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ISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW APRIL 1967 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904 Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1966-69 LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President * WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Temi Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana *WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 *BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni versity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. T BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City * Deceased Volume LXI April 1967 Number 3 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE BDITOR Tha MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Mis souri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements mad a by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page WHEN THE BOER WAR CAME TO ST. LOUIS. By Ted C. Hinckley 285 WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS, JANUARY 13, 1861, TO DECEMBER 4, 1862. Edited by Harvey L. Carter and Norma L. Peterson 303 NEGROES AND MISSOURI PROTESTANT CHURCHES. By G. Hugh Wamble 321 DIGGING UP MISSOURI'S PAST. By Carl H. Chapman 348 RECONSTRUCTION IN MISSOURI. By Fred DeArmond 364 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS James W. Goodrich Joins Staff of State Historical Society 378 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College Observes Centennial Year .... 379 Lewis & Clark Trail in Missouri 380 Views from the Past: Missouri Offices 382 Liberty Bank Holds Open House to Commemorate 100th Anniversary . 384 News in Brief 385 Local Historical Societies 388 Honors and Tributes 398 Gifts 399 Missouri History in Newspapers 402 Errata 406 Missouri History in Magazines 407 Book Reviews 409 Book Notes 416 In Memoriam 422 STEAMBOAT PALACES 425 BLESSED ROSE PHILIPPINE DUCHESNE Back Cover THE COVER: The St. Louis Plaza and Grand Basin from Festival Hall, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Gondolas and launches on the lagoon, cascades from fountains, and rows of transplanted maple trees presented an "enchanting view." Reproduced from, Artists Edition, The World's Fair in Colortypes and Monotones. For an article about the St. Louis World's Fair see page 287. INK II fill. 77*<? Forest City, 1904 When the Boer War Came To St. Louis BY TED C. HINCKLEY America's latent enthusiasm for celebrating historic centen nials by gigantic fairs was first released at Philadelphia in 1876. To sponsor a national exhibition, or exposition as they came to be called, was a staggering task. The same organizational genius that had erected the age's industrial baronies was no less reticent about designing the Centennial Fair, the Columbian Exposition, and the numerous smaller commercial congregations given birth by their success. Philadel- phia's exposition had cov Ted C. Hinckley is associate professor of ered 236 acres; the Colum History at San Jose State College, San Jose, California. Born in New York City and bian Exposition in Chicago reared in Pasadena, California, he holds spread over 600 acres. degrees from Northwest Missouri State Col lege, Maryville, the University of Kansas When the St. Louis Busi City and the Ph.D. degree from Indiana University, Bloomington. The University of ness Men's League agreed Alaska Press is this year publishing his to promote a national ex The Alaska Frontier, 1867-1897. His arti cles have appeared in the Pacific Historical position honoring the Review, The Journal of American History, Louisiana Purchase, noth The American West, Annals of Iowa, Pacific Northwest Quarterly and Indiana Magazine ing less would do than an of History. extravaganza requiring an 286 Missouri Historical Review area twice the size of Chicago's Columbian Exposition. Naturally it would eclipse the Paris exposition of 1900. Ultimately over eight hundred concessions were granted, of which forty were amuse ments, fifty-five restaurants. The remainder were subscribed for novelties such as launches on the lagoons, roller chairs and assorted mercantile booths.1 With a population in 1904 of over half a million, St. Louis ranked fourth in the nation. Few doubted that the city would host a spectacle guaranteed to deflate the windy City. The sum of five million dollars was raised from St. Louis citizens, and the United States Congress extended over ten million dollars in finan cial support. It was agreed that the major attractions of the world's fair would be international exhibitions of "art, industries, manu factures, and the products of soil, mine, forest, and sea. ." Exposition president, the Hon. David R. Francis, declared, it will be "by far the largest the world has ever seen, it will probably never be equalled in quality."2 The modern international fair was also a by-product of the industrial revolution and world competition for foreign markets. Increasingly, since the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851, nations had done their best to demonstrate industrial prowess. The Chi cago Exposition had dazzled fair-goers by the extensive use made of electricity. Thus St. Louis had to have a Palace of Electricity. There were two features at the St. Louis Forest Park gathering whose full potential few could have grasped. One was a simulated trip to France in a "sub-marine boat"; the other was the presence of actual flying machines. The Wright brothers had made their first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the pre ceding year. St. Louis promised $100,000 in prize money for the daring man who flew the fastest, and most accurately steered his i The author has been assisted in this research by a San Jose State Col lege Faculty Grant. The single best one-volume summary of the Exposition is: Mark Bennitt (comp.) , History of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis, 1905) . Less useful is the John Wesley Hanson, The Official History of the Fair (St. Louis, 1904) . For statistics on the Exposition see also: James W. Buel, Louisiana and the Fair (St. Louis, 1904-05) . The following St. Louis news papers are a mine of social history related to the event: Chronicle; Globe- Democrat; Post-Dispatch; Star; and Republic. 2 Sir Isidore Spielman, Royal Commission St. Louis International Exposi tion 1904: the British Section (London, 1906) , 15; David R. Francis, "Attractive Features of the St. Louis Exposition," Century, LXVIII (June, 1904) , 266. More than any other man it was David R. Francis who promoted the St. Louis Fair. As the city's ex-Mayor, past governor of Missouri, and one time Secre tary of the Interior under President Grover Cleveland, Francis was well-pre pared to link up local, state, and federal moneys. When the Boer War Came to St. Louis 287 "air-machine." Writing in the Cosmopolitan, John Brisben Walker avowed that "The Worlds Fair at St. Louis furnishes a magnificent example of what mankind may do when it shall substitute united exertion for contention in one great anthem of harmonious effort." He praised the introduction of science into every branch of life.3 A lady visitor gasped, "the passion of this age to bring things near, to . bring the ends of the earth and time together."4 Man's rational strength, the touchstone to all this industrial wealth was not to be eclipsed by sheer showmanship. For the first time in exposition history a building was devoted entirely to education. After all, was it not St. Louis that had introduced the kindergarten to America?5 The Fair managers' emulative instincts went further. America had meritorious scholars as well as great public schools. To remind the world of this fact, the organizers decided to sponsor an International Congress of Arts and Sciences, at which, it was hoped, there might be a representative selection of some of the age's most distinguished minds.