario Thames y sur de Inglaterra (Rees, 1940; Newell, 1954; Smith, 1963). 2.1.2 Profundidad En el mar del Norte la especie se ha registrado en zonas intermareales hasta 21 m (Wolff, 1973), y en el mar Báltico en zonas intermareales hasta 5 m (Neuhoff, 1979b; Miron & Kristensen, 1993). 2.2 Distribución como especie exótica en México Alitta succinea se ha registrado en Veracruz, Campeche y varias localidades del golfo de Califor- nia; no obstante, los registros corroborados se restringen a los litorales de los estados de Sonora y Sinaloa. En Sonora se ha registrado para el estuario Agiabampo (Rioja, 1947). En Sinaloa se ha documentado en El Colorado (Rioja, 1947), bahía Macapule (Rioja, 1962), en fondos blandos del estero de Urías (Álvarez-León, 2007; Hendrickx & Meda-Martínez, 2001; Méndez, 2002; Ferrando & Méndez, 2010, 2011), bahía de Mazatlán (Rioja, 1962; Van der Heiden & Hendrickx, 1982) y en el puerto de Mazatlán como esclerobionte en boyas metálicas de señalización marítima, cascos de embarcaciones, pilotes de muelle y como epibionte en moluscos nativos de importancia comercial: Crassostrea iridescens y Chama buddiana. 135 FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) FICHA TÉCNICA Y ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847) (Polychaeta: Nereididae) 2.2.2 Profundidad En el puerto de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, la especie se ha registrado en sedimentos blandos entre 0.6–8.7 m de profundidad (Álvarez-León, 2007; Ferrando & Méndez, 2010), en boyas metálicas de señalización, en pilotes de muelles entre 1–2 m, y como epibionte de moluscos entre 2–3 m de profundidad. En el estero de Urías se ha encontrado asociado a raíces de mangle rojo sumergidas a 0.5 m. 2.3 Distribución como especie exótica en otros países Alitta succinea se encuentra distribuida en ambos litorales de los océanos Atlántico y Pací- fico, en los dos hemisferios (fig. 6). De acuerdo con las revisiones de Wilson (1984, 1988) y Bakken & Wilson (2005), especialistas que redescribieron la especie, su distribución se limita a las ecorregiones del Atlántico templado norte, Atlántico tropical, Pacífico templado norte, Pacífico oriental tropical y Australia templada (tabla II). Estados Unidos de América (EUA), Australia, Colombia y Brasil son los únicos países que han considerado la invasión de la espe- cie y sus impactos potenciales.
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