ISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

APRIL 1967 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904

Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1966-69 LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President * WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City

Temi Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana *WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 *BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni­ versity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee.

T BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City

* Deceased Volume LXI April 1967 Number 3

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE

EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH

ASSOCIATE BDITOR

Tha MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements mad a by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page

WHEN THE BOER WAR CAME TO ST. LOUIS. By Ted C. Hinckley 285

WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS, JANUARY 13, 1861, TO DECEMBER 4, 1862.

Edited by Harvey L. Carter and Norma L. Peterson 303

NEGROES AND MISSOURI PROTESTANT CHURCHES. By G. Hugh Wamble 321

DIGGING UP MISSOURI'S PAST. By Carl H. Chapman 348

RECONSTRUCTION IN MISSOURI. By Fred DeArmond 364

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

James W. Goodrich Joins Staff of State Historical Society 378 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College Observes Centennial Year .... 379 Lewis & Clark Trail in Missouri 380 Views from the Past: Missouri Offices 382 Liberty Bank Holds Open House to Commemorate 100th Anniversary . . 384 News in Brief 385 Local Historical Societies 388 Honors and Tributes 398 Gifts 399 Missouri History in Newspapers 402 Errata 406 Missouri History in Magazines 407 Book Reviews 409 Book Notes 416 In Memoriam 422

STEAMBOAT PALACES 425

BLESSED ROSE PHILIPPINE DUCHESNE Back Cover

THE COVER: The St. Louis Plaza and Grand Basin from Festival Hall, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Gondolas and launches on the lagoon, cascades from fountains, and rows of transplanted maple trees presented an "enchanting view." Reproduced from, Artists Edition, The World's Fair in Colortypes and Monotones. For an article about the St. Louis World's Fair see page 287. INK II fill.

77*

BY TED C. HINCKLEY

America's latent enthusiasm for celebrating historic centen­ nials by gigantic fairs was first released at Philadelphia in 1876. To sponsor a national exhibition, or exposition as they came to be called, was a staggering task. The same organizational genius that had erected the age's industrial baronies was no less reticent about designing the Centennial Fair, the Columbian Exposition, and the numerous smaller commercial congregations given birth by their success. Philadel- phia's exposition had cov­ Ted C. Hinckley is associate professor of ered 236 acres; the Colum­ History at San Jose State College, San Jose, California. Born in New York City and bian Exposition in Chicago reared in Pasadena, California, he holds spread over 600 acres. degrees from Northwest Missouri State Col­ lege, Maryville, the University of Kansas When the St. Louis Busi­ City and the Ph.D. degree from Indiana University, Bloomington. The University of ness Men's League agreed Alaska Press is this year publishing his to promote a national ex­ The Alaska Frontier, 1867-1897. His arti­ cles have appeared in the Pacific Historical position honoring the Review, The Journal of American History, Louisiana Purchase, noth­ The American West, Annals of Iowa, Pacific Northwest Quarterly and Indiana Magazine ing less would do than an of History. extravaganza requiring an 286 Missouri Historical Review area twice the size of Chicago's Columbian Exposition. Naturally it would eclipse the Paris exposition of 1900. Ultimately over eight hundred concessions were granted, of which forty were amuse­ ments, fifty-five restaurants. The remainder were subscribed for novelties such as launches on the lagoons, roller chairs and assorted mercantile booths.1 With a population in 1904 of over half a million, St. Louis ranked fourth in the nation. Few doubted that the city would host a spectacle guaranteed to deflate the windy City. The sum of five million dollars was raised from St. Louis citizens, and the United States Congress extended over ten million dollars in finan­ cial support. It was agreed that the major attractions of the world's fair would be international exhibitions of "art, industries, manu­ factures, and the products of soil, mine, forest, and sea. . . ." Exposition president, the Hon. David R. Francis, declared, it will be "by far the largest the world has ever seen, it will probably never be equalled in quality."2 The modern international fair was also a by-product of the industrial revolution and world competition for foreign markets. Increasingly, since the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851, nations had done their best to demonstrate industrial prowess. The Chi­ cago Exposition had dazzled fair-goers by the extensive use made of electricity. Thus St. Louis had to have a Palace of Electricity. There were two features at the St. Louis Forest Park gathering whose full potential few could have grasped. One was a simulated trip to France in a "sub-marine boat"; the other was the presence of actual flying machines. The Wright brothers had made their first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the pre­ ceding year. St. Louis promised $100,000 in prize money for the daring man who flew the fastest, and most accurately steered his

i The author has been assisted in this research by a San Jose State Col­ lege Faculty Grant. The single best one-volume summary of the Exposition is: Mark Bennitt (comp.) , History of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis, 1905) . Less useful is the John Wesley Hanson, The Official History of the Fair (St. Louis, 1904) . For statistics on the Exposition see also: James W. Buel, Louisiana and the Fair (St. Louis, 1904-05) . The following St. Louis news­ papers are a mine of social history related to the event: Chronicle; Globe- Democrat; Post-Dispatch; Star; and Republic. 2 Sir Isidore Spielman, Royal Commission St. Louis International Exposi­ tion 1904: the British Section (London, 1906) , 15; David R. Francis, "Attractive Features of the St. Louis Exposition," Century, LXVIII (June, 1904) , 266. More than any other man it was David R. Francis who promoted the St. Louis Fair. As the city's ex-Mayor, past governor of Missouri, and one time Secre­ tary of the Interior under President Grover Cleveland, Francis was well-pre­ pared to link up local, state, and federal moneys. When the Boer War Came to St. Louis 287

"air-machine." Writing in the Cosmopolitan, John Brisben Walker avowed that "The Worlds Fair at St. Louis furnishes a magnificent example of what mankind may do when it shall substitute united exertion for contention in one great anthem of harmonious effort." He praised the introduction of science into every branch of life.3 A lady visitor gasped, "the passion of this age to bring things near, to . . . bring the ends of the earth and time together."4 Man's rational strength, the touchstone to all this industrial wealth was not to be eclipsed by sheer showmanship. For the first time in exposition history a building was devoted entirely to education. After all, was it not St. Louis that had introduced the kindergarten to America?5 The Fair managers' emulative instincts went further. America had meritorious scholars as well as great public schools. To remind the world of this fact, the organizers decided to sponsor an International Congress of Arts and Sciences, at which, it was hoped, there might be a representative selection of some of the age's most distinguished minds. William Rainey Harper, the notorious robber baron of American higher education, was credited with originating the idea. In the assemblage Presi­ dent Francis insisted that "no limitations of national boundaries or racial affiliations have been observed." He was wrong. The world's most populated nation sent not a delegate, nor were African or Turkish scholars present. However, four Japanese scholars par­ ticipated. Tension mounted when Paris snapped that "unless the number of French participants was increased to equal the number of Germans," the withdrawal of the entire French con­ tingent would follow. Happily such peccadillos were quieted, and the scholars convened. Among them were such luminaries as Nicholas Murray Butler, James Bryce, Karl Lamprecht, Sir John Murray, Woodrow Wilson, Henri Poincare, and Max Weber. Bryce hailed the conference as an "important aid to peace and interna­ tional understanding."6 In fact, as one peruses the contemporary comment on Ameri­ ca's Progressive Age Exposition, he is struck by its civility and

3 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 10, 1904. John Brisben Walker, Cosmopolitan, XXXVII (September, 1904), 484. 4 Mrs. L. H. Harris, "General Impressions at the Fair," Independent, LVII (August 18, 1904) , 365. 5 Nicholas Murray Butler, "Educational Worth of the St. Louis Exposi­ tion," American Monthly Review of Reviews, XXX (September, 1904), 323- 326; Bennitt, History, xiii ff. 6 A. W. Coats, "American Scholarship Comes of Age: the Louisiana Pur­ chase Exposition 1904," Journal of the History of Ideas, XXII (July, 1961) , 404-417. Bennitt, Hist, of the La. Purchase Exposition The Louisiana Purchase Monument, designed by E. L. Masqueray, stood in front of the Plaza of St. Louis. The crowning figure of peace was by Karl Bitter. At the base of the monument was another sculpture group by Bitter commemorating the signing of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty. This group now stands on the riverfront at the Missouri State Capitol. When the Boer War Came to St. Louis 289 overwhelming cosmopolitanism. A writer for the Century described it as a "Festival of Peace." Dominating the Plaza of St. Louis was Carl Bitter's "Statue of Peace". Some of the Fair's managers would no doubt have been comforted had artist Bitter enjoyed the power of mythology's Pygmalion. A Galatea of Peace might be needed to maintain tranquility among the Moros, Igorotes, Sioux, Swa- hilies, Zambeses, and literally dozens of other peoples whose dis­ play case enclaves crowded the pike.7 But for the world's non- colored population St. Louis had become synonymous with the advance of civilization. Little wonder that the Interparliamentary Union, an assemblage drawn from countries boasting representative government, chose the midwestern metropolis for its 1904 meet­ ing place.8 Mid-20th century Americans who view photos of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition are certain to be impressed by the elaborate gardens and pompous buildings which decorated St. Louis' Forest City, site of the Fair. Germany chose to erect its beautiful Palace of Charlottenberg; France, the Palace of the Grand Trianon; while England reproduced that part of Kensington Palace known as the Orangery. Highly ornamented Muslim dwellings, Eskimo ice houses, and grass huts were mingled together like the flyleaf illu­ strations of an elementary geography textbook.9 Russia was too busy fighting the sons of Nippon to erect a structure, but the Japa­ nese put up a replica of a historic Kyoto Palace. Internationalism was considerably more sophisticated than a polyglot pike and legendary palaces. Priceless art treasures from practically every culture cushioned an enormous array of manufactured goods.10 To affect the ear as well as the eye, the Fair management en­ gaged the German musicians Helmesberger and Komsak to con­ duct symphony orchestras. Many distinguished world bands par­ ticipated, such as England's Grenadier Guards, France's Garde

7 N.A., "Topics of the Times," Century, LXVIII (May, 1904) , 154; W. F. Saunders, "The St. Louis Fair: What Everybody Will Wish to Know Before Going," The American Monthly Review of Reviews, XXIX (May, 1904), 567; Walter Williams, "Round the World at the World's Fair," Century, LXVIII (September, 1904), 794 ff. 8 Hayne Davis, "The Historical Resolution of St. Louis," Independent, LVII (October 6, 1904), 764-772. 9 It is a humbling experience, even from the vantage point of 1966, to gaze upon this extraordinary celebration. Those who wish to be surprised may visit the 1904 Fair in The Universal Exposition: A Portfolio of Official Photo­ graphic Views (St. Louis, 1904) , or same book under title The Forest City. 10 Illustrations of Selected Works in the Various National Sections of the Department of Art with Complete List of Awards by the International Jury (St. Louis, 1904) . 290 Missouri Historical Review BOER WAP. Republicaine, and Mexico's Banda Rossa.11 Naturally Major John Philip Sousa was present. Because National South African Missouri was a Border State, he Exhibit doubtless peppered his listeners

("NOT OM THE PIKE") with equal portions of Dixie and the Battle Hymn of the Republic. Universally acknowledged to be If the foreign visitors had any THE FEATURE OF THE FAIR doubts that the Civil War scars DO General Cronje were fast healing, they had only to catch a trolley for downtown and NOT General Yiljoen attend the 1904 Democratic Na­ PAIL 20 British & Boer Officers tional Convention.12 Exactly how TO 300 Mounted British Vetr'ns much the Fair promoters had SEE 300 Mounted Boer Veterans to do in landing this particular "concession" is not known. It is Three Famous Battles clear, however, that they were 3:30 p. re. TWICE DAILY 8:30 p. m. responsible for bringing the 1904

ADMISSIONS: Olympic Games to St. Louis. Bleachers, age Oread Stand, Joe Iloxef, $i Children admitted to Qraad Stand, a5c Walter B. Stevens rightly asked, "*- "Could the Exposition be more universal in its human activities, body and mind?"13 As the myriad festivities began to warm up, visitors were startled to hear the boom of field cannon and the rattle of machine- gun fire. Inquiries as to whether the Moros had gone juramentado, or the Wobblies had arrived produced the laconic answer, "The Boer War." But hadn't the Boer War ended in 1902? And so the curious made their way down the teeming pike, passed through a simulated Jaffa Gate from Christianity's Holy City, and beheld a high wooden fence running along an extensive rise of ground. From within the enclosure arose smoke, shouts, and screams. Large letters on the fence made it clear that this was the "BOER WAR, two performances daily 3:30 & 8:30." After paying his bleacher admission fee of 25 cents (boxes were $1.00), the spectator entered and beheld an amphitheater approximately fourteen acres in extent. About its perimeter were

ii Saunders, "The St. Louis Fair," 569. 12 Herbert Eaton, Presidential Timber: A History of Nominating Con­ ventions, 1868-1960 (Glencoe, 1964), 191-201. 13 John Keiran and Arthur Dailey, The Story of the Olympic Games (Philadelphia, 1957), 63-65; Walter B. Stevens, The World's Fair (St. Louis, 1904), 4. When the Boer War Came to St. Louis 291

The Forest City, 1904 About 600 British and Boer veterans took part in the scene. In com­ mand of the British contingent was Major W. S. Stewart, while Generals Piet Cronje and Ben Viljoen led the Boers. The battles of Colenso and Paardeberg were the principal scenes re-enacted.

large dun-colored sections of scenery to convey an impression of Transvaal hills. Within could be seen a native kraal, the laager with its community of Boer families, a soldiers' camp, and a repro­ duction of the ancient Fort de Goede Hope built in 1652. If the props lacked authenticity, the actors did not. They were the same men who three years before had been trying to tear each others' hearts out. And now they daily re-enacted the bloody contest with explosives, Red Cross ambulances, and even horses trained to drag themselves about on three legs. Photographs and a variety of descriptions leave little doubt that the Boer War production utilized everything but live ammuni­ tion and dead men to communicate the violence of battle. In fact, 292 Missouri Historical Review

the veterans appear to have worn their actual wartime uniforms and carried the guns with which they had recently sought to kill each other. Pandemonium notwithstanding, the show's producers well understood the necessity for romanticizing war. To quote an official Fair publication: There is a company of Highlanders led by the piper, which trudges over the veldt and which deploys, advances and fights stubbornly . . . until most .of the men in kilts are shot down. ... Out of the smoke comes the wailing sound of the pipe6 rather faintly. Two stretcher bearers appear. On the litter between them is the piper. One leg has been put out of action, but the wind and the fingers are all right and until he is laid down on the surgeon s cot the Highlander plays away bravely.14 Soldiers of fortune were a dime a dozen in the 19th century, and as P. T. Barnum mused, "There's a sucker born every minute." In seeking to evaluate the historical significance of this strange, san­ guinary concession, some questions are worth pondering. In 1948 would Germans and English veterans of World War II have permitted themselves to be cast in such roles? Clearly the answer seems to be a resounding, NO! Let us probe the "why not" later and first of all try to answer "why." Why did these Boer War veterans prostitute themselves to what by today's standards would be a disgusting display? It is clear that bewhiskered old Boer General Piet Cronje looked on his participation as a ^patriotic act. Because of the late war his homeland could not field an ex­ hibit at the Fair. "I have come to America for two reasons," he declared. "First because I want the people of the United States, who seem to have sympathized with us in our hopeless struggle for the integrity of our country, to see what the Boer soldier is; second because I will be able to aid my countrymen in a financial way."15 Such noble sentiment did not prevent Boer supporters in Paris and South Africa from trying to dissuade Cronje from par­ ticipation. As late as March of 1904, his recent comrade-in-arms, General Delarey, denounced the coming performance as a "shame­ ful production." True to his stubborn Dutch ancestry, once Cronje had made up his mind, he proved inflexible. Although the rotund veteran daily surrendered to the late British enemy, his St. Louis

14 The Forest City, n.p. (caption for plate titled "The Carnage at Colenso") . 15 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 16, 1904; The Forest City, n.p. (caption for plate titled "Cronje to His Critics" is illuminating) . 7 •*?

The Forest City, 1904 Boer veterans who participated in the Boer War "battle" in St. Louis. Seated in the center is General Piet Cronje. Second from left, standing, General Ben Viljoen. sojourn did provide one single and notable victory. On July 5, 1904, St. Louis thrilled when the "Lion of Paardenberg" married Mrs. Stertzel, widow of a friend killed in the famous siege.10 The man who had taken old Cronje's command after the Lion's capture and exile to St. Helena, hand­ Captain Arthur W. Lewis some and younger, General Benjamin Johan­ nes Viljoen, seems to have had more selfish motives for turning thespian. Indeed, the available evidence indicates that with the exception of General Cronje most of the men came for a lark and with the hope of financial gain. It may be that the English accents failed to titillate many St. Louis belles, but who can

Bennitt, Hist, of the La. Purchase Exposition

16 Si. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 31, 1904; Ibid., June 8, 1904, and St. Louis Republic, July 6, 1904. 294 Missouri Historical Review

doubt the impact of the Boer soldiery on St. Louis' large and affluent German community? The creator and original promoter of this wallet-sized conflict was Captain Arthur W. Lewis, a veteran of the Boer War. A Missourian by birth, Lewis had landed in South Africa when hostilities were beginning and joined the Rhodesian forces marching to the relief of Mafeking. In the resulting battle, he was wounded. His heroism earned him a cap­ taincy. When he returned to Missouri, the swelling interest in the coming Exposition no doubt activated his pecuniary talents. Lewis returned to South Africa, asked Generals Cronje and Viljoen if they would assist him. As valuable as their assents was the support of Frank E. Fillis. A South African Showman. Fillis had earlier organized "Savage South Africa" for the 1900 Greater Britain Exhibition held in London. Lewis and Fillis promptly equipped two small armies. When His Majesty's government heard of Lewis' plans, it ordered the British Commissioner to the Fair to stop the second Boer War. But the Missourian matched the challenge, and after considerable wrangling, the show went forward.17 St. Louis businessmen lined up behind Lewis and formed the South African Boer War Exhibition Company. Major investors were the influential Meyer Brothers Drug interests, C. W. Wall, Henry Koehler, Adolphus Busch, and Jesse L. Carlton. Their in­ dispensable backing probably had been gained as much by Teu­ tonic ties as by dreams of new markets in Johannesburg and Pre­ toria. While producer Fillis prepared an extravaganza, the steamer Douncastle was leased to transport its panoply from Africa. Twenty railroad coaches were required to bring the cast to St. Louis. However, because of London's delaying tactics, the men did not get into combat until June 17. Six profitable weeks had been denied the Company.18 Historian John H. Ferguson has shown that the average American acquainted with South Africa's struggle for independence was sympathetic with the Boers. Had not Yankee Doodle fought and vanquished mighty England in order to guarantee himself the blessings of liberty? One group of Irish-Americans had actually joined the South African rebels as a volunteer ambulance corps. Later it was discovered that the professed agents of mercy were ex­ pert sharpshooters drawn from the New York National Guard. More

n St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 16, 1904; Ibid., June 1, 1904; St. Louis Republic, July 10, 1904; Buel, Louisiana, 3833-3834. 18 S*. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 31, 1904; St. Louis Republic, April 10, 1904. When the Boer War Came to St. Louis 295 sensitive to the realities of foreign policy, the men in Washington, D.C., understood that the nation could ill-afford to endorse Presi­ dent Paul Kruger's valiant effort. And as William Jennings Bryan tartly remarked, "Suppose we send our sympathy to the Boers . . . in an hour England would send back, "What about the Filipinos?'" England's friendly attitude during the Spanish-American War had transformed Theodore Roosevelt into an Anglophile. England tri­ umphed in 1902, but the beau sabeur quality of the Boer fighters left an irresistable appeal. Even Teddy confessed that their futile contest was "as gallant a struggle as has ever been made."19 Widespread, bitter-sweet empathy with the defeated Boers was only one reason why St. Louis businessmen felt their South African Boer War Exhibition Company was a safe investment. For many years Buffalo Bill's wild west circus had been a box office gold mine. Except for old Bill Cody's proclivity for hard liquor and

19 John H. Ferguson, American Diplomacy in the Boer War (Philadelphia, 1939), 183 & 213.

British veterans who served in the Boer War spectacle. The Forest City, 1901

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••••••• -mfi 296 Missouri Historical Review penchant for tom-fool investments, his circus still seemed finan­ cially robust in 1904. If John Doe never ceased to be entertained by the slaughter of Indians and outlaws, surely he would be attract­ ed to an even more sweeping application of modern weaponry.20 And to judge by the story submitted by a Post-Dispatch re­ porter who witnessed Forest Park's first battle of Tugela, Americans enjoyed every minute of it. But let the reader judge for himself. If anybody asks you if the South African Boer war exhibit is a good show, say yes, quick. It is. Boom! Can you hit the side-stepping Swazi? Boom! Dead bird. Hold on your bonnet now, and we'll have the battle of Colenso. This is the real thing. This isn't any Buffalo- Bill-shoot-up-the-stage-coach. The Buffalo Bill show would melt and leave only a little puddle of grease if it got mixed up in what is going to happen here in about 80 seconds. . . . Look! Far over on the left appears a British column. It's Tommy Atkins, about 250 strong. Tommy is bringing up Colonels Long and Hunt's guns. Tommy thinks he is going to shoot the lid off of Fort Wylie and Grebler's Kloof over there across the river. Tommy gets another guess. Tommy doesn't know what the hills over there are full of. This is finding out day for Tommy. Tramp, tramp, tramp the boys are marching. Isn't it fine. See the big field pieces, and see the plumes of Hil- liard's men! Look! Scouts! See them over there? See their hats skimming along the entrenchments beyond the peaceful Tugela? Boom! Scene Looks Peaceful, but— .... Boom! Boom! Boom! Were [sic] off. Take a big breath, for this is the last chance you'll get for some time. Boom! Boom! Boom! Boom!

20 Don Miller, My Life with Buffalo Bill (Chicago, 1948) . It is noteworthy that 1904 also saw the Edison Company first distribute the ground-breaking film, "The Great Train Robbery." Matthew Josephson, Edison (New York, 1959) , 400, and, Adolph Zukor (asst. by Dale Kramer) , The Public Is Never Wrong (New York, 1953) , 39 ff. When the Roer War Came to St. Louis 297

The Boers haven't done anything much but let loose on Tommy Atkins. They're going to shoot Tommy up some. Crack-crack-crackety-crack-crack! The battle of Colenso is on. Flash go the Mausers, and zip go the bullets. The British dash forward. They un- limber the field guns. Rifle flashes streak back and forth like lightning playing on the hills across the Tugela. There's a man down! Another! Look at the horses—they're running away! O, horrors, there's a man going to get run over! Didn't I tell you the hills over there were full of the Phil Sheridan brand? .... Rurr-r-r-r-r-r-r! . . . Gracious! Did you ever see anything like it? See the men flopping around on the ground. Look at the horses plunging here, and see those down and dead over there. Look at the clouds of smoke. Where's Smoke Inspector Jones? Those dead men out there will be run over sure. There's one of those big gun carriages rattling right over their necks. Where's Richard Harding Davis? There he goes. He's going to jump the Tugela and ask the Boers what they're going to do next. Hurrah! Richard is himself again—get­ ting the news in advance! Here they come—the Boers! Out from the hills like the hosts of wrath! Out from the Kraal and the beleagured laager. Over the kopjes and out of the woods! Shades of Arbela, will you look at them ride! . . .21 Does the Boer War spectacle with the twelve thousand fair- goers who daily witnessed it tell us anything about American society in 1904? Certainly it evidences that we were not a peace- loving nation. The Fair managers had emphasized the theme of peace and international brotherhood. Accordingly, the world pow­ ers maximized the ways of peace in their respective exhibits. Eng­ land unveiled nothing more war-like than sporting rifles and R. Caton Woodville's painting "The Charge of the Light Brigade."22 Germany, then probably the most jingoistic of nations, heralded her scientific and educational advances. She did let slip her in­ tense racial nationalism when she set up a large "Golden Book," a gigantic tome in which German-Americans could register their names, contemporary residence, and the home of their ancestors. Canada dispatched five hundred of its famous Esse Fusilliers. Yet with the exception of the Boer War, the Fusilliers about com­ pleted any notable foreign military participation.23 21 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 18, 1904. 22 Spielman, Royal Commission, 197 ff. 23 "Exhibits of the German Empire at St. Louis," The Nation LXXIX (July 28, 1904), 72; Bennitt, History, 146, 251 & 264. 298 Missouri Historical Review

Here we encounter a strange anomaly which permeates much of America's part in the Exposition. Notwithstanding the artistic, architectural, athletic, and academic themes aimed at international harmony, the host nation had few reservations about vaunting its military might. Situated on the Fair grounds was a full-scale model of the U.S.S. Missouri, reminder of a navy of over three hundred and fifty vessels, a fleet second only to that of Great Britain. This in glaring contrast to Uncle Sam's regular army, a body one-fifth that of Germany, smaller even than Spain's. Probably less by War Department design than by exuberant federalism, military con­ tingents from all over the nation took part. To accommodate the entire West Point Corps of Cadets, scattered ROTC units, National Guard outfits, honorary military companies, and even Culver Military Academy's Black Horse Cavalry, Exposition managers constructed a "Model Military Camp." Tents and sufficient field equipment made it possible for five thousand men to be accom­ modated at any given time. Should such a martial encampment fail to impress Americans and Europeans alike, the Army displayed a gigantic unmounted 16-inch cannon, one which promised to hurl a projectile some twenty-two miles.24 The Republic had come of age. Like the youth whose hands finally grasp his own thirty-thirty, the nation's weaponry was a toy that supplied vicarious strength. To its citizens the mere sight of the ordnance was both appealing and comforting. Foreign ob­ servers may also have been reassured by the fact that the most popular United States Army display was not aggressive in nature but only a twelve-inch coast defense "disappearing gun."25 Americans of 1904 still enjoyed the luxury of military isolation. Foreigners seemed far away and their incessant quarrels were none of John Q. Public's business. If their greed threatened us, "we, of course, would not cavil, and, as in the 1898 contest with Spain, we would promptly set them straight." After 1914, more so after 1945, such happy over-simplifications were denied even elementary school students. War had become international, and

24 Bennitt, History, 333; Statistical History of the United States from Colo­ nial Times to the Present (Conn., 1965) , 736, and J. Walter Keltie, ed., The Statesman's Year Book (London, 1906) , 284 ff; Bennitt, History, 109 ff, 25 in light of America's relatively small army budget in 1904, it is prob­ ably significant that the nation's military leaders went to the really consider­ able expense to transport and mount this specific weapon. Bennitt, History, xiv & 329; The Forest City, has an excellent photograph of this huge immobile weapon. When the Roer War Came to St. Louis 299

"splendid little wars" were shouldered aside by nightmares that threatened to produce Armageddon. There is still another dimension to be considered. Then many Americans and European citizens could be entertained by war, not merely because it was so distant and relatively short but be­ cause it was waged in the cause of "civilization." That the uncivil­ ized happened to be non-Caucasians made it all the easier. Rud- yard Kipling's "Whiteman's Burden," so recently published by McClures provided all the justification that was needed. How ironic that even the white Boers received similar condescension. As President Roosevelt declared, "The development of South Afri­ can civilization can best go on under the British flag." "Were not these colonial wars," Americans conjectured, "the price of being big, of owning global real estate?" True, it cost lives and money, but it was remote and oh, so glamorous.26 Happily, the ignorant relationship between the industrial citi­ zen of 1904 and his burdensome non-white subject has been trans­ formed. In a fascinating way the photographs of the heterogeneous inhabitants of Forest Park startle us and communicate what has occurred. Those living exhibits, those half-dressed, peculiar-smell­ ing people were gawked at as curiosities, hardly as fellow humans. Not only did the mass of Negritos, Hairy Ainus, Visayans, and Patagonians bemuse Americans, but they flattered them as well. For many a Fair-goer, a walk down the pike was akin to a Mrs. Astor visiting the poor. "Bless them for their suffering. Give them some change, Thomas, and drive me home." Fifty years later no great power dared "drive home." One grim member of the Exposition's amazingly polyglot collection of peoples must have been about as welcome as was Marley's Ghost to Scrooge. Wandering about the grounds with the casualness of those who are tired of waiting for death was a wrin­ kled, bent, and very mute Geronimo. In fact, over a dozen Indian tribes were represented. Did the diverse representatives from Asia and Africa ever speculate on the fate of America's red men or on the remarkable personal liberty and wealth of the host coun­ try? We do know that America's freedom was soon appreciated by a number of the Boer War Company's imported African labor­ ers. Approximately fifty Negroes had been brought along to add

26 The penetrating essay by Richard Hofstadter, "Manifest Destiny and the Philippines," is germane here. See Daniel Aaron, ed., America In Crisis (New York, 1952), 173-200; Ferguson, American Diplomacy, 208. 300 Missouri Historical Review regional color, to take care of the stock and to provide a steady source of manpower. "Kaffir Tom" seems to have been the most seriously infected by the disease democratius. On May 6, 1904, he exhorted what the press identified as a collection of Somali, Kaffir, Zulu, and Swazi "fuzzy-wuzzies" to stop work and abandon the Company camp. As the Africans "marched down the hill in solid phalanx" General Manager Frank Fillis beseeched truem to come back. Proving deaf to his entreaties, Fillis called on the British and Boer soldiers, who were standing about enjoying his consternation, to compel their return. Whereupon Kaffir Tom ral­ lied his fellow Africans to fight for their liberty. As the St. Louis Republic reported the episode "the half-clad blacks rushed to a lumber pile and seized sticks, which they brandished like their native war spears, at the same time hurling words of defiance at the British and the Boers." For the first time since their arrival in St. Louis, Boer and British "sniffed the scent of battle, and with a rush they charged the blacks, disarmed them, hustled them about, and, after a sound drubbing, sent them back to the camp."27 One month later some St. Louis Negroes tried to assist a body of fifteen Kaffirs in what the press now called " a break for lib­ erty." To force the Africans back, Manager Lewis had to request police reinforcements from the City's Seventh District Station. The withdrawal was accomplished only after an American Negress put up quite a struggle. Mrs. Willeltha Smith received a blow in the eye from one of the arresting officers and along with three of her Negro countrymen was jailed. It is not without significance that when the Company men tried to cane the captured fugitives, St. Louis Police Sergeant O'Leary warned them off, "You must refrain from ill-treating the Kaffirs." In broken English the Afri­ cans claimed they had deserted the Company because instead of the four dollars a week they had been promised, they had received nothing. Since their flight they had been working as coal heavers for the local Donk Brothers Coal Company. Five months later twenty of the Kaffirs melted into the St. Louis Negro quarter. This time some appear to have gained their freedom.28 These were not the only personnel troubles to cripple the show. Even before their arrival in St. Louis, strained relationships arose

27 St. Louis Republic, May 7, 1904. 28 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 2, 1904; St. Louis Republic, November 29, 1904. When the Roer War Came to St. Louis 301 between Boer and Britain. When the veterans got to the Company camp ground friction immediately arose over who had the best tent sites. By mid-November two of the late antagonists renewed the Boer War and tried to kill one another. In seeking to stop the scrap a Jefferson Guard mortally wounded one of the fighters. The lawman was promptly beaten to a pulp. This was followed by the accidental explosion of a dummy shell which seriously burned three Boer War employees.29 Predictably, talk of returning to "King and Country" and "Land un volk" increased. But by far the most serious Company dilemma was the spec­ tre-like overhead. As if the original outlay to equip the men and bring them to America were not expense enough, their mainte­ nance, plus the Boer War's normal weekly staging costs, proved enormous. In September Manager Fillis bravely talked of increas­ ing the seating capacity by 5000, but with the Exposition to run for only a few more months, the Company's directors balked. Efforts to increase attendance by the use of elephants, equestrian wrestlers, and a new public relations man are revealing. Attend­ ance pumping lectures throughout the Midwest by Generals Cronje and Viljoen ran dry of listeners. In fact, the only publicist to stir up much excitement was a famous South African dynamiter. Wherever he spoke, Hibernian audiences materialized.30 Shortly before the Fair closed, the Boer War Company was auctioned off and reorganized under D. W. Wall, General Ben Viljoen and F. E. Fillis. An ownership fight erupted. One faction, minus old General Cronje, took to the road playing at stops in Kansas City and Chicago, the smaller body opened in the spring of 1905 at Coney Island. But for all their ballyhoo, neither show enjoyed the spontaneity and size of the original St. Louis produc­ tion. Cursed by volatile actors, excessive overhead, and without the Louisiana Purchase Exposition crowds, their days were num­ bered.31 Exposition President David R. Francis had indeed given his

29 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 12, 1904; St. Louis Republic, November 20, 1904. 30 St. Louis Republic, September 17, 1904; Ibid., November 2, 1904; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 24, 1904; St. Louis Republic, August 13, 1904; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, December 5, 1904. 315*. Louis Republic, November 13, 1904; Ibid., November 27, 1904; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 30, 1904; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 4, 1904; New York Times, May 21, 1905. country what he liked to call "a uni­ versal exhibition."32 How ironic that this hard-working, public-spirited cit­ izen may also have helped to nuture a reckless chauvinism—the antithesis of world peace and comity. Bruce Catton has said, "There is a rowdy strain in American life, living close to the surface but running very deep. Like an ape behind a mask, it can display itself suddenly with terrifying effect . . . now and then, when something David R. Francis tickles it, it guffaws, and when it is made angry, it snarls; . . . ."33 Probably no one saw historian Catton's ape at St. Louis in 1904. In fact the beast was hiding in Forest Park and with him were his leering ape friends. For what lay ahead, they could well afford to wait ten years.

32 Francis, "Attractive Features of the St. Louis Exposition." 33 Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground: The Story of the Union Side of the Civil War (New York, 1961) , 4.

c^V,

Missouri Column By W. L. Welson Hartville Democrat, February 18, 1915. In number of horses, Missouri with one 1,095,000 head, ranks fifth among the States, with 329,000 mules, we are second only to Texas. . . . Missouri, with 797,000 milch cows and 1,414,000 other cattle is among the leading cattle states. . . . The first farm name registration law enacted by any state was introduced in the Missouri legislature of 1907 by the present assistant Secretary of Missouri State Board of Agriculture. More than a dozen states now have such a law. In Missouri registration is made with the county clerk. Missouri is second to but one state in yield per acre of long-staple cotton. California leads with 500 pounds and Missouri follows with 325 pounds. . . . In total value of thirteen leading farm crops our state ranks fifth in a five- year average. . . . The first farmers' ham and bacon show ever put on by any state was held in Missouri three years ago under direction of the State Board of Agriculture. WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS

January 13, 1861, to December 4, 1862

Harvey L. Carter is the John and Harriet Campbell professor of American History and Curator of the Archer B. Hulbert Memorial Collection of Western Americana, EDITED BY The Colorado College, Colorado Springs. He did his undergraduate work at Wabash College and re­ HARVEY L. CARTER ceived his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin. AND He is the author of numerous articles and sketches in The Moun­ tain Men and Fur Trade of the NORMA L. PETERSON Far West.

Norma Lois Peterson, professor of History and chairman, Division of Social Studies, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, re­ ceived her B.A. degree from The Colorado College and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni­ versity of Missouri. She is the author of Freedom and Franchise, published in 1965.

Part II

Camp Fremont October 8, 1861 D [sic] I am still at Cape Girardeau. Have been here just two months, that is I have my headquarters here. We are holding off and annoying the enemy. We have fine entrenchments here and to these alone are we indebted for peace in this section. The enemy to the number of 10 and 15 thousand has several times been within

303 304 Missouri Historical Review

8 and 10 and 20 miles of us. We have been prepared to meet them at our entrenchments with 3000 men, but were not strong enough to go out and fight them. Now everything depends upon the suc­ cess of our troops under Gen. Fremont in the center of our State.1 If the rebels should be successful, we will be besieged here by 50,000 rebels. Two weeks more will probably decide. Last week one of my boys died of Typhoid Fever. Another is now lying quite low. Yesterday was Sunday and a most beautiful day. I took a ride out around our extensive works. We keep about 700 men at work on them every day, Sunday too. They will all soon be done.

Wednesday, Oct. 9th Yesterday after beginning this letter I got orders to proceed forthwith with my Company and capture some men and property in the country. I soon caught 3 of the men, 8 horses and three cat­ tle and returned to camp. To-day is quite pleasant and we are all busy at everything. I have a nice tent and accommodations. Have the best colored man I ever saw, to cook for us and keep everything in order. Three of us pay him $30.00 per month and board him. Also furnish him a tent. He always shoulders his gun and goes with us when there is a prospect of a fight.2

Thursday, Oct. 10th To-day I will try and finish this letter. I have just buried another of my men, which makes two that I have lost here. There are no more sick. Yesterday we heard cannonading all day south of us, and at night learned that a big fight was going on 50 miles from us, at Charleston, Mo. We are ready for them as they come on up the River. Some are afraid they will not come. We have a splendid Colonel Commanding our Regiment (Col. J. B. Plum-

i In a desperate attempt to save his career, Gen. John C. Fremont had moved into the interior of the state to try to engage Generals Sterling Price and Ben McCulloch. He reached Jefferson City on September 27, 1861, and by Oc­ tober 7, he had his forces on the road to Tipton. In late October Fremont reached Springfield and, on November 1, four of his divisions had made camp there. On November 2 Lincoln's order relieving Fremont of his command was delivered to the general. Fremont, still hoping for a decisive battle, had tried to outmaneuver the bearers of the presidential order, but he was not successful and was forced to turn his troops over to Gen. David Hunter. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861-1862 (New York, 1959) , 378-382. 2 This action, on the part of the cook, was voluntary. Negro troops were used later in the war. William S. Stewart Letters 305 mer).3 He is of the regular Army, and commanded a Battalion of Regulars at the Great Springfield Battle, and fought like a hero holding at bay for near two hours 3,000 Rebels with only 400 men. I like him very much, so do all our Regiment. And we will all fol­ low him wherever he orders. I don't know that half of my letters arrive home, but now we have put the P. O. here under the charge of a Union man and there will not be so many of our letters run South now. My health remains quite good, never better in my life. Give my respects to all the friends. I still have no idea when I shall get able to go home. The traitors must be whipped first. Write to St. Louis, Direct to Capt. William S. Stewart, 11th Reg. U. S. Vols of Mo. (Rifles). Your Son William

Camp Fremont October 26,1861 Dear Father and Mother Your letter of date Sep. 23 arrived last night after a delay of one month. Since yours was written I have written either one or two letters to you. I was much pleased with your letter with full particulars the fullest I have received for some time. Your letter was also particularly refreshing just after arriving in camp from an 8 days march and one heavy battle. I suppose you have already seen in the papers an account of the Battle of Fredricktown [sic] where our Regiment under Col. Plummer did such hard fighting.4

3 Joseph Bennett Plummer (1820-1842), U.S.M.A., 1841, was a New Eng- lander by birth. He was with Gen. Nathaniel Lyon at Camp Jackson, and his conduct at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, where he was wounded, was very dis­ tinguished. He became Colonel of the 11th Missouri Volunteer Regiment on September 25, 1861, and Brigadier General of Volunteers on October 22, 1861. He died in camp near Corinth, Mississippi, August 9, 1862, from exposure. Mark Mayo Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary (New York, 1959), 656. 4 The action at Fredericktown, Missouri, on October 21, 1861, was Stewart's first experience with real fighting. Col. W. P. Carlin, of the 38th Illinois Regi­ ment, together with the 20th Illinois Regiment under Col. Leonard F. Ross, were ordered from Pilot Knob, and Col. J. B. Plummer, 11th Missouri Regiment, from Cape Girardeau, by Gen. U. S. Grant, to stop an offensive thrust by the Missouri State Guard under Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson. The object of the rebels was to capture the lead mines and the Iron Mountain Railroad and threaten St. Louis. Plummer had 1500 men, Carlin and Ross 3000. Plummer asserted his right to command and Carlin yielded. The 11th Missouri was led by Lt. Col. William E. Panabaker while Plummer commanded the Union forces. Both Plummer and Carlin overestimated Thompson's force which was probably about 2,500 men. John McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri (Washington, 1909), 245-252; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri for 1865, 145; D. McCall, Three Years in the Service: A Record of the Doings of the 11th Reg. Missouri, Volun­ teers (Springfield, Mo., 1864) , 6. Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson at the Battle of Fredericktown. From a mural by George Gray in the Hotel Rob- idoux, St. Joseph.

My Company was given the second position of importance in the whole battle line because (as the Col' told me) they were the best drilled.5 And though we were exposed to a continual fire from the cannon and muskets of the enemy, not a single one of my men was killed or wounded, though several guns and garments were struck and the grounds ploughed up around us. Our boys stood in line and poured in a continual volley of Minnie [Minie] balls, making a stream of fire all along the line, without cessation, and slaying the rebels horribly. When we left there we had discovered that but 7 of our men were killed and about 50 wounded, while we had buried 232 of the rebels.6 About 500 of their men were wounded. . . . There was a battery of our cannon placed right be­ hind and above our men, we being on the slope and the cannon on the hill, with the rebels in the hollow and on the other slope and

5 Stewart's Company K, with four other companies, marched ahead of the baggage train. Four more companies guarded it from the sides. Both groups were in the fight. One of Thompson's leaders, Col. Aden Lowe, who led the attack on those ahead of the baggage train, was killed. Panabaker reported one killed and three wounded in his immediate command of 460 men. War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, 1888) , Series I, Volume III, 214-215. Hereafter cited as O. R. 6 Plummer's report gives his own loss as six killed and 16 wounded. He claimed 80 prisoners, of whom 38 were wounded, and said that he buried 158 of Thompson's dead. O. R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 206-209. William S. Stewart Letters 307 hill. When (5000) five thousand on each side got in earnest in the firing of muskets and cannon the scene and the sound were mag­ nificent. I never enjoyed anything so much in my life. Though this continual firing lasted for near two hours, our boys seemed very much disappointed when it ceased. Our firing did so much execu­ tion that the rebels could not stand it but fled with us after them. Our Regiment was put in pursuit with Major Schofield's Battery7 but after running them four or five miles that night could not catch them. Next day we went 25 miles further but finding Jeff Thompson[']s Army all scattered we had nothing more to pursue8 and next day we returned to Fredricktown, and then by forced marches returned to the Cape here. I cannot begin to give you a description of the battle-field after the battle was over. Just think of 300 dead men, 300 wounded, a lot of horses killed and wounded, the wounded men crying out with the most hideous groans and moans and the dead men, some mangled to pieces, some with their heads shot off, some with their bowels torn out, and you will have some idea of the ravages of war. But if I ever get to see you again I will be able to tell you more about it, as I was in a good position to observe closely all that went on. My men fought bravely and well and obeyed my orders strictly. I never felt cooler in my life. Our beautiful flag was right by the side of my men and they sustained it nobly. The Battle was fought on Monday, the 21st of Oct. and last night the 25th we returned to our quarters having marched 30 miles yesterday. This forced march was because we expected Gen. Hardee to make an attack upon Cape Girardeau who is very close to us with 10,000 men. We are all hoping strongly that he will come on and try us. Our

7 John M. Schofield (1831-1906) U.S.M.A., 1853, the son of a Baptist minister, was on leave from his teaching duties at West Point and was acting professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis when the war began. He first became mustering officer for Missouri, then Gen. Lyon's chief of staff. Later in the war he was a corps commander under Sherman and Thomas and defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee. He advanced to Lieutenant General and was commander in chief of the Army from 1888-1895. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 726-727; Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), XVI, 452-454. 8 Col. Carlin later filed a report, dated December 15, 1861, blaming Plummer for failure to capture the fleeing forces of Thompson. O. R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 218-220. Stewart entered the controversy between Carlin and Plummer on the side of the latter by writing an eight-page account of events connected with the action at Fredericktown. Apparently this was intended for publication in the St. Louis papers, but it does not seem to have been sent. According to McCall, Three Years in the Service, 6, Plummer's forces followed Thompson for twelve miles, until the rebels burned a bridge and the Union troops were hampered from continuing any farther. 308 Missouri Historical Review paymaster is here today, paying off the boys. There are $350.00 due me now from the Government. I have received no letters from Frank lately. From the all I can learn I think he is still attending to his official duties in Oregon County, his office exempting him from taking part in the Army affairs unless he chooses. The mails in that direction are entirely deranged and it [is] only from persons from that section occasionally that I can hear of him. It will not be long I think till his part of the State will be cleansed from treason and we will then hear from each other oftener (this pen upset the inkstand!!!!)9 Don't be uneasy about Frank or me, we will fight our way through safely.

Sunday, Oct. 27th As for me individually, I am in as good health as I ever was in my life. I eat heartily exercise a great deal and sleep soundly. I with my 1st Lieut Wilson A. Duggan of Springfield, 111., and Chas. H. Foster of St. Louis have fine eating arrangements. We have a yellow boy10 whom we pay $30.00 per month to cook for us, take care of our clothes, our arms, tents and everything. He is a splendid cook, a perfect gentleman, and as brave as General Jackson. My boys all like him as a brother, and on a march we could not get along without him and his wit. At the Battle of Fredricktown [sic] he fought like a hero, right in the ranks with my men. In your next letter tell me in what Regiment Dr. Goodwin11 is and who is his Colonel. By knowing this I will always know where they are, and if they come within our division will be able to see them occasionally. We are now preparing for winter war. When I shall get away from camp on furlough I can t tell. 9 This letter has a large blot on the upper right hand corner of the third page but it is perfectly legible. 10 The cook was apparently a mulatto and probably a free resident of St. Louis who had taken employment voluntarily. 11 Dr. John R. Goodwin was a member of a prominent Franklin County family and served as a surgeon in the Civil War. His brother, Thomas A. Goodwin, was editor of the Brookville American and was the first student at Indiana-Asbury University from Franklin County and was graduated in its first class, that of 1840. It is probable that William S. Stewart had attended Indiana-Asbury through the urging of the Goodwin family. Thomas A. Good­ win's signature appears on a Temperance Society Certificate issued to Stewart and preserved with his letters. W. W. Sweet, Indiana-Asbury-DePauw University, 1837-1937: A Hundred Years of Higher Education in the Middle West (New York, 1937), 52-54. William S. Stewart Letters 309

Your letter was penned by a Lady of Mt. Carmel.12 Tell her to write another for you. She is a capable hand. At the same time that yours came I received one from my little blue-eyed Missouri girl. But I have written about all that would interest you and will now close. I am very thoughtful for your expressions of regard for my welfare. I shall always try and be a worthy subject of par­ ental care and prayer. I often think of you in your old age and wish that peace and plenty would abound in the land again, that I might be able to be with you and cheer you in your last days. But I can't till peace is restored. Our neighbors and friends with­ out respect to age are perishing daily by the bloody hand of mad secession and the duty I owe to humanity and our country for­ bids that I should lay down my sword until red rebellion shall be crushed out from our State. May the God battles aid us, and hear and answer your earnest prayers in our behalf. I am anxious to hear from you again. After the Battle a report came to this place that I and my Company were all slain. Hope the report never reached you. Your Son Will

Cape Girardeau, Mo. November 14, 1861 Dear Father and Mother Your most welcome letter has just been read by me at my quarters. I am very glad you have made arrangements by which my letters can be answered, and news from home communicated to me. Since I last wrote to you we have had another military expedition. Last Tuesday week we were ordered down to Bloom- field, Missouri, about 50 miles from here to fight the rebels con­ gregated at that point. About 5,000 of us went but the rebels fled toward Arkansas, so fast we could not overtake them.13 At the same time the U. S. forces were ordered to make a demonstration

12 Stewart's parents were unable to write. A neighbor, John Bartlow, fre­ quently mentioned in the earlier letters, seems to have written for them most of the time but, in this case, they had employed some other neighbor. 13 Remnants of Jeff Thompson's force were gathered at Bloomfield but they scattered in the swamps of southeastern Missouri or joined Confederate forces under Hardee in Arkansas. 310 Missouri Historical Review upon Columbus,14 [to keep] those rebel forces there from trying to cut us off. In doing so the Cairo forces got into a bloody fight, loosing 93 of our men killed and 150 wounded. There [sic] loss is much greater. This I know from one who went to assist in bury­ ing the dead under the flag of Truce. They confessed to having 400 killed. It is also their official report. We not being able to find the enemy returned to Cape Girardeau having passed down through the Cypress swamps and back, and getting shot at sev­ eral times by the Rebel Pickets. Since our return the weather has been delightful, and still continues so. There will soon be a move­ ment made upon Columbus with the design of taking it.15 I hope to be along. You spoke of my heart quailing in the Fredricktown [sic] battle, "nary time". When I was a boy I though [t] a great deal about such things and whenever I would read of battles, I wondered whether I could stand fire or not. I knew that Father would as soon fight in a battle as eat his dinner, but I knew at the same time that Mother would rather eat her dinner, and as everybody said I was like my Mother, I thought I was like her in this respect, but under the circumstances of this war, when a wide spread rebellion is waged against a government founded by Washington under the direction of the God of Battles, and such rebellion for nothing but the extension of Slavery—"the sum of all villainies", I say under such circumstances if a coward couldn't be brave, he ought to be shot. So I have thought in all this war, and I'd rather be shot than not raise my hands against such a rebel­ lion. Feeling so I have not had a trembling nerve since first I pledged my life to the service of my country. And let me tell you, this is the feeling of almost all our soldiery. They feel their country's cause at heart, and that cowardice is the highest dis­ grace— Your letter contained many interesting items. I have not seen Everett Craig nor any of the Indiana boys whom I knew, but prob­ ably will before long, as our forces move about considerably. I still think I will be able to spend a few days at home this winter. If so I expect to bring you a large, handsome bay mare 4 yrs old

14 Columbus, Kentucky, was a key point on the first line of defense of the Confederacy. Kentucky had declared its neutrality in the war and Lincoln pre­ vented any Union military force from violating it. The Confederate general, and former Episcopalian Bishop, Leonidas Polk, invaded Kentucky, September 3, 1861, and fortified Columbus. 15 The movement referred to here did not take place until Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck ordered Grant forward in January 1862. Stewart's regiment remained on the west side of the river. William S. Stewart Letters 311 next spring worth now $200.00 in cash. She is indeed handsome and a splendid traveler. I captured her from Jeff Thompson's rebel army, then turned her over to the Government, and by virtue of the capture was allowed to take her at the appraisement value. It is no use to tell you that my health is good for it is never anything else. I have not heard from Frank since I last wrote. We will not start home during the troubles in Missouri. I appreciate your remark about the horrors of war, as it affects society at home. Young men who were temperate and moral at home and many of them religious, are brought in contact with all the vices of camp life and the good influences of home forgotten. This has a more ruinous effect upon human society than all that are killed upon the battle field. It requires great watchfulness for an officer in my position to prevent the ruin of many young men, who were once ornaments to society at home. In my Company I allow no drinking or gambling—two of the greatest curses in an Army. Nor do I allow swearing in my presence. By enforcing my rules I have a Company of young men who are regarded as a Company of gentlemen as well as good soldiers—I am glad to learn that those who are left at home or about the old stamping grounds are well. I had not heard of the death of Andrew Reid. Next time you write tell me if the Brookville American is still published. Tell me also what Jonathan calls his second or third boy. What John Cunning­ ham is doing since married. If Jonathan had a good crop this year and if it is yet gathered. If Conklin has his house fixed yet, and if he can give me good lodging for me and mine one or two nights this winter. Always tell me if you know where the Mt. Carmel boys are and maybe I will run across them in our sojourn in the Army. I have met but very few old acquaintences [sic] since I came to Missouri.

Friday Morning, Nov. 15th I did not finish this letter yesterday, and shall now, before the mail starts. Last night it rained, and this morning it is cool in our tents. We will soon have houses to live in for cold weather. Our Col. (Col. Plummer) started to St. Louis yesterday on busi­ ness for the Regiment.16 The enemy have about all left Missouri and retired into Arkansas or along the river below Columbus, Ky.

16 Colonel Plummer was advanced to the rank of Brigadier General of vol­ unteers following his success at Frederick town. 312 Missouri Historical Review

Write soon again. Tell me who is teaching school at Mt. Car­ mel, if Bob Seal and Jennie S. are yet married, if Bell Biddinger is married, if Harry Clarkson is yet at Shelbyville, and Newton Craig at Allisonville. I would like to ask a dozen other questions if I had time but must go on duty today as "Officer of the Day for the Brigade," so I close in haste. My respects to all the friends, relatives and acquaintances Your Obe't Son Will Stewart

Cape Girardeau, Mo. December 23, 1861 Dear Father and Mother I am again at my headquarters at this place, all right side up with care. I have been doing active service lately but have been in no battle since that of Fredericktown. A few nights ago we had an alarm from our Pickets and I was ordered off with my Com­ pany to feel of the enemy and open a battle with them, but when I put my finger on them they were not there.17 We have been fixing up our quarters here, so that they are quite comfortable, and we could quarter in them all winter if neces­ sary. But from present indications I think it will not be necessary. Our climate will be a warmer one. This is all I should say about the future. Last night was the coldest of the season, and to-day is quite cold, but just what I like. I have excellent health now and have had all the time. I would say however that last week one evening I went to see a handsome little widow in this town, and next day I had the rheumatism in my left arm very badly. The boys say that the widow had the rheumatism in her ribs next day too, but then I don't believe it. The boys will lie. The American Armies are now successful everywhere, on sea and land. The British newspaper Bluster about Slidell and Mason18 is blowing over and

17 Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, who was the rallying point of the Mis­ souri State Guard, had been at New Madrid, approximately fifty miles south of Cape Girardeau but left there, December 15, 1861, for New Orleans. 18 On November 8, 1861, the British steamer Trent was stopped by Captain Charles Wilkes of the U.S.S. San Jacinto, and James M. Mason and James Slidell, envoys of the Confederacy to Great Britain and France, were taken into cus­ tody. Secretary of State William Seward ordered them liberated on December 26, 1861, and a crisis with Britain was avoided. Stewart's comment is typical of American public opinion but it ignores two points: 1) There is no reason to believe that the British government was bluffing, and 2) the American action violated the established policy of the United States on the freedom of the seas. James Truslow Adams & R. V. Coleman, eds., Dictionary of American His­ tory (New York, 1940) , V, 321-322. William S. Stewart Letters 313

our Flag is now in almost all the Southern States. Our cause is certainly improving. The last rebel army in Missouri is now crip­ pled and broken down and the[y] seem disheartened everywhere. Indiana troops are doing nobly everywhere, and being praised all over the country. They have never yet been defeated, and have fought in almost every state where there has been fighting. In the late fight in Missouri near Clinton Col. Jeff C. Davis of Indi­ ana with his Indiana Regiment captured 1300 men 1000 horses 70 loaded wagons all their tents and camp equipage and 172 kegs of powder, all belonging to the rebel army.19 Good for old Indiana. I am proud to call myself a Hoosier.20

I would like of course to hear from you. I have not received any letter since I last wrote to you. I suppose you are all well, so am I and in fine spirits. As you hear of the advance of our armies southward, you may count on me being along. Be patient and hopeful and prayful, and when peace, honorable peace is won, if Providence still spare me I will see you again soon.

My Love to all Your Son Truly Will S. Stewart

Since writing the above I have received a letter from Doc Newton Craig of Allisonville, Ind. It is very interesting. I shall write to him to-night. I also to-night received papers from Major

19 Jefferson Columbus Davis (1828-1879), served as a private in the Mexi­ can War, was captured at Fort Sumter, and became colonel of the 22nd In­ diana Volunteers. He fought at both Wilson's Creek and Pea Ridge and later distinguished himself at Murfreesborough and Chickamauga. The reference made by Stewart is to a skirmish at Clintonville, Missouri, on October 17, 1861. Davis, in addition to bearing the same name as the President of the Con­ federacy, was remarkable for having killed his superior officer, William Nelson, in a Louisville hotel during the war without incurring any punishment for it, except being passed over for promotion to Major General. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 226; Dictionary of American Biography, V, 131. 20 The origin of the term "Hoosier" to designate a native or resident of Indiana has been the subject of much debate and is still obscure. The earliest use of the term in print seems to have been in the poem "The Hoosier's Nest" by William Finley, which appeared in the Indianapolis Journal in 1830. The term was undoubtedly first used in a derogatory sense, but by the mid- nineteenth century it was used with some pride by citizens of Indiana. Stewart wrote a high-flown oration eulogizing the state of Indiana and its participation in the war which is preserved with his letters. See Meredith Nicholson, The Hoosiers (New York, 1900) . 314 Missouri Historical Review

General Halleck,21 St. Louis, Mo., appointing me Judge Advo­ cate22 for the Army at Cape Girardeau, Mo. This is a very respon­ sible position. I shall call court in a day or two to try all the viola­ tions of military law in the department. W. S. Stewart

Cape Girardeau, Mo. Dec. 29, 1861 Dear Father and Mother Your very welcome and interesting letter of date Dec. 19th, 1861 reached me last night and this beautiful Sunday morning sitting in my Court Room I will attempt to reply. I am glad to assure you that your "trust in Our Heavenly Father" has not bee[n] in vain in respect to me, for during the past 8 months of danger, both open and lurking, that have continually surrounded me, more than all my prior life, that same Providence has shielded me from all such dangers, and permitted me to enjoy the best of health. Christmas is now past, and the New Year is close upon us. I thought of you all on Christmas day as I helped to eat a fine cake at the house of a good Union friend, in company with three fine bloming [sic] Union daughters. I wondered what you were all doing and whether you were casting a thought toward your long absent son then devoting his time his energies and life to defend the rich boon, given us from God and our Fathers. But I had not long to dwell upon so exciting a theme. For upon that day I had convened our "General Court-Martial," the highest mili­ tary court in the land, and had a great deal of labor to perform and will have for several weeks yet if permitted to remain in this place. I am the "Judge Advocate" of the Court, the appointment direct from Major Gen. Halleck of St. Louis, and now have the title of Judge as well as Captain. While I hold Court my first Lieutenant has charge of my Company. I have in my Court one Lt. Colonel one Major, seven Captains and four Lieutenants sitting as a jury upon the cases tried. They all have to appear in full uniform, and

21 Henry Wager Halleck (1815-1872), U.S.M.A., 1839, succeeded Fremont in charge of the Western Department. He was called to Washington to be gen- eral-in-chief in July, 1862, after directing the Corinth campaign, and remained as Chief of Staff after Grant's appointment to supreme command. He was re­ ferred to by the soldiers as "Old Brains." Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 367; Dictionary of American Biography, VIII, 150-152. 22 Stewart's legal training no doubt rendered this appointment a congenial one to him. William S. Stewart Letters 315 when the Court is in session it makes quite an imposing appear­ ance. I felt touched to the heart when I read of your practical sympathy for our sick soldiers. I had been afraid that our Northern friends were not showing that practical sympathy that they should have done for those who have become sick in a strange country, fighting and struggling and exposing themselves to long and weary marches and bad weather, and soldiers fare, all to vindicate that cause which has made the North so glorious. But I am proud that the village and vicinity of my birth, and my happy boyhood, have first offered up, upon the altar of their country, their gallant sons —the pride and joy of the parents heart—and then sent them aid and comfort and encouragement, to fight on if need be, to a patri­ ots grave. O that I had a pen of fire, and the voice of Gabriels Trumpet, that I might tell to all the wealthy North, what hard­ ships our troops are willing to undergo, and what sacrifices they are willing to make for our National honor and existence. Could they know our anxiety in this respect, the mighty North would join us and move upon the enemy in one vast avalanche and never stop until every foot of our once "glorious old Columbia would be cleansed from all rebellion." I forgot to say that I have been troubled with rheumatism in my left shoulder for a couple of weeks past, caused by exposure upon the wet ground, during some of my campaigns. This is all that has ever effected [sic] me, for I have been as careful of my­ self as I could be under the circumstances. Our position at Cape Girardeau has been and is still a position of great importance to South East Missouri. We have four large forts23 costing about 10,000 Dollars each. Had it not been for them we would have been attacked here long ago by a large force, but as it is we have to go out and catch the enemy wherever we can and thrash them.24

Cape Girardeau, Mo. Jan. 12th A. D. 1862 Dear Father and Mother I take a few moments to-day to write to you, though I have no very important news to relate. My health is still quite good,

23 Cape Girardeau had been held defensively, up to this time, to prevent any Confederate attack that might threaten St. Louis. 24 This letter, remarkable chiefly for Stewart's lapse into a more florid ora­ torical style than he usually employs, breaks off at this point because the addi­ tional sheet was not preserved. 316 Missouri Historical Review and our Regiment and preparations for some important movement are progressing rapidly.25 We are now looking for orders to move somewhere, but where we only conjecture at this time. We here are holding an important point in Missouri and it must be held and defended by some person. I know that the general desire of our troops and officers is to move forward south. And our men having had a few smells of gunpowder, will be very much disap­ pointed if they should be cheated out of another chance. Our Regiment (the 11th United States Volunteers of Missouri) have quite a name for courage and fighting ability—and they will no doubt be assigned important work to do. And whatever that may be you may rest assured that it will try to do it, while life shall last. Col. Plummer is our Colonel and a braver or better officer does not live. I have been holding at this Post a "General Court- Martial" for nearly three weeks and it will take another week to finish it. We are now trying a Major, have been two days in the trial and are not through yet,—not half through. While holding the Court I have had so much to do night and day that it has been almost impossible for me to do anything else. The weather is now very unpleasant, and to-day it is quite cold, and muddy. I have received no letter to my last letter yet though I am every day looking for one. I suppose however you are all looking for one from me anyhow so I concluded to write to you to-day just to tell you that I am still alive and prospering with anxious hopes of soon assisting in giving the final and death blow to this horrible and unnatural rebellion. Give my love to Conklins, James Merrills, Jonathans, and all the friends both by blood and affection. And when you write tell me all about them. My commission as Captain in the Army dates from Aug. 1st 1861. As Lt' from April 22nd 1861, to Aug. 1st 1861, I have drawn $1,000. Write soon. Your Ob't Son William S. Stewart

Sunday night Have just received and read a letter from home, and now add a few lines. I reckon you had better continue sending your letters to St. Louis as I do not know how much longer I will

25 Halleck planned, on his own authority, an offensive by Grant on the east side of the Mississippi and one by John Pope on the west side. The former was put into execution first. William S. Stewart Letters 317 remain in the Cape. Be sure however and direct to Capt Wm. S. Stewart, 11th Reg U. S. Vol Mo. Col, Plummer Comd'ing, then the letter will be sent to me. You need not however send any more papers, as they never get to me. I shall write to you frequently. W.S.S.

Cape Girardeau, Mo. Feb. 23, 1862 Dear Father and Mother I have some time looked for a letter in answer to my last, but as it does not come I shall write. Since last writing important events have been transpiring in the country, and I have been per­ mitted to be only a spectator, from the fact that our division of the Army were reserved to operate toward New Orleans. A part of the Division has already begun moving and will concentrate about Cairo and move forward. I knew most of the gallant officers who were engaged in the taking of Forts Henry and Donelson,26 several even killed. I don't yet know how many. Indiana had four Regiments engaged under Gen. Lew Wallace,27 and they proudly sustained the proud name of that State. Our cause is greatly strengthened by the late brilliant vic­ tories, and the way matters look now, the war must run to a close before many months. My health has been fine until last week I had two shakes of Ague. But they are now broken and I feel as well as ever. I saw nearly all the 15,000 prisoners28 taken at Fort

26 Grant forced the evacuation of Fort Henry on February 6, 1862, and, moving rapidly, assaulted Fort Donelson on February 13, receiving its surrend­ er on February 15. This was the first conspicuous Union success of the war. As a result of the fall of Fort Donelson, General Beauregard was forced to evacuate Columbus, Kentucky, on March 2, 1862. 27 Lew Wallace (1827-1905) , was the son of David Wallace, Governor of Indiana (1837-1840) , and had served in the Mexican War. He was Colonel of the 11th Indiana Volunteers, and became Brigadier-General of Volunteers, September 3, 1861, and Major General of Volunteers, March 21, 1862. He was subsequently Governor of New Mexico Territory during the Lincoln County War, which featured Billy the Kid. He was the author of the very popular novel, Ben-Hur, and other literary works. Lew Wallace, like Stewart, was born in Franklin County, Indiana. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 887; Dictionary of American Biography, XIX, 375-376. 28 There seems to be some difference of opinion concerning the number of prisoners taken by Grant. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: War Be­ comes Revolution, 1862-1863 (New York, 1960), 25, states that Grant took more than 14,000 prisoners, 40-odd pieces of artillery, and some stores. Stanley F. Horn, The Army of Tennessee (Indianapolis, 1941), 97, believes that the num­ ber captured by Grant's forces was closer to 7,000 or 8,000. 318 Missouri Historical Review

Donelson. They were a sorry looking set. They have never received any clothes or pay except in Southern scrip,29 which is at heavy discount. They were sent up North. Our operations will be against Columbus, Memphis and New Orleans. We have our Regiment in a high degree of efficiency and it will make the rebels trouble even worse than it did at Frederick- town. I shall not get a leave of absence now while matters look so interesting. I wouldn't miss the battles along the river to New Orleans for any amount of money. I have no more to write and still I hate to quit on a page and a half. Did Harvey James get my letter? Also did Jonathan? Where does Father McCaw live now.30 And is Sallie Mc[Caw] married. Also how about Mary Andrew, where is she, and is she married yet. Don't fail to tell me. I may be hunting for them after the war is over. Give my respects to all the friends and tell them all to write to me if they will. I am in fine spirits and hope to see you all some day. Respectfully Your Son William Direct to Capt Wm S Stewart 11th Mo Reg. Col Plummer Com­ manding

Capt Girardeau, Mo. Feb. 25, 1862 Dear Father and Mother I wrote you a few days ago stating that we would soon move.

29 The first Confederate notes were issued in modest amounts after March, 1861, but after the First Battle of Bull Run, July, 1861, "the Confederacy embarked full blast on its downward road to ruin through an inflated cur­ rency." In August, 1861, it issued $100,000,000 in notes, of $5.00 and above. During the following months millions of notes under $5.00 were issued. An 1863 law allowed the Confederate government to issue $50,000,000 monthly. E. Merton Coulter, The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865, A History of the South (Baton Rouge, 1950) VII, 153. 30 Father McCaw, it appears from a later letter, was the Methodist min­ ister in charge of the Mt. Carmel circuit in Franklin County, Indiana. On September 14, 1863, William S. Stewart and Sarah Jane McCaw were married. This information is shown in the Marriage License and Clerk's Report filed by Mrs. Stewart in support of her application for a widow's pension, April 4, 1898. Today we received orders,81 and tomorrow will start for Dixie.32 We are already now except striking tents which will take us about five min­ utes. Of course I cannot tell exactly our route, although our first work will be to clean out New Madrid33 and then proceed southward. This may mm possibly be the last letter I General John Pope shall ever write to you. That is I may be Providentially prevented. But with all the dangers I am anxious to have another stroke at the rebellion. Be of good cheer. I am in fine health and spirits, and my men are all spoiling for another fight. We will be in Brigadier Gen Popes Division.34 He is a splendid General and our Col. J. B. Plummer is a splendid Col. So you may be assured that our forces will give a good account of themselves. I will write to you again first opportunity. Give my

31 The 11th Missouri had been encamped at Cape Girardeau for over six months. 32 Daniel D. Emmett, the well-known minstrel, composed the song "Dixie" and sang it in New York in 1859. It was first used as a patriotic song by the Confederate forces on February 18, 1861. The word Dixie probably had been used to some extent in the 1850s to indicate the area south of the Mason and Dixon line, but it became generally current only after the song became popular. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 242; Dictionary of American History, II, 156-157. 33 New Madrid and Island #10 were considered very important because the Confederates used these positions to hinder Federal navigation of the Missis­ sippi River. As early as April, 1861, General G. J. Pillow, C. S. A., had started construction in these areas. After Grant's victories at Fort Henry, February 6, 1862, and Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862, General Leonidas K. Polk, C. S. A., moved his forces from Columbus, Kentucky, to New Madrid and Island #10. Halleck, in turn, ordered John Pope to capture New Madrid and then Memphis. Stewart was participating in this attempt. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 394- 395; Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), 195. 34 John Pope (1822-1892), USMA, 1842, served in the Mexican War and conducted surveys in the southwest. From July, 1861, to February, 1862, he commanded several districts in Missouri, fighting efficiently against guerilla bands. On February 23, 1862, he was placed in charge of the Army of the Mississippi which was to advance on New Madrid, Island #10 and Corinth. This campaign was highly successful and, in June, 1862, Lincoln ordered him to head the newly formed Army of Virginia. After his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run, August, 1862, he was relegated to Minnesota to quell the Sioux uprising there. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 658-659. 320 Missouri Historical Review love to all the friends, and tell them to aid me by their good wishes and prayers. Good Bye, till you hear from me in Dixie. Your Aff. Son William

[Part III of the William S. Stewart Letters will be published in the July, 1967, issue of the REVIEW.]

c^l,

A Matter of Priority Jefferson City Daily Tribune, March 11, 1875. A little "onpleasantness" in the domestic circle of a certain household in one of the rural districts of Pike County has existed for some time, which finally culminated in the separation of the lord and mistress of the mansion. At a revival meeting recently, the ex-benedict went up to be prayed for. The ex-wife was also present, and when she discovered her former liege lord at the altar, she went to him, and pointing her finger at the penitent, said: "You are just putting that on; you know you are, and only trying to create a little sympathy in the church for yourself. Bring back my horse and buggy be­ fore you ask the Lord to forgive your sins!" This little episode created quite a flutter in that little rural church; but whether or not the horse and buggy have been brought home we are not informed.

c^V,

Times Have Changed Jonesburg Journal, September 3, 1908. How times have changed. When we were young, people had colds, soaked their feet in hot wTater and got well. Now they have grip, take quinine and feel sick all summer. Then they had a sore throat, wrapped a piece of fat pork in an old sock, tied it around the neck at night and went to work the next morning. Now they have tonsilitis, a surgical operation and two weeks in the house. . . . They worked then; they labor now. In those days they wore under­ clothes; now they wear lingerie. Then they went to restaurants; now they go to a cafe. Then they broke a leg; now they fracture a limb. People went crazy then; now they have a brain storm. Politicians then paid good hard cash for support, now they send government garden seeds. Yes times have changed, and we all change with the times. That's progression.—Exchange. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches

Before and After the Civil War

BY GASTON HUGH WAMBLE

Gaston Hugh Wamble is pro­ fessor of Church History, Mid­ western Baptist Theological Seminary, Kansas City, Mis­ souri. He received the B.A. de­ gree from Mercer University, Macon, Georgia; B.D. and Th.D. degrees from Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky; and the A.M. degree from the Univer­ sity of Missouri, Columbia. He formerly served as assistant professor of Church History at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and as pastor of churches in Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia and Mis­ souri. He is the author of three published works on religious subjects, of numerous articles in Review and Expositor and Foundations and a contributor to the Encyclopedia of South­ ern Baptists.

Prior to the Civil War whites and Negroes shared a common religious life in many Protestant churches of Missouri. Few Negro churches existed in the state before 1860. By 1880, however, Negroes had withdrawn and organized independent churches.

321 322 Missouri Historical Review

Some predominantly white churches had a few, mostly elderly, Negro members as late as 1875, but most Negro Christians were in all-Negro churches. The relation of Negroes to churches before and after the Civil War has received little detailed attention. In no state has the subject been studied carefully and systematically. Historians, both ecclesiastical and secular, generalize about the relationship be­ tween whites and Negroes but do not explore the inner life of local churches with care.1 One reason for neglecting the subject is the unavailability of official congregational records. Some records are scattered in libraries but are seldom used; others have been destroyed or lost. Perhaps most of the extant documents remain in the possession of local churches, but it is difficult to gain access to them. Because of the scarcity of official records the historian is forced to study the subject in a sporadic fashion, and he must guard against generalizing from insufficient evidence. The present study deals with the place of Negroes in Mis­ souri's Protestant churches, exclusive of all-Negro congregations, before and after the Civil War. It is based on the records of thirty- five local churches (twenty-two Baptist, two Christian [Disciples of Christ], one Episcopal, one Methodist, and nine Presbyterian) and of two Baptist associations, six Methodist circuits, and two Presbyteries.2 Diaries and correspondence, where available, and selected newspapers have also been helpful. Fourteen of the thirty- five churches were located in five counties (Boone, Callaway, Howard, Monroe, and Ralls) in so-called "Little Dixie"; six in contiguous counties (Cole, Cooper, Montgomery, Saline, and

1 R. S. Duncan, A History of the Baptists in Missouri (St. Louis, 1882) , 755-759, illustrates the token attention given to the church life of Negroes. (Duncan points out that there were perhaps only two Negro Baptist churches in Missouri, both in St. Louis, before 1860) . Other evidence of the general neglect of the relation of Negroes to churches before and after the Civil War may be found in various places: E. A. Freeman, Epoch of Negro Baptists and the Foreign Mission Board (Kansas City, Kansas, 1953) ; B. F. Riley, A History of the Baptists in the Southern States East of the Mississippi (Philadelphia, 1895) , 310-328; William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (New York, 1950) , 167-168; 329-332; William Warren Sweet, Religion in the Development of American Culture 1765-1840 (New York, 1952) , 279-280; Willard L. Sperry, Religion in America (Cambridge, 1945) , 181-198; John Hope Franklin, Recon­ struction: After the Civil War (Chicago, 1961), 190-191, 224; Francis Butler Simkins, A History of the South (New York, 1956) , 126, 143, 165, 304-308; Vernon Lane Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi 1865-1890 (New York, 1965) , 256-265; C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York, 1955), 15. 2 A listing of church records used by the author may be found at the close of this article. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 323

Shelby); two in a northwestern county (Platte) sometimes listed with "Little Dixie" counties; and one in a county (Lafayette) once included in "Little Dixie."3 Generalizations apply only to the in­ stitutions specifically studied, and no claim is made that the find­ ings are representative of all Protestant churches in Missouri. Most of the churches had Negro members before the Civil War—some continuously, others occasionally. Eighteen of the twenty Baptist churches and all six of the Presbyterian churches organized before 1860 had Negro members. The Baptist and Methodist churches had a larger proportion of Negro members than did churches of other denominations. From 1837 to 1844 the Co­ lumbia Baptist Church had a total of 129 members, forty-nine of whom were Negroes; the Columbia Presbyterian Church received several Negroes between 1829 and 1834, but only one of its 142 communicants in 1860 was "colored."4 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, had 120 members, including thirty-three slaves and one "free colored woman," in 1844, and thirty-one of the 167 persons admitted between 1844 and 1860 were Negroes; Bear Creek Christian Church, Boone County, admitted seventy-five whites and two Negroes before 1837, but, in contrast to numerous white accessions, including fifty-three at one meeting in 1849, only three Negroes joined between 1837 and I860.5 A Methodist church near Perryville had "73 whites and more than 30 blacks" in 1840, and the next year the Palmyra Methodist Church had fifty-four white members, thirty-one whites "on trial," and thirty-five "Coloured persons in the church and on trial."6 The names of two Negroes appear in the list of "Confirmations" before 1860 of Grace Episcopal Church, Jefferson City, but not in the list of "Communi­ cants."7 Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, was the only one of the six Presbyterian churches which had a large Negro membership, comprising slightly over fifteen per cent of the total.

3 Robert M. Crisler, "Missouri's 'Little Dixie'," Missouri Historical Re­ view, XLIII (January, 1948), 130-139. 4 Columbia Baptist Church, I, following minutes for January, 1844; Columbia Presbyterian Church, I, 5, 7, 9, 37; II, flyleaf; cf. Presbytery of Mis­ souri, Minutes, III, 222-223. Where exact dates and page numbers are avail­ able, they are cited; otherwise the month and year are the best guides to locating information. Pagination and dating are irregular in church-books. 5 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, List of Members, II, 5-13; Bear Creek [Antioch] Christian Church, Minutes, pp. 3-4, 27, 30-3, 38-40, 44. 6 Jacob Lanius, "Diary," March 21-22, 1841, December, 1841, pp. 103, 109, typescript. Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Mis­ souri Library, Columbia, Missouri. A photostat is also available. 7 Grace Episcopal Church, Jefferson City, Parish Register, I, 81, 103. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Davis & Durrie, History of Missouri After Bethel Baptist Church was organized in 1806 a log church was built, which proved to be too small. In 1812 another log church, 30' x 24', was erected. Services were held here until the 1850s.

It was established nine years before admitting the first Negro mem­ ber, but fifty-three of the 214 persons admitted between 1842 and 1864 were Negroes.8 With one exception—infant baptism—churches admitted Ne­ groes and whites by the same means: experience and baptism, letter (certificate), statement, and restoration. Episcopal, Meth­ odist, and Presbyterian records contain no reference to the baptism of Negro infants before the Civil War; Baptists and Christians, of course, did not practice infant baptism. The "Record of Infant Bap­ tisms" of Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, makes no mention of Negroes.9 Churches consistently admitted members, both whites and Negroes, by experience and baptism. The records of two churches illustrate the practice. Columbia Presbyterian

8 Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, List of Members, pp. 251-257. Another Presbyterian church in Northeast Missouri, Mt. Air, had "88 communicants with 15 more colored members" in 1861, making the Negro membership about fifteen per cent of the total; Hannibal [Salt River] Presby­ tery, Minutes, p. 55, typescript. 9 Ibid., List of Members, near back of book. The list covers 102 years and is spread on 21 pages. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 325

Church received Mrs. Hannah (white) and "a black man named Milo & a coloured woman named Betsy" at the same time and ad­ ministered to each "the ordinance of baptism."10 Soon after its organization, Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, the second Baptist Church formed in the Territory of Missouri, "Re­ ceived by Baptism Mr. Byrds Negro woman Vicey."11 Churches also admitted both Negroes and whites by letter of dismissal from another church. Columbia Baptist Church, for ex­ ample, admitted its first Negro member—"Brother James belonging to James West & Jane belonging to Henry Cave Jun[ior]"—by letter.12 The second Negro admitted into the Columbia Presbyte­ rian Church was "Dorcas a coloured woman" who came "on certifi­ cate from the Pres. Church in Salem in Clark Cty. Ky."13 One of the two Negroes admitted by the Boonville Presbyterian Church between 1838 and 1860 was "Winston a servant man of Isaac Nich­ ols," who came "by letter of dismission from the Presbyterian Church of Kanawha Salines in [West] Va."14 Admission by statement was more common for Negroes than for whites, primarily for the reason that slave status made it diffi­ cult for Negroes to secure letters in some cases, as a statement about admitting "David a Black man, belonging to Edward Camp- lin (Columbia,)" suggests: He belonging, formerly, to a Baptist church in Vir­ ginia, left there five or six years ago without a letter and after remaining in the county (Boone) the time mentioned, or more, applies to this church for membership. The church heard his experience of grace recited, and his statement and explanations generally, and being satisfied with them, decided, from the peculiarity of the case—being a slave and subjected to be torn from hi* connections in society without any or much notice, and being unable to corre­ spond in person by letter—in favor of receiving him with­ out a letter of recommendation.15 Churches observed the same policy in restoring whites and Negroes who, having been excluded from fellowship, showed a penitent attitude and promised to amend their ways. The Provi-

10 Columbia Presbyterian Church, Minutes, November 17, 1833, I, 37. 11 Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, Minutes, October 11, 1806, p. 4, typescript. 12 Columbia Baptist Church, Minutes, August, 1824, I, 13. 13 Columbia Presbyterian Church, Minutes, October 3, 1829, I, 9. 14 Boonville Presbyterian Church, Minutes, July 5, 1857, p. 82. 15 Columbia Baptist Church, Minutes, July, 1837, I. See November, 1840, for another case. 326 Missouri Historical Review dence Baptist Church, Madison County, twice excluded a Negro man and twice restored him.16 Mount Horeb Presbyterian Church, Monroe County, investigated several charges against "Maria (Cold woman) —having "an unchristian spirit," "throwing brickbats at her master," "using abusive language to her mistress," "charging her pastor & wife with being neighborhood tattlers," "uttering false­ hoods," and "then declaring afterwards if God did not justify her in what she did he would not be a just God"; she expressed some regret but said that "she could do as well out of the church as in it." The church excluded Maria but restored her sixteen months later when she showed "a spirit of true penitence."17 According to Baptist polity, only the church which excluded erring members could restore an excluded member, but in one case a church for­ gave a slave excluded by another church, prior to admitting him to membership:

Owing to his (Adam's) age and the good account giv­ en of his christian deportment & the distance of the church from which he was excluded, it was deemed advisable in this instance to depart from the rule which would other­ wise make it necessary to obtain for him a letter of dis­ mission from the church to which he formerly belonged.18

Despite a Missouri law requiring a slave to have his owner's written permission before attending religious services, churches seem to have been lax in requiring such consent. Only two church books mention consent,19 even though hundreds of Ne­ groes were admitted. Only one church had a rule or "custom" re­ quiring a slave "to bring or have the Church assured of the con­ sent of his master."20 Perhaps the chief reason for laxity was the fact that, as records suggest, many Negro members came from church members' homes, and the formality of consent was unneces­ sary. Many Negro members—but by no means a majority—were slaves belonging to pastors (elders), deacons, and other church officers. For example, eleven of thirty-one Negro members in Bethel Baptist Church, Ralls County, belonged to Elders Jeremiah

16 Providence Baptist Church, Madison County, Minutes, August, Sep­ tember, 1822, April, 1824, September, 1854, pp. 18, 21. 17 Mount Horeb Presbyterian Church, Monroe County, Minutes, April 20, 28, 1859, August 5, 1860, pp. 29-30, 34. 18 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Minutes, May 29, 1841, I. 19 Columbia Baptist Church, Minutes, June, 1825, I, 23; Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, December 22, 1850, January 5, 1851, p. 54. 20 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, May 20, 1860, p. 145. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 327

Vardeman, William H. Vardeman and Deacon Jeremiah B. Vardeman, Jr.21 Several Negro members of the Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, belonged to persons active in its affairs.22 One apparent exception involved Thomas M. Allen, Boone County, slave owner and an evangelist among Christians (Disciples of Christ) who, in almost thirty-five years of correspond­ ence with a friend in Kentucky, failed to mention religious work with Negroes.23 By way of contrast, Jacob Lanius, a Methodist evangelist, frequently mentioned preaching to Negroes,24 and Mary Hardin, a Baptist woman, whose husband later became Gov­ ernor of Missouri, provided religious opportunities for her "servant" girl.25 In one home during daily religious services, led by Frederick Starr, a Presbyterian missionary with anti-slavery views, white members of the family sat in the "sitting room" and slaves sat in an adjoining corridor where they could see the missionary.26 Churches usually listed members in chronological order of reception, without regard to sex and race. Some churches, how­ ever, had separate lists for "males" and "females," and a few had lists for white "males," white "females," "colored males," and "colored females." Two excerpts—the first taken from a list of the Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, in use from 1844 to 186327 and the second from a list of the Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, in use from 1856 to 1859 but including persons admitted before 185628 are typical:

21 Bethel Baptist Church, Ralls County, List of Members, near front of book; Minutes. 22 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, List of Members, II, 5-13. See an excerpt from this list, p. 6. The church was located in a concentrated slave- owning community. 23 John Allen Gano, Family Papers, 1794-1948. Thomas M. Allen Cor­ respondence. Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri Library, Columbia, Missouri. Between January 15, 1837, and October 24, 1861, Allen wrote 54 lengthy letters to Gano. 24 Jacob Lanius, "Diary," January 9, April, May 2, 1834, March 9, 23, 1836, July 22-24, 28, 1836, pp. 12, 21, 22, 47, 48, 61, 62. Some of these services were in the vicinity of the Meramec Iron Works. 25 Mary Hardin, "Diary," March 16, 1855, in Charles Henry Hardin Papers, 1842-1892. Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri Library, Columbia, Missouri. 26 Frederick Starr, Weston, Missouri, to his sister Caroline Starr, New York, December 1, 1852, in Frederick Starr, Jr., Papers, 1826-1867, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection. 27 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, List of Members, II, 8, 9. 28 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, List of Members, 6-8. 328 Missouri Historical Review

How How Name Joined Dismissed Date

Thos. T. Arnold (white) Experience Letter July 1857 Ovt (Overton) Harris' Eliza Do (ditto) Died May 1857 Do Mary Do Died March 1847 Do Lile Do Do Caroline Do Excluded Nov. 1844 G. S. Tuttle's Viney Do Absent Wm. McClure's Mary Do Excluded December 1844 D. M. Hickman's Dinah Do

Colored Members To Whom Belonging Time of Reception Remarks

Female MembersRachel P. D. Booker Baptized May 17th 1847 Sarah Randal Latimer Letter July 16th 1848 Hetty Mr. Walden Baptized June 20th 1852 Letter Louisa Chas. P. Bondurant Baptized June 20th 1852 Harriet Chas. P. Bondurant Baptized June 20th 1852 Susan Thomas Garnett Letter July 1852 Julia R. E. McDaniel Baptized Aug. 1852

In church records Negroes are consistently identified by such terms as "African," "black man," "man of color," "colored," "serv­ ant," "Negro," and "free man of color." Baptists usually called Ne­ groes "brother" and "sister," as appropriate. This practice may be seen in all churches where there were Negro members, except one

Frederick Stan* drew the floor plan of the house showing exactly where each person sat while he led the family worship. Western Hist. Manuscripts Coll., Univ. of Mo. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 329 which had only three Negro members and whose record is sketchy.29 One church officially resolved to recognize Negro members as "Brothers & Sisters" and to call them only "Brother" and "Sister."30 Methodist records are too incomplete to provide a pattern, but a licensed Negro preacher was called "brother."31 Christian, Epis­ copal, and Presbyterian records rarely contain "brother" and "sis­ ter" as titles for whites, preferred titles being "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss"; there is no example in these records of the use of the titles "brother" or "sister," for Negroes. Only three church books contain clear evidence that segre­ gated seating was provided for Negroes, but in no case is it cer­ tain that the practice was uniformly observed. Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, rejecting a proposal to provide an outside shade for Negroes, decided to seat "the black members . . . behind the white male members at all time"—an interesting action, also suggesting segregation of whites according to sex.32 Cedar Creek Baptist Church, Callaway County, allocated two seats for "the colored people" and later re-allocated two seats, at the same time authorizing the erection of "a partition between their Negroes' seats and the ones next to them."33 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, had an arrangement for seating Negroes in the rear, a bannister "separating the blacks from the whites."34 One can only conjecture about the seating of Negroes in other churches. Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, had a gallery35 which may have been used by Negroes. Boonville Presbyterian Church and Grace Episcopal Church, Jefferson City, rented pews,36 so their Negro members, never exceeding two in number, probably sat with white pew-renters.

29 ibid. 30 Camden Point Baptist Church, Platte County, Minutes, August, 1848, p. 59. 31 Cape Girardeau Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Minutes of Quarterly Conference, April 30, 1853, p. 17. 32 Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, Minutes, May 9, June 13, 1818, p. 16. Jacob Lanius, "Diary," April, 1834, p. 21, typescript, said that, if Negroes "attend our regular appointments for Whites the Houses are So Small that they are compelled to remain out doors and receive little or no benefit from preaching." 33 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, No­ vember, 1830, June, 1854, pp. 19, 73. 34 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Minutes, February, April, May, 1842, I. 35 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, April, 1866, p. 141. 36 Boonville Presbyterian Church, following session minutes for October 3, 1848; Grace Episcopal Church, Jefferson City, Vestry Book, 17, 38. 330 Missouri Historical Review

Churches occasionally provided separate meetings for Negroes. A Methodist circuit-rider preached at several all-Negro meetings.37 Seven Baptist churches took up the question of permitting Negroes to meet separately. Two of them refused, for undisclosed reasons, to permit Negroes to have their own meetings;38 one set up a monthly meeting for "the Colored part ... to meet together one Sabbath in each Month in our Church House for the worship of God," apparently under the guidance of a Negro preacher;39 an­ other paid the white pastor to preach once each month "for the benefit of the col.d people of the neighborhood";40 two churches required white males to attend Negro meetings,41 possibly in com­ plying with a Missouri law.42 If Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Christians arranged separate meetings for Negroes, their records are silent about it. Separate meetings for Negroes seem to have been held only where there was a large Negro membership, and they may have originated as a means of providing Negroes with an emotional service.43 Despite their slave status, Negroes seem to have participated rather fully in church life. Some became licensed preachers. Columbia Baptist Church admitted "James Hudson (a colored man)" by letter from an Alabama church stating that he pos­ sessed "a respectable gift as a public speaker in the cause of Christ"; he immediately began to preach "to portions of the black popula-

37 See fn. 24. 38 Mount Zion Baptist Church, Howard County, Minutes, November, 1830, June, November, 1833, January, 1834; Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, April, 1844, p. 43. 39 Camden Point Baptist Church, Platte County, Minutes, July, August, 1848, pp. 58-9. 40 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, September, 1850, Janu­ ary, December, 1852, pp. 49, 65, 76. 41 Bethel Baptist Church, Ralls County, Minutes, July, 1853; Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, May, August, 1856, February, 1857, pp. 69-70, 74. The latter church required most of its white male sub­ scribers to the preacher's salary to attend the Negroes' meeting. 42 The law of 1847 required church officials to be present at religious assemblies of Negroes where the services were conducted by Negroes or mulat­ tos "to prevent all seditious speeches and disorderly and unlawful conduct of every kind." Laws of the State of Missouri, 1st Sess., 14th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1847) ,103. 43 Jacob Lanius, "Diary," April, May 2, 1834, July 23-24, September 14, 1836, pp. 21, 22, 61, 64, typescript; Frederick Starr to Caroline Starr, December 1, 1852, in Frederick Starr, Jr., Papers. A Baptist church cited "Sister Florah a black sister, to give satisfaction to the church for shouting in time of public worship," later forgave her, and a few months later voted to "bear with" any member who felt "constrained to shout" in public services (Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, Minutes, November, December, 1817, Novem­ ber 6, 1818, March 11, 1820, pp. 15-16, 17, 19). Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 331

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State Hist. Society of Mo. This copy is from the Mount Zion Baptist Church records, Howard County. ' tion," so the church licensed him.44 Mount Zion Baptist Church, Howard County, granted "Brother William ... the privilege of Exercising his gift in the Bounds of this Church."45 Camden Point Baptist Church licensed "Bro. Jesse Lee, (a free man of Colour) to Exhort & Preach the gospel where God in his Providence may Cast his lot."46 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, re­ quested "a black Brother Lewis to preach here," afterwards grant­ ed him "the privilege of preaching or exercising his gifts as a preacher whenever circumstances may make it convenient for him

44 Columbia Baptist Church, Minutes, June, 1840, I. 45 Mount Zion Baptist Church, Howard County, Minutes, June, November, 1833. It later denied him the privilege of preaching in the meetinghouse (January, 1834) . 46 Camden Point Baptist Church, Minutes, July, 1848, p. 58. The phrase­ ology of Negro licenses was the same as that found in licenses for white preachers. 332 Missouri Historical Review to do so," and permitted him to "preach at this Church or meeting house until otherwise ordered."47 Churches disciplined Negroes, like whites, for violating the moral code, for absenteeism and for doctrinal deviations. When a charge was made against a member, the church appointed a com­ mittee to investigate and to summon him to appear and explain; after examining the case, the church either cleared or forgave him, or excluded (suspended) him for failing to appear or giving an un­ satisfactory explanation or for showing contempt by refusing to accede to the Church's judgment. White males usually handled disciplinary cases, but Negro males occasionally assisted where Negro members were involved.48 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, officially resolved that "the cold, members be required to co-operate with the whites in conducting cases of discipline, and whatever else may be necessary to promote good and piety amongst themselves," and it followed recommendations of a Negro com­ mittee.49 In a few cases—surprisingly few—Negroes were disciplined for offenses peculiar to slavery and racial distinctions, such as running away, disrespectful or abusive conduct toward master, mistress, and "Bearing a molater [mulatto] Child Having a Black Husband."50 In fewer cases churches disciplined white members for mistreating slaves.51 Rocky Fork Primitive Baptist Church, Boone County, care­ fully deliberated the case of a member who claimed that "he had accidently Shot one of his servents \_sic~\ as a member of hur [sic'] body and maintain the honors of the cause of God."52

47 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, February, April, 1856, pp. 68-9, 74. Lewis joined the church by letter from a Kentucky church (December, 1853, p. 61) . 48 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, June 2, 1849, March, April, 1856, pp. 49, 82; Providence Baptist Church, Washing­ ton County, October, December, 1834, January, 1835. 49 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, September, October, 1851, pp. 62-3. The term "required" apparently means "requested," not "com­ pelled"; Bethel's policy was: one should be judged by his peers. 50 Rocky Fork Primitive Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, May, 1848, Vol. I; Sardis Baptist Church, Henry County, May, 1866, p. 121; Looney Creek Baptist Church, Shelby County, Minutes, November, 1863; Mount Horeb Presbyterian Church, Monroe County, Minutes, April 20, 1859; Providence Baptist Church, Madison County, Minutes, October, November, 1846. The birth of a mulatto child, where father and mother were black was regarded, it appears, as clear proof of the mother's adultery. Churches regarded a Negro man and Negro woman who lived together as husband and wife. 51 Lexington Presbyterian Church, Lafayette County, Minutes, Septem­ ber 17, October 15, 25, 1845, pp. 19-20; Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, May, 1852, p. 69. 52 Rocky Fork Primitive Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, Febru­ ary, March, 1839, I. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 333

The churches also forgave penitent members, whether white or Negroes, when satisfied with their repentance. Moreover, they sometimes cleared Negroes accused of some moral fault. Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, found "no evidence" that "Bro. Adam a black man" was guilty of "disorderly conduct," but it later excluded him for "a breach of the Seventh Commandment."53 When there began to circulate "Certain reports" tending to impair "black brother" George's "Standing as a church member," Grand Prairie Baptist Church investigated and decided that "the charges was [sic] not supported by any evidence."54 There are various intimations that churches respected mem­ bers who were slaves. Churches occasionally inserted obituaries in church books, a practice, as explained in one place, "observed from time immemorial ... of publicly bearing testimony to the excellent qualities of their most eminently virtuous, and valuable members."55 Obituaries do not appear in all church books, but those books which contain them usually carry obituaries for Negro members, such as the following: "Sister Tabitha . . . belonging to William Cave . . . lived many years in the communion of this church and when she died, was enjoying its full fellowship."56 White preachers conducted funerals of slaves.57 Though white members ordinarily contracted to keep meetinghouses clean, Negroes occasionally got the job, for which they were paid the same amount which whites received. In one case, after "br. Sam a man of Color" had been on the job for seven months, the church decided "to double br. Sam's wages for keeping the meetinghouse in order & bringing water."58 Like

53 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, Octo­ ber, November, 1845, June 2, July, August, 1846, May, 1847, pp. 47, 49-52. 54 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, July, Aug­ ust, 1852, pp. 54-55. 55 ibid., June, 1848, p. 24. 56 Columbia Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, February, 1837, I. 57 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, November 27, 1859, p. 138; Jacob Lanius, "Diary," January 9, April, 1834, pp. 12, 21, typescript. I have not found, in church and public cemeteries of Boone County, any marked graves of slaves dying before the Civil War. As Negroes formed separate churches after the war, they also began to lay out cemeteries, usually near churches, as they had learned from the example of whites. 58 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, December, 1851, July, 1852, January, 1853, January, 1854, pp. 65, 67, 68, 72. Cf. Bethel Baptist Church, Ralls County, February, 1853. 334 Missouri Historical Review

whites, Negroes were dismissed by letter, sometimes with their masters.59 A few churches lost most, and sometimes all, Negro members before 1860. This was particularly true of anti-missionary or Primi­ tive Baptist churches whose membership declined after 1840;60 one church, the Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist, however, continued to have numerous Negro members as late as 1875.61 Cold Water (Salem) Baptist Church, Friends to Humanity, St. Louis County, the only church with an anti-slavery policy, adopted in 1834, had two Negro members in 1834, but later records contain no reference to Negroes.62 The conspicuous decline of Negro membership continued dur­ ing and after the Civil War. Records suggest that many Negroes simply moved away, apparently leaving rural areas for the cities. Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, lost twenty-five Negro members during the Civil War, their departure noted by "Gone to parts unknown," "gone to Iowa," and "gone."63 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, in the same county, admitted thirty-five Negroes between 1843 and 1865; in May, 1865, a membership re­ vision committee put the explanation "gone" by the names of seven­ teen Negroes, compared to five whites.64 After the Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church revised its membership list in August, 1865, dropping "those who had been long absent and their whereabouts

59 Typical accounts are in Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County, Minutes, September 7, 1822, p. 26; Columbia Presbyterian Church, Boone County, February 16, 1834, I, 40; Providence Baptist Church, Madison County, Minutes, February, 1831; Columbia Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, March, 1841, I; Providence Baptist Church, Washington County, Minutes, May, 1833; Unity Baptist Church, Platte County, Minutes, March, 1844, p. 30. 60 The last dates on which some churches admitted Negro members are: 1834 (Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County), 1843 (Little Blue Bap­ tist Church, Jackson County) , and 1847 (Unity Baptist Church, Platte County) . The Salem Association of Baptists split over missions, Sunday Schools, and benevolent societies between 1836 and 1839. The anti-missionary group steadily declined in membership each year—except when the addition of new churches caused a slight increase—and the decline was uninterrupted from 1,054 members in 1843, to 394 in 1866 (See printed minutes for the years cited) . 61 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, List of Mem­ bers, 129-32, 166; Minutes, July, 1867, December, 1870, June, October, 1872, October, 1875, pp. 144, 171, 176, 178, 190. 62 Cold Water [Salem] Baptist Church, Friends to Humanity, Minutes, November 16, 1834; List of Members, 1834-1838, 1841-1865. 63 Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, List of Members, 251, 257, 267-275. 64 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Lists of Members, 126, 130-131. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 335

not knew [sic]," it had less than half as many Negro members as had been admitted between 1844 and 1863.65 The loss of Negro members by churches, however, was not out of proportion to the loss of Negro residents by the community-at- large. Between 1860 and the winter of 1864-1865, for example, Boone County's Negro population declined from 5,068 to 2,265, compared to a decline of the white population from 15,667 to 12,769.66 A factor in the decline was the absence of almost 1,200 whites and 500 Negroes from Boone County who joined the Union Army.67 Some Negroes went to St. Louis where they easily found work during the war. The chief factor in the decline, however, was the departure of Negroes from the farms. Finding it hard to get jobs after the war, some field hands returned to their former own­ ers.68 Negroes who left during the war were not always welcomed back, and both county governments and individuals, including Radicals active in extending rights to Negroes, sometimes evaded responsibility for taking care of emancipated Negroes incapable of self-support.69 Early in 1865 the Negro community in the city of Columbia increased and in the space of five weeks, thirty-three Negroes died "for want of food, raiment, fuel and comfortable houses."70 After the Civil War both first and last names of Negroes were recorded in church books. In only two churches do minutes fail to register the last names of Negroes admitted after the war.71 A graphic illustration of the change is the roll of "Colored Mem­ bers—Corrected list," Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, begun in 1864 and used until 1877:72

65 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, Lists of Members, II, 5-13, 18; Minutes, August, 1865. 66 Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 20, 1865. 67 ibid., May 3, 1867. 68 ibid., October 6, 1865. 69 Ibid., September 8, 1865. An earlier law, annulled by emancipation, pro­ hibited an owner from manumitting an aged or disabled Negro and permitted one to free only those slaves who were between the ages of 21 and 40 and were capable of self-support. Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804- 1865 (Baltimore, 1914), 209. 70 Columbia Missouri Statesman, February 17, 1865. 71 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, June 18, 1865, p. 177; Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, July, 1867, p. 144. 72 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Lists of Members, January 16, 1864, December, 1868, pp. 164, 199. The term "ex" means "excluded" (Min­ utes, December 19, 1868, p. 204) . The names inserted by Susan and Violet were probably their married names after the war; they appear in the same handwriting as "ex." 336 Missouri Historical Review

Names females Remarks Rachel (P. D. Booker) Dead Sarah (R. Latimer) ex Louisa (C. P. Bondurant) dead Susan (T. Gray) Letty (R. E. McDaniel) Emily Silvy (T. Rogers) ex Clarissa Loucy Jemima (R. E. McD) Letter gr. April 10th 1875 Zeb (ulina) (R. Latimer) ex Mary Gordon Violet (P. D. Booker)

Negro Christians often took the name of their former masters, and presumably some who were not church members did also. It is impossible to determine the full extent of this practice. How­ ever, when one compares a pre-war list with a post-war list of Negro members of the Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church he must conclude that it was a common practice among Negroes who re­ mained in the same church:73

Colored Members Joined Dismissed Lile Harris Do [exp.] Dead Dinah Hickman Do Died March 12th 1872 Jane Bradford Do Philis Do Died Jan. 15th. 1875 Eliza - Woolfolk Do Died Dec 1877 Milly Jenkins Do Dead

In three cases church records apply a title of courtesy, "Miss," to a Negro woman,74 but such a title was frequently given to whites. Baptists continued to use the preferred title "sister." Churches continued to admit Negroes after the war but not as extensively as before. A few, however, admitted several Negroes between 1865 and 1868.75 The Concord Presbyterian Church, Cal­ laway County, admitted five Negroes during the 1870s and one in 1886, a practice unparalleled in other churches.76

73 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, List of Members, II, 5-13, 18. Cf. excerpt from list, see p. 6. 74 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, June, 1867, p. 152; Grace Episcopal Church, Jefferson City, Parish Register, I, 114; Con­ cord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, List of Members, 267. In Minutes, October 31, 1886, "Miss" is not used in the latter case. 75 Antioch (formerly Bear Creek) Christian Church, Boone County, Min­ utes, August 20, November 26, 1865, p. 47. Also, see Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, November, 1867, p. 191. 76 Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County, Minutes, December 27, 1874, November 12, 1876, September 23, 1878, October 31, 1886, pp. 104, 112, 116, 171. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 337

The chief post-war trends were for the dismissal of Negroes by letter or other procedures and the voluntary withdrawal of Negroes, usually amicably. Churches granted letters to Negro members, just as to white members, and by 1870 there were few Negro members of predominantly white churches. The Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church's last official action relative to Negroes, taken in 1875, was a resolution to ordain "Bro James Maguir (Col) for the minestry [sic]" because "the Colered [sic] Brethren are organizeing [sic] Churches" and McGuire "might be a help to his Colered Brelthren [sic] in a ministerial point of view."77 An initial step in the full separation of Negroes after the Civil War, was the holding of services for Negroes in the churches' meeting-houses. Negroes held services in the Little Bonne Femme Baptist meeting-house until 1867 when, because of unspecified "disorders ... in the use of the Meetinghouse by Colored people, of late," the church forbade such use except by "consent of the deacons."78 Soon after the war the Columbia Baptist Church author­ ized the use of its building by "the Coloured Bretheren [sic] . . . until further orders."79 The appearance and early life of all-Negro churches in Colum­ bia can be sketchily traced. Before the end of the war the Negro community had discernible leaders.80 By August, 1865, Negroes had "purchased a lot on which to erect a church" and had circu­ lated a "subscription to raise funds" for an "African Union Church" to be used by various Negro congregations.81 Despite support from white citizens, the project apparently failed. The first Negro church was the Second Baptist Church, organized in July, 1866, by a Negro missionary of the Northwestern and Southern Colored Bap­ tist Convention.82 In the absence of Second Baptist Church rec­ ords one can only speculate about its beginning. It is possible that its nucleus was sixteen Negro members, including James Hud­ son, a licensed preacher, to whom the Columbia Baptist Church

77 Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County, Minutes, Octo­ ber, 1876, p. 190. 78 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Minutes, September, 1867, II. About five years later the church granted its Negro members permission to hold a special funeral service for Dinah Hickman at least eight days after her death; Minutes, June, 1872, II. 79 Columbia Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, October, 1865, III, 3. 80 Columbia Missouri Statesman, January 1, 1865. 8i Ibid., September 1, 1865. 82 Duncan, A History of the Baptists in Missouri, 757; Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, Twenty-fifth Anniversary, 1895, p. 23. 338 Missouri Historical Review

Picturesque Columbia The Second Baptist Church, Columbia, still stands. granted letters in January and July, 1866.83 In connection with the erection of its building in 1873, the church faced an internal prob­ lem, probably over the pastor's expenditure of funds, so the church asked two neighboring white churches to send "helps" to assist in resolving the difficulty.84 A few months later, in inviting whites to attend a fund-raising picnic, the church announced: "A sepe- rate [sic] table will be spread for white people."85

83 Columbia Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, January 27, July 28, 1866, III, 4, 7. 84 Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, 1895, p. 23; Columbia Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, February, 1873, III; Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County, Minutes, March, 1873, II; Columbia Herald, March 6, 1873. 85 Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 11, 1873. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 339

Negro Methodists of Columbia organized St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church in February, 1867, and immediately began to build "a neat and substantial frame church ... on the southeast corner of Ash and Water streets."86 The building was in use by Christmas Eve, 1867, when the church held a fund- raising "school exhibition and Christmas tree" festival. Festivities were interrupted by "some drunken rowdies claiming to be white," according to a news story. Passing by on horseback, they fired pistols into the congregation, killing a Negro man and wounding a woman. The local editor (white) blamed "this inexcusable out­ rage" on "whisky."87 Second Christian (Colored) Church, Columbia, was organ­ ized in 1872. Eight years later Negro Methodists organized a sec­ ond church in Columbia, St. Luke's African Methodist Church.88 Negro churches and religious leaders occupied a central posi­ tion in Columbia's Negro community. Two ministers were influ­ ential in Columbia's "First African Benevolent Society," with fifty- seven members, and the "African Sunday School" and "Colored Temperance Society" had close ties with the churches. The Tem­ perance agency planned a "Temperance Dinner" for July the Fourth for the purpose of raising funds for "a school house in Columbia for colored children" and invited "Everybody, white and col­ ored."89 The dinner was so successful that the society planned another one for August 17th, again inviting "everybody" but also announcing: "No whiskey allowed on the ground."90 Charles E. Cummins, "a colored man of education and experience as a teacher," opened a school early in September, 1867. The school became an influential institution, and its principal took an active role in the Negro community. In 1873 a Columbia editor com­ mended it—"one of the best taught and best patronized colored schools" in Missouri—to a Negro Baptist convention then consider­ ing the sponsorship of a school.91 St. Paul's Methodist Church and Second Baptist Church provided cultural activities for Negroes.

86 Ibid., May 10, 1867. Dimensions were variously reported as "forty-six by thirty feet" and "36 x 60" feet (May 24, 1867) . Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, 1895, p. 23. 87 Columbia Missouri Statesman, December 27, 1867, Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, 1895, p. 23, inaccurately dates the erection of the building in 1868. 88 Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, 1895, p. 23. 89 ibid., June 28, 1867. 90 ibid., July 12 and August 2, 1867. 91 Ibid., September 6, 1867, January 10, and March 28, 1873. Harper's Weekly, June 23, 1866 After the Civil War, schools were provided for freedmen in many com­ munities.

An editor observed that Christmas, 1873, "amounted to very little" among whites, but "the colored people enjoyed Christmas with unusual gusto" because of "a series of festivals, suppers, dances, tableaux, concerts, and even literary exercises" at Negro churches.92 Though the separation of Negroes normally occurred without unpleasant incident, it sometimes caused difficulty. In only two of the churches included in this study, tension developed in church life between whites and Negroes. Zoar Baptist Church and Bethel Baptist Church, both in Saline County, tried, with partial success, to enforce attendance by both white and Negro members. Tension did not exist, it appears, when Zoar Baptist Church lettered out several persons in 1866 "to form a colored church."98 Two years later, however, it was necessary for the church to appoint a com­ mittee "to find out whether our colored brethren wish to remain

92 ibid., January 2, 1874. 9H Zoar Baptist Church, Saline County, Historical Sketch, II, 8. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 341 in this church or join the colored church & if the former to urge their attendance on public worship."94 After lengthy investigation, the church adopted a resolution indicating tension over unspecified disciplinary and doctrinal matters:

Whereas many of the colored members of this church have been organized with others into a new church & whereas by the lack of discipline & proper regulations in said new church some of its members are living in open violation of the word of God & said new church entirely failing to deal with said members they also preaching and professing doctrines that we believe not to be according to the word of God &c &c, and wheras [sic] our church book has been destroyed by fire & the names of the col­ ored members has [sic] thus been lost Therefore be it Resolved that all of the said members who wish to remain & belong to this church an[d] attend our church meet­ ings furnish the clerk of this church with their names in order that they apperar [sic] on our church book And be it further Resolved that owing to the foregoing facts that we will hereafter refuse to invite the members of said new church to commune with us; or in any way recognize them as a United Baptist Church And be it further Re­ solved that the colored members of this church who fail to hand in their names prior to January 1st 1869 will be considered no longer members of this church and any colored member whose name may have been placed in our new church book shall be dealt with as other mem­ bers for failure to attend our meetings.95 The Negro church apparently communed, or observed the Lord's Supper, with Zoar Baptist Church, either regularly or ir­ regularly, for two years, the joint observance of the Lord's Supper by two or more Baptist churches being not uncommon before 1875. Negro members preferred to go with the new Negro church; none signified a desire to remain in the Zoar Baptist Church. Bethel Baptist Church had more success in its dealing with Ne­ gro members, but it was repeatedly disturbed by Negro absenteeism between 1866 and 1875. In mid-1866 the church appointed sev­ eral white males to ascertain why Negro members had absented themselves. One Negro woman asserted that, for an unrecorded reason, "she wanted nothing to do with the church." She was excluded. Another Negro woman "made a satisfactory statement" and "was excused." A Negro man "was excluded for contempt to

94 ibid., Minutes, April, 1868, II, 17. 95 ibid., August, 1868, II, 19-20. 342 Missouri Historical Review the church and non-attendance." At one meeting the church ex­ cluded six Negroes for failing "to make their appearance."96 The church continued to gain Negro members, five joining in 1867.97 Following a study of the membership in 1868, the church excluded two whites and eleven Negroes for "neglect" (non-attendance), and a Negro woman for "immoral conduct." It also authorized "Brother Armstead Gray (col.) ... to confer with colored sisters Emily and Jemima McDaniel (col.) to know why they have absented themselves from our fellowship."98 Two years later the church adopted a resolution relative to absenteeism of Negro mem­ bers: Resolved that in consequence of the continued neglect of the colored members of the Church in attending our meetings, the Church looks upon it as an act of disorder, and feel [sic], that though they may attend upon the serv­ ices and preaching of Brethren of their own color, yet whilst they remain members here, their services, contri­ butions, time and money belong to this Church and can­ not be transfered [sic] to another, but in the usual man­ ner, by letter and consent of the Church.99 A committee was sent to confer with Negro members, and "most of them (Negroes)," appearing before the church, "signi­ fied their intentions of more promptly attending our meetings and stated that they wanted their membership to remain with us."100 A few months later two Negro men "promised in the future, regu­ lar attendance and desire of the Church forgiveness and that their names might remain upon our Church book"; an aged Negro woman asked to be excused because "she lived a long way off and was old and infirm and could not meet with us" and requested to remain a member until she should move, as planned, to the town of Miami and request a letter to join the Negro church there; and two Negro women, "guilty of immorality" and "unfit for Church membership," were excluded.101 The church continued to grant letters to Negroes.102 Its last official action relating to Negroes was:

96 Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County, Minutes, June, July 14, August 18, 1866, pp. 182-183. 97 Ibid., November, 1867, p. 191. 98 ibid., December 19, 1868, p. 204. 99 ibid., January 17, 1871, p. 224. ioo ibid., February 18, 1871, p. 225. ioi Ibid., June 10, 1871, p. 228. 102 ibid., February 18, 1871, October 12, 1872, January 3, 1875, pp. 225, 245, 268. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 343

the names of Mary Wallace, Emily Lea and Albert Lea (all col'd) be erased from the church book on account of the church having lost sight of them and their long since having passed from under her watch care.103 Records do not fully explain why Negroes withdrew after the Civil War to form their own churches. It has been suggested that, kept at a "safe distance" by whites, Negroes were forced to establish institutions, including churches, "completely separate from those of the whites."104 It is undeniable, of course, that whites did not treat Negroes as social equals. Nevertheless, the sugges­ tion that Negroes were forced out of churches by whites is not supported by the facts. Amicable relations usually attended the withdrawal of Negroes, and in some cases predominantly white churches tried to retain Negro members. The more plausible explanation is that, because church life is voluntary, it offered an avenue for Negroes to exercise their new freedom. In civil affairs Negroes had to wait for legislative and judicial procedures to take their course before securing and exer­ cising civil liberties; they could take immediate—and unilateral- action in religion. Even in withdrawing to form their own churches, they did not react against white-controlled institutions, which might have been expected if they were forced out; rather, they imitated institutional patterns with which they were familiar. They construed freedom, it seems, largely in terms of what they understood to be the privileges of the whites. One Negro woman, for example, wrote to her former mistress about travelling with a wealthy white family, to which she was a domestic servant, and staying in fashionable hotels. "I did not think there were so many first classes in the world," she said; "I really forgot that I was colored." And she asked: "dont you think I ought to be white?"105 It is evident that Negroes had a heightened sense of freedom after the Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau worked through Negro ministers and churches to marshal and cultivate profree- dom sentiments.106 The Bureau had some connections with Colum-

103 ibid., March 13, 1875, pp. 270-271. 104 Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War, 224. 105 Malinda Smith, Leavenworth City, Kansas, to Mrs. Ann [Miller], Liberty, Missouri, February 24, 1867, in Alvord Collection, 1790-1962. Liberty Tribune Papers Correspondence, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri Library, Columbia, Missouri. 106 The National Freedman, I (1865), 82, 222, 223, 228, 250, 251-252, 264, 267, 318, 360. This was the monthly journal of the National Freedmen's Relief Association; William Lloyd Garrison, famed abolitionist, was a vice president. 344 Missouri Historical Review bia's Negro community. A Columbia editor reported in mid-1865 that, for personal reasons, a white man had misrepresented the relation between Columbia's whites and Negroes, secretly report­ ing to the Bureau that whites abused and mistreated Negroes.107 Whether or not there was physical abuse, the effect of controversy over the new rights of Negroes was to stimulate the Negroes' desire for these rights. Though the editor was strongly pro-Union and had served in the Union army, he probably strengthened among Negroes a longing for the full privileges of freedom; he opposed enfranchising Negroes, social equality for Negroes, and intermar­ riage between Negroes and whites, and he advertised the view that whites are naturally superior to Negroes.108 The pervasiveness of the Negroes' interest in, and preoccupa­ tion with, freedom may be seen in scattered, casual bits of infor­ mation. The contrast between the interests of whites and the inter­ ests of Negroes stands out clearly in Christmas programs in 1873. While white students in a Boone County school were putting on a Christmas program without political and social overtones, Negro students were putting on one whose prize declamations, as judged by Professor Cummins, were "The Duelist's Honor," Patrick Henry's "The War Inevitable," and Daniel Webster's "Liberty and Union."109 One evening shortly thereafter St. Paul's African Meth­ odist Church, Columbia, presented a public lecture commemorat­ ing emancipation in Missouri; the next evening the Columbia Baptist Church (white), at the request of "many of the prominent citizens of Columbia," presented a public lecture on "Stonewall Jackson."110 Before the Civil War white and Negro members enjoyed fel­ lowship with each other in the same church. Even though the two races occupied radically different social positions, they had their religion in common. After the great separation following the end of the Civil War, the two races went separate ways, and church life was no longer something shared. Among Baptists of Missouri, for example, around 80,000 white members were in almost 1,300 predominantly white, if not all-white, churches in 1880, and around

107 Columbia Missouri Statesman, September 29, 1865. 108 ibid., March 17, 1865; May 4 & 11, June 22 & 29, 1866; April 19 & 26, June 14, October 18, November 22, 1867. 109/fr;dv January 2, 1874. no Ibid., January 9 & 16, 1874. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 345

10,000 Negro members were in about 150 churches, presumably all-Negro.111 In the decade or so following the Civil War, Negroes favored a separation. The church permitted a degree of self-determination not available in the body politic. Most of the social leaders among Negroes before the Civil War were preachers, and the influence of Negro preachers grew rapidly after the war; many preachers became political leaders also, some serving in civil offices during the transitional era of Reconstruction.112 It was natural for Negroes to implement their freedom by forming separate churches. The issue then was freedom. A century later the issue became equality, and integration has come to be regarded as a means of establish­ ing it. What may be called a "walk-out" after the Civil War helped to effect the most radical form of segregation—namely, complete separation in religion.113 The "kneel-in" has become, in recent years, a means of dramatizing a racial tear in the Church's fabric.

in Duncan, History of the Baptists in Missouri, 759, 931-932. H2 See views of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois in Harvey Wish, ed., The Negro Since Emancipation (Englewood Cliff, N. J., 1964) , 44-45, 67. For other evidence and opinions, see National Freedman, I (1865) , 285; Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War, 89, 104, 136; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890, 146-149. 113 Cf. Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 15. One effect of Re­ construction, Woodward suggests, "was segregation of the great Protestant churches, a process accomplished by the voluntary withdrawal of the Negroes and their establishment of independent organizations of their own."

Church Records

Bethel [Baptist] Church, Cape Girardeau County. Minutes, 1806-1867. Type­ script. Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, Callaway County. Minutes, I (1826 [1821]-1911). Ms. Cold Water Baptist Church, St. Louis County. Minutes, 1809-1871. Ms. The church maintained meetings between 1809 and 1819; after several years of in­ activity, it was reorganized in 1834 as a "Friends to Humanity" church (1834- 1838) , and in 1841 it was again reorganized, taking the name Salem Baptist Church. Grand Prairie [United Baptist] Church, Callaway County. Minutes, 1843- 1868. Ms. Hebron Baptist Church, Cape Girardeau County. Minutes, 1829-1878. Ms. Rocky Fork Primitive Baptist Church, Boone County. Minutes, I (1821- 1849) , II (1855-1921). Ms. There are no minutes between 1849 and 1855. Round Prairie Baptist Church, Bates County. Minutes, 1866-1937. Type­ script. Sardis-Bethlehem Primitive Baptist Church, Henry County. Minutes, 1839- 1869. Ms. The original minutes are those of the Sardis church which merged with Bethlehem in 1866, the consolidated church becoming Sardis-Bethlehem /May, 1866, p. 121) . 346 Missouri Historical Review

Zoar Baptist Church, Saline County. Church Record, 1867-1866. Ms. Organ­ ized "about the year 1827," the church lost its first church-book by fire (August, 1868, p. 19; cf. pp. 6-8) . Bear Creek [Antioch] Christian Church, Boone County. Church Book, 1824- 1875. Photostat. The church changed its name from Bear Creek to Antioch on October 4, 1853 (p. 37). Columbia Christian Church. Records & History, 1854-1938. Typescript. McKendree [Methodist] Chapel, Cape Girardeau County. Class Book, 1 (1852-1857), II (1859-1884) . Microcopy. Dates of Vol. I should be 1852-1858 (see 47-54) . Columbia [First] Presbyterian Church, Boone County. Session Book, I (1828- 1852), II (1852-1876). Ms. Four other volumes (1876-1926) are available, but they were not used in this study. Concord Presbyterian Church, Callaway County. Session Book, 1833-1935. Ms. Laclede [First] Presbyterian Church, Linn County. Minutes, 1866-1911. Ms. There is an original and a copy. Lexington [First] Presbyterian Church, Lafayette County. Minutes, 1841- 1851. Ms. Lick Creek Presbyterian Church, Ralls County. Sessional Records, I (1854- 1877), II (1877-1881). Ms. Mount Horeb Presbyterian Church, Monroe County. Minutes, 1852-1875. Ms. Price's Branch Presbyterian Church, Montgomery County. Minutes, 1867- 1907. Ms. All above sources in the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, Uni­ versity of Missouri Library, Columbia, Missouri. Bethel Baptist Church [Ralls County], New London. Church Book, 1840- 1867. Microfilm. Little Blue Baptist Church, Jackson County. Minutes, 1832-1870. Microfilm. Looney Creek Baptist Church [Shelby County], ShelbyvHle. Minutes, 1836- 1866. Microfilm. Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, Hartsburg, Boone County. Minutes, 1858- 1919. Microfilm. Mount Zion Baptist Church, Howard County. Minutes, 1830-1864. Micro­ film. Providence Baptist Church, Madison County. Record A, 1813-1898. Micro­ film. Providence Baptist Church, Washington County. Record Book, I (1831- 1845) , II (1847-1894) . Microfilm. Unity "Flintlock" Baptist Church, Platte County. Minutes, I (1840-1898) , II (1902-1909) . Microfilm. Grace [Episcopal] Church, Jefferson City, Cole County. Parish Register, I (1840-1901) . Vestry Book, 1840-1952. Microfilm. Boonville Presbyterian Church, Cooper County. Minutes of the Session, 1838-1938. Microfilm. Mount Prairie Presbyterian Church, Ralls County. Sessional Records, I (1831-1853) . Microfilm. Versailles [First] Baptist Church, Versailles. Minutes, I (1868-1896) . Microfilm. All above sources in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Camden Point Baptist Church, Platte County. Minutes. Ms. Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone County. Minutes, I (1819-1844) , II (1844-1888) . Ms. All above sources in the Missouri Baptist Historical Society, William Jewell College Library, Liberty, Missouri. Columbia [First] Baptist Church, Boone County. Minutes, I (1823-1844), III (1865-1881) . Ms. In possession of First Baptist Church, Columbia, Missouri. Vol. II is lost, and later volumes were not used in this study. Bethel Baptist Church, Saline County. Minutes, 1846. Ms. In possession of Bethel Baptist Church, Miami, Missouri. Salem Association of Baptists, Missouri. Minutes, 1827-1888. Ms. Printed minutes for some years are also available. Negroes and Missouri Protestant Churches 347

Doniphan Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Minutes of Quarterly Conferences, 1866-1882. Photostat. Hannibal [Salt River] Presbytery. Minutes, 1833-1954. Typescript. The Presbytery's name from 1833 to 1923 was Salt River. Presbytery of Missouri. Records, 1817-1920. 7 vols. Ms. Vols. I-III were used in this study. All above sources in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri Library, Columbia, Missouri. Cape Girardeau Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Minutes of Quarterly Conferences, 1848-1859. Microfilm. Farmington Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Minutes of Quar­ terly Conferences, 1866-1877. Microfilm. Jackson Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Minutes of Quarterly Conferences, 1859-1869. Microfilm. Perryville Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Journal, 1864-1871. Microfilm. Ste. Genevieve Circuit, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Journal of Quarterly Conferences, 1845-1860. Microfilm. All above sources in State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Mis­ souri.

c^V,

Do Animals Think? The Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian, August 2, 1946.

Do animals think? Who knows. Dr. Z. Lee Stokely who writes an interesting column of gossip, fact and fiction for Semo sportsmen in the Daily American Republic, comes up with this one. You can take it or leave it at face value, but it's a good yarn never­ theless: The story concerns a fox. He did not see the incident but a friend of his did and vouches for it. Who are you or I to doubt it's veracity? This fox lived in a country that raised many sheep. The sheep, going under strands of barbed wire fence and brushy clumps, left strands of wool on the barbed wire and brush. The fox, when observed, was going along, picking up wool in its mouth until it had accumulated a good-sized ball of k. The fox then approached a stock pond and very slowly, stopping at times for several minutes, waded out in the pond until only the fox's nose and the ball of wool were visible. Waiting for a few minutes more, the fox then abandoned the ball of wool, made for the shore and went on his way. With much curiosity, the observer retrieved the ball of wool and found it to be literally alive with fleas. The smart fox knew the fleas hated water and would work their way up from his body to the ball of wool, which he could then abandon—and thus rid himself of his troublesome pests! DO ANIMALS THINK? Reprinted from: C. N. Fultz, Fox Hunter's Letters and Stories DIGGING UP MISSOURI'S PAST

BY CARL H. CHAPMAN

Carl H. Chapman is professor of Anthropology and Director of Archaeology Research Activi­ ties, Department of Anthropol­ ogy, University of Missouri. A native Missourian, he received his B.A. from the University of Missouri, M.A. from the Uni­ versity of New Mexico, and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. Dr. Chapman is secretary of the Missouri Archaeological So­ Henry W. Hamilton, president, ciety and the Lewis and Clark and Carl H. Chapman, secretary, Trail Committee of Missouri, Missouri Archaeological Society. and a member of the Advisory Council on Archaeology to the Missouri State Park Board. He is author of many articles in Missouri has a vast storehouse of the fields of archaeology and human history that is just begin­ anthropology. Dr. Chapman presented this address to mem­ ning to be tapped. The Indian bers of the State Historical name for our state, derived from Society of Missouri at their Annual Meeting, September 24, the Missouri Indian tribe, is quite 1966. properly a part of our history and should remind us of the impressive past of the Indian populations who preceded us by more than 10,000 years. It almost staggers the imagination when we consider that the Indians were here thirty times as long as we have been and there

:;•!!, Digging Up Missouri's Past 349 are more than 50,000 of their campsites, mounds and other works scattered in every part of the state.1 These campsites, burial places and ceremonial grounds are the manuscripts of the archaeologists who use them to interpret the lives and times of the Indians who left no writing. History is not the mere finding of facts but is the recording and interpretation of facts. History is made up of events, and of people who participate in events. An event becomes history when it is written down and accepted by historians. Archaeological his­ tory is much the same. You may have heard someone say that reconstructing past history by means of archaeology is like piecing together a jigsaw puzzle. That is true. But each piece is dependent upon someone who found, recorded and interpreted it in order to fit it to the other pieces of the past to make the picture of the people and the events that occurred in that time. No one could adequately cover 10,000 years of history in less than 10,000 words, even though our knowledge of this long past is sketchy and misty and unknown in places. There are, however, some highlights that can be presented in these few pages, shown by the men who have dug into Missouri's past through archaeol­ ogy at different times. Almost unbelievably we find that Missouri's earliest archaeol­ ogist may have discovered evidence of the earliest man in the state. This was Albert Koch.2 In 1838, Koch dug up a mastodon on the Bourbeuse River in Gasconade County, and reportedly found evidence that the animal had been killed by the Indians and cooked on the spot. The next year he dug up still another elephant-like beast, or, as it was gen­ erally believed at that time, an antediluvian beast. Koch found some

i The archaeological Survey of Missouri has been conducted jointly by the Missouri Archaeological Society and the University of Missouri since 1934 and now has recorded 12,055 archaeological sites. In a recent report by the Advisory Council on Archaeology to the Missouri State Park Board, it was estimated that the state once had 53,100 archaeological sites within its borders. 2 Albert C. Koch discovered a mastodon skeleton in 1838 on the Bourbeuse River and reported on it in 1839, "The discovery of the remains of a masto­ don in Gasconade County, Missouri, and the evidence of man," American Journal of Science, XXXVI, 198-200. For a recent account of the find, see M. G. Mehl, Missouri's Ice Age Animals, Educational Series No. 1, Division of Geo­ logical Survey and Water Resources (1960) , 55-57. The later discovery on the Pomme de Terre River was reported by Koch, Description of the Missourium . . . (London, 1841) . Both were described several years later (1857) "V. Mastodon Remains in the State of Missouri together with the Evidence of the Existence of Man contemporaneously with the Mastodon," The Transac­ tions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, I (1857) , 61-64. 350 Missouri Historical Review stone spearheads3 under the bones in such a position that he felt certain that the giant pachyderm had succumbed to the hand of man. Some writers have attempted to refute this early find, but others have given credence to it. If we accept the find, and Koch's interpretation of it, this places Missouri in the unique position in North America historically as the state where the earliest work was done on the earliest evidence of man.4 This next summer, 129 years later than Koch's time, the old mastodon site and similar sites near it will be investigated to try to discover the truth of the matter before they are covered by the impounded waters of the Kaysinger Bluff Dam on the Osage River. At another site two miles distant the University of Missouri has been working on an ancient campsite where successive occupations have taken place over a period estimated by geologists to be 8,000 to 12,000 years. The earliest people living there could have been contemporaneous with the mastodon and could have been the ones who sank their spears into the beast that Koch discovered. Personalities are always involved in the digging up of the past. Until the 1930s there was not much scientific archaeology.5 Individ­ uals interested in the ancient past in Missouri speculated about the people who preceded us, but did not have the tools and the knowl-

3 A spearpoint possibly associated with the first mastodon is figured by Charles Rau in "North American Stone Implements," Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1872 (Washington, 1873) , 395-408. See also Carl H. Chapman, "A Preliminary Survey of Missouri Archaeology, Part IV, Ancient Cultures and Sequence," The Missouri Archaeologist, X (December, 1948) , 137-139. Several points from the Koch collection in the Berlin Museum are shown by Hugo Gross, "Mastodon, Mammoth and Man in North America," Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society Bulletin, XXII (October, 1951), 101-131. 4 The authenticity of the Koch find was questioned by A. Wislizenus, "Was Man Contemporaneous with the Mastodon?" The Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, I (1857) , 168-171, but N. Holmes in the same issue of the Journal supported Koch. In more recent times the find has been accepted by M. F. Ashley Montague and C. Bernard Peterson, "The Earliest Account of the Association of Human Artifacts with Fossil Mammals in North America," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, LXXXVII (Janu­ ary 29, 1944), 407-419. 5 Although good techniques were in use by archaeologists in the South­ western states (A. V. Kidder, An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology [New Haven, 1924]) , it was not until the University of Chicago started its field training program under Dr. Fay-Cooper Cole that a true field methodological approach to the archaeology of the Eastern United States was begun. A landmark in this area was the publication of Fay-Cooper Cole and Thorne Deuel, Rediscovering Illinois (Chicago, 1937) . It described the archaeo­ logical techniques and methods in use by the University of Chicago. Digging Up Missouri's Past 351 edge to make many accurate interpretations about those who lived here before written history.6 Accurate means of dating past remains, such as the radio­ carbon dating method, palynology or pollen analysis, and den- dochronology or tree-ring dating, are recent tools. A. D. Conant, William McAdams, William B. Potter, Cyrus Thomas and others wrote on the archaeology of Missouri before 1900, and occasionally their insights were profound,7 but their contributions to archaeology limited.8 Most of these men were antiquarians rather than archaeologists. The greatest contribution was a statewide archaeological survey conducted by Louis Houck and published in his History of Missouri in 1908. An example of the continued antiquarian interest in archaeol­ ogy between 1910 and 1930 was that of K. K. Baker who wrote: "in the year 1911 I was in very bad health suffering with a bad head and stomach trouble and on the advice of my physicians to quit work and live out in the open and I decided to become an archaeologist. I was 33 years old, I had been collecting arrowheads and small stone relics from childhood and had a small collection/' In his own eyes Baker became an archaeologist but his work has not enlightened us very much today, although his name is legend in Southeast Missouri. He dug Indian sites in every county in Southeast Missouri, but failed to record and interpret the things that he found. In 1930 after digging up an Indian burial ground near Sikeston, the only report he gave was: "I had this excavating did [sic] in a scientific manner."9 In this same period Thomas Beckwith and Henry M. Whelpley

6 See Frederick E. Zeuner, Dating the Past (London, 1950) , W. F. Libby, Radiocarbon Dating (Chicago, 1955) , and Frank Hole and Robert F. Heizer, An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology (New York, 1965) . 7 A. D. Conant in E. C. Barns, The Commonwealth of Missouri (St. Louis, 1876) p. 3 says, "We today build, sow and reap, buy and sell, and then repeat, over and over again, the great drama of life, above the sepulchres of departed millions, long since forgotten." 8 Some of the survey and descriptive work in this period was excellent, but the methods and interpretations left much to be desired. Examples of the work of the time can be found in Cyrus Thomas, "Report on the Mound Ex­ plorations of the Bureau of Ethnology," 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1890-1891 (Washington, 1894) ; W. B. Potter, "Archaeo­ logical Remains in Southeastern Missouri," Contributions to the Archaeology of Missouri by the Archaeological Section of the St. Louis Academy of Science, Part I (Salem, Mass., 1880) ; A. D. Conant, Footprints of Vanished Races in the Mississippi Valley (St. Louis, 1879) ; and William McAdams, Records of Ancient Races in the Mississippi Valley (St. Louis, 1887) . 9 The K. K. Baker photograph album with captions was given to the Missouri Archaeological Society by Edward Zimmerman, Bonne Terre, Missouri, 352 Missouri Historical Review accumulated large collections of relics, but added little to the knowledge about the people who made them.10 Gerard Fowke, who was one of the best archaeologists working in Missouri prior to 1930, when digging up the caves in South Missouri, failed to rec­ ognize fully that he was digging through the ashes and debris laid down by different groups of people over a period of several thou­ sand years.11 The tools, utensils, ornaments and other goods of the various people were for the most part thrown together as one unit, classed "Indians." Toward the end of his career, Fowke re­ portedly said that there is nothing more to be learned about the archaeology of Missouri. If this were true, a lot of us certainly have been "spinning our wheels" the past 30 years. In 1930 a peccary tooth of a wild pig which lived in Missouri during the Pleistocene Period was found in a cave on the Osage River. The tooth was sent to the University of Missouri where it came to the attention of Professors Jesse E. Wrench and Maurice G. Mehl. An expedition was organized to excavate the site and a trench was cut through the deposits of the cave where the tooth had been found. No peccary bones showed up, but a nest of painted human skulls, bits of broken pottery and a few tools were discovered. These findings spurred Wrench to greater efforts to learn more about Missouri's past. The foundations for an effective archaeological organization in Missouri were laid by Professors Wrench and J. Brewton Berry of the University of Missouri between 1930 and 1934. In 1930 Bagnell Dam was completed on the Osage River forming the Lake of the Ozarks and not even a reconnaissance for Indian remains had been conducted in the area. The professors were appalled at this loss of information and joined forces to do something about the need for archaeological work in the state. Their first step was to con­ tact all the people whom they knew to be interested in archaeology

10 Thomas Beckwith wrote The Indian or Mound Builder (Cape Girardeau, 1911), that was mainly a description of his collection with emphasis on relics. Whelpley did little writing. The Beckwith Collection is at Southeast Missouri State College, Cape Girardeau, and the Whelpley Collection is in the Academy of Science Museum at St. Louis. 11 Gerard Fowke, Prehistoric Objects Classified and Described (St. Louis, 1913) , was a demonstration of the antiquarian attitude toward archaeology of the time. Fowke's best work is to be found in Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 37 (Wash­ ington, 1910) ; Archaeological Investigations, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 76 (Washington, 1922) ; and "Archaeological Investigations II," 44th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1926-1927 (Wash­ ington, 1928), 399-540. Digging Up Missouri's Past 353

In 1930 the University of Missouri's first archaeo­ logical exploration, in Rock House Cave on the Sac River, produced a nest of painted human skulls. Pro­ fessors Maurice G. Mefal, left, and Jesse E. Wrench, right, are shown pointing out the painted design on one of the skulls to the Dean of the Graduate School, William J. Robbins. in Missouri and to start an archaeological survey of the state with the assistance of these amateur archaeologists. In 1933 impetus was given to the survey when a project set up by Professors Wrench and Berry for the archaeological reconnaissance of Mis­ souri was given a two weeks trial under the Civil Works Adminis­ tration. The results of the work were satisfactory and as a conse­ quence a large Federal Emergency Relief Administration project involving seventy-five workers was made possible in 1934. The projects netted the locations of several thousand Indian sites and the names of several hundred people interested in archaeology, and proved that amateurs could make valuable contributions to the knowledge of the subject if their work was given purpose. Many of the people participated in the projects and many others ex­ pressed a willingness to supply information if there were some means of direction and compilation of the material or an agency through which they could work. The F.E.R.A. project was dropped 354 Missouri Historical Review and there were no other funds available. The logical solution was to initiate an organization through which the work already begun could be continued. Therefore, in December, 1934, Wrench and Berry invited a number of people interested in archaeology to meet and discuss the organization of a state archaeological society. The result of the meeting was the formation of the State Archaeological Society of Missouri with Wrench as president and Berry as secre­ tary-treasurer. The Society began the publication of The Missouri Archaeologist in 1935, with Berry as editor.12 The name of the society was changed to Missouri Archaeological Society in 1946. Dr. Mehl never fully lost his interest in finding absolute evi­ dence of man associated with mastodon and other extinct animals. After retirement from the University as Professor Emeritus of Geology, he worked diligently on the study of pleistocene mammals of Missouri with the State Geological Survey at Rolla, producing the book, Ice Age Mammals of Missouri. He investigated many occurrences of pleistocene mammal bones and just a year ago may have made an important discovery. He was convinced that the mastodon bones dug out at the Grundel site near Craig, Missouri, had been moved about and broken by the hands of men. Mehl died before the publication of his findings. The dating that was assigned to the mastodon bones went back to 25,000 years ago, 15,000 years earlier than any other known evidences of man in Missouri. We are many steps closer, but ancient man is elusive and the search is still on.13 Ten thousand years ago, men and women sought shelter in Graham Cave, starting a long sequence of the use of its natural shelter as living quarters, lasting until about the time of the first

12 Dr. J. Brewton Berry, Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Missouri in 1935 originated and edited The Missouri Archaeologist from its inception until 1944. After leaving the University of Missouri, Dr. Berry taught at the University of Connecticut and then at Ohio State University where he recently retired as Professor of Sociology. Jesse E. Wrench (1882-1958) was prominent in campus life and off-campus activities at the University of Mis­ souri, Columbia, from the time he joined the faculty in 1911. He became a full Professor of History in 1930 and Professor Emeritus in 1953 when he retired after 42 years of teaching service. At his retirement the Missouri Legis­ lature passed a resolution citing Prof. Wrench as "a symbol of the University itself." He continued as President of the Missouri Archaeological Society until his death which occurred shortly after he had been re-elected for his 25th term of office. In 1952 he was given the first Honors Award by the Society and was designated "Father of Missouri Archaeology" and his name heads the list of names engraved on an Achievement Award Plaque that hangs in the Museum of Anthropology, Swallow Hall, University of Missouri. 13 Maurice G. Mehl, The Grundel Mastodon, Report of Investigations, No. 35 (Rolla, Mo., 1966) . Digging Up Missouri's Past 355

Crusades in Europe, or about 1,000 years ago. The discovery of the early campsite remains in the cave came in part through Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, now the Director of the State Historical Society of Missouri.14 An excited phone call from Brownlee in 1948, provided the following dialog:—"Carl, do you know of a big cave near Mineola?" "Yes—that was located by Jesse Wrench and Brewton Berry in the 1930s and we have records on it." . . . "You'd better get down there and get to work because the landowner is bulldozing the deposit." This conversation began an investigation that is still underway. We just finished another chapter this fall. Graham Cave, through the process of radiocarbon dating, is known to have existed over 9,700 years ago. It is now a State Park, due to the generosity of Mrs. Ward Darnell of Mineola, and it continues to furnish definitive information about some of the earliest Indians in the State. The cave is the first archaeological site in the nation designated as a National Historic Landmark. The University of Missouri, in cooperation with the State Park Board, conducted investigations there this summer, leading to further interpretation of the site for visitors, as well as providing scientific information. Fluted points—stone spearheads similar to those at the Clovis site in New Mexico—occur on the floor of the cave among the evidences of the fires built by Indian men and women who lived there some 10,000 years ago. Part of the story of the people who probably hunted the mas­ todon, mammoth, and other large game that became extinct at the end of the glacial period, has been yielded by Graham Cave. It was interpreted by Wilfred D. Logan, who is now Research Archaeol­ ogist stationed at the Midwest Region of the National Park Serv­ ice.15 You might say he cut his teeth archaeologically by digging up and piecing out the Early Man and the Archaic occupations in Graham Cave, making it possible for us to know that the early hunters diversified their food-getting habits by hunting smaller game and collecting roots, berries, nuts and other seeds to supple-

14 Dr. Richard S. Brownlee is a Charter Member of the Missouri Archaeo­ logical Society. His publications on archaeological work are "Mounds on the Chariton River," Missouri Archaeologist, II (April, 1936) , 7-8, and "The Big Moniteau Bluff Pictographs in Boone County, Missouri, Missouri Archaeologist, XVIII (December, 1956) , 50-54. 15 Wilfred D. Logan, Graham Cave: An Archaic Site in Missouri, Memoir of the Missouri Archaeological Society No. 2 (1952) ; Carl H. Chapman, "Gra­ ham Cave," A Report of Progress 1955-56, Missouri Archaeological Society, Special Publication (Columbia, 1957) . 356 Missouri Historical Review

Indian pottery was found by those conducting archaeological digs in southeastern Missouri in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The pots make interesting displays but they are al­ most useless in recon­ structing Indian life.

ment their diet. The big game hunters became small game hunters and gatherers—perhaps due to the dying out of the big game and the necessity of changing their food habits to survive. Another highlight in Missouri archaeology, revealing an early period of Missouri's Indian history extending back 7,000 to 9,000 years, was the discovery of an unusual hunting camp by Missouri Supreme Court Judge S. P. Dalton. Judge Dalton was a dedicated amateur archaeologist who religiously collected broken as well as whole Indian artifacts because he knew they could be used to tell the story of the past. The Judge told me that his collecting forays around Jefferson City were a means of relaxing while communing

Discolorations in the soil denoting postholes and burned areas indicating fire hearths are evidences that make possible the re­ construction of the Indian's living quarters as shown on the left. Digging Up Missouri's Past 357

with the past. As he found tools on an ancient village site or wan­ dered over the ground that these early people had walked before him, he lost himself in thoughts of the past as he saw bits of their workmanship plowed out by our modern agriculture and uncovered by rains. Worries and problems clarified into decisions after the relaxing journey into the past. But there was insight there, too, for he saw the differences in the scrapers and arrowheads from dif­ ferent campsites. One day he called me to look at something different. He showed me a distinct new group of artifacts from a small campsite that had been uncovered in a borrow pit made by the Highway De­ partment. The Judge had meticulously collected all items from the site over a period of years. The information he had gathered al­ lowed us to gain an insight into what happened to the early hunters as they continued on as Archaic hunter-gatherers, adapting to the varied environment here in Missouri. One of the ancient dart points used by this people is now called the Dalton point. In the 1930s J. Mett Shippee of Kansas City, a contractor with an interest in archaeology, found several campsites that yielded decorated pottery sherds, and it was through his interest and per­ sistence that Dr. Waldo R. Wedel of the Smithsonian Institution came to the Kansas City area and worked on the sites which now are dated back to the time of Christ. It was Dr. Wedel who identified them as Hopewell, related to the great cultural development that took place in the Ohio valley. Migrants from the Hopewell people of the Ohio valley settled the Kansas City area at an early time. There they built their towns and might be considered to be the first to establish permanent set­ tlements.16 Most of their townsites are now covered by modern Kansas City. At least one town site has been incorporated into Line Creek Park as a memento of the life and times in Kansas City at the birth of Christ. Shippee worked with Dr. Wedel in uncovering the Hopewell site in the Kansas City area. Shippee had the fever of archaeology in his blood and he became a professional archaeologist working first with the Smithsonian Institution and later with the Univer­ sity of Missouri, where he is now a Research Associate. He is the

16 Waldo R. Wedel, Archaeological Investigations in Platte and Clay Coun­ ties, Missouri, Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum No. 183 (Washing­ ton, D.C., 1943). 358 Missouri Historical Review recognized expert on the archaeology of the Kansas City area.17 Another amateur archaeologist, J. Allen Eichenberger, a banker at Hannibal, had his interest piqued by the variety of archaeologi­ cal materials in that area, and one of the landmarks in Missouri archaeology is his book on Northeast Missouri, covering all phases from Early Man to the latest occupation by prehistoric Indians.18 Clustering in Central Missouri along the Missouri River and its tributaries are many mounds and campsites of what we call the Late Woodland people. Mounds entombed the bones of their dead; well-built dry masonry structures filled with bones and cov­ ered with dirt was their burial mode. Fowke in the early part of the century dug numerous mounds but learned very little about the people who built them. Fowke's excavation techniques were as good as any at the time and his published reports are use­ ful today. Professors Berry and Wrench and students continued work on the mounds in the 1930s and were able to associate them with Late Woodland peoples who lived securely in unfortified villages in the Central Mississippi Valley. They were the first to use the bow and arrow in Missouri and perhaps this superior weapon al­ lowed them to flourish. The Woodland culture provided the base for the succeeding Mississippian Indian culture about 1,000 years ago.19 At the time of the flowering of Indian culture the big centers of settlement and advancement at St. Louis and Kansas City had their contacts to the south and kept up with all the new things being developed elsewhere. Agricultural products in the form of corn, beans, squash and sunflowers were making it possible for the Indians to settle in large towns. A great deal of our knowledge about these agricultural products comes from the work of Dr. Hugh

17 J. Mett Shippee, Archaeological Remains in the Area of Kansas City; Paleo-Indians and the Archaic Period, Missouri Archaeological Society Research Series No. 2 (Columbia, 1964) . 18 J. Allen Eichenberger, "Investigations of the Marion-Ralls Archaeological Society in Northeast Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist (December, 1944) , 7-68. 19 The Late Woodland in the Central Missouri area has been named the Boone Focus. For a full review of the archaeology of Missouri by periods see Carl H. Chapman and Eleanor F. Chapman, Indians and Archaeology of Mis­ souri, Missouri Handbook No. 6, College of Arts and Science, University of Missouri (Columbia, 1964) . For detailed information on the Boone Focus see Brewton Berry, J. E. Wrench, Carl H. Chapman and Wilber Seitz, "Archaeologi­ cal Investigations in Boone County, Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist, IV (Sep­ tember, 1938) , 2-36; Carl H. Chapman, "The Archaeological Survey of Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist, XV (April & July, 1953) , 37; Carl H. Chapman, "Cul­ ture Sequence in the Lower Missouri Valley," in James B. Griffin, ed., Archae­ ology of Eastern United States (Chicago, 1952), 139-151. Digging Up Missouri's Past 359

C. Cutler, Missouri Botanical Gardens and that of an amateur ar­ chaeologist, Leonard W. Blake of St. Louis. Stores of food from the Indians' labors in their gardens were tempting spoils for wan­ dering tribes who had no surplus, so to protect their harvests the townspeople fortified their towns. Archaeologists have called these townspeople Mississippi In­ dians, in part due to their concentration in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi River. They had new up-to-date ideas about build­ ing mounds as bases for the houses of the chiefs and religious leaders to get them closer to the sun which they believed to be the giver of life. From 1000 A.D. to 1600 A.D., their great towns grew up from St. Louis, Missouri, to the mouth of the St. Francis River in Arkansas. Their towns were also located along the Ohio and Arkansas Rivers. One of the largest Indian settlements in North America was located where St. Louis and East St. Louis now stand; today Cahokia Mounds State Park, Illinois, includes Monks Mound, the greatest earthwork built in prehistoric North America.

The first archaeological expedition of the University of Mis­ souri to engage in salvage archaeology in the river basin areas where dams were being built was in the Wappapello and Clear­ water reservoir areas in 1938. Professors Wrench and Berry were the ones who planned the expedition, but James L. Lowe and I

The first river basin archaeological expedition by the University of Missouri was in 1938, down the St. Francis River, in the Wappapello reser­ voir area. The boat with its boxes of supplies and specimens was known locally as "The Hearse." In the boat are Carl H. Chapman, right, and James L. Lowe. 360 Missouri Historical Review

did most of the work.20 We located outlying villages of the towns­ people, but no big population centers were found in the St. Francis and Black River basins. We still do not know the full story of what happened to the Mississippian people, but we suspect that European diseases such as measles and smallpox may have brought about the abandonment of their towns. By 1600 A.D. they had declined, and the spotlight of history had shifted to the north and west in the prairies where the Missouri and Osage tribes were in force. In 1939 we set out to find the Missouri Indian and Osage In­ dian village sites mentioned by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Henry Hamilton, now president of the Missouri Archaeological Society, and Sam Irvine, a trustee of the Society, both from Marshall, Mis­ souri, led us to the Missouri site. J. M. Crick, Corder, another trustee of the Society, showed us the Little Osage village site.21 The University now has its Lyman Archaeological Research Center and Hamilton Field School located on the old Missouri Indian vil­ lage site. The Visitors Center at the site, telling the story of the Indians after whom our state is named, is supported by the Mis­ souri State Park Board and the University of Missouri, Columbia. Since 1939 the picture of life at the Missouri Indian village has begun to unfold. The Missouri Indians were prairie hunters who went on long trips to obtain buffalo. They lived in elliptical houses covered with rush mats, and they controlled the banks of the Missouri River in the Central Missouri area, thus controlling the major route of travel into the Plains in our own early history. The Missouri tribe, decimated by smallpox and raids by the northern tribes, left the state before 1800, but the Osage con­ tinued as one of the important tribes in our history until 1825, when they, too, moved from Missouri. In 1941, Berry received a grant to find and investigate the villages of the Osage Indians in Southwest Missouri. I was sent to do the work along with Lowe, John P. Mack, and Martin Dickinson.22 Joe Harner of Nevada, Missouri, an amateur

20 J. Brewton Berry, J. E. Wrench and Carl H. Chapman, "The Archaeology of Wayne County, Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist, VI (June, 1940) , 2-40. 21 J. Brewton Berry and Carl H. Chapman, "An Oneota Site in Missouri," American Antiquity, VII (January, 1942) , 290-305; Carl H. Chapman, "A Pre­ liminary Survey of Missouri Archaeology: Part I, Historic Indian Tribes," Missouri Archaeologist, X (October, 1946), 27-40; and Carl H. Chapman, "The Little Osage and Missouri Indian Village Sites, ca. 1727-1777 A.D.," Missouri Archaeologist, XXI (December, 1959) , 1-67. 22 John P. Mack, "Archaeological Field Work at the University of Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist, VIII (March, 1942) , 19-20. Digging Up Missouri's Past 361 archaeologist, aided in locating the Big and Little Osage village sites. The excavation verified their locations and filled in the final chapter of the prehistory of Missouri.23 Since 1945 there has been an ever-increasing archaeological program in Missouri, predominately salvage archaeology, to obtain historical and cultural information before it is destroyed forever behind the big dams. Bull Shoals, Pomme de Terre, Table Rock, Stockton, Kaysinger Bluff, in South Missouri and Joanna in North Missouri, have all received a fair share of work. The Meramec River drainage in the eastern part of the state, where several reservoirs are proposed, has been surveyed through the coopera­ tion of the University of Missouri and the National Park Service, and the Missouri Archaeological Society, in the River Basin Ar­ chaeological Salvage Program.24 The Lucy Wortham James Foundation25 has supported work in the east central part of the state, and the National Science Foundation has supported work on the Osage sites in Southwest Missouri. Now work is also being conducted on land leveling op­ erations in Southeast Missouri, supported by the National Park Service and by the State Highway Department where State High­ way 55 cuts through some important archaeological sites.26 Each bit of digging has turned up new information to add to the long, fascinating history of the Indians who preceded us. The framework of at least 10,000 years of history has been dug up and interpreted, beginning with the hazy story of Indians who hunted the now-extinct elephants, and carrying through their

23 Joe Harner, "The Village of the Big Osage," Missouri Archaeologist, V (February, 1939), 19-20. 24 For examples of the reservoir salvage work see Carl H. Chapman, "Pre­ liminary Salvage Archaeology in the Pomme de Terre Reservoir Area, Mis­ souri," Missouri Archaeologist, XVI (October & December, 1954), 3-116; "Pre­ liminary Salvage Archaeology in the Table Rock Reservoir Area, Missouri," Missouri Archaeologist, XVIII (April & July, 1956), 3-134; and W. Raymond Wood, "The Pomme de Terre Reservoir in Western Missouri Prehistory," Missouri Archaeologist, XXIII (December, 1961), 1-131. 25 A detailed manuscript on the archaeological work conducted in the St. James area is on file in the Archaeological Research Section of the Depart­ ment of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia; for a generalized in­ terpretation of the archaeological work see Richard A. Marshall, Prehistoric Indians at Maramec Spring Park (Columbia, Mo., 1966) . 26 Richard A. Marshall, Highway Archaeology Report Number One, An Archaeological Investigation of Interstate Route 55 Through New Madrid and Pemiscot Counties, Missouri, 1964 (Columbia, 1965) . Richard A. Marshall was Director of Highway Salvage Archaeology, 1961-1965, in the Archaeological Research section, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Science, University of Missouri, Columbia. 362 Missouri Historical Review adaptation to the varied environments of the state in the Archaic Period. The addition of pottery making was the greatest change until the bow and arrow was introduced. Some agriculture may have filtered in during Hopewell times about 1 A.D., but the pop­ ulation explosion came with the advent of more efficient agricul­ ture and fortified towns in the Mississippian Period. At that time the number of town-living Indians in Missouri declined and that of the prairie Indians increased. The Europeans found the prairie Indians here and exploited them for their ability to obtain furs. They later gave the Indians horses, which allowed them to become, briefly, the lords of the prairies. Archaeology as science, is a relatively new field. Many of the techniques for interpreting the excavations and the techniques of digging are really youngsters. Radiocarbon dating, for example, is not even 21 years old. At first, those who worked with Indian material were antiquar-

The King Hill site in St. Joseph, was excavated by the 1966 Summer Archaeological Field School, University of Missouri, in cooperation with the St. Joseph Museum and the St. Joseph Chapter of the Missouri Archaeo­ logical Society. Don Reynolds Photo, St. Joseph Museum Digging Up Missouri's Past 363 ians who collected pots and arrowheads, axes and other pretties. Collections did not tell much, because no record was made of where the relics were found, and with what they were associated. There is still much more to be learned about the archaeology and Indians of Missouri. New tools are being devised to interpret the past, new sites are yet to be explored, and old ones re-explored using new techniques . . . but the sites, the manuscripts of the archaeologist, are fast disappearing under the onslaught of our own growing civilization: the building of dams, roads, construction work in big cities, agricultural land levelling, terracing, and just plowing the land with heavy equipment. Each day whole pages of the history of the Indians are erased. On the other side of the picture, each day new light is shed on our ancient past through the efforts of hundreds of amateur archaeologists working with the archaeologists of the Anthropology Department at the University of Missouri. New names have been added to the list of those who work to save, record and interpret the past. Some of the prime movers who each month uncover more of our past history are: Dale R. Henning, Director of American Archaeology, W. Raymond Wood, Director of River Basin Salvage Archaeology, and Robert T. Bray, Director of the Lyman Archaeological Research Center and Hamilton Field School, and their staffs. Joined by a host of outstanding amateur archaeologists in the Missouri Archaeological Society, they are rapidly advancing our knowledge of 10,000 years of Missouri pre­ history.

A Brief, Lovely Moment Hannibal Clipper, April 25, 1874. Spring is but a flash in this latitude—coming and going before we can so much as bestow upon it its proper name. Yet, brief as it is, it performs its legitimate office in the heart by awakening all the sensibilities of the same to life that is rapidly dawning over them now. It almost melts in the lap of sum­ mer, which approaches hot and hurriedly. It hardly gets the eyes wide open to a perception of its beauties, before it has vanished and hidden itself in the denser leaves of full grown summer. Yet, even this narrow strip of seasons, preliminary to summer and sequential to winter, is of all others most welcome. Reconstruction in Missouri

BY FRED DEARMOND

The most persistently controversial phase of the Civil War was the Reconstruction period. Partisans learned to discuss calmly the battles and the generals, but their voices and blood pressure rose over the war's aftermath. For almost one hundred years Confederate partisans could say with justification that while the South lost the war on the bat­ tlefield, it won the battle of the books. It was not until the cen­ tennial commemoration of the 1960s that recognized historians began to revise their evaluation of Reconstruction. Perhaps in no other aspect has the judgment of American historiography been so reversed. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries James Ford Rhodes, John W. Burgess and William A. Dunning took the orthodox position, slavishly followed by nearly all his­ torians until 1960, that the prostrate South had been raped by a victorious and vindictive Congress during the post-war years. Dur­ ing the Civil War Centennial, however, a succession of carefully researched books by recognized historical scholars questioned and refuted both the premises and the conclusions of the classical authorities.1 The revisionist view emphasized these findings: 1. None of the Confederate states were subjected to Negro rule. There was no Negro state governor and no legislature dominated by Negroes.2

i Eric L. McKitrick, Andrew John­ son and Reconstruction (Chicago, 1960) ; Fred DeArmond is editor and John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction co-owner of The Mycroft Press, After the Civil War (Chicago, 1961) ; Springfield, Missouri. He was for­ Benjamin Piatt Thomas and Harold merly associate editor of Nation's M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life & Times Business, Washington, D. C. He is of Lincoln's Secretary of War (New the author of a number of books York, 1962) ; W. R. Brock, An Ameri­ on management, marketing, labor can Crisis (New York, 1963) ; La Wanda relations and other topics; a free­ & John Cox, Politics, Principle and lance writer and a contributor to Prejudice, 1865-1866 (Glencoe, 111., journals of business and eco­ 1963) ; Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of nomics. Reconstruction, 1865-1877 (New York, 1965). 2 Stampp, Era of Reconstruction, 167. Reconstruction in Missouri 365

2. Military occupation of the late Confederate states was of a mild nature and only necessitated by widespread violence, the breakdown of civil justice, and the refusal of ten Southern states to accept the Fourteenth Amend­ ment conferring citizenship rights on the freedmen. There was never more than a token force, scattered in many posts, and none quartered on citizens.3 3. Federal aid to people impoverished by the war was ex­ tended freely to whites as well as blacks.4 4. President Andrew Johnson, who disputed the right of Con­ gress to a share in formulating the Reconstruction policies, was not a neglected statesman as has been claimed by friendly historians and biographers, but a stubborn, highly opinionated executive, incapable of compromise and obliv­ ious to the views of the great mass of people in the North who had elected him as Lincoln's running mate.5 5. On the whole, the treatment of the defeated Confederates was exceptionally magnanimous and lenient.6

It was inevitable that the interpretation of the Reconstruction period in Missouri should be treated to a revision. In Missouri the situation differed in important respects from that in other slave states. As the most western of the border states Missouri remained loyal to the Union, but divided in sentiment. This precipitated what became truly a civil war. In order to understand Reconstruction in Missouri it is also necessary to take into account the unique cir­ cumstances under which war was waged in the state. To a degree unknown elsewhere in numbers and savagery, the bushwhackers overran Missouri. In many sections on differ­ ent occasions a Union family's lives and property were not much more secure than are those of the South Vietnamese people today. The Viet Cong's way of making war is strikingly reminiscent of that pursued by the guerrillas on the western Missouri border. Many Confederate sympathizers also suffered at the hands of these ruthless night riders, as well as from raids by irregular Kan-

3 J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 (New York, 1920) , VI, 172. 4 John William DeForest, A Union Officer in the Reconstruction (New Haven, 1948), Chap. III. 5 McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. (One theme of the book). 6 Carl Schurz, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (New York, 1909) , III, 149. 366 Missouri Historical Review

Harper's Weekly, September 3, 1863 Guerrillas Attacking a Wagon Train. -&£

J. N. Edwards, Warfare of the Border One Jayhawker was shot and six others were hanged in Jackson County, Missouri, after a guerrilla raid on Shawneetown, Kansas. sas Unionists out to avenge the invasions of their state by the pro- slavery forces from Missouri. As the war's conclusion approached, the terror across the state increased in tempo. "Roving bands of bushwhackers, com­ posed of returning Confederates and others claiming to be, wreaked havoc among the populace. Some of these groups, such as the notorious Jim Jackson and his gang, took special delight in perse­ cuting the new freedmen or any white person who sought to hire them."7 All the rules of war were disregarded by the bushwhacker bands. They gave no quarter in battle. Frequently they wore plun­ dered blue uniforms to help them surprise and slaughter small Union detachments.8 In numerous well-attested incidents, they scalped their victims or dispatched prisoners by cutting their throats.9 These men were not fighting war for principles, but simply to rob, burn and kill. Research by Elmo Ingenthron on the his­ tory of the White River Valley reveals that guerrilla depredations in the Ozarks, added to the movements of the regular forces on both sides, practically depopulated a number of border coun-

7 William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule (Columbia, Mo., 1965) , 106. 8 Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border (Boston, 1955) , 293. 9 Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, 1958), 211-213. 368 Missouri Historical Review

ties.10 In the referendum on the Constitution of 1865, fourteen coun­ ties, mostly on the state's southern border, held no elections.11 Only in recent years has it been generally known that the bush­ whackers were allied with the Confederate armies in Missouri. General Sterling Price encouraged such a liaison in the hope of expelling Union forces from the state. When Bloody Bill Anderson, who led his gang at the Centralia massacre and perpetrated other outrages, was finally apprehended and killed in North Missouri, written orders from Price were found on his body. Anderson, Wil­ liam C. Quantrill and other guerrilla leaders held Confederate commissions.12 To understand Reconstruction in Missouri, we need to recall that in the Spring of 1865, lawlessness and terror prevailed over much of the state. Gangs of criminals on horseback were running loose to prey on the people. Over most of the nation war's agony ended with the surrender of Lee, Johnston and Kirby Smith, but not in Missouri. At the close of the War, Union troops were hunt­ ing down and killing many of the guerrillas, but the military was rapidly withdrawn, leaving weak civil authorities to cope with widespread outlawry by such bloody public enemies as the James brothers, the Youngers, Dave Pool, Archie Clements and all their breed.

io Based on an interview with Mr. Ingenthron, Kirbyville, Missouri, con­ cerning his regional history, now in preparation. 11 Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 47. 12 Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy, 229.

Missouri was the first state officially to abolish slavery. Journal of the Missouri State Convention, 1865

AN OBDINAHOB

ABOLISHING SIJOTM IK MISSGUEf.

'Jfe it &rimmd % ike Bwpte qf tJm Stett of MmmtH, in OmmtHm wmmbtett:

.} That liereafter, la tt»ia_ State, %h%m abaft M neither slavery nor tafoltintiiy servitude, %%mpi In §»Mii»et of erime, wberectf H* pmrtf ultjtli bave been duly convicted; and all persons beM to service or labor m Arm wm hereby fekred free. Passed te Convention, January eteveutli, A. ». one IhouM&a mght "hundred and sixty-five, A A, KREKEL, thmdent. CHAS. D. DRAKE, Vm J***?***. Reconstruction in Missouri 369

When a convention to draft a new constitution met in St. Louis in January, 1865, deliberations were made against this sombre background. The first move was to enact an ordinance emanci­ pating slaves in the state. Thus, Missouri became the first state officially to abolish slavery, one month before the national Con­ gress submitted the Thirteenth Amendment.13 The new constitution replaced the 1820 Constitution drawn when Missouri was admitted to the Union. The 1820 Constitution was a typical slave power document, providing, among other features, that the General Assembly should have no power to emancipate slaves or to prevent settlers therein from bringing slaves from another state or territory. The General Assembly was empowered with authority to prevent free Negroes or mulattos from moving into the state and settling.14 The dominant figure at the 1865 Constitutional Convention was Charles D. Drake, its vice president. He had served in the State Legislature during the war years where he acquired the repu­ tation of being hard, unyielding and persistent. Some of the Con­ federate chroniclers and others who accepted their conclusions pictured Drake as a satanic character. He is regarded by many as Missouri's Thad Stevens. Drake earned this reputation because he insisted upon the passage of the Ironclad Oath and an ordinance stipulating that all judges of the Supreme Court and other state courts, as well as cer­ tain other county officeholders, be removed from office. The often berated Ironclad Oath was aimed at excluding from immediate participation in state and local government all those who had taken any part directly or indirectly in the Rebellion. Voters were required to take an oath that they had never engaged in armed hostility to the United States, or given aid and comfort to, or communicated disloyally with, its enemies. A similar oath in somewhat different form was required of lawyers, clergymen, church officers, officers of corporations, and certain others before they could vote or hold any position of pub­ lic trust. None of these classes as a whole were prohibited from practicing their professions or businesses, but they were required to take a special oath as a test to eliminate those who had lent

13 Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri—A History (St. Louis, 1963), 407. 14 Constitution of the State of Missouri, 1820. 370 Missouri Historical Review

Frank Leslie's Illustrated, April 15, 1865 Taking the oath of Allegiance.

themselves to the secession movement. On the basis of total enlist­ ments in the armies of the two sides, this would have constituted no more than twenty-two per cent of the total.15 This statistic was supported roughly by the returns in the statewide referendum of 1861, when the people voted decisively to remain in the Union. The Ironclad Oath was not the original creation of the fram- ers of the "Drake Constitution." Essentially the same qualifying test restrictions had been embodied in a law enacted by the Legislature in 1862.16 The delegates felt that security reasons called for writ­ ing it into the Constitution, much as the national Congress decided to incorporate the first Civil Rights Act in the Fourteenth Amend­ ment. Opponents of the new Constitution objected that it was un­ fair to apply the test oath to the very voters who were to pass on a Constitution that embodied the oath. This action, however, was

15 Missouri sent 109,000 men to the Union armies and 30,000 to the Con­ federate. Edwin C. McReynolds, Missouri, A History of the Crossroads State (Norman, Okla., 1962) , 256. 16 Meyer, Heritage of Missouri, 408. Reconstruction in Missouri 371 consistent with that to be taken by the Thirty-ninth Congress which refused to admit senators and representatives from the states lately in rebellion until they had been reconstructed according to the prescription of Congress.17 The most revolutionary step taken by the 1865 Constitutional Convention was an ordinance stipulating that all judges of the Supreme Court and other state courts, also circuit attorneys, sher­ iffs and county recorders should be ousted from their offices. It reflected the delegates' fear that their work might be undone through legal maneuvering and hairsplitting by officials who did not acquiesce in the decision reached after four years of war. The presumption was that in parts of the state these officeholders were carryovers from the regime of slave power. Another feature odious to opponents of the Constitution was a requirement that the General Assembly set up machinery for the statewide registration of voters, plus surveillance at election poll­ ing places to see that no unqualified persons exercised the suf­ frage. On the very last day of the Convention, Drake was able to obtain adoption of an ordinance directing the governor to send messengers with poll books to all army camps outside the state where Missouri soldiers were stationed, to let them vote on adop­ tion of the Constitution.18 This, of course, had been general prac­ tice in national elections during the war. But it proved to be the stroke that meant a narrow margin for the pro-Constitution party in the election to follow. After its formulation, which took three months of delibera­ tion, the Constitution was submitted to the voters and adopted by a narrow majority of those who qualified under its provisions to vote. That such a drastic document should have been approved was, in the view of historian Duane Meyer,19 owing in part to the fear by Missourians that the war might be succeeded by domestic discord and anarchy. Above all else they wanted security for their persons and property against the dreaded guerrilla bands. They distrusted the former enemies of the national government and acted to make sure that the awful cost of victory in preserving the Union should not have been spent in vain. They did not want to be left

17 Report, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, U.S. 39th Congress, Wash­ ington, D.C., December 13, 1865. 18 David D. March, "The Campaign for Ratification of the Constitution of 1865," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLVII (April, 1953) , 226. 19 Meyer, Heritage of Missouri, 410. 372 Missouri Historical Review helpless without the protection of Federal troops, which were being withdrawn rapidly. Some feared that the war might be resumed. Sterling Price, Jo Shelby, and an army of embittered followers had crossed the border into Mexico, still under arms and unreconciled to the war's outcome. It was conceivable that they might return, flock to the polls, guns in hand, as Missourians under David Rice Atchison had done in Kansas ten years before, and seize the reins of power. A citizen of Missouri in 1865, who knew he had political enemies in his own community who might seek revenge upon him for help­ ing to defeat secession, could not be blamed for wanting to see a reconstructed state government under which he could live peace­ ably. These considerations have to be weighed in passing judg­ ment on the "Drake Constitution" and state government in the years from 1865 to 1870. The bitterness that preceded the war and followed in its wake carried some dark portents for the future. As two current historians put it, "There were extreme programs in the air, defiance of Con­ gress with a denial of its legitimacy, recognition of a national legis­ lature with Southern representatives seated by force if necessary. Contemporaries feared another civil war more fratricidal than the first."20 During the war and continuing into the mid-1870s, politics in Missouri assumed a new terminology. The principal parties were

20 Cox & Cox, Politics, Principle and Prejudice, 223.

Union Soldiers Voting in the Field. Courtesy Culver Service Reconstruction in Missouri 373 known as "Radicals" and "Con­ servatives," both derogatory terms used by their opponents, since then as now few persons would by choice adopt either label, because both imply ex­ treme positions. The Radicals stood for an end to slavery and a beginning of civil rights for Negroes. Many wanted Negro suffrage, but in 1865 they were in a decided minority. Drake, as the Radical leader, favored immediate Negro suffrage but opposed inclusion of this provi­ sion in the Constitution because it would imperil adoption of that document by the voters.21 The Radicals were agreed in demanding a "stiff" peace, with former Confederates barred from active participation in pol­ itics for the time being.22 Among the "Conservatives" were some "moderate Republi­ cans," most of the "war Demo­ Miller, crats," and ex-Confederates as State Capitol Painting they were permitted to take After the war, Blair fearlessly faced Missouri Radicals. In 1866 a part in politics. Conservatives shot was fired into the air during opposed both civil rights and his speech at Louisiana, Missouri. suffrage for the Negroes; they felt the change was too rapid and revolutionary. They stood for a more liberal or lenient form of Reconstruction than that proposed by the Radicals. An outstanding leader among the Conservatives was Francis P. Blair, Jr., who confronted Charles Drake in the battle over ratifi­ cation of the new Constitution and other issues that followed. To label Blair as a Conservative was a complete contradiction in

21 Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 117. 22 McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 53. 374 Missouri Historical Review

terms. He was a hot-headed, violent man from one of the most tempestuous families in American politics. He was said to have quarreled sooner or later with nearly every one of his associates, including John C. Fremont, B. Gratz Brown, Joseph W. McClurg, and William McKee of the St. Louis Democrat.2^ In 1861 he worked with Captain Nathaniel Lyon to prevent Governor Clai­ borne F. Jackson and Sterling Price from taking Missouri into the Confederacy. Later, he served with distinction as a corps com­ mander in General Sherman's army. One of the most judicious evaluations of the man was that by his superior, General William Tecumseh Sherman: "Blair," he said, "was noble and intelligent as a soldier, but as a politician he was erratic and unstable."24 As late as 1862 Blair had advocated "confiscating the property of rebels and emancipating their slaves by law, compensating the loyal owners whenever it is necessary to free them to secure the present safety or future peace of the country."25 By 1865 he was making common cause with the very people he had been denounc­ ing. Three years later he said in a letter to Colonel James A. Broad­ head, a Missouri friend, "There is but one way to restore the gov­ ernment and the Constitution, and that is for the President-elect [Horatio Seymour, as he hoped] to declare these acts [the Con­ gressional Reconstruction measures] null and void, compel the army to undo its usurpations in the South, disperse the Carpetbag state governments, allow white people to reorganize their own governments and elect senators and representatives."26 Blair was defeated as the Democratic candidate for vice presi­ dent in 1868, along with Horatio Seymour as head of the ticket. After a long delay he won his fight to have the test oath section of the State Constitution set aside by the U.S. Supreme Court.27 By splitting the Republican ranks and welding the state Demo­ cratic organization with the Liberal Republicans, he and his asso­ ciates were able to defeat the regular Republicans, or Radicals, in the state elections of 1870 and 1872. In 1870 Liberal Republican B. Gratz Brown was made governor, and by 1872 the Democrats had become strong enough to elect Silas Woodson, one of their party, as governor.

23 Jim Allee Hart, A History of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat (Columbia, Mo., 1961) . (A number of passages are indexed under these names.) 24 Lloyd Lewis, Sherman—Fighting Prophet (New York, 1932) , 636. 25 Ralph Korngold, Thaddeus Stevens (New York, 1955) , 225. 26 Edward McPherson, History of the Reconstruction (Washington, D.C., 1880), 380. 27 Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 280. Charles D. Drake

Courtesy Ruth Rollins Westfall

Drake was elected to the U.S. Senate at the peak of his career in 1866 and served until 1871, when he resigned, to be succeeded briefly by his old adversary Blair. Thereafter Drake was appointed by President Grant to be Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims in Washington, a sinecure post that he occupied un­ eventfully for fourteen years. He was a tough-minded individual, but he possessed leader­ ship qualities that served his time. Happiness meant to Drake "a state of going somewhere wholeheartedly, one-directionally, with­ out regret or reservation."28 It is doubtful that any other man in Missouri could have brought to fruition the changes of 1865-1870. A part of the history of Reconstruction in Missouri, and one that the revisionists stress, relates to the State's general progress after the war, particularly during the Reconstruction administra­ tion of Radical Republican Governor Joseph W. McClurg. From 1869 to 1871 the state government met through sound measures the heavy financial burden left by the war. It was then that im­ portant steps were taken in the progress of education. The Mis­ souri School of Mines was established at Rolla, the College of Agri­ culture at Columbia and state normal schools at Kirksville and Warrensburg.29 Lawless outlaw gangs continued to harass the state. In some of the western counties these robber-killers were shielded and pro-

28 Quoted from William H. Sheldon by H. E. Fosdick, On Being A Real Person (New York, 1943) , 32. 29 Meyer, Heritage of Missouri, 414. 376 Missouri Historical Review tected by a substantial element of citizens still steeped in war­ time emotions. Their power was not broken until 1881 during the administration of Governor Thomas T. Crittenden, a former Union officer. Jesse James was killed by a former member of his own gang for a reward offered by Governor Crittenden. Many other outlaws were hanged, jailed by the law, shot by sheriffs, or lynched by en­ raged mobs. Others went into hiding, and comparative peace reigned on the Missouri border.30 Having survived the terrible ordeal of Civil War and its aftermath, Missourians could now look forward confidently to a shining future. The Constitution of 1865 was in force for only ten years, and some of its disfranchising provisions were amended during that decade. It was intended to be only temporary in its more drastic aspects. Section 25 of Article II stipulated that after January 1, 1871, the General Assembly, by vote of the majority of all mem­ bers of the two houses, should have power to suspend or repeal the clauses prescribing the test oath qualification for voters. The same section also provided that after January 1, 1875, the Assem­ bly might at its own discretion repeal the voter registration and other requirements imposed on voters and office holders.31 These amendments were simpler to effect than by the usual referendum method. Viewed in retrospect the Drake Constitution had served its purpose of carrying the state government through violent and trying times with a fair degree of stability. When the Democrats in 1875, again in full power at Jeffer­ son City, were clamoring for a new Constitution, serious doubts were voiced as to the need. Even Silas Woodson, first post-war Democratic governor, was at first opposed to holding a constitu­ tional convention. When the people were asked to vote on the issue, the proposal carried by a margin of only 283 in a total vote of 222, 315.32 This might well be considered a tribute to the 1865 Constitution. Historian William E. Parrish has concluded that "For the most part the Radicals in the 1865 convention and in the legislatures during these times proved to be farsighted."33

30 H. H. Crittenden. The Crittenden Memoirs (New York, 1936) . 31 Constitution of the State of Missouri, 1865. 32 Isador Loeb, Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions in Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1922) , 207. 33 Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 174. Reconstruction in Missouri 377

A comparison of Missouri with Kentucky, a neighboring border slave state that also refused to secede, justifies this conclusion. Immediately after the end of the war, Kentucky's rebel leaders stepped into the political vacuum and began to assume the power they had relinquished in 1861, with no loyalty qualifications for voters or officeholders.34 The old laws limiting Negro testimony in the courts and blocking a white man's conviction on the word of Negro witnesses remained on Kentucky's statute books until 1872. The Ku Klux Klan, initiated by Nathan Bedford Forrest, flourished in Kentucky and became a curse to the state through its secrecy and intimidation that made justice a mockery in the courts.35 While Missouri had its troubles, the KKK of post-Civil War days did not gain a foothold in the state except in several of the "bootheel" counties. Missouri adjusted much more readily to changes wrought by the war than did Kentucky. In Missouri, as in the nation, the revisionist view of Recon­ struction modifies the harsher critical judgments of the past. It maintains that on the whole the Drake Constitution met the needs of the times. Such controversial actions of the 1865 convention as the test oaths, the ouster of state and local officials in order to start the post-war era with a clean slate, and the registration of voters by a central agency were not purely arbitrary actions by a tyrannical Radical leadership. They were consistent with national policy as defined by Congress. They served the purpose of transi­ tion from war to peace and were intended to be only temporary in their application. The Reconstruction state governments and legislatures freed the slaves, in fact as well as in name, by granting them some of the basic human rights.

34 ibid., 325. 35 N. S. Shaler, Kentucky—A Pioneer Commonwealth (Boston, 1884), 368- 370.

c^V,

Masculine Comments Kirksville, The North Missouri Register, December 8, 1870. The latest style of hats for ladies looks like a sardine box with a brim at­ tached. You cannot impair the beauty of a pretty girl, no matter what you put on her, however. HISTORICAL

NOTES AND

COMMENTS

James W. Goodrich Joins Staff Of State Historical Society

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Director was a graduate assistant in the West­ of the State Historical Society of Mis­ ern Historical Manuscripts Collection, souri and Editor of the MISSOURI HIS­ University of Missouri. In 1966 he TORICAL REVIEW, announces the ap­ worked as archivist, Records Manage­ pointment of James W. Goodrich as ment and Archives Service, Office of an Associate Editor of the REVIEW. A Secretary of State, State of Missouri. native of Burlington, Iowa, Mr. Good­ In 1963 he was married to Miss Linda rich received his B.S. degree from M. Andreoli, Akron, Ohio. The Good- Central Missouri State College, War­ riches have a two-year-old daughter, rensburg, in 1962 and M.A. degree in Ann Marlyse. History from the University of Mis­ souri in 1964. Mr. Goodrich is presently complet­ ing work toward a Ph.D. degree in From 1964 until 1966 Mr. Goodrich History at the University of Missouri.

c^V,

It Depends on the Viewpoint Knob Noster Gem, October 25, 1878. When a man leaves our side and goes to the other side, he is a traitor, and we always feel that there was a subtle something wrong with him. But when a man leaves the other side and comes over to us, then he is a man of great moral courage, and we always feel that he had sterling stuff in him.

378 Historical Notes and Comments 379

Northeast Missouri State Teachers College Observes Centennial Year

Northeast Missouri State Teachers 26, 27 and 28. The drama was writ­ College, Kirksville, is presently ob­ ten and directed by Al Srnka, assist­ serving its centennial year. Known as ant professor of Speech. The tenth in the mother of the teacher education a series of annual lectures established system of Missouri, the college was in honor of the college founder was founded by Joseph Baldwin. On Sep­ presented on February 7, in Ryle tember 2, 1867, in temporary quarters, Hall. President Ryle delivered the the school opened with a faculty of address entitled, "The Genesis of the five persons and an enrollment of Flame to the Second Century." Spe­ 144. First known as the North Mis­ cial events for Spring Commencement souri Normal School and Commercial Week, May 14-19, will include the College, it succeeded the Cumberland cornerstone ceremony for the Science Academy which began in 1860 but Hall Addition and the commencement closed during the Civil War. On De­ address by Governor Warren E. cember 29, 1870, by an act of the Hearnes. General Assembly, Baldwin's private teacher education institution became One of the highlights of the cen­ the First District Normal School, the tennial will be the 100th anniversary first state-supported institution in opening of the college doors, Sep­ Missouri established primarily for the tember 2. An academic convocation purpose of educating teachers. On will occur that day with distinguished May 20, 1919, the General Assembly educators discussing topics on the rechristened the institution the North­ past, present and future of teacher east Missouri State Teachers College. education. Among the distinguished speakers will be Dr. Henry H. Hill, Dr. Walter H. Ryle, now in his 30th George Peabody College for Teachers, year as president of the college, saw Nashville, Tennessee; Dr. John Guy the institution grow to a faculty of Fowlkes, University of Wisconsin, more than 250 and an enrollment of Madison; and Dr. T. M. Stinnett, 5,320 by the fall of 1966. The physical Associate Executive Secretary, Na­ plant has expanded far beyond its tional Education Association, Wash­ founder's dreams. ington, D. C. The ceremonial light­ ing of the "Flame to the Second A series of events are planned Century" will occur during the day. throughout the calendar year to honor the past and point toward the future. Other events include numerous "From These Roots," a drama de­ alumni meetings and special Science, picting the first 100 years of the Col­ Business Education, Social Science, lege, opened on January 20, with per­ Mathematics, Home Economics and formances continuing on January 21, Homecoming Weeks. 380 Missouri Historical Review

iksyHissourC

The Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ To mark the routes, the official mittee of Missouri officially approved symbol adopted by the Lewis and the proposed routes of the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission for use along Clark Trail on both sides of the Mis­ the entire route of the trail from souri River at a meeting, October 2, Wood River, Illinois, to Astoria, Ore­ 1966, at Hermann. The next day the gon, will be used. The symbol is a routes were approved by the Federal silhouette of the figures of Captains Lewis and Clark Trail Commission Lewis and Clark. The trail marker at its meeting in Leavenworth, Kan­ carries the symbol above the words sas. "Lewis and Clark Trail." Historical Notes and Comments 381

Tourists who follow the trail north archaeological and recreational inter­ iof the Missouri River will drive from est along the trail. West Alton through St. Charles, War­ Numerous sites in the twenty-five ren, Montgomery, Callaway, Boone, counties have been recommended by Howard, Chariton, Carroll, Ray and the Missouri Committee for future Clay counties. The trail on the south marking. Recreational areas along the side of the river will lead westward routes of the trail are in process of from St. Louis through St. Louis, development. Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, Cole, Members of the Missouri Commit­ Moniteau, Cooper, Saline, Lafayette tee are Governor Warren E. Hearnes, and Jackson counties. From Kansas Jefferson City; William Clark Adreon, City the trail will extend northward St. Louis, honorary chairman; James through Platte, Buchanan, Andrew; L. Miller, Washington, chairman; Holt and Atchison counties. Robert A. Brown, Sr., St. Joseph, vice Missouri Governor Warren E. chairman; Carl H. Chapman, Colum­ Hearnes asked the county courts in bia, secretary; G. Edward Budde, St. these twenty-five counties bordering Louis; Howard A. Crowden, North Kansas City; Senator John E. Downs, the Missouri River to appoint three- St. Joseph; Robert Dunkeson, Jeffer­ member county advisory committees son City; Kermit Glover, Boonville; to assist in promoting the Lewis and Joseph Jaeger, Jr., Jefferson City; Clark Trail, to inform the public of James A. Kearns, Jr., St. Louis; Ed- all aspects of the expedition, and to wynne P. Murphy, St. Louis; and Carl aid in the selection of sites of historic, Noren, Jefferson City. VIEWS FROIV MISSOUR

Missouri offices at the turn of the century presented a marked contrast to modern offices. Methods of work, as revealed in these photo­ graphs, are reminders of a past era.

This photograph, taken in 1906, shows the old switchboard of the Centralia telephone exchange at lower right, the "up-to-date" switchboard at lower left and the long distance board above.

Office of the Brashear News. F. R. Moore, a native of Brashear, pur­ chased the newspaper in 1906. THE PAST OFFICES

Dr. J. E. Callaway practiced medicine for more than 50 years. A Chillicothe physician, his offices were located in the First National Bank Building. He also served as special examiner for the U. S. Pension Bu­ reau. For recreation he drove a high bred trotter with a record of 2:07.

Dockery and Hilbert's Law, Real Estate, Abstracting, Loan, Insurance and Collecting Office, Kirksville.

Thomas J. Dockery came to Adair County in 1855. After serving in the Union army during the Civil War he taught school and farmed. He served two terms as mayor of Kirksville. For more than 30 years he engaged in the real estate and abstract business. E. L. Hilbert, native of Lewis County, was a lawyer. The office was located at 114 East Harrison Street, Kirksville. 384 Missouri Historical Review

Liberty Bank Holds Open House To Commemorate 100th Anniversary

More than 800 persons attended an events in the county's history. The open house at the National Commer­ paintings, now on display in the bank cial Bank in Liberty, January 22, com­ lobby, were unveiled at the centen­ memorating the 100th anniversary of nial celebration. The Reverend Wal­ the institution. lace Smith, head of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Formerly known as the Commercial Saints, unveiled one painting which Savings Bank, it was organized after a traced the trials of the Mormons and meeting of 35 men and one woman at included incidents in their stay in Temperance Hall in Liberty, Septem­ Jackson and Clay counties. The Rev­ ber 24, 1866. On January 2, 1867, the erend Smith is a grandson of Joseph bank opened its doors for business. Smith, the Mormon prophet. A paint­ Its predecessor, the Clay County Sav­ ing of the Clay County Savings Bank ings Bank, Liberty, was robbed on robbery was unveiled by Tommie February 13, 1866, by a gang of Wymore, Liberty, a relative of George masked men, believed to have been Wymore who was killed by the James the James Boys. The bank failed and Gang at the robbery scene. The "Loot­ never reopened. Dr. Reuben Sam­ ing of the Liberty Arsenal" painting uels, who married the James Broth­ was unveiled by Mrs. Emma Routt ers' widowed mother, opened an ac­ Burnham, granddaughter of Colonel count at the new Commercial Henry L. Routt, who led the Civil Savings Bank. Mrs. Samuels told the War raid on the arsenal. "The Ante cashier, Captain Lewis B. Dougherty, Bellum Party at the Multnomah Man­ that the bank did not need to worry sion," was unveiled by Mrs. Elise about being robbed while the Sam­ Dougherty Cooper, great-great-grand­ uels had an account there. Thus Cap­ daughter of Major John Dougherty, tain Dougherty claimed that the Com­ famed pioneer and Indian Agent, who mercial Bank of Liberty was the first built the mansion. Other paintings in the nation to have "Robbery In­ included scenes of the Alexander Don­ surance!" iphan expedition to the Mexican War, As an institution situated in the 1846-1847, and Jewell Hall at William historically colorful atmosphere of Jewell College during a Civil War Liberty and Clay County, the bank's siege. centennial observance fittingly placed Copies of the attractive booklet, a strong emphasis on local history. The First 100 Years, by William E. The bank, under President Russell H. Eldridge, Clay County historian, were Stocksdale, commissioned noted Kan­ distributed at the open house. Mr. sas City artist George Barnett to make Eldridge acted as Master of Ceremony six paintings depicting significant of the centennial observance. c^l, Be It Ever So Humble! Albany Capital, March 1, 1934. The ambition in life of most people seems to be to own a nice home and an auto to get away from that home. Historical Notes and Comments 385

NEWS IN BRIEF

The Anheuser-Busch Brewery in tional plans for the restoration project St. Louis was designated a national at Lake Jacomo include a grist mill, landmark by the Department of In­ a covered bridge and a two-story terior, Secretary Stewart L. Udall dis­ "salt-box" house. closed, November 9. The designation will apply in particular to the brew­ Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director ery's three-story administration build­ of the State Historical Society of Mis­ ing at 721 Pestalozzi Street, erected souri, spoke on "The Life of Colonel in 1873; a one-story stable, built in John Smith T." at the November 15 1885; and a six-story brewhouse dating meeting of the Medical Dames held from 1891-92. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. in the University of Missouri Medical was organized in 1857 and by 1900 Center auditorium, Columbia. was the largest brewery in the United States. Because of its exceptional value in illustrating United States history, A new addition to Missouri Town— Watkins Mill in Clay County was 1855 at Lake Jacomo, is a two-story designated a national historic land­ frame house which once stood near mark, November 8. The site, six miles Bates City. The house, built by Mat­ northwest of Excelsior Springs, was thew Talbott in 1866, was donated to evaluated and recommended for the Jackson County by Mrs. Beryl Webb honor by the Advisory Board on of Oak Grove. Charles A. Kerr, his­ National Parks, Historic Sites, Build­ torical curator of the Jackson County ings and Monuments. Park Department, said that the house Stewart L. Udall, Secretary of the "will make Missouri Town, 1855, a Interior, notified representative W. R. better example of the different types Hull, Jr., that he had approved the of homes found in the 1800s." Addi­ designation. Udall said "it is the best 386 Missouri Historical Review

preserved example of a mid-nine­ Some 120 persons attended the teenth century woolen mill in the January 19 meeting of Missouri Club United States and is unique because of Leisure World at the El Dorado not only the original buildings and Clubhouse, Seal Beach, California. records have been preserved, but also The Reverend M. Whipple Bishop, the extremely rare textile machinery." club historian, presented a resume A certificate and a bronze plaque will of the club's activities since organiza­ be furnished by the Federal Govern­ tion in 1965. ment to be placed on the building. Officers of the club are Mrs. Lena The mill and surrounding lands are Fogarty, formerly of Memphis, Mis­ part of a state park. souri, president; Oley W. Terry, for­ merly of Independence, vice presi­ From mid-January through Febru­ dent; Mrs. Ethel Amass, formerly of ary the St. Louis Public Library dis­ St. Louis, secretary; and Mae Van played exhibits of pictures, books and Camp, formerly of St. Louis, treasurer. other items tracing the 102-year his­ tory of the public library system of The Association for the Study of St. Louis. Negro Life and History will hold its 52nd annual meeting at the Voyager Westminster College, Fulton, has Inn, Greensboro, North Carolina, on announced that it will establish an October 12-15. The Agricultural and archives in its campus library under Technical College of North Carolina the direction of historian William is the host institution. Those inter­ Parrish and William Stoppel, librar­ ested in proposing papers, or sessions, ian. The archives will contain his­ or other participation should contact tory of the school dating back to its the program chairman, Walter Fisher, founding in 1851. Alumni who have Morgan State College, Coldspring old photographs and printed material Lane and Hillen Road, Baltimore, of early events are asked to send them Maryland 21212. to Dr. Parrish for display in the archives. The college is also seeking The 1967 Conference on "The copies of publications written by French in the Mississippi Valley," was alumni. held February 14-15 at Southern Illi­ nois University, Edwardsville. Papers Western historians and students of presented, of special interest to Mis­ General George A. Custer will be sourians, were "A Plan for the Res­ interested in learning about the newly toration and Preservation of Ste. formed Little Big Horn Associates. Genevieve, Missouri," by Neil H. The group plans to publish a monthly Porterfield, St. Louis architect; and newsletter, beginning in January. Each "The Personality and Influence of issue will present various viewpoints William W. V. Dubourg, Bishop of St. and theoretical solutions to facets of Louis and New Orleans," by William the battle, written by and debated Barnaby Faherty, S.J., professor of by the members. To date, there are History, St. Louis University. no officers and dues and member­ A final evening dinner session at ship fees have not been established. The Colony Motor Hotel, Clayton, Interested persons may write to Rob­ celebrated the 203rd anniversary of ert B. MacLaine, Sr., 2406 North the founding of St. Louis. Delyte W. Puget Sound Avenue, Tacoma, Wash­ Morris, president of Southern Illinois ington 98406. University, presided. A paper on Historical Notes and Comments 387

"Auguste Chouteau, Co-Founder of The first chapter of the National St. Louis," was presented by John Genealogical Society of Washington, Francis McDermott, research professor D. C, Metropolitan St. Louis Chap- of Humanities, Southern Illinois Uni- ter, recently formed and is established versity. Clare Condon, St. Louis folk- in the St. Louis County Library, 1640 singer, presented a study on "Eight- S. Lindbergh Blvd., where members eenth Century French Folksongs of meet the third Thursday of each Canada and the Mississippi Valley." month. Membership is open to any- All sessions of the two-day event were one interested in genealogy, history or open to the public. allied subjects.

c^t,

Medical Remedies, Cures and Beliefs Heritage of Cooking, A Collection of Recipes from East Perry Co., Mo., 1966.

Medical remedies and cures of the Saxon pioneers consisted in part of su­ perstition and, in part, the common sense use of local herbs, roots, weeds, plants and products.

For the Home

Rheumatism: If you have rheumatism, wear a ring made of copper wire around one leg and it will disappear, or— Bury a bottle with a little sugar water in an ant hill deep enough that ants can walk over it and fall in. When the bottle is one-third full of ants, fill it with whiskey and let it stand for a week. Take the mixture three times a day (a proven remedy for rheumatism) .

For the Farm

Lice: To combat lice on chickens, put some cedar twigs in the hen house and nests. Fleas: To rid a dog of fleas, wash it in a solution of tobacco leaves cooked in water. Hollow Tail: If your cow has a hollow tail, cut it open 6 or 8 inches and put in pepper and salt and forget about the cow. Limber Neck: For chickens suffering from "Limber Neck" place the root of poke weed in their drinking water. Eggs: Tie a nail to a human hair and hold it in your right hand over an egg in your left hand. If the nail spins clockwise it is a pullet—if counter­ clockwise, it is a rooster. 388 Missouri Historical Review

Local Historical Societies

Barry County Historical Society Officers elected for the coming year Members discussed plans to locate are Mrs. Jessie Piepmier, president; and mark historical sites in the county Mrs. William Gilbreath, first vice at the January 12 dinner meeting at president; Wilbur Hastin, ex-officio Donnini's Restaurant, Monett. in charge of the Museum; R. S. Trum­ Mrs. Roger Matthews announced bull, treasurer; Ed Robertson, secre­ that supplements to the history, Early tary; and Sam Keirsey, chairman of Barry County, were available. the membership committee.

Bates County Historical Society Boonslick Historical Society Edgar Lee Robertson, secretary of Some 90 persons attended the an­ the Society, spoke on several events nual banquet, October 22, at Hotel in early Bates county history at the Frederick, Boonville. A paper entitled, October 13 and November 10 meet­ "Kit Carson, Citizen Extraordinary," ings in the City Hall, Butler. was presented by Col. B. I. Lawrence The Society Museum was presented of Fayette. a large bell from the Reynard School, Officers for the coming year are one of the oldest schools in the Lane Harlan, Boonville, president; County. Plans are to hang the bell Hobart Morris, Fayette, vice presi­ for occasional use. dent; and Mrs. Frank Kruger, Black- At the December 8 meeting, Wilbur water, secretary and treasurer. Hastin showed travelogue pictures he had taken. Wilbur Zink, Appleton City, spoke on "The Younger Broth­ Butler County Historical Society ers," Missouri's famous outlaws, at The annual meeting was held in the annual meeting, January 29. the Poplar Bluff Loan & Building The Bates County Museum has Association, October 18. George Loug- been open Sunday afternoons from head, president of the Society, pre­ 1:30 to 5:00 during the winter sented several pictures and articles months. on early Butler County pioneers and Historical Notes and Comments 389 events. Ernest Marshall related s®me jorie H. Henry, secretary; and Hazel interesting facts about the early his­ Braun, treasurer. tory of the county and Fred Morrow presented to the Society the working Civil War Round Table of drawings of the Senior High School Kansas City building. Edwin C. Bearss, eminent military The following officers were elected historian and author, spoke on "The for the coming year: George R. Loug- Petersburg Campaign," at the No­ head, president; Mrs. Norman Gam- vember 22 meeting at Hotel Bellerive, blin, vice president; Mrs. Clyde Wil­ Kansas City. Mr. Bearss is presently son, secretary; and Robert A. Seifert, with the Division of History of the treasurer. Washington Planning & Service Cen­ ter, Arlington, Virginia. The Round Table began its 10th Camden County Historical Society year with the January 24 meeting. At the November 13 meeting at Shelby Foote, Memphis, Tennessee, Linn Creek School, Mrs. Ethel Hous­ addressed the group on "General ton spoke on the "History of the Grant Comes to Washington." Town of Montreal, Missouri." Mrs. Ilene Sims Yarnell, Versailles, Civil War Round Table of member of the Morgan County His­ The Ozarks torical Society, spoke at the January 8 A special Christmas party for the meeting at Linn Creek School. Mrs. ladies of Round Table members was Yarnell discussed various aspects of held December 14, at Arrowhead Res­ Morgan County history and the activ­ taurant, Springfield. Mrs. Frances ities of the Morgan County Historical Baggett Vandivort, an active worker Society. in the volunteer services of the Amer­ ican Red Cross in Springfield, ad­ dressed the group on "Clara Barton: Carroll County Historical Society Angel of Mercy." At the December 29 meeting in the Officers for 1967 are J. H. Karch- Carrollton City Hall, the following officers were elected: Judge Joe H. mer, president; Leo Huff, first vice Miller, president; Ruth Haskins, first president; Dr. C. Benton Manley, sec­ vice president; Katie M. Adkins, sec­ ond vice president; Dr. Warren A. ond vice president; Anna J. Crouch, Jennings, secretary; Parker F. Moon, secretary; and Mrs. Elizabeth Stroud, treasurer; Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, his­ treasurer, all of Carrollton. torian; and Dr. H. Lee Hoover, editor of the Buck & Ball. Lt. Col. Leo E. Huff, instructor of Chariton County Historical Society History at Southwest Missouri State A program, consisting of a panel College, Springfield, addressed the discussion on the value of a museum group on "Spies In The Civil War," to a community, was presented at the at the January 11 meeting at Ramada January 15 quarterly meeting. Speak­ Inn, Springfield. ers were Mrs. R. D. Clifford, Mrs. The February 8 meeting featured a Virgil Blackwell, Mrs. J. M. Fidler panel discussion, "Foreign Relations and Salisbury Mayor Marvin Wright. During the Civil War." Members of Officers elected for the coming year the panel were Dan Howard, Fred are Jordan R. Bentley, president; DeArmond, James E. Ruffin and Dr. Baird Fellows, vice president; Ma- B. B. Lightfoot, moderator. 390 Missouri Historical Review

Civil War Round Table of St. Louis tion as a certified genealogist. The an­ At the November 30 dinner meet­ nouncement was made by Richard E. ing at Le Chateau, St. Louis, mem­ Spurr, Executive Secretary of the bers, seated at tables marked with the Board for Certification of Genealo­ Union flag and the Confederate Stars gists, Washington, D. C. Certified and Bars, discussed the question of genealogists are competent to do pro­ "Secession: Right or Wrong?" Bob fessional genealogical research and Huffstot led the group favoring writing. The designation awarded "Union Forever," and Don Schomburg Director Suelflow is distinctive since directed the attack for "Southern there are few in the country. Suel­ Rights." Round Table President Walt flow is the only certified genealogist Thompson acted as moderator. in Missouri and the only clergyman in Joseph B. Mitchell, curator of the the country so designated. Fort Ward Museum, Alexandria, Vir­ Recent acquisitions of the Institute ginia, addressed members at the Janu­ include a collection of some 15 trans­ ary 25 meeting, on "Robert E. Lee." fer cases from the International Wal­ Mr. Mitchell is the author of Decisive ther League, youth arm of the Mis­ Battles of the Civil War and Twenty souri Synod; the Webber Collection Decisive Battles of the World. on church architecture; and material from the files of the Synodical Con­ ference Missions. Clark County Historical Society Following the November 22 busi­ ness meeting in the auditorium of Daughters of Old Westport Sever Memorial Library, Kahoka, Ed­ Twenty-five persons attended the ward Kinkeade and Ernest French Christmas dinner meeting, December reported on recent trips through the 14, at the Winston Churchill Apart­ west and Alaska. Ben Plunk, member ments, Kansas City. Organized in of the Lewis County Historical Society, 1912, the Daughters is composed of showed colored slides of historical women who have lived in Westport places in Lewis and Clark counties. for 30 years or who are daughters or granddaughters of pioneer founders. Clay County Museum Association Gordon Byler presented a program on clocks at the January 26 meeting Dent County Historical Society in the National Commercial Bank Mrs. B. Oscar Brown spoke on the Building, Liberty. Several clocks were early history of Dent County at the displayed to illustrate the talk. December 12 dinner meeting of the Society at the First Christian Church, A number of interested persons at­ Salem. tended an organizational meeting for a Ladies Auxiliary to the Association, February 16, at the Museum Building, Liberty. Florissant Valley Historical Society George Lambier, Ferguson, pre­ sented the program at the January 19 Concordia Historical Institute meeting in the museum room at The Reverend August R. Suelflow, Taille de Noyer, Florissant. He dis­ director of Concordia Historical In­ played his large collection of minia­ stitute, St. Louis, in November, was ture elephants obtained from many informed of his successful examina­ parts of the world. Historical Notes and Comments 391

Friends of Florida was presented by Mabell Cranmer. The Friends will open their home­ Laverne England showed photographs craft shop in Florida, May 7. of early Chillicothe. Books from the library and two high school year­ Friends of Old St. Ferdinand books were also displayed. The Friends held their annual meeting, January 29, at Old St. Ferdi­ Greene County Historical Society nand's Shrine, Florissant. Highlight of Dr. Kenneth D. Oliver, Jr., assistant the meeting was a tour of the build­ to the President at Southwest Mis­ ings, conducted by Gerhardt Kramer, souri State College, Springfield, pre­ architect for the project, who showed sented a program entitled, "A Master detailed drawings of the original con­ Plan for SMS," at the January 26 struction and pointed out various meeting in the Springfield Art Mu­ architectural findings of the buildings. seum. Dr. Oliver presented a review A campaign to raise $100,000, for of the growth and development of repair of the extensive damage caused the college over the past decades since by fire at the Shrine last spring, has World War II and the present situa­ reached the half-way mark. tion, and plans for the future. The following officers were re­ elected: Mrs. Leslie Davison, presi­ Harrison County Historical Society dent; Mrs. Clarkson Carpenter, Jr., The January 4 meeting at the First first vice president; Futz Thatcher, National Bank, Bethany, featured an second vice president; Esther Mill- exhibit of early Harrison County man, secretary; and Rose Mary Vier- newspapers. The newspaper file of the dag, treasurer. Civil War era was the property of Robert Templeman. Mrs. Robert Gentry County Historical Society Templeman displayed photographs Some 50 persons attended the Jan­ and magazines published during the uary 8 meeting at the Gentryville Civil War. Community Center. A discussion of Owl Creek Cemetery and Republican Phoebe Apperson Hearst School was presented by Mrs. Cath­ Memorial Association erine Johnson and Robert Birbeck. The annual memorial and business Loy Hammond gave a report on the meeting was held, December 3, at the post office at Eddieville, and H. H. Lewis Cafe, St. Clair. Ralph Gregory Manring presented "Views of the played a recording made by Harriet Past." Bradford, Ipswich, Massachusetts, tell­ ing of her memories of Mrs. Hearst. Grand River Historical Society Mrs. Ralph Gregory read an essay Officers elected at the January 12 on religion in the early Whitmire meeting in the Livingston County settlement and some extracts from the Memorial Library, Chillicothe, were journal of Jacob Lanius, Methodist Mrs. Frank Racine, president; Earle circuit rider. Colored slides of his­ Teegarden, Sr., vice president; Harry torical sites along the proposed Lewis Cole, second vice president; and Leo and Clark Trail in Missouri were Hopper, secretary-treasurer. shown by James Miller, publisher of Ida Seidel read a poem, "Our Heri­ the Washington Missourian and chair­ tage," by Jesse Stuart. A paper on man of the Lewis and Clark Trail the "History of Hazelton Library," Commission of Missouri. 392 Missouri Historical Review

Heritage Foundation of Florissant Historic Hermann and will be open The one-room school, called old for tours. The German School Build­ Cold Water, in the Hazelwood School ing is owned and maintained by the District, was recently leased to the group. The Rotunda is preserved in Foundation for a five-year period. The the City Park for summer entertain­ organization plans to restore the ment and family gatherings. building. Heritage Foundation Board Plans are being made for the an­ members who serve on the Cold Water nual Maifest at Hermann, May 20-21. School committee are Mrs. Leslie S. Davison and Mrs. Vernon DeWitt. Jackson County Historical Society An article, featuring the school, Members and friends of the Society appeared in the St. Louis Globe-Demo­ were invited to attend an open house crat, November 18. at the Old Jail Museum, Independ­ ence, on December 11. Refreshments Hickory County Historical Society were served at the Marshal's House Several items of historical interest which was decorated for an old-fash­ were displayed at the December 6 ioned Christmas. A portion of the meeting in the county clerk's office, famous antique toy collection of Hermitage. President Mrs. Nannie Jerry Smith, Kansas City car dealer, Jinkens presented a list of names was arranged for display by Mrs. taken from an account book of the Kenneth L. Graham, museum co­ old Wheatland Roller Mill. Ella Ben­ ordinator. nett, Mrs. Atsey Jennings and Mrs. Membership in the Society now Eathel Moore gave accounts of many stands at 1,568. of the names included in the list. A report on the moving of cemeteries Jewish Historical Association of in the Kaysinger Dam area was given St. Louis by Dillon Tipton. Rabbi Joseph R. Rosenbloom of Some memories of the Gerber Ceme­ Temple Emanuel spoke on "The tery and the old Diamond Grove Interdependence of American and School were recalled in a letter from Jewish History," at a meeting of the Helen Roman of Washington, D. C. Association, November 29, in the Yalem Building of the Jewish Com­ Historic Hermann munity Centers Association, University The quarterly meeting, January 30, City. After his talk, Rabbi Rosen- at the German School Building, fea­ bloom presented the minutes of the tured an illustrated program on "Mak­ St. Louis Rabbinical Association to ing History Live." Colored slides the historical association. They will showed examples of ways history is be added to the archives collection at made to live in historic American the Carlyn Wohl Building, Creve landmarks. Coeur. Photographs covering the pe­ The program was concluded with a riod from 1879 to 1966 and the Char­ discussion of the three properties for ter of the Beth Hamedrosh Hagedol which the group is responsible—Old congregation were on display at the Stone Hill, German School and the meeting. Rotunda. Old Stone Hill, a complex of structures, was the home of a Johnson County Historical Society famous wine company. It is being An account of the organization of restored through financial help of the Society was given by the president, Historical Notes and Comments 393

Mrs. A. Lee Smiser, at the November Pearl White movie serial. The pro­ 20 meeting in the First Christian gram was arranged by John W. Rip­ Church, Warrensburg. C. E. Schwen- ley, Topeka, Kansas. sen, treasurer, gave a report on the "Chief Sha Ha Ka: Lewis and restoration of the Old Courthouse. Clark's Mandan Indian Friend," was The group toured the Old Courthouse the subject of the January 10 pro­ after the meeting. gram given by Fred Lee. The Society has a total member­ Officers for 1967 are Dr. John G. L. ship of 633. Dowgray, president; Joseph Klassen, vice president; Delbert A. Bishop, second vice president; Robert L. Luck, Joplin Historical Society treasurer; Don R. Ornduff, publica­ Dr. Thomas R. Beveridge, profes­ tions chairman; and Fred L. Lee, sec­ sor of Geology and Geological Engi­ retary. Herb Roes has charge of the neering at the University of Missouri hotel menu and Richard Byrne han­ at Rolla, spoke on "A Living Mineral dles the social hour before each meet­ Museum," at the October 26 meeting ing. at the Connor Hotel, Joplin. De­ scendants of Joplin's mayors, from 1873 to the present, were introduced Kingdom of Callaway From March 3 through October 16 Historical Society 1966, 9,771 persons from all states Some 45 persons attended the and many foreign countries had vis November 21 meeting at the R. E. A. ited the Mineral Museum in Schiffer Building in Fulton. Dr. Griffith A. decker Park, Joplin. Hamlin showed slides of his trip to A four-reel color motion picture. the Holy Land. "You Are the Stars—Joplin Reelife,' made by Fox Midwest Photographers Kirkwood Historical Society in 1942, was given to the Society by The program for the December 13 Harley Fryer, former manager of meeting in the Kirkwood City Hall Fox, Paramount and Electric Thea­ featured a discussion entitled "The tres. The film was shown at the Feb­ Commingling Roles of Area-Wide and ruary 14 meeting in the Connor Hotel, Suburban Historical Societies," by Joplin. Past presidents of the Joplin George R. Brooks, director of the Chamber of Commerce were special Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. guests at the meeting. Membership in the Society in mid- February totaled 430. Lafayette County Historical Society Over 35 persons participated in a "Show and Tell" program at the Kansas City Westerners January 8 meeting in the Lexington John Edward Hicks spoke on some Library Building. Members brought of the little known history of "The relics and antiques. Each person was Chisholm Trail" at the November 8 given a brief time to display his item meeting at Hotel Bellerive, Kansas and give its history. Objects recalling City. periods of the county's early history, The Christmas dinner party for ranged in age from over 2000 years to members and their wives, December less than 50. The display included 13, featured an old time movie, "The snuff boxes, old dolls, wills, paintings Deadly Kiss," an episode of an old and guns. 394 Missouri Historical Review

Lawrence County Historical Society of Marion County, at the January 11 At a business meeting in the Law­ dinner meeting at the Mark Twain rence County Library, Mount Vernon, Hotel, Hannibal. Numerous reports January 15, the following officers were given and musical entertainment were elected: Ross Cameron, Mount was provided by Nancy Delaporte and Vernon, president; Dan Stearns, Mrs. Dorothy Seibel. Mount Vernon, first vice president; Ed Muhleman, Marionville, second McDonald County Historical Society vice president; Mrs. Charles R. Stark, Mrs. Hiram Carnell, Jane, presented Aurora, corresponding secretary; and a program entitled, "All Post Offices Fred G. Mieswinkel, Mount Vernon, of McDonald County—Their Estab­ secretary and treasurer. lishment and Demise," at the Feb­ ruary 5 meeting at the Goodman Lewis County Historical Society gymnasium. President Mrs. Bill Doro­ A program on churches of the thy presided over a short business county was presented by Paul Sellers meeting. and Harvey Waterman at the Janu­ ary 19 meeting in the American Mercer County Historical Society Legion Hall, Canton. Russell Burk The Society recently completed reported on his study of various trees The Tabulation of Mercer County and shrubs in the county. Cemeteries, Volume I, containing complete records of 50 of the county's Maries County Historical Society 90 cemeteries. Bound copies will be Members attending the January 19 placed at the Kansas City Public meeting in the Methodist Parish Hall, Library, Daughters of the American Vienna, viewed a movie entitled, Revolution Library in Washington, "Missouri—A Living Portrait." The D. C, Mercer County Library in film featured the recreational spots Princeton and the State Historical in Missouri, parks, historical shrines, Society of Missouri Library in Colum­ art museums and centers of culture bia. Work has already started on and education. Volume II.

Marion County Historical Society Missouri Historical Society Forty-nine members and guests at­ The whistle from the river steam­ tended the October 12 dinner meet­ boat, Sprague, known to rivermen as ing at the Mark Twain Hotel, Han­ "Big Mamma" in its heyday, was pre­ nibal. Charles Anton presented a film sented to the St. Louis society in No­ entitled, "Inside the Rim of Adven­ vember. Chapin S. Newhard, St. Louis ture." Mrs. Pat Conrad, dressed as riverboat enthusiast, presented the Molly Brown, was escorted by Wil­ whistle to George R. Brooks, Society liam Partee. director. The whistle, one of the The following officers were elected: largest and most famous ever built, James Morgan, president; James will be displayed in the Society's Mitchell, first vice president; Mrs. River Room. Charles Anton, second vice president; A special exhibit, "Christmas at Mrs. C. G. Teed, secretary; and Mrs. Grandmother's," was presented during L. F. Ling, treasurer. December at the Society quarters in Mrs. Leo Bross presented a program St. Louis. The tableau, consisting of on the history of Palmyra, county seat a family of five arriving for the Historical Notes and Comments 395 holidays at a fashionable 1895 home, established by Samuel and Elizabeth remained on display until January 15. Martin, who came to Versailles in A selection of rare toys and illustrated 1853. Plans call for the restoration of children's books from the Society's the old part of the hotel for a county collection was included in the ex­ museum. Rooms on the first and sec­ hibit, along with a tree trimmed with ond floors will be redecorated in early rare German and English ornaments American decor and furnished with and lighted by tapers. antique furniture of varied periods. Plans are to furnish one room in Missouri "Show Me" Club memory of the late Miss Lucy Mar­ At the November 20 meeting in tin, an antique master bedroom, a the First Methodist Church, Los medical room and pharmacy, a library, Angeles, Mrs. Hattie A. Flatt pre­ special rooms for guns and war rel­ sented color slides showing interest­ ics and antique art, and an old-fash­ ing places visited by the Club on ioned parlor. Tentative plans also recent bus trips. call for restoration of the old hotel dining room and kitchen for occa­ sional use and of the courtyard on Moniteau County Historical Society the grounds back of the building. The new Society was organized, Anyone in the area with antique items November 27, at the American Legion for donation or display in the museum Hall in California. The purpose of is requested to contact the Society's the Society is to discover and collect furnishings committee. any material which will help to es­ Some 46 members and visitors at­ tablish or illustrate the history of tended the January 23 meeting in the the area. Mrs. Gene Bartram, Ver­ Bank of Versailles. Gene Bartram of sailles, president of the Morgan Coun­ the Kidwell Funeral Home, gave a talk ty Historical Society, told the group on the history of caring for the dead. how her Society was organized. Antique mourning cards and death Officers elected were Lawrence announcements were displayed. Cook, president; Mrs. Robert Jung- A recent gift for the new Society meyer, secretary; and Perry Wilson, museum was an antique grand piano treasurer. from Mr. and Mrs. Robert Kidwell. Seventy-five names were enrolled Over 200 persons are now members as charter members. of the Society. Mrs. George Rozier, Jefferson City, spoke at the first regular meeting, Pike County Historical Society January 16. An active member of the At the October 21 meeting in the Cole County Historical Society, Mrs. Curryville Community Hall, Mr. W. Rozier told about the organization of Winston, Pittsfield, Illinois, gave an her group, their activities and mu­ illustrated talk on the funeral of seum. Winston Churchill. Mr. Winston is related to the famous British states­ Morgan County Historical Society man. A short memorial service was On January 8, the Society became held for Mrs. Robert L. Motley, first the owner of the north half of the president of the Society. old Martin Hotel on North Monroe The Society held the January 19 Street, Versailles. The property was meeting at the Wil-lo Cafe, Bowling conveyed to the Society by Mr. and Green. As part of the program on the Mrs. Foster Y. Brown. The hotel was early history of surrounding counties, 396 Missouri Historical Review

Harold Barrick spoke on the history centuries were displayed in the Society of his home county, Ralls. The fol­ Museum from mid-December through lowing officers were re-elected: Miss January 30. The toys were part of a Cecile Thompson, Frankford, presi­ collection owned by Mr. and Mrs. dent; Mrs. Willard Middleton, Bowl­ Howard Roberts of St. Charles. In the ing Green, first vice president; Mrs. exhibit were mechanical and still Champ Grimes, Eolia, second vice banks, china, bisque and parian dolls, president; Mrs. Charles Buffum, Lou­ cast-iron trains and trucks. Also on isiana, third vice president; Rose display were some salesmen's samples Crank, Annada, secretary; Robert of a steam engine, ice cream freezer Henry, Bowling Green, treasurer; and and American ironstone dishes. Royslyn Smith, Louisiana, historian. Some 160 members and guests at­ tended the regular quarterly meet­ Pony Express Historical Association ing, January 26, at St. Peter's Church Patee House, St. Joseph, officially Hall, St. Charles, Mrs. Leslie S. Davi­ closed for the winter season on Octo­ son, Florissant, spoke on "Florissant's ber 23, but large crowds attended Program of Historic Preservation and special openings on Thanksgiving and Its Interesting Lessons for St. Charles." December 25 & 26. Special displays at the Christmas Open House included a preview show­ St. Joseph Historical Society ing of the John Karle collection of A monthly series of history talks antique cast iron miniature wagons, for young people, sponsored by the fire engines and trains; photographs Society, began January 15 at the Pony and items of the early-day fire de­ Express Museum, St. Joseph. Second partment; and antique horse-drawn vice president, Ray Waldo, narrated sleighs. the program on Indians who were the earliest residents of Northwest Mis­ The Board of Directors met, Octo­ souri. He was assisted by Michael ber 27, at the Y. W. C. A. in St. Fisher, president of the St. Joseph Joseph, for a review of the activities Archaeological Society; Fred Hyde; and the financial reports of the Asso­ and Nancy Sandehn, chairman of the ciation. series. The one-hour program was Winter projects of the Association designed to enrich local history included a Christmas Bazaar and Bak­ taught in the public schools. Some ery Sale held on the Mall at East 225 students attended the meeting. Hills, December 10. Officers for 1967 are D. V. Frame, Since the death of Bartlett Boder, president; Larry Foutch, first vice Glenn M. Setzer is serving as acting president; Mrs. Edward Clayton, sec­ president. ond vice president; John Karle, treasurer; Mrs. Earl Stuber, recording St. Louis Westerners secretary; Mrs. Harriet Foutch, corre­ A talk on "Oil Development in the sponding secretary; Mrs. E. Taylor Southwest," was presented by J. L. Campbell, historian; Dwaine Chesnut, Keel, manager of the Oil and Gas sergeant at arms; and Mrs. Eleanor Department, Petrolite Corporation, at Starnes, parliamentarian. the January 20 meeting at Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis. St. Charles County Stephen R. Stimson, engineer for Historical Society Shell Oil Company, spoke on "Madi­ Toys from the 19th and early 20th son County, Illinois and the Early Historical Notes and Comments 397

Midwestern Frontier," at the Febru­ Pittsburg, spoke on the operation and ary 17 meeting. significance of small museums at the The Westerners recently began pub­ January 8, annual meeting in the lication of a new series of Westward. Farm & Home Savings Association, George R. Brooks is the editor. Nevada. Professor Blunk was active in the establishment of the Safari Mu­ Shelby County Historical Society seum at Chanute, Kansas. Some 45 persons attended the Janu­ New officers for the Society are ary 31 meeting at the courthouse in Chester D. Rowton, president; Mrs. Shelbyville. Emmett Goe reported on Elsie Gilbert, vice president; Mrs. Roy the marking of historic sites in the Hill, recording secretary; Patrick T. county at Oak Dale and the site of Brophy, corresponding secretary; and the first county settler's home on Salt Mrs. Norma Ireland, treasurer. John River. Cemetery survey cards have Pickett was appointed manager of been recorded and filed to date. The the Bushwhacker Museum for 1967 new project for the coming year is a and George P. Transue was appoint­ survey of rural schools in the county. ed chairman of the committee on Articles on "Early School Buildings restoration of the Museum property. in Missouri," "Early Education in Mis­ souri," and "Reorganization of Shelby The Society reported that 2,500 vis­ County Schools," were presented by itors registered at the Museum dur­ Roy Neff, Miss Gladys Powers, and ing 1966. Mrs. Paul Erwin.

Smithville Historical Society Westport Historical Society Organized in July, 1966, the Society The newly appointed director of has over 200 charter members. the Kansas City Museum of History The old Patterson brick home in and Science, Robert I. Johnson, gave Smithville was donated to the Society an illustrated talk at the November by members of the Patterson family. 17 meeting in the Westport United Work on the home is progressing and Presbyterian Church. He related the plans are being made for the grand plans and objectives of the Museum opening of the building to be known in correlation with the Society's pro­ as the "Smithville Patterson Memorial gram. Museum." The property has been Officers for 1967 are Conrad Eckert, deeded to the city of Smithville but president; Bert Hall, Jr., first vice the museum will be maintained and president; Arthur Lowell, second vice managed by the Society. president; Samuel Pollock, third vice Officers are Mrs. Harold Harris, president; William Wilder, treasurer; president; Mrs. Howard Taylor, vice Virginia R. Gramms, recording secre­ president; F. K. Justus, treasurer; and tary; Margaret Huhn, corresponding Mrs. Bruce Coons, secretary, all of secretary; Peggy Smith, historian; H. Smithville. Jay Gunnels, Jr., counselor; and Mrs. Vernon County Historical Society O. H. Christopher and Howard N. Professor Robert Blunk of the art Monnett, editors of the Westport His­ department of Kansas State College, torical Society Quarterly. 398 Missouri Historical Review

HONORS AND TRIBUTES

Henry A. Bundschu, Independence, award for Civic Service; Dr. Mary a trustee of the State Historical Society Elizabeth Morris, chosen for her civic of Missouri, was one of four persons concern; Mrs. Neal S. Wood, who was who received the medal of honor, recognized for her work in community December 11, at Avila College, Kansas enrichment; Miss Evelyn H. Roberts, City. Mr. Bundschu was cited for chosen for her work in human rela­ efforts in furthering higher education. tions; Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly, recipi­ A lawyer, he was the first president ent of the good citizen award; Mrs. of the Lawyers Association of Kansas Richard T. Stith, Jr., honored for her City, and is past president of the social responsibility; Mrs. Donald G. Missouri Bar Foundation. Quicksilver, who was chosen for the honor of creative philanthropy; and The St. Louis Globe-Democrat held Mrs. Waldo C. Trampe, recipient of its traditional luncheon honoring the the honor for youth dedication. 1966 Women of Achievement, January 23, at the Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis. The ten distinguished citi­ Early in February, the University zens were chosen because of the great of Missouri honored the memory of amount of time and energy they had the late Dr. Thomas A. Brady, dean given for the betterment of the com­ of extra-divisional administration, con­ munity. They joined the 110 other fidante and advisor of students, faculty outstanding women who had been and staff over many years, by renam­ similarly recognized since these an­ ing the Student Commons, Columbia, nual awards were instituted 12 years the Thomas A. Brady Commons. Dean ago. The luncheon was attended by Brady died June 10, 1964, after 38 friends and associates who paid tribute years with the University as a history to Miss Lucille Sutherland, honored teacher and administrator. The Uni­ for her work in education; Mrs. versity Board of Curators adopted a Anthony E. Bott, who received the resolution bestowing the honor and lifetime honor for the advancement of approved a recommendation that a womanhood around the world; Mrs. plaque listing Brady's accomplish­ Howard T. Bland, recipient of the ments be placed in the Commons. Historical Notes and Comments 399

GIFTS

Private and official papers of the late Henry S. Caulfield, Governor of Missouri from 1929 to 1933, were presented in November to the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection at the University of Missouri at Columbia. The papers were presented to the University Chancellor John W. Schwada by two of Governor Caulfield's daughters, Mrs. Justin Cordonnier and Mrs. Clarence Barksdale, both of St. Louis. Schwada in turn presented the papers to Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Collection and director and secre­ tary of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The Western Historical Manu­ scripts Collection now contains nearly seven million items, including the papers of 32 Missouri governors, eight U.S. senators, a number of congressmen, agri­ cultural leaders and other prominent Missourians.

A recent gift to the Society was a photograph of Joseph Washington McClurg, Missouri's 19th Governor who served from January 31, 1869, to Janu­ ary 31, 1871. The presentation was made by Miss Jean McClurg, Carthage, granddaughter of the late governor, through the Honorable Robert E. Young, Carthage, Representative from the First District of Jasper County and director of the Carthage Chamber of Commerce.

THOMAS L. BOEHMER, Texarkana, Texas, donor: The Triple Link (Springfield, Mo., May 15, 1896) , Souvenir Edition, Grand Lodge of Missouri, 1896.

ARTHUR B. CALDWELL, Chevy Chase, Maryland, donor: Genealogy of Kinkead Caldwell, early settler of Franklin County.

MRS. GENEVIEVE G. DICKINSON, Santa Monica, California, donor: Charles Gildehaus, St. Louis (1856-1909) , Scrapbooks and World's Fair Book (1904).

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, Kirkwood, donor: Centennial History of the First Baptist Church of Kirkwood, Missouri.

RUTH CODER FITZGERALD, Columbia, donor: Copies of trial notes for Clelland D. Miller, Clay County, member of Jesse James Gang (1872) . 400 Missouri Historical Review

NORMAN J. GEARY, Macon, and NORMAN RAE HILL, Columbia, donors: W. A. Russell & Company Books from general store at Neely's Landing, Mis­ souri, 1895-1929. B. JAMES GEORGE, Kansas City, donor: Original Minutes: Little Blue Church, 1832-1937; Oak Grove Church, 1853- 1937; Big Sni-a-Bar Church, 1871-1866; Big Blue Church, 1870-1897; and Gilead (Cool Springs) Church, 1870-1901. Excerpts from Original Minute Books of several Baptist Churches, princi­ pally of Jackson County, 1832-1942.

H. ROGER GRANT, Albia, Iowa, donor: Photographs: Iowa & St. Louis Railroad in Northern Missouri, early 1900s.

MRS. CHARLES L. GRIMM, Orange, California, donor: Grimm-Beall Genealogy, Taney County, Missouri.

MR. AND MRS. HENRY HAMILTON, Marshall, donors: Sales invoice and photograph of 1930 automobile.

MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia, donor: "Ralls County, Mo., Births and Stillbirths, 1883-1886," compiled and indexed by Mrs. Oliver Howard. Ralls County, Missouri Farm Directory, 1937-1938.

JANE HOWE, Norman, Oklahoma, donor: Photographs: Early Salem Grade School pupils (1896-1897) and the Thomas Martin Family of Salem.

NANNIE JINKENS, Hermitage, donor: Miscellaneous Missouri cemetery records.

VICTOR W. LOMAX, Huntington, West Virginia, donor: Typescript: "Oh Yes, Some Called Him 'Black Jack' [John J. Pershing]," by Victor W. Lomax.

ROSE GREEN MANESS, Camdenton, donor: Numerous Camden County cemetery records.

W. L. MORSEY, JR., Warrenton, donor: Civil War Company Roll of Captain Joseph A. Humphrey's Co. G., 49th Regiment of Infantry, Missouri Volunteers (1865) .

REVEREND FREDERIC NIEDNER, St. Charles, donor: Photographs: Wedding of former St. Louis district representative in Con­ gress, Richard Bartholdt and Eugenia Niedner.

MRS. VICTOR H. OSBORN, Secretary, First Presbyterian Church, Brookfield, donor: Centennial Book, First Presbyterian Church, Brookfield.

W. E. PULLEN, Flint Hill, Virginia, donor: Booklet: Background of a Bandit, The Virginia Ancestry of Jesse Woodson James, by W. E. Pullen. Historical Notes and Comments 401

PAUL M. ROBINETT, Mountain Grove, donor: Letters of Oliver Eugene Robinett, Marine Corps, Third Division, World War II, dated 1936-1948.

GARY ROBINSON, St. Louis, donor: Photographs: Jefferson City, State Capitol fire in 1911. V. B. SAVILLE, Jefferson City, donor: Joseph Saville, New York, Iowa, and Denver, Worth County, Missouri, Family Books, 1853-1886.

PAUL V. SELLERS, Lewistown, donor: Booklet: 100th Anniversary Homecoming, First Baptist Church, Lewistown, Mo.

MR. AND MRS. HERBERT STOUFFER, Napton, donors; through MRS. HENRY HAMIL­ TON, Marshall: Mexican War Letters: N. H. Clark, Vera Cruz, to John D. McKown, St. Louis, dated January 19 & May 11, 1848. JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: Notebook: "Mining History in the Lead Belt—St. Francois County, Missouri." JAMES L. TAYLOR, JR., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, donor: Excerpts from the diary of Martha Tabb Watkins Dyer, early settler of Callaway County, 1823-1839.

MRS. DONALD T. WRIGHT, St. Louis, donor: Book: Captain Donald T. Wright, In Memoriam, by Pearl Burks Wright, containing "River Boat Trip Out of Montana and the Two Dakotas," by Captain Wright.

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: "Ha Ha Tonka [Castle, Camden County] has bold history," by Mrs. Nelle Moulder, reprinted from the Sho-Me Live Wire.

c^Si*

He Didn't Do It! Jefferson City Daily Tribune, February 22, 1875 Little boys these days do not pattern after the illustrious father of our country, who never told a lie. A little cuss about the dimensions of a good sized carrot, swore on Saturday afternoon that he'd beat "that other boy" coasting down Howard street hill or he would "eat his sled." Three times he slided, but nary a beat. Did he keep his word and devour that sled? Not much. He simply trudged up the hill for another ride, remarking that he "skun him darned close."—Clarksville Sentinel. 402 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Bloomfield Vindicator December 29, 1966—The dedication of the new First Baptist Church in Bloomfield recalled the history of that organization.

California Democrat January 12, 1967—"Established in 1880, Fortuna Was Once a Boom Town," by Mrs. Billie Tom Lawson.

Camdenton Reveille November 25, i5>66-"Montreal—The Town That Will Not Die."

Columbia Missourian December 4, 18, 25, 1966, January 1, 8, 15, 22, & 29, 1967—A short illustrated column, "Do You Remember?" featured respectively the following Columbia landmarks and events: sale of World War I Liberty Bonds, Hetzler Meat Market and Ice Company, Columbia Club, N. T. Gentry House, Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity Building, James Apartments, Boone County Fair and Ben Bolt Hotel. January 8—"The Great Fire in Academic Hall [January 9, 1892, Uni­ versity of Missouri, Columbia]," an illustrated article by Richard Montague.

El Paso [Texas] Times November 13, 1966—"Gen. [John J.] Pershing served at N[ew] M[exico] Posts, Ft. Bliss," by Dorothea Magdalene Fox.

Jackson Journal November 2, 196$—"Need More School and the Propst-Bodenstein Settle­ ment," Part II, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. Historical Notes and Comments 403

November 2, 16, 23, January 4 «£r 11—A series of old photographs featured respectively the following: Need More, Liberty, Reimann, Old Salem and Hor- rell Schools, Apple Creek dam and mill and Clippard School. November 9—"The House on Hager Hill," the story of Judge William H. Hager and his wife. This article and all those below from the Jackson Journal were written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. November 16—"The Jackson Journal is Two Years Old." November 23 & 30—Historical features on Thanksgiving. December 7, 14 & 28—Three historical Christmas articles. January 4, 1967—The Battle of New Orleans was recalled in an article en­ titled "The Namesake—Jackson, Missouri." January 11, 18 & 25—A series on the history of Millersville.

Jefferson City Daily Capital News November 19, 1966—"Masons [Jefferson City Masonic Lodge, A.F. & A.M.] Observe 125th Anniversary." January 20, 1967—"Jefferson City Flistory Told at Council of Clubs Luncheon."

Jefferson City Sunday News & Tribune November 13, 1966—"Transportation Fleet Illustrates First 35 Years of [Missouri Highway] Patrol Story" an illustrated article.

Kansas City Star November 4, 1966—A brief history of the First Presbyterian Church of Holden. December

Kansas City Times November 1, 5, 12, 19, 26, December 3, 1966, January 7, 14, 21 & 28, 1967- "Missouri Heritage," a column by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Captain and Mrs. Joseph Kinney, Lewis Fields Linn, Dr. William Jewell, Peter Burnett, Hamilton Gamble, Governor Lilburn Boggs, Battle of New Orleans, Daniel Dunklin, Governor Thomas Clement Fletcher and the California gold rush. 404 Missouri Historical Review

November 11— "Flame Lit 40 Years Ago Still Glows," by Charles S. Steven­ son, recalled the dedication, 40 years ago, of the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City. November 30—Two articles on Mark Twain, "Mischievous Twain Was a Delight to Children," by Annabel Duffy Hemley and "Greeks Had 'Celebrated Jumping Frog,' Too," by Harold Garnet Black. December 6—"Ferryboats Helped Build A City Here," by Elizabeth Post Windness. December 7—"That Sleepy Sunday in '41 When We Went to War," re­ printed from an article by Bill Vaughan describing Pearl Harbor Day in Kan­ sas City. The article first appeared in the Kansas City Star a few days after that fateful December 7, 1941. December 22—A biographical article about Walt Disney. January 19, 1967—"Lupus, Glasgow, White Cloud, Rulo—Rivertowns and Their Stories," by Hugh Hagius.

Linn Osage County Observer November 10, 17, December 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1966, January 5, 19 & 26, 1967- "History of Osage County," a series by Hallie Mantle.

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat February 4, 1967—"Mystery of [Dr. H. C] Moss Park Is Explored by Mober- lyan," by James L. Stone.

Neosho Miner & Mechanic January 13, 1967—"Fire at Missouri University [Columbia] Leads to 'Col­ umns' Tradition," by Dennis Blake.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic August 7, 1965—"Some Early Ferries in Butler County." September 4—"Seals for the Courts of Butler County." October 2—"Early Day Jails and Prisoners." November 6, December 11 & January 8, 1966—"Early Justices of the County Court." January 29, March 9 & April 25—"The Journey of Featherstonaugh." May 21 & June 22-"The Shiloh Church." July 7—"A Bridge Across the St. Francis River." August 20, September 24 & October 24—"Butler County During the Civil War." All written by G. R. Loughead.

Princeton Post-Telegraph January 12, 1967—A picture and short story of Chautauqua days in Mercer County was featured in connection with a new exhibit in the history room of the Princeton Library, sponsored by the Mercer County Historical Society.

St. Charles Journal September 8, 1966—A history of an old St. Charles County town, "Flint Hill." Historical Notes and Comments 405

October 27—"St. Charles Furniture Factory." November 10—"[Louis Blanchette] Founder of St. Charles." November 17—"St. Charles Parks." December 15—"St. Charles Jails." December 22—"Three Watson Ministers," Reverends Thomas, Samuel and Herbert. January 5, 1967—'John Gruenberg Home [in St. Charles]." January 12—"Wright Smith Plantation [in Jonesburg]." January 26— "Historical St. Charles." All above articles written by Edna McElhiney Olson.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play December 16, 1966—An article by Mrs. Jack Basler, "Requiem For an Old House," related the history of an old brick building in Ste. Genevieve owned at one time by Rene Mullieur. December 23, 30, January 6, 13, 20 & 27, 1967—''The History of Our Town," a weekly historical series by Mrs. Lucille Basler.

St. Joseph Gazette January 19, 1967—"Letter Written by Eugene Field to Wife Placed on Dis­ play at Newspaper Office."

St. Louis Globe-Democrat November 6, 1966—A short article featured the old Grand Boulevard Sus­ pension Bridge across the Mill Creek Valley in St. Louis. November 13, 20, 27, December 11, 18, January 15, 22 & 29, 1967—A short illustrated column entitled "Looking Backward," featured respectively the fol­ lowing St. Louis landmarks and events: Lincoln Flats, the World's Fair of 1904, old Union Trust Building, Southern Hotel, St. Louis Volunteer Firemen, the air-pollution problem, Union Methodist Episcopal Church and a Sixth and Olive streets scene. December 4—"Football Was Different in Good Old Days," by Dick Ram- age, a story of early football days in Missouri high schools. December 26, 27 if 28—The Walt Disney Story, a three-part article, by War­ wick Charlton. December 26—A history, "Lutheran Hospital—Its Growth Is a Pledge of Faith." January 1, 1967—An illustrated article about Anheuser-Busch, Incorpo­ rated, "From Hops to History," with text and sketches by Allen Metelman. January 8—A short illustrated article recalled the "Cracker Castle" built in 1868 in St. Louis. January 29—"Great Old St. Louis Homes," written by Nell Gross and photo­ graphed by Jack Zehrt.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 9, 1966—A short article featured Wittenberg. November 17—"Florseless Carriages in St. Louis" by Harry N. D. Fisher, reprinted from the St. Louis Commerce. 406 Missouri Historical Review

December 11—"St. Louis Medieval [Architecture]," by David Gulick. December 11—A two-part feature, "The Governor's New Office," by Richard M. Jones, and "The Crumbling Capitol," both photographed by Arthur Wit- man. December 16— "Lost Spanish Treasure in the Ozarks," by Oren Arnold. December 17—"Bernie Man [Walter Howell], Married 65 Years, Recalls Clearing Area Swamps," by Wayne Leeman. December 21— Robert Vickery, Director of Campus Planning at Washing­ ton University, St. Louis, defined landmarks in an article entitled "Landmarks Called Places People Enjoy," by Ellen Schlafly. January 4, 1967—A brief article, "Size of Ozark's Virgin Pines Grows as Memories Fade," by Wayne Leeman, related the history of lumbering near Grandin and West Eminence. January 16—An editorial entitled "Out of the Mule's Mouth," related the importance of the mule in Missouri. January 22—"How Joseph Pulitzer Transformed the Post-Dispatch From Bankruptcy to a Model for Modern Journalism," by Ernest Kirschten. January 26—An illustrated article, "Salvaging Bits of Riverboat Era," by Jack Rice.

Salem News November 7, 14, 28, December 5, 12, 19, 1966, January 9, 16 6- 30, 1967—A series, "History of Dent County."

Warsaw Benton County Enterprise November 10, 17, December 1, 22, 29, 1966, January 5, 12, 19 & 26, 1967-A picture series of early Benton County.

ERRATA On page 136 of the October, 1966, issue of the REVIEW, the St. Louis Dental Society was erroneously included as one of a number of short-lived dental professional organizations. The St. Louis Dental Society was founded Decem­ ber 16, 1856, and is one of the oldest dental societies in continuous existence. An error occurred on page 244 of the January, 1967, issue of the REVIEW. A document, relating to the freeing of a slave in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, was discovered at the Monroe County courthouse at Paris, Missouri, in­ stead of Perry, as stated.

He Couldn't Wait! Boonville Weekly Eagle, January 27, 1871. A gentleman, whose custom it was to entertain very often a circle of friends, observed that one of them was in the habit of eating something before grace was asked, and determined to cure. Upon the repetition of the offence he said: "For what we are about to receive, and for what James Taylor has already received, the Lord make us truly thankful." Historical Notes and Comments 407

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American History Illustrated, January, 1967: "The Saga of Butterfield's Over­ land Mail," by Gladys Marie Wilson.

Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1966: "Stephen F. Austin in Arkansas," by Robert L. and Pauline H. Jones.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, January, 1967: "St. Louis as Military Headquarters," by John Francis McDermott; " 'Secesh'," by William G. B. Carson; "British Army Officers on the Santa Fe Trail," by John E. Sunder; and "Ferguson Boyhood," by Edward G. Cherbonnier.

Chronicles of Oklahoma, Summer, 1966: "In Memory of Anna Lee Brosius Korn," by Mark R. Everett and "Green Yeargain and Star Route 32024," by Louise Morse Whitham.

Civil War Times Illustrated, December, 1966: "Island No. 10," by Howard P. Nash.

Colorado Magazine, Fall, 1966: "Ka-Ni-Ache [and Kit Carson]," by Morris F. Taylor.

Construction Craftsman, December, 1966: "Rebuilt [Fulton] Church Honors [Sir Winston] Churchill," by Grier Lowry.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Fall, 1966: "Aunt Nannie Cogs­ well's Life Colorful," by Burdette Cogswell; "Special Requests Carried Out In Funeral Services for Frank James," by Fred L. Lee; and "Personal Recollections of Sage of Lone Jack," by W. H. Thomas.

Journal of Arizona History, Autumn, 1966: "Campaigning in Mexico [with General John J. Pershing], 1916," by Jerome W. Howe.

Kentucky Historical Society, The Register, January, 1967: "Reluctance and Resistance: Wilson Wyatt and Veterans' Housing in the Truman Adminis­ tration," by Barton J. Bernstein. 408 Missouri Historical Review

Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Bulletin, December, 1966: "Historical Highlights of Danuser Machine Co.," by Henry Danuser.

Kirkwood Historical Review, December, 1966: "South of Kirkwood, A 19th Century Archaeological Argument on Fenton," by Mary B. Chomeau; "The Beginnings of the Rott School"; and "John Berry Meachum."

Montana Magazine of Western History, January, 1967: "The Short, Incredible Life of Jedediah Smith," by Peter J. Burns.

Museum Graphic, Winter, 1967: "Were They Kansa Missouri Oto Iowa All or One or None?" by Roy E. Coy.

Nemoscope, Fall, 1966: "One Hundred Years of Business Courses [Northeast Missouri State Teachers College]," by P. O. Selby.

Pacific Historian, Autumn, 1966: "Jedediah Smith—Trailmaker Extraordinary," by Donald Culross Peattie; "The Ballade of Jed Smith-1799-1831," by Martha Seffer O'Bryon.

Pony Express, December, 1966: "1966 Marks Centennial of Famous Western Stage Line—Missouri to California"; "Ben Holladay 'Napoleon and Boss' -1819-1887."

Westport Historical Quarterly, November, 1966: "Westport, Missouri—During Heydey," by Albert N. Doerschuk; "Kansas City's First Baptismal and Mar­ riage Records," compiled by Adrienne Christopher from the Archives of the Cathedral Parish; "The Story of Jacques Fournais dit Old Pino," related by Father Bernard Donnelly; and "Tour de Loup (path, place or haunt of the wolf) , An Early Day Historical Spot," by Edwin A. Harris.

Westward, St. Louis Westerners, January, 1967: "Medicine in the Old West," from a speech by Irwin Pizer.

c^V,

May-Day Superstitions Ray burn's Ozark Guide, Winter, 1949. Early in May is the proper time to set a "dumb supper." At least it was considered so in grandmother's day. On the day set for this romantic event a group of girls would get together and follow the old, old tradition taught them by their mothers. The table was set with dishes, but no food was placed in them. An apparition was expected as a guest and he was not supposed to par­ take of food. It was his business to come out of the night and occupy the place laid for him by his prospective bride. Each girl fixed a place for her lover and then stood behind the chair to await his coming. Of course, he never showed up in ghostly form but the event caused much merriment for the girls. Historical Notes and Comments 409

BOOK REVIEWS

Jesse James Was His Name or Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. By William A. Settle, Jr. (University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1966). Reprinted, Courtesy of Kansas City Star. 263 pp. Indexed, maps, illustrated, bibliography. $6.00. Some time ago my friend Lew Larkin of the Kansas City Star, a Missouri author of considerable note, asked me to prepare a list of Missourians whom I felt to be the most famous in the history of our state. Mr. Larkin intended to use my suggestions in one of his well known historical articles and recommended I rank my choice in order of importance. As such a listing was certain to be controversial I joined Mr. Larkin in argument as to whether he wanted famous men, popular men, or notorious men. Lew would not engage in semantics; he desired illustrious men, so I started with President Harry Truman and went on with Mark Twain, Gen­ eral John J. Pershing, and others. In this I did popular history a disservice, for, being in a posi­ tion to know, I was fully aware that in the mind of this country, indeed the world, the best known Missourians of this century are the outlaws Jesse and Frank James. Indeed, there is reason to believe that perhaps the most notorious Americans of all time were the James brothers. The notoriety of the Jameses is attested by numerous facts and has existed for nearly one hundred years. The library of the State Historical Society has four hundred and fifty catalogue cards dealing with these men—many more than on any other family. Thousands of newspaper stories have been written about them, as well as hundreds of dime novels, pamphlets, and books—all of vari- 410 Missouri Historical Review ous authenticity. It is safe to say there is hardly an area in the entire Midwest that does not have a house or a locale the Jameses supposedly frequented. Hundreds of caves have been designated as their hideouts, freight car loads of pistols are rumored to have been used by them, a large department store would be required to hold the watches and other items of clothing presumed to have been owned or worn by them, and the earth of the West is believed seamed with their buried and forgotten stolen gold. On top of all these physical pseudo-mementos of our nation's greatest outlaws is superimposed a contradictory epic legend. Were Jesse and Frank James cold blooded robbers and murderers, or were they the American Robin Hoods, driven outside the law as a result of their boyhood Confederate guerrilla careers during the Civil War on the western border? Who really were they? How did they develop their reputations? What crimes did they commit? What caused them to be outlaws, were they villains or men ren­ dered desperate by persecution? From all over the world come let­ ters and visitors to the State of Missouri seeking information about these men, and, as time goes by and interest grows, so does the legend surrounding them. Professor Settle, Chairman of the Department of History at the University of Tulsa, has devoted twenty-five years of profes­ sional historical research to the life and times of Jesse and Frank James. His fascinating book is definitive and he is the first author actually to have studied and used primary research materials, court and public records, newspapers, and other original docu­ ments related to the time of the outlaws. He separates for the first time, as far as a legend may be separated, fact from fiction. Professor Settle, in well written fashion, sets forth hundreds of documented items concerning the lives and careers of Jesse and Franklin James. Each fact answers some controversial question about these almost mythical men. For example, what was their background? Who were their parents, and how was their Missouri youth spent? What were their activities during the Civil War when they rode with the savage Confederate guerrilla gangs of "Bloody Bill" Anderson and Wil­ liam C. Quantrill? When did bank robberies start in Missouri? Were the James boys the originators of these robberies? In what hold-ups of trains and banks did they participate? What were their personal lives when they were outlaws? What of their families, their wives and children? How did the Pinkertons attempt to hunt Historical Notes and Comments 411 them down? Who were the members of their band, and what were their relationships with the law and press of Missouri? Who caused them to become front page news in 1869, and for sixteen years injected their names into partisan politics so that Missouri became known as the "outlaw state?" Where did they live? Whom did they rob, were they Robin Hoods or plain thieves? How did Jesse James die, was he actually killed at St. Joseph? Why and how did Frank surrender personally to the Governor of Missouri? Why and how have several men impersonated Jesse? What took place in the courts that tried Frank, who were his friends and who were his enemies? Were the Jameses persecuted ex-Confederates or were they fiends? And, finally, how did the books, novels, music, motion pictures, and other aspects of their legend develop and grow over a century? Professor Settle answers all these questions and many others in his book. Best of all, he gives documented sources for his con­ clusions and these sources are the original ones of the period in which the Jameses lived. In addition to a minute examination of the Jameses, Settle presents to his readers the ubiquitous Missourians who were in one way or another associated with the outlaws. On his pages appear Governor Thomas Crittenden, who arranged for the extinc­ tion of their gang, and Governor John S. Marmaduke, their com­ patriot. General Jo Shelby, the great Missouri Confederate, and the devoted friend of Frank and Jesse, blunders through the era. John N. Edwards, the newspaper editorialist who created their legend, comes alive for the first time. And there are the lawyers and prosecutors, men such as Colonel John F. Philips and William H. Wallace. Also seen through the gunsmoke and under the shrill rebel yells of the outlaws are the "boys": Cole, Bob, Jim, and John Younger, Charles and Bob, "the dirty little coward," Ford, Bill Stiles, Clell Miller, Jim Anderson, George Shepherd, and a com­ pany of others. Mother James, Zerelda and Annie James, Martha Ford Bolton, and additional interesting ladies of the day are also given attention. Here is a cross section of Missouri society at a time when the state was attempting to recover from a terrible civil war. Here are the people who shaped the James legend. There is no doubt in this reviewer's mind that Bill Settle's book concerning Frank and Jesse James, is, in the sense of popular history of Missouri and the Midwest, one of the most significant ever written. For the first time here is an authoritative work con- 412 Missouri Historical Review

cerning the outlaws, researched and written by a professional his­ torian, illustrated with rare and unusual pictures, and dealing with hard facts. To the great legion fascinated by the James brothers, to those interested in outlawry and the post-Civil War Midwest, this fine book is required reading. State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee

Housing Reform During the Truman Administration. By Richard O. Davies. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966). xiv, 197 pp. Indexed. $5.50. By selecting housing, generally considered Truman's greatest domestic legislative victory, Professor Davies, it might seem, chose a fine subject for appraising recent interpretations of the adminis­ tration. Presumably such a study, by explaining the administra­ tion's success with Congress and analyzing the achievements, would also suggest the reasons for other failures. Though the book is cast loosely in this framework, the record in housing, upon closer scrutiny, proves disappointing. Indeed, while Truman won legis­ lative approval for a modified housing program, the administra­ tion's earlier actions and its later efforts fell far short of its powers, and certainly of liberal expectations. Although Truman "was the first President to support housing reform actively and enthusiastically," in the early postwar years his efforts were misguided. To the war-weary nation the pressing need was less for public housing than for adequate, reasonably- priced housing for the millions of returning veterans. Surprisingly, while wartime estimates had forecast a substantial need, the gov­ ernment had done virtually nothing to provide low-cost housing. Though Davies surveys this inaction, he never considers why the government failed to prepare for the veterans. Yet, the answer is revealing: with the nation fearing depression and millions of un­ employed, veterans would not have been able to buy the houses they needed, and, therefore, they were expected to accede to economic necessity and settle for what they could afford. In sub­ stance, since real demand would not be effective demand, Truman's administration did not expect a great housing shortage. As Americans know, the forecasts were wrong: the problem was inflation, not depression. The administration's hasty removal of controls on the allocation of materials was also a mistake. (There was "a rash of race tracks, mansions . . . bowling alleys, Historical Notes and Comments 413

but not many houses," lamented one official.) Though Davies blames removal of controls on John Snyder, the conservative director of the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion (OWMR), additional research in the files of the Bureau of the Budget, the War Production Board, the Office of Price Adminis­ tration (OPA), and the OWMR would have led the author to spread responsibility. Admittedly Snyder was distrustful of con­ trols and wanted a free economy, but most of Truman's liberal advisers had urged the same policy. Fearful of depression, they were counting on the unrestricted construction industry to soften the economic downturn. Of course they were mistaken, and the recommendations (for continued controls) by Chester Bowles, then OPA director, whom Davies neglects, were wiser. Belatedly recognizing the housing shortage, the administra­ tion restored controls in December of 1945, and soon launched a Veterans Emergency Housing Program. Despite the ballyhoo this program could not possibly reach its goal of 2,700,000 "starts" by the end of 1947. While Davies finds the goal unattainable, he never considers the pressures of ambition and politics which shaped an impossible aim. Instead, he restricts his analysis to the tale of failure: resisted by Snyder and opposed by others within the administration, the program at first limped along; ultimately the victim of exaggerated hopes, poor administration and bitter squab­ bles (among Truman's assistants), it succumbed when Truman ended most price controls after the disastrous 1946 Congressional elections. The failure of veterans housing, some would contend (but Davies does not), is in microcosm the story of the early Truman administration which drove the liberals to despair and the nation to sour puns at the President's expense. As prices climbed and the housing shortage eased, the admin­ istration battled for legislation authorizing public housing and slum clearance. In many ways the struggle was typical of American politics: rhetoric disguised behavior; and strange alliances pro­ duced victory. Leading the opposition were the real estate inter­ ests (realtors and builders) who chanted the liturgy of laissez- faire and warned of impending socialism while also demanding a key to the federal coffers. Though successful in winning some benefits, the real estate lobby lost in 1949 to an alliance composed of administration forces and members of the conservative coalition, including many Southern Democrats and a few Republicans led by Senator Robert A. Taft. 414 Missouri Historical Review

This unusual alliance, concludes Davies, largely accounts for the law authorizing 810,000 units in six years—the "high point of Fair Deal reform." Taft, departing from his general laissez-faire position, had endorsed public housing: Washington must act since private enterprise and local communities could not provide the facilities which the nation owed its citizens. For other reasons, many southerners bolted from the conservative bloc. Living in a rapidly urbanizing section with growing slums, these Congress­ men believed that public housing, unlike many other reform meas­ ures, would benefit their districts. Perhaps also, though Davies neg­ lects the possibility, some Congressmen may have been more responsive in 1949 than, say, in 1947, because they hoped that pub­ lic housing would provide additional employment in an economy slipping into a recession. (The "depression psychosis," remarks John K. Galbraith, was still rampant in America.) Some, who have more faith in explanations which examine behind-the-scenes maneu­ vering, rather than ideology or constituency, may desire more em­ phasis on political tactics. Until the Taft papers are available and President Truman opens the rest of his files, however, this focus is impossible and Davies' analysis will have to stand. Perhaps for an understanding of the Truman administration, more important than legislative tactics is the record on public housing and slum clearance. That record is poor, emphasizes the author. Despite the mandate, Truman's government built less than one-quarter of the units Congress had authorized. In large measure, as Davies skillfully reveals, the program was a victim of local obstructionism, lack of leadership, and bureaucratic sluggishness. The real estate interests operated effectively in communities to block poorly organized groups urging municipal participation (a legal necessity) in the program. In part the program was also frus­ trated by the Korean War and renewed Congressional opposition. Fearing inflation and needing materials for war, the President slashed construction, and then the legislature sliced it. Truman, the author suggests, was too willing to sacrifice housing, and, though he does not argue this case, there is evidence supporting his criticism. The record in slum clearance is also bleak. While it required lengthy planning and therefore did not constitute an infla­ tionary threat, the administration still moved slowly in devising projects. Emphasizing some of the contradictions in the housing pro­ gram, contradictions similar to those others discovered in agricul- Historical Notes and Comments 415 ture and civil rights, Davies, despite occasional plaudits for Tru­ man's "urban liberalism," also follows Samuel Lubell in the Future of American Politics and generally subscribes to a harsh judg­ ment: "Truman was a man who 'bought time.' Caught in the poli­ tical vise formed by forces of conservatism and reform, Truman frequently talked to satisfy one group and acted to please an­ other." While giving "every appearance of staunch liberalism in his housing policies," the President in the operation of the housing agency "closely adhered to the real estate lobby's position." (135) In what may be interpreted as a generous, but belated, effort at praise after a page of criticism, however, the author backs away in his last paragraph, and unconvincingly writes, "Harry S Tru­ man made a concerted effort to solve the housing dilemma. . . ." (142) Not only does the author generally find Truman's liberalism more rhetoric than substance, but he also re-examines the once- prominent, liberal devotion to public housing. Echoing the criti­ cisms of Jane Jacobs and Harrison Salisbury, Davies argues that the faith was naive in its assumption that social regeneration would develop out of slum clearance and public housing. More than a new environment was necessary. The problems were deeply rooted, in family and in culture, and federal projects could not solve them. Ironically, the housing projects, writes Jane Jacobs, became "worse centers of delinquency, vandalism and general social helplessness than the slums they were supposed to replace." In his evaluation of liberalism, Davies neglected related and important questions: did the reformers and the government under­ stand the extent of poverty? Or, by the Korean War, were they succumbing to the myth of American affluence? The answer to these questions may suggest why the Fair Deal programs were so shallow; why, like New Deal reformers, Truman generally neglected the "other America"—the unorganized, the millions hovering near subsistence. Despite Davies' occasional reluctance to address some broader issues and his ambivalence about Truman's liberalism, his grace­ fully-written study of housing reform is a creditable effort. This first monograph (based upon the Truman papers) on his adminis­ tration's domestic policy establishes a standard by which other monographs on the Truman years will be judged. Stanford University Barton J. Bernstein 416 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES

Stephen Harriman Long 1784-1864: Army Engineer, Explorer, Inventor. By Richard G. Wood. Frontier Military Series IV. (Glen- dale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1966). 266 pp. Index, bibliography, maps, illustrations. $11.00. Dr. Richard G. Wood once wrote a term paper for Frederick Jackson Turner and after many years he expanded that paper into an enjoyable study of one of the United States' first professional engineers. The study of Stephen Harriman Long is not just a study of an army engineer although a list of patents concerning steamboats, railroads and bridge building testify to his accomp­ lishments. Long did much more than this. He led numerous expe­ ditions into the trans-Mississippi West and his scientific descrip­ tions gained from these expeditions are considered extremely accurate. However, his own beliefs concerning the frontier were not always accurate; he was a perpetrator of the myth of the Great American Desert. When he was not writing manuals, sitting at the drawing board or steaming up a river, Long was usually working on some internal improvement like removing snags from the Mississippi River or preparing the route for a section of railroad. Many of Long's activities centered in Missouri. In 1819 he led an expedition from St. Louis up the Missouri River stop­ ping at Franklin and Fort Osage. On this expedition he introduced one of the first steamboats to the waters of the Missouri. After this expedition he surveyed the public lands of St. Louis and drew the plans for the St. Louis arsenal. Later in his career he worked on improving St. Louis harbor. Stephen H. Long spent nearly half a century in the service of his country and his place in history is clearly shown in Wood's narrative.

The Mississippi Valley Frontier: The Age of French Explora­ tion and Settlement. By John Anthony Caruso. (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1966). 404 pp. Index, bibliography, maps. $8.50. This is the fourth volume of Dr. Caruso's "American Frontier Series." A narrative history, it is devoted to a cultural study of the Indians who lived on the west bank of the Mississippi River, a depiction of the early explorations of the French in the Mississippi Historical Notes and Comments 417 and Missouri valleys and the accounts of the early settlements in the Missouri region. A study of the Creole Society that settled in these new towns and villages is also included. Among the French explorers discussed are Nicolet, Radisson, Marquette and Joliet and de La Salle. Retracing their histories Caruso comes to the conclusion that "no region of the Mississippi Valley was more favorably suited for settlement . . . than . . . present Missouri." The chapters concerning the early settlements of Ste. Gene­ vieve, St. Louis and other villages and towns are informative and colorful. Both fact and legend are given an equal place as Caruso unravels the complexities of this early history. A chapter describ­ ing Creole Society and the voyaguer is equally impressive. Caruso states that the aim of this series is to make the Ameri­ can frontier come alive. So far, his aim has been realized.

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965. Compiled by the Office of the Federal Register of G.S.A.'s National Archives and Records Service, under the direc­ tion of Dr. Robert H. Bahmer, Archivist of the United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1966). 1,290 pp. Indexed. Two books, $6.25 each. This volume of President Johnson's public papers consists of two clothbound books. Book I covers the period January 1-May 31, and Book II, the period June 1-December 31, 1965. Covering the second year of the Johnson administration, the book contains pub­ lic messages and statements, verbatim transcripts of the President's news conferences and other selected papers released by the White House. Included are the President's inaugural address and his an­ nual message to Congress on the State of the Union; other Presi­ dential messages to Congress; formal statements commemorating events leading to and following the passage of major legislative proposals such as Medicare, the education bills, immigration, vot­ ing rights, law enforcement assistance, and the war on poverty; joint statements with leaders of foreign governments; and remarks on the bill creating the Department of Housing and Urban Devel­ opment. Similar volumes are available covering the administrations of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, and the first full year of President Johnson. 418 Missouri Historical Review

Pictures of Yesterdays in Callaway County, Mo. Edited by J. R. Black. (Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, Fulton, 1966). 60 pp.

The history of Callaway County is related in this volume through informative picture captions, old photographs and con­ temporary drawings. In the booklet are recalled scenes from Cote Sans Dessein, first settlement of the County; early homes; business establishments and public offices; churches; schools and colleges; institutions; and people and events which have contributed much to the colorful history of the area.

First Christian Church, Bethany, Missouri, One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Anniversary, 1841-1966. (First Christian Church, Bethany, 1966). 32 pp. Illustrated.

Beginning with the arrival of the John S. Allen family and friends in what is now Harrison County, the book relates a brief history of the organization of the first Disciples of Christ congre­ gation in 1841. The group became the Bethany Church five years later. In the volume are presented brief, attractive sketches of charter members and ministers ordained and licensed by the church. Also included are items recalling the centennial celebra­ tion of 1941; a diagram of the functional church organization; the present officers of the board and committees; a list of pastors from 1841 to the present; and pictures and a list of church members.

The Birds and Beasts of Mark Twain. Edited by Robert M. Rodney and Minnie M. Brashear. (Norman: University of Okla­ homa Press, 1966). 116 pp. Illustrated. $6.95. The authors, the late Miss Brashear and Rodney, contend that today's animated cartoons were preceded by the picturesque writ­ ings of Mark Twain. To prove their point the editors pleasantly prepared a selection of Twain's writings with the appropriate introductions. Their work is complemented by the paintings and drawings of prize-winning artist, Robert Roche. Included in the twenty-nine excerpts are: "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Cala­ veras County," "The Dachshund," "The Syrian Camel," "A Dog's Tale," "The Insulting Raven," and "Australian Oddities." The amusing stories are well worth reading. Historical Notes and Comments 419

The Milan Souvenir Edition. By John N. Shepler, (Milan, Missouri, 1895). Not indexed. Pictures. 97 pp. Reprint. This 1895 Souvenir Edition of the Milan Standard was re­ printed by Robert M. Wilson, Jr., and dedicated to his father R. M. Wilson who edited and published the Standard for 32 years. There are capsule reports on the businesses, churches, schools and leading citizens of Milan and the other towns within Sullivan County. Political, economic and cultural history is also traced. The pictures of the early homes and the clothing of the early citizens are particularly interesting.

Notes from Yesterday. By Mrs. Howard Taylor and Mrs. Har­ old Harris. (Kearney, Missouri, 1966). 174 pp. Not indexed. $5.00. Notes from Yesterday is a book concerning Smithville, Clay County, Missouri. The founder of Smithville, Humphrey Smith, was born in New Jersey in 1774. In 1800 Smith moved to Erie County, New York. Three years later he married and eventually he and his family began a journey which terminated in Clay County in 1822. Smith died in 1857 after receiving injuries from a pro-slavery mob. The authors trace the genealogy of the Smith family to the pres­ ent day. They include information on other early families of Smith­ ville and plot the happenings in the town prior to the Platte Pur­ chase through 1922. Reminiscences abound and short histories of the institutions and associations are recorded.

Of Men and Rivers: Adventures and Discoveries Along Ameri­ can Waterways. By Virginia S. Eifert. (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1966). 316 pp. Bibliography, map & illustrations. In­ dexed. $6.95. With dramatic impact the author relates the history of men who won fame on the great rivers which flow through America. Missouri readers will be especially interested in the history of the two great rivers which meet within the borders of the state. The story of the Mississippi River begins with first explora­ tions by the intrepid French and ends with the struggle for control by Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War. Included is an account of the Union gunboats which in 1861 plied their perilous way southward past New Madrid and Island No. 10. A brief outline of French, Spanish and American rule in St. Louis provides the prelude to a detailed description of the hazard­ ous voyage of exploration to the headwaters of the Missouri River 420 Missouri Historical Review undertaken in 1804 by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The author introduces Manuel Lisa of St. Louis, who, after the return of Lewis and Clark, established trading posts far up the Missouri and reaped a rich profit in Indian fur trade. Because of her great concern for the future development of American rivers, the author, a well known naturalist, breaks the unity of her theme in the introduction of a final chapter on river pollution and proposed measures for control. Within a broad frame of reference, the work contains historical highlights connected with many American rivers. It should inspire additional scholarly research within a narrower field about one great river and the men who won fame as they followed its course.

A St. Louis Heritage: Six Historic Homes. (Prepared by South­ western Bell Telephone Company for Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 1967. Distribution and sales administered by Landmarks Association of St. Louis). 40 pp. Illustrations, not indexed. $10.00. A limited edition, this pictorial history was issued to provide revenues for the promotion, maintenance and improvement of the Sappington House, General Daniel Bissell House, Campbell House, Eugene Field House, Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion and Tower Grove, all located in St. Louis or the St. Louis area. The color illustrations used in the hard-bound volume present exterior and interior views of the homes. Reproductions of black and white line drawings, photographs of Nicholas DeMenil, General Daniel Bissell, Henry Shaw, Robert Campbell and Eugene Field and several maps provide a historical setting. The history of each house is briefly narrated and the picture legends contain interest­ ing details about the furnishings. The high standard of excellence of the color photography, for­ mat, typography and paper quality make this volume one of the most handsome pictorial histories published on a Missouri subject.

The Truman Administration: A Documentary History. Edited by Barton J. Bernstein and Allen J. Matusaw (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1966). 487 pp. Bibliography. Indexed. Pictures. $10.00. The editors contend that "not enough time or sufficient re­ search has been done to permit historians to pass considered judg­ ments on the presidency of Harry S Truman." Even so, this does not veto the raising of considered questions about the president Historical Notes and Comments 421 and his administration. Bernstein and Matusaw admit that there were periods of "greatness" in the eight years of the Truman Ad­ ministration and they feel that a compilation of various documents will permit those interested to make, "if they can," judgments of their own. The topics of this narrative history are: The A-Bomb Decision; Inflation and Politics, 1945-1946; The Fair Deal, 1945-1953; The Cold War, 1945-1953; China Policy, 1945-1950; Loyalty and Se­ curity; and, The Korean War. In all, 170 documents are assembled for the reader. These documents are taken from transcripts of hearings, diaries, memoranda, correspondence, speeches and other sources. The introductions to the documents place the materials in proper perspective. Unfortunately, only portions of the total picture of the Truman Administration will be gleaned from the sources. Although there has not been "enough time or sufficient research" this is an admirable start. It may clear the haziness of certain areas concerning Harry S Truman.

The Stark Story: Stark Nurseries 150th Anniversary. By Dick­ son Terry. (St. Louis: Jefferson Memorial Building, Missouri His­ torical Society, 1966). 94 pp. Illustrations, index. Issued as a special publication of The Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, September, 1966. The special publication honored the 150th anniversary of the Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards Company, Louisiana, Mis­ souri, one of the oldest businesses in America which has remained in one family. Genealogical data on the Stark family and an ac­ count of events which contributed to the growth of the business from the arrival of Kentuckian James Hart Stark in Louisiana in 1816 are presented in chronological order. The story of the Stark Brothers' relationship with the great Luther Burbank and their inheritance of many new varieties of fruits and flowers from Bur- bank after his death in 1926 is a highlight of the booklet. Pictures of various members of the Stark family, of Luther Burbank and events and people connected with his life, and of various phases of the work of the Stark Nurseries and Orchards present an excel­ lent pictorial record. A map showing the places in America where Stark trees and plants are grown is included. The volume, compiled and written by Dickson Terry, feature writer of the St. Louis Post- Dispatch, is a detailed history of a pioneer Missouri business which has become the largest of its kind in America. 422 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM

Joseph News-Press beginning in 1905. During World War I, he organized the 35th Division Tank Company, was lieutenant colonel of the 35th Divi­ sion staff and chairman of the 1st District Missouri Council of Defense. Mr. Boder was president of the Mis­ souri Valley Trust Company for 35 years and was a former vice president of the old Tootle-Lacy National Bank of St. Joseph. He served as city as­ sessor, 1920-1923; city comptroller in 1930-1931; and a member of the board of police commissioners, 1932-1933. He was also active in numerous civic and fraternal organizations. For his dis­ tinguished military and civic service, Mr. Boder was awarded the Veterans of Foreign Wars American Citizen­ ship Medal on September 29, 1954. He is survived by his wife, Mary L. Boder, of St. Joseph.

DR. FRANK F. STEPHENS BART LETT BODER Dr. Frank F. Stephens, dean emeri­ Bartlett Boder, a trustee of the tus of students of the University of State Historical Society of Missouri, Missouri College of Arts & Science retired banker, and St. Joseph his­ and professor emeritus of History, torian, died January 8 at Sisters Hos­ died December 7 at the Boone Countv pital in St. Joseph. Mr. Boder had Hospital in Columbia. Born August 8, been president of the St. Joseph His­ 1878, at Topeka, Kansas, he attended torical Society since its founding in the University of Chicago where he 1949. He had served as president of received a bachelor of philosophy de­ the St. Joseph Museum Board for 13 gree in 1904 and a master of philoso­ years and was a regular contributor of phy degree in 1905. He was a Harri­ historical articles to the Museum son Fellow in American history at the Graphic, a monthly publication of the University of Pennsylvania, receiving Museum. a Ph.D. degree there in 1907. Dean Born 82 years ago at Troy, Kansas, Stephens was an active member of the Mr. Boder was a reporter for the St. University of Missouri faculty for 41 Historical Notes and Comments 423 years, starting as an instructor in Awards of the Academy of Television American history in 1907. He served Arts and Sciences. In 1938 he received as dean of Arts and Science from 1941 an honorary M.S. degree from the until his retirement in 1948. University of Southern California, and Dean Stephens was the author of honorary M.A. degrees from Yale and A History of the University of Mis­ Harvard Universities. An elementary souri, History of the Missouri Metho­ school and park in Marceline, Mis­ dist Church of Columbia, Missouri, souri, are named in his honor. and two books on American history, Disney is survived by his widow, as well as several pamphlets and Lillian Marie Bounds, whom he mar­ articles. He was a member of the ried, July 13, 1925, and two daugh­ American Historical Association, the ters, Mrs. Ron Miller and Mrs. Robert State Historical Society of Missouri, Brown. the American Association of Univer­ BATES, EULA JAMES, Hardin: Janu­ sity Professors, Foreign Policy Associa­ ary 12, 1889-August 14, 1966. tion, a number of university associa­ tions and the Columbia Kiwanis Club. BEALMEAR, W. E., Marceline: Feb­ ruary 10, 1893-October 14, 1966. Dean Stephens was married, Septem­ ber 20, 1905, to Blanche Louise BECKER, JULIUS A., Joplin: January Howard, who died, February 17, 1931. 3, 1870-October 18, 1966. On February 20, 1933, he married BENNETT, FOSTER L., St. Louis: April Louise Irby Trenholme, who died 23, 1892-July 1, 1966. May 17, 1966. A step-son, William M. BLACKMORE, J. E., Columbia: Octo­ Trenholme of Phoenix, Arizona, is his ber 27, 1883-December 9, 1966. only immediate survivor. BLADT, LUTHER, Garden City, Kan­ sas: July 27, 1904-September 18, 1966. WALTER E. DISNEY BRADFORD, EVA ANN, St. Louis: July Walter E. Disney, famed Holly­ 24, 1900-May 25, 1966. wood producer of more than 600 CALLISON, HARRY, Clarence: March films and founder of Disneyland, died, 24, 1895-November 5, 1962. December 15, at Burbank, California. Born in Chicago on December 5, 1901, COMPTON, ALLEN T., Kansas City: Disney moved with his family to November 28, 1898-January 28, 1966. Marceline, Missouri, in 1906, and to CROWE, DR. HARRY, Charleston: July Kansas City in 1910. After serving for 22, 1893-September 16, 1966. nearly a year in World War I, Walt DAVIS, CLIFFORD T., Sullivan: De­ Disney returned to Kansas City where cember 5, 1905-May 21, 1966. he began his career as an artist. His comedy cartoon featuring Mickey DUFFETT, BENTON S., Kansas City: Mouse became a worldwide institu­ November 7, 1899-April 7, 1966. tion. Disney pioneered feature-length ESCHBACH, MRS. ROSALIE S., Naselle, color cartoons, popularized nature Washington: February 21, 1897-Sep- films, expanded into adventure, com­ tember 16, 1966. edy and musical films. He also be­ came a mainstay of television. FARRINGTON, MRS. MILDRED C, Kan­ sas City: September 21, 1908-October Disney was the recipient of numer­ 3, 1965. ous awards including 30 awards of the Academy of Motion Picture GAST, R. M., Ferguson: November Arts & Sciences and four Emmy 16, 1891-April 17, 1966. 424 Missouri Historical Review

HAEFELE, FRANZ J., St. Louis: July NORMAN, CLYDE CHURCHILL, Nevada: 2, 1908-April 16, 1966. October 27, 1884-April 18, 1966.

HECKEL, ALBERT K., Columbia: No­ ORMOND, ROBERT H., Jefferson City: vember 18, 1880-September 23, 1965. June 20, 1911-March 21, 1966. RAYBURN, FRANK C, Kansas City: HENRY, FOUNTAIN, Bowling Green: October 24, 1918-September 29, 1966. June 26, 1885-July 2, 1962. SMITH, PITMAN M., Montgomery HOWARD, FRANCIS E., St. Petersburg, City: November 25, 1896-October 9, Florida: September 21, 1903-October 1966. 29, 1966. STOHR, FRED E., Casey, Illinois: Feb­ JOHNSON, ELLA MAE, Maplewood: ruary 25, 1879-July 15, 1966. October 11, 1891-June 10, 1966. TURNER, J. P., Carrollton: January KANTER, GUS, University City: No­ 15, 1893-October 20, 1966. vember 10, 1895-February 1, 1966. UTTFRBACK, LAMAR, Paris: June 29, KRAMPF, Louis P., Trappe, Pennsyl­ 1883-June 8, 1966. vania: January 20, 1876-November 5, WARFEL, MRS. DELLA E., Bunker: 1965. April 21, 1892-August 27, 1966. LUEDDE, MRS. W. H., St. Louis: De­ WHITE, FRANK M., Potosi: April 24, cember 25, 1884-October 12, 1966. 1909-January 16, 1966. LYNE, JAMES G., Cornwall Bridge, WHITENER, L. D., Fredericktown: Connecticut: July 10, 1898-January September 12, 1879-July 1, 1966. 16, 1966. WILLIAMSON, J. W., SR., St. George, MCDANIEL, MRS. LEX, Kansas City: Utah: November 23, 1902-August 9, December 25, 1874-April 5, 1966. 1966. NEALE, BEN M., Springfield: Octo­ WILLIFORD, CHARLES C, Springfield: ber 27, 1876-July 15, 1966. April 18, 1890-December 10, 1966. STEAMBOAT PALACES For many years rivers were important avenues of travel throughout Missouri. St. Louis, near the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, was a center of riverboat traffic when the first steam-powered boat, the Zebulon M. Pike, landed there in the summer of 1817. Steam navigation soon revolutionized river travel. In 1819 the Independence made a round trip up the Missouri River from St. Louis to Franklin and Chariton. Year after year fur traders pushed farther up the Missouri until they finally arrived at the mouth of the Yellow­ stone River in 1832. The fur trade of the Northwest, the Santa Fe trade to the Southwest, the transportation of troops and provisions to the Mexican War and military forts on the Upper Missouri, the Colorado and California gold rushes and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill sent streams of passengers and freight up the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The 1840s and 1850s were the heydays of Missouri steamboating. Approximately 3,000 steamboats and 1,000,000 tons of freight arrived annually at St. Louis. During this period the city became the fourth ranking steamboat construction center on western rivers. Engineered and designed to meet requirements for shallow river condi­ tions, steamboats were long, narrow vessels with flat bottoms and straight sided hulls. Propelled with a paddle wheel at the rear or on each side, the standard boats had three decks. Although they had a top-heavy appearance, the great weight of equipment and cargo was on and below the main deck. The passenger deck comprised the second level of the structure where a centrally located saloon was surrounded by a row of private staterooms from which doors opened onto a promenade around the outside of the boat. The Texas (officer's quar­ ters) and pilot house were located on the hurricane or top deck. Early Missouri steamboats used wood and later coal to heat their boilers. Wood was plentiful on Missouri rivers, but it was necessary to have a quantity split and available at boat landings. Transient boat operators were small businessmen who moved from trade to trade, wherever business beckoned. Without schedule or regularity, they carried passengers and freight at low rates. Transient boats were most numerous through the 1850s. Greater regularity and reliability necessitated the develop­ ment of the packet boats that dominated the river in the postbellum years. Operating on a regular schedule packets charged slightly higher rates. Passenger and freight rates varied with the times, the amount of traffic and the competition. Between 1850-1860 passenger fare from St. Louis to Kansas City cost about $25; deck rates were approximately $3. Freight rates ranged from $.50 to $1.00 per hundred pound. Many dangers beset the steamboat traveler. Boiler explosions and fires, fallen trees, sandbars, debris and ice were all perils of the river which re­ sulted in the loss of steamboats and passengers. Efforts were made in the early years to eliminate obstructions from the rivers and by 1860 improvements lessened some dangers. Approximately 75 persons made up a steamboat crew. A captain with a thorough knowledge and practical experience in the boat's operation, decided questions of policy and took charge during emergencies; shipmates directed the rough deck hands who handled the cargo and fuel and performed the com­ mon labor; and engineers saw that the engines and boilers were kept in perfect condition. The actual direction of the boat, once underway, was in the hands of the pilot, the highest paid and most highly skilled member of the crew. The clerks, or general managers of the boat, and a numerous deck and cabin crew completed the ship's staff. River travel was the cheapest, most comfortable and most preferred mode of transportation before the coming of the railroads. With the increase of pas­ sengers in the 1840s and 1850s accommodations and services became luxurious. Expensive and exotic crystal chandeliers, thick oriental rugs, plush-covered furniture, glittering ornate bars and splendid dancing chambers with a piano or band attracted the most particular traveler. Short excursions on steamboat palaces were a popular pastime. Even on the finest boats, however, excessive noise and vibrations from high-pressure engines, heat from furnaces and ma­ chinery, flies and mosquitoes, and the noise and odor of livestock made travel uncomfortable at times. Many western travelers found the price of cabin passage too expensive. Traveling as deck passengers on the lower deck, they found accommodations among the freight and livestock. Despite popular beliefs, there was little real racing on Missouri rivers. Whenever two boats were going in the same direction a contest often resulted. Many set outstanding records. In 1856 the James H. Lucas made 498 miles from St. Louis to St. Joseph in 60 hours and 57 minutes. Missouri and Mississippi river travel often overshadowed the important role played by smaller rivers in the settlement of interior Missouri. Up the White River to southwest Missouri; the Osage past Linn Creek, Warsaw and Osceola; the Gasconade from Hermann to Vienna; and the Grand as far as Chillicothe, steamboats carried groceries and farm supplies. Returning down­ stream they were usually loaded with walnut logs, ties, farm produce, livestock, grain and fur pelts. The coming of the Civil War in 1861 greatly hampered river travel and severed business ties between the north and south. After the war riverboats were never able to regain their leadership in Missouri's transportation system. Railroads had appeared in the state in 1852 and with faster, more reliable service they gradually eliminated steamboating. Freight by water was cheaper and some barge service continued for many years. Major government reclamation projects helped retain steam-powered towboats for the barging of heavy vol­ uminous material, too expensive to ship by rail. But the colorful riverboating era, so long a part of Missouri's history, closed with the introduction of more modern forms of travel.

c^V,

A Whistling Girl and a Crowing Hen

Bunker Reynolds County Times, May 26, 1966.

The collection of early Ozark tall tales and folk lore has long been a hobby of many serious students of pioneer days. Some years ago Mary Clestia Parker of the Department of English, Univer­ sity of Arkansas, assigned her students the task of collecting early proverbs which mention facial or bodily characteristics as clues to a person's character or to his future.

Here are some: Mole on the neck; money by the peck. . , . Cold hands, warm heart; dirty feet, no sweetheart. Ugly baby, pretty adult; pretty baby, ugly adult. Dimple on the chin, the devil's within. If your eyebrows meet across your nose, You'll never wear your wedding clothes.

Some of the rhyming proverbs: A whistling girl and a crowing hen always comes to some bad end. Man works from sun to sun. Woman's work is never done. . . . You'll never find a beau where cobwebs grow. Lazy folks work the best when the sun is in the west. A good horse never stumbles and a good wife never grumbles. . . .

A dream of white horses is unlucky and may mean sickness or death in the family. The man who dreams repeatedly of fishes will attain great wealth. To dream of a hoe or a rake signifies a happy marriage. The girl who dreams always of storms and floods will marry a rich man. And Mrs. May Kennedy McCord has reported that the best way to stop unpleasant dreams is to stuff cloth into the keyhole. And some people place a knife under the dreamer's pillow in the hope of preventing nightmares. . . . Missouri Women In History

Blessed Rose Philippine Duchesne

Blessed Rose Philippine Duchesne founded the first convent of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in America in 1818 at St. Charles. Hoping to realize her lifelong ambition to serve as missionary to the American Indians, the 49 year-old nun left France with four associates in response to an appeal from William Valentine Dubourg, Bishop of Louisiana. During the 70-day At­ lantic crossing, the five nuns had only mouldy biscuits to eat and stagnant water to drink. After Mother Duchesne's arrival in New Orleans, illness from scurvy and the loss of a letter of instructions delayed her departure for six months. On August 22, 1818, she arrived in St. Louis after a 40-day voyage up the Mississippi River. From St. Louis she and her associates were sent to St. Charles There they opened a school, but they lacked teaching space, their poverty was extreme, and few pupils attended. Winter brought additional suffering. Mother Duchesne wrote, "We have had the privilege of doing without bread and water. . . . The Missouri is almost frozen over, and it is so cold that the water freezes before the fire, as does the laundered linen hung up to dry." In early spring fire partially destroyed the establishment. To alleviate the nuns' poverty and hardships, Bishop Dubourg provided a brick house in Florissant. At Florissant Mother Du­ chesne established the first novitiate of her order and opened the first Catholic school for Indian girls west of the Mississippi River. Within less than five years she planted five successful houses of the Society in America. In all her work she imposed on herself privations and austerities she would not have tolerated for others. She wrote, "In all of this there is not much fun unless you are doing it for God." In 1841 the ailing 72-year-old Mother Duchesne was allowed to brave the hazards of river and overland travel as the member of a group who founded the Pottawatomie Sugar Creek Mission, located near present Mound City, Kansas. But deprivations and illnesses had taken their toll. Not able to work or to teach, she spent most of her time in prayer. The Indians called her "the woman who prays always." She returned to the Academy of the Sacred Heart, St. Charles, in 1842, where she spent her remaining days in prayer and meditation. She died No­ vember 18, 1852. Her remains are now enshrined in a church named in her honor at the Academv. Pope Pius XII proclaimed her beatification. Mav 12. 1910.