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New Federal Law Addresses Excise Tax on LNG, LPG, And
Multistate Tax EXTERNAL ALERT New federal law addresses excise tax on LNG, LPG, and CNG August 13, 2015 Overview President Obama recently signed into law the Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015 (H.R. 3236).1 Effective January 1, 2016, the new law equalizes the federal excise tax treatment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and provides further guidance applicable to the taxation of compressed natural gas (CNG). This Tax Alert summarizes these federal excise tax law changes. The federal excise tax on alternative fuels Currently, under Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) §4041, the federal excise tax on “alternative fuels” is imposed when such fuels are sold for use or used as a fuel in a motor vehicle or motorboat.2 The term “alternative fuels” includes, but is not limited to, LNG, CNG, and LPG.3 LNG is currently subject to tax at the federal diesel fuel tax rate of 24.3 cents per gallon.4 However, LNG contains a lower energy content than diesel. According to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, LNG has an energy content of 74,700 Btu per gallon (lower heating value), while diesel has an energy content of 128,450 Btu per gallon (lower heating value).5 Therefore, one gallon of LNG has the energy equivalency of 58 percent of one gallon of diesel fuel, although LNG is currently taxed as having the energy equivalency of 100 percent of one gallon of diesel fuel.6 Similarly, LPG is currently subject to tax at the federal gasoline tax rate of 18.3 cents per gallon.7 However, LPG contains a lower energy content than gasoline. -
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries September 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Purpose and Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................................................................... -
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Demand, Supply and Future Perspectives for Sudan Synthesis report of a workshop held in Khartoum, 12-13 December 2010 The workshop was funded by UKaid from the Department for International Development Cover image: © UNAMID / Albert Gonzalez Farran This report is available online at: www.unep.org/sudan Disclaimer The material in this report does not necessarily represent the views of any of the organisations involved in the preparation and hosting of the workshop. It must be noted that some time has passed between the workshop and the dissemination of this report, during which some important changes have taken place, not least of which is the independence of South Sudan, a fact which greatly affects the national energy context. Critically, following the independence, the rate of deforestation in the Republic of Sudan has risen from 0.7% per year to 2.2% per year, making many of the discussions within this document all the more relevant. Whilst not directly affecting the production of LPG, which is largely derived from oil supplies north of the border with South Sudan, the wider context of the economics of the energy sector, and the economy as a whole, have changed. These changes are not reflected in this document. This being said, it is strongly asserted that this document still represents a useful contribution to the energy sector, particularly given its contribution to charting the breadth of perspectives on LPG in the Republic of Sudan. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Demand, Supply and Future Perspectives for Sudan Synthesis report of a workshop held in Khartoum, 12-13 December 2010 A joint publication by: Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development – Sudan, Ministry of Petroleum – Sudan, United Kingdom Department for International Development, United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Environment Programme Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations . -
Anaerobic Degradation of Methanethiol in a Process for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biodesulfurization
Anaerobic degradation of methanethiol in a process for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) biodesulfurization Promotoren Prof. dr. ir. A.J.H. Janssen Hoogleraar in de Biologische Gas- en waterreiniging Prof. dr. ir. A.J.M. Stams Persoonlijk hoogleraar bij het laboratorium voor Microbiologie Copromotor Prof. dr. ir. P.N.L. Lens Hoogleraar in de Milieubiotechnologie UNESCO-IHE, Delft Samenstelling promotiecommissie Prof. dr. ir. R.H. Wijffels Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland Dr. ir. G. Muyzer TU Delft, Nederland Dr. H.J.M. op den Camp Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Nederland Prof. dr. ir. H. van Langenhove Universiteit Gent, België Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool SENSE (Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment) Anaerobic degradation of methanethiol in a process for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) biodesulfurization R.C. van Leerdam Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 19 november 2007 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Van Leerdam, R.C., 2007. Anaerobic degradation of methanethiol in a process for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) biodesulfurization. PhD-thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands – with references – with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN: 978-90-8504-787-2 Abstract Due to increasingly stringent environmental legislation car fuels have to be desulfurized to levels below 10 ppm in order to minimize negative effects on the environment as sulfur-containing emissions contribute to acid deposition (‘acid rain’) and to reduce the amount of particulates formed during the burning of the fuel. Moreover, low sulfur specifications are also needed to lengthen the lifetime of car exhaust catalysts. -
Category Name C2-C4 Aliphatic Thiols Category Chemical Names
SIAM 30, 20-22 April 2010 US/ICCA Category Name C2-C4 Aliphatic Thiols Category 1-Ethanethiol (CAS No. 75-08-1) Chemical Names 1-Propanethiol (CAS No.107-03-9) and CAS Nos. 1-Butanethiol (CAS No.109-79-5) 2-Propanethiol, 2-Methyl (CAS No. 75-66-1) H2 H2 C HS C C CH HS CH3 3 H2 1-Ethanethiol 1-Propanethiol (Ethyl Mercaptan) (n-Propyl Mercaptan) H H CH Structural Formulae 2 2 3 C C HS C CH 3 H3C SH H2 1-Butanethiol CH3 (n-Butyl Mercaptan) 2-Propanethiol, 2-Methyl (t-Butyl Mercaptan) SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR Category Rationale The C2-C4 Aliphatic Thiols contain a sulfhydryl (SH) functional group with a straight or branched aliphatic carbon chain that characterizes the category. The four aliphatic thiols are soluble in water and have reasonably comparable melting points, initial boiling points and vapor pressures, as well as very low and objectionable odor thresholds. The water solubility and narrow range of octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) for the three linear C2-C4 Aliphatic Thiols indicate that they will have similar environmental fate and are not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicity is similar for the three linear C2-C4 Aliphatic Thiols with data for fish, invertebrate and algae toxicity indicating a similar order of acute toxicity across the chemicals tested (ecotoxicity is less for t-butyl-mercaptan). ECOSAR has been used to address and support the data gaps for the linear category members. Environmental fate and toxicity data are available for the branched t-butyl mercaptan. -
8.6 Acidity of Alcohols and Thiols 355
08_BRCLoudon_pgs5-1.qxd 12/8/08 11:05 AM Page 355 8.6 ACIDITY OF ALCOHOLS AND THIOLS 355 ural barrier to the passage of ions. However, the hydrocarbon surface of nonactin allows it to enter readily into, and pass through, membranes. Because nonactin binds and thus transports ions, the ion balance crucial to proper cell function is upset, and the cell dies. Ion Channels Ion channels, or “ion gates,” provide passageways for ions into and out of cells. (Recall that ions are not soluble in membrane phospholipids.) The flow of ions is essen- tial for the transmission of nerve impulses and for other biological processes. A typical chan- nel is a large protein molecule imbedded in a cell membrane. Through various mechanisms, ion channels can be opened or closed to regulate the concentration of ions in the interior of the cell. Ions do not diffuse passively through an open channel; rather, an open channel contains regions that bind a specific ion. Such an ion is bound specifically within the channel at one side of the membrane and is somehow expelled from the channel on the other side. Remark- ably, the structures of the ion-binding regions of these channels have much in common with the structures of ionophores such as nonactin. The first X-ray crystal structure of a potassium- ion channel was determined in 1998 by a team of scientists at Rockefeller University led by Prof. Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956), who shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. The interior of the channel contains binding sites for two potassium ions; these sites are oxygen-rich, much like the interior of nonactin. -
Influence of the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Systems In
energies Article Influence of the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Systems in Woodchippers Powered by Small Engines on Exhaust Emissions and Operating Costs Łukasz Warguła 1,* , Mateusz Kukla 1 , Piotr Lijewski 2, Michał Dobrzy ´nski 2 and Filip Markiewicz 2 1 Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 2 Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Drives, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (M.D.); fi[email protected] (F.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(61)-665-20-42 Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 4 November 2020 Abstract: The use of alternative fuels is a contemporary trend in science aimed at the protection of non-renewable resources, reducing the negative impact on people and reducing the negative impact on the natural environment. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an alternative fuel within the meaning of the European Union Directive (2014/94/UE), as it is an alternative for energy sources derived from crude oil. The use of LPG fuel in low-power internal combustion engines is one of the currently developed scientific research directions. It results from the possibility of limiting air pollutant emissions compared to the commonly used gasoline and the lower cost of this fuel in many countries. By “gasoline 95” the Authors mean non-lead petrol as a flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines, whereas 95 is an octane rating (octane number). -
2002-00201-01-E.Pdf (Pdf)
report no. 2/95 alternative fuels in the automotive market Prepared for the CONCAWE Automotive Emissions Management Group by its Technical Coordinator, R.C. Hutcheson Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Ó CONCAWE Brussels October 1995 I report no. 2/95 ABSTRACT A review of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels for road transport has been conducted. Based on numerous literature sources and in-house data, CONCAWE concludes that: · Alternatives to conventional automotive transport fuels are unlikely to make a significant impact in the foreseeable future for either economic or environmental reasons. · Gaseous fuels have some advantages and some growth can be expected. More specifically, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) may be employed as an alternative to diesel fuel in urban fleet applications. · Bio-fuels remain marginal products and their use can only be justified if societal and/or agricultural policy outweigh market forces. · Methanol has a number of disadvantages in terms of its acute toxicity and the emissions of “air toxics”, notably formaldehyde. In addition, recent estimates suggest that methanol will remain uneconomic when compared with conventional fuels. KEYWORDS Gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, CNG, LNG, Methanol, LPG, bio-fuels, ethanol, rape seed methyl ester, RSME, carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This literature review is fully referenced (see Section 12). However, CONCAWE is grateful to the following for their permission to quote in detail from their publications: · SAE Paper No. 932778 ã1993 - reprinted with permission from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (15) · “Road vehicles - Efficiency and emissions” - Dr. Walter Ospelt, AVL LIST GmbH. -
Ethyl Mercaptan, Final AEGL Document
This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18449 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 15 ISBN Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on 978-0-309-29122-4 Toxicology; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council 294 pages 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2013) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 15 Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Committee on Toxicology Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 15 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti- tute of Medicine. -
SAFETY DATA SHEET Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc
SAFETY DATA SHEET Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Revision date 23-Dec-2016 Version 1 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Product identifier Product Name Ethanethiol Product Code SC-239867 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use For research use only. Not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Emergency telephone number Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Chemtrec 10410 Finnell Street 1.800.424.9300 (Within USA) Dallas, TX 75220 +1.703.527.3887 (Outside USA) 831.457.3800 800.457.3801 [email protected] 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This chemical is considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification Acute toxicity - Oral Category 4 Acute toxicity - Dermal Category 4 Acute toxicity - Inhalation (Dusts/Mists) Category 4 Flammable liquids Category 1 Label elements Signal word Danger Hazard statements Harmful if swallowed Harmful in contact with skin Harmful if inhaled Extremely flammable liquid and vapor Symbols/Pictograms Precautionary Statements - Prevention Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection Avoid breathing -
Scale Gas-‐To-‐Methanol Conversion by Engine Reformers
System Model of Small-Scale Gas-to-Methanol Conversion by Engine Reformers By Angela J. Acocella B.S., Mechanical Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2012 Submitted to the Engineering Systems Division in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology & Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2015 © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, All rights reserved Signature of Author............................................................................................................. Technology & Policy Program; Engineering Systems Division May 8, 2015 Certified by.............................................................................................................................. Daniel R. Cohn Research Scientist, MIT Energy Initiative Thesis Supervisor Accepted by............................................................................................................................. Dava J. Newman Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Director, Technology and Policy Program 2 System Model of Small-Scale Gas-to-Methanol Conversion by Engine Reformers by Angela J. Acocella Submitted to the Engineering Systems Division On May 8, 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology & Policy ABSTRACT As global energy demands grow and environmental concerns over resource extraction methods intensify, high impact solutions are becoming increasingly essential. Venting and flaring of associated -
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods
GPA Standard 2140-97 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods Adopted as Recommended Procedures 1931 Revised 1940-1947-1948-1951-1955-1957-1959-1960-1962-1968 1970-1973-1975-1977-1980-1984-1986-1988-1990-1992-1996-1997 Reprinted 1998 Gas Processors Association 6526 East 60th Street Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145 TABLE OF CONTENTS Disclaimer ........................................................................................ ii Foreword ......................................................................................... ii GPA Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................................................... 1 ASTM D-1265-92: Sampling Liquefied Petroleum Gases .................................................. 2 ASTM D-1267-95: Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum Gases ........................................... 5 ASTM D-1657-89: Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer ............................................................ 10 ASTM D-1837-94: Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................... 14 ASTM D-1838-91: Copper Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum Gases .................................................................. 17 ASTM D-2158-92: Residues in Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................................ 20 ASTM D-2163-91: Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases and Propylene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography ........................................ 24 ASTM D-2713-91: Dryness of Propane (Valve Freeze