Pi in the Sky Eben Upton’S Cheap, Tiny Computer Started a Revolution— and It Just Got a Power Surge P

RETURN the wired the lady and ashok gadgil OF THE LHC forest the robots learns to say no Ready to reveal How it’ll help Manuela Veloso's …and saves lives secrets of the cosmos climate studies RoboCup empire all over the world P. 11 P. 32 P. 42 P. 44

FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER | 03.15

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Pi in the Sky eben Upton’s cheap, tiny computer started a revolution— and it just got a power surge P. 40

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Engineering The Can You Trust 39 32 Internet 50 the Internet heroes 2015 of Trees of Things?

These six exceptional engineers A web of sensors We’re connecting stand out for their creativity, scrutinizes the Harvard everything to the Forest for clues to Internet—it’s time to fix courage, and commitment to climate change. the security flaws. improving the lives of others. By Mark Harris By Alan Grau

O n the Cover Photograph for IEEE Spectrum by Dan Burn-Forti

photograph by Gabriela Hasbun SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 01

03.Contents.NA [P].indd 1 2/13/15 3:47 PM Who will industrialize the Internet of Things?

You and NI will. From smart manufacturing to the smart grid, bridging the digital and physical worlds is one of the most signiﬁ cant engineering opportunities we face today. NI, together with other visionary companies, is ensuring the superior design and performance of the increasingly complex systems that will fuel the Internet of Things and drive industrial adoption. Learn more at ni.com.

©2015 National Instruments. All rights reserved. LabVIEW, National Instruments, NI, and ni.com are trademarks of National Instruments. Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. 19044

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102311 Online News Resources Opinion Spectrum.ieee.org R ebooting the Large Hadron A n Elf Remade When the Past Is Not a Preview Detonation in Slow Motion Collider An influential 1970s micro is Why the history of engineering Want to watch a water balloon Four fixes that will double its power. repackaged for makers. matters. explode on a cactus? Sanstreak’s By Alexander Hellemans By Stephen Cass By G. Pascal Zachary surprisingly affordable high-speed Edgertronic camera can capture 13 AIs vs. Poker 25 Tools: Talk to the Ubi 04 Back Story the kickback of a rifle, a firecracker 16 M icrogrids in Japan 26 Geek Life: Musical Mushrooms 06 Contributors igniting, or a hammer pulverizing 18 Google Glass Is Dead; 27 Startups: Sanstreak 28 Numbers Don’t Lie a lightbulb in slow-motion, high- Augmented Reality Lives On 76 And Now This… 30 Reflections definition detail. Watch the glass 20 The Big Picture Analog Computing fragments fly!

additional resources orp. c treak treak s Tech Insider / Webinars The Institute Available at spectrum.ieee.org/webinar Available 6 March 2015 at theinstitute.ieee.org

e Corp., San Corp., e Get Ready for the Internet of Things: Speed Innovation With Continuous THWARTING CYBERATTACKS The IEEE Cybersecurity Initiative is c Engineering for Electronics—26 March working on developing tools to help software engineers protect their How to Utilize Open Source in Your Code Base and Build Process— systems from hackers. This issue also explores the development of ntelligen

I Now Available on Demand secure mobile devices and apps and better training for those entering Enabling the Maker of Things in the Internet of Things—Now Available the cybersecurity field. on Demand From Concept to Deployment: Taking Control of Your Technical A HISTORY OF HACKING Incidents of hacking date back more than Calculations—Now Available on Demand a century. They include hackers who disrupted a public demonstration nified Computer Computer nified

U of Marconi’s wireless telegraphy machine and another who tampered New Product Release Library with a Nazi computer to save the lives of Holocaust victims. http://spectrum.ieee.org/static/new-product-release-library liveira, liveira, O

e e I NTroduciNG THE 2015 FELLOWS The Institute congratulates 300 D White papers new IEEE Fellows this year. They join an elite group who have contributed http://spectrum.ieee.org/whitepapers to the advancement or application of engineering, science, and technology. elloni elloni c ar M IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-9235) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, U.S.A. Volume No. 52, issue No. 3, North American edition. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of theIEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40013087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $399. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Printed at 120 Donnelley Dr., Glasgow, KY 42141-1060, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of the Association of Business Information & Media Companies, the Association of Magazine Media, and

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03.Contents.NA [P].indd 3 2/13/15 3:47 PM BACK STORY_

Editor in chief Susan Hassler, [email protected]

Executive Editor Glenn Zorpette, [email protected]

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Executive Producer, Spectrum Radio Sharon Basco A ssistant Producer, Spectrum Radio Francesco Ferorelli, [email protected] For Want of a Nail Administrative Assistants Ramona Foster, [email protected] Nancy T. Hantman, [email protected] or even the simplest story there are many things Contributing Editors Evan Ackerman, Mark Anderson, John Blau, Robert N. that can threaten a deadline. For IEEE Spectrum’s DIY and Charette, Peter Fairley, Tam Harbert, Mark Harris, David Kushner, Robert W. Lucky, Paul McFedries, Prachi Patel, home‑brew Hands On column, to that list must be added Richard Stevenson, Lawrence Ulrich, Paul Wallich

all the problems that can crop up in making electrons flow Director, Periodicals Production Services Peter Tuohy just so. Usually, these problems add zest to an article. But Editorial & Web Production Manager Roy Carubia Senior Electronic Layout specialist Bonnie Nani sometimes, it’s just a cascade of failure. Spectrum Online In building the Membership Card—a kit that replicates product manager, digital Shannan Brown the classic Cosmac Elf microcomputer—for this issue, it all Web Production Coordinator Jacqueline L. Parker F Multimedia Production Specialist Michael Spector began with a momentary lapse of concentration by Senior Editor Editorial Advisory Board Stephen Cass. He wired one component in backward. “It was Susan Hassler, Chair; Gerard A. Alphonse, Jason Cong*, Sudhir Dixit, Limor Fried, Robert Hebner, Joseph J. Helble, classic Murphy’s Law,” says Cass. Then he damaged the traces on Chenming Hu*, Grant Jacoby, Norberto Lerendegui, John P. Lewis, Steve Mann, Jacob Østergaard, Umit Ozguner, Thrasos the printed circuit board while trying to extract the component. Pappas, John Rogers, Jonathan Rothberg, Umar Saif, Takao But surely Lee Hart, the kit maker, could send replacement parts? Someya, Jeffrey M. Voas, Kazuo Yano, Larry Zhang*, Yu Zheng, Kun Zhou, Edward Zyszkowski Unfortunately, Hart was visiting family during the holiday season. * Chinese-language edition

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CONTRIBUTORS_ |

Ma r 2015

| nort h a m e ric a n “They just wanted to dosomething hands-on to move The volunteers really believed in the cause,shenotes. Your Fridge?” [p. 50],ever since. The work has taken Journalism Fellow atMIT. “Technology isgivinga voice As acollege student, Grau found andfixed asecurity flaw inhis college’s mainframe computer that was White, inventor of acellphone-based system to for the BBC Micro that tested the user’s knowledge Microknowledge user’sfor thattestedBBC the the Cambridge, England. In this issue,heprofiles Eben Contributing Editor Harris has written for IEEESpec with computers,” hesays, “Upton’s infectious enthu - Upton, creator of the low-cost, credit-card-size work in the end.” thwart illegallogging[p. 46].Her reporting included the SanFrancisco Bay Area, writes about Topher the project forward.”the the electronic musicmaven known as Jerobeam to organisms that have traditionally beenmute,” he R Monks share a technical mastery of their craft that Patel isaneditorial fellow atWired Peplow isa freelance science journalistbasedin British-born Seattleite addsenvironmental science, Digital Storage Technologies to hiscurrent position Fenderson [p. 26]and the anticounterfeiting IEEE Spectrum intern. In this issue,heprofiles of the world’s capitals.“Yet despite my dismalrecord ents, computer gaming,Google’s self-driving car. With expert Brian Monks [p. 47]. The two menare very trum ona wide range of subjects:defibrillators, pat In this issue, Ackerman, a freelance writer based in helping White andsome volunteers disassemble keeps them innovating. It was fascinating to see his feature on the Harvard Forest project [p. 32], the him from Motorola to AT&T BellLaboratories to daughter isnow patiently teaching himhow to useit. allowing unfettered access to the campuse-mail donated Android phones.“My job was rippingout the different, Patel says, “but both Fenderson and siasm inspired me to buy aRaspberry Pi.” Peplow’s skills peaked around 1987, when he wrote aprogram an interest hecultivated last year as aKnight Science as president of Icon Labs,anembeddedsystems such similar work ethics produce suchdiverse living world that feels very natural in the Internet age.” solutions, like those describedin“Can You Trust system. He’s been focused onelectronic security speaker and vibrator with apair of pliers,” shesays. says. “Itcreates adigitaldialoguebetween usand the security company hecofounded in1992. Alan Grau Neel V. Patel Mark Harris Elise Ackerman Mark Peplow aspberry Picomputer [p. 40].Peplow’s own coding |

SP E CTRUM.I EEE .ORG and a formerand - -

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[email protected] +1 7325625596,[email protected] +1 7325623820,[email protected] [email protected] +1 7325623928 ans Gyimah Nicole Ruchika Anand, Blanche McGurr, [email protected] Michael Buryk,[email protected] Marion Delaney, [email protected] [email protected], A. Tel: +1732981 0060Fax: +1732981 1721 445 Hoes Lane,Box 1331,Piscataway, NJ08854-1331U.S.A. Stephanie M. White, Steve Yurkovich Siller,RaviCurtis A. Todi,David Tian, H. Joel Trussell, Leung Tsang, Tariq Samad, Fred Schindler, Gianluca Setti, Gaurav Sharma, Thrasos Pappas, Michael Pecht, Michael Polis, Sorel Reisman, James M.Irvine, Hulya Kirkici,CarmenS.Menoni, Paolo Montuschi, Ron B.Goldfarb, GlennGulak, Lawrence Hall, Christofer Hierold, Sheila Hemami, Chair E Vincent P. Socci (1); Timothy P. Kurzweg (2); John W. Walz (VIII);Marina Ruggieri (I J. Yoffa (I);Hirofumi Akagi (II);Harvey A. Freeman (III); William (VII); W.Reder Rob Moses SusanK.Land(V); (IV); ReillyK. (VI); Wanda E President, I Piuri, TechnicalVincenzoAssociation; Activities; James A.Jefferies, & Geographic Activities; Bruce P. Kraemer, President, Standards Services &Products; Wai-Choong “Lawrence” Wong, Member Saurabh Sinha, Bennett, Jennifer T. Bernhard, +1 7325626843, [email protected] +1 2025308349,[email protected] +1 7329813452,[email protected] +1 7325626343,[email protected] +1 7325025400,[email protected] +1 7325625483,[email protected] +1 7325623850,[email protected] +1 7325626330,[email protected] Norberto M.Lerendegui (9);Ramakrishna Kappagantu Amir G. Aghdam (7);Costas M.Stasopoulos (8); Robert C.Parro (4); J. Derald Morgan (5); Thomas Coughlin (6); IEEE S Pr Vi Pa tr b IEEE A se Re m S se m R Mark Lis ieee ieee B Re Ass IEEE M Pr IEEE IEEE Manag Te C ch Ge Standard H mem act Educat C Publ e or IEEE Di Re Di Pr A A x or e dv dv dv h u EP llen ileen M.Lach,+12127058990,[email protected] u ark ark c r v chn e s n n n cru cru g e n esi esi si ie ie m t e isi e a i t Pr cut oc R e e e i i i i p e Staff Ex

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03a.p8.NA.indd 9 2/10/15 2:44 PM SPECTRAL LINES_ 03.15

New engineering histories such as Andrew Russell’s Open Standards in the Digital Age illustrate how collective battles over standards can trump individual achieve ments. Says Russell, a profes sor at the Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, N.J., “The kinds of stories we tell about standards matter more,” because standards set the rules of the game for indi vidual engineers and provide valuable context for both en gineers and consumers. When the Past Is Not a Preview The prosaic quality of stan Engineering historians teach the past dards wars creates another to help make a better future challenge for historians. To engineers and their financial backers, the most important What is the history of engineering about? battles are over the future, not the past. Reputa A. The “eureka” moments of unusual men and women tions and fortunes largely rise and fall based on B. Groups, tribes, and gangs of creative geeks who defines future artifacts and standards. The C. Robust, durable, and adaptive institutions engineer as “tomorrow maker” remains the ulti D. All of the above mate metric of achievement. Historical amnesia would hardly seem to imperil an engineer’s career. Much time is spent on debating how best to approach the history of engi Yet the siren song of the future need not blind neers and engineering. The stakes are high: Those who define the story of engineers to lessons of history that are vital to mak the past inevitably influence the present and the future. Yet telling the story ing sound decisions today. Patent disputes often of bygone engineers is difficult because the answer to the above question turn on historical readings. Studies of past mistakes often says more about who gives the quiz than who takes it. such as the space shuttle Challenger explosion, for My choice of D, or all of the above, affirms the complexity of engineering instance, teach us much about how to prevent in as an activity and a historical force. Edison, Tesla, Turing, and Jobs under evitable human errors from causing catastrophes. standably dominate chronicles of engineering movements, but seminal Accounts of movements can also capture the figures thrive as part of technical networks or teams. These teams, in turn, imagination. In Henry Petroski’s magisterial depend on government, universities, corporations, financiers—organizations account of the design of pencils, the names of and institutions embedded in particular societies at specific times. By fol individuals can be forgotten, but the “world pencil lowing these various threads, the fuller tapestry (D) emerges. war” of the 1890s, ignited by German dominance Or nearly so. Engineering has also incubated new social history, arising and American fears of dependence on foreign pen from how people adopt, shape, and hack the stuff made by engineers. His cils, cannot be. tories as varied as those about the telephone and the pencil, the automobile Studying the past in order to improve the future and the computer, electricity and fertilizer, also reveal much about how is reasonable. But to do so risks reducing the past and why we use the fruits of an engineer’s toil. to mere rehearsal. It is not. Historians revel in un The emphasis on process over person helps explain why today’s engi derstanding the past for its own sake. Engineers neering heroes, like those profiled in this issue, tend to go unsung. Deciding need not apologize for doing the same. whom to elevate among the many socially committed engineers is trickier —G. Pascal Zachary than identifying the historical significance of, say, the “open source” or “miniaturization” movement in engineering. Without question, Manuela G. Pascal Zachary is the author of Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century (MIT Press, 1999). Veloso’s robots and Eben Upton’s $35 Raspberry Pi computers have trans CORRECTION: In a photo caption for “The Birth of Innovation” [February], we incorrectly formed their respective fields. Are they making history? It’s too soon to say. identified the magazine’s founding editor as Richard Colborn. His name was Robert Colborn.

10 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG Illustration by Dan Page

03.SpectralLines.NA.indd 10 2/12/15 2:25 PM 10,000: interconnections between superconducting wires that were upgraded to boost LHC power

Later this spring, scientists at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, will restart the world’s biggest particle physics experiment, after a hiatus of two years. Beams of protons are scheduled to start circulating through the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in mid- March. Physicists hope to start smashing the protons together and recording data before midyear. When it restarts, the LHC will be able to smash protons with nearly twice the energy it had before. Even at its previous power level researchers were able to use the LHC to find the Higgs boson. This particle—whose existence was predicted decades ago—explains why some particles have mass. But scientists hope that the higher- energy collisions will reveal some new (if more difficult to explain) discoveries, such as the elusive supersymmet- Taking the Large ric particles or even possible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious material that Hadron Collider binds the universe together.

liveira The LHC got off to an inauspi- O e e D cious start, and that bad begin- elloni elloni

c to the Max sleep no more: The Atlas experiment, dormant for two years, Four fixes that will double the power of will rumble back to life following

Claudia Mar Claudia the world’s greatest physics machine several upgrades.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 11

03.News.NA.indd 11 2/13/15 3:11 PM ning explains some upgrades. In September 2008 during a final commissioning phase— and before the accelerator reached its planned maxi- mum energy of 14 teraelectron volts—one of the more than 10,000 interconnections for wires supplying power to the superconducting magnets of the LHC failed, causing an arc that melted through a helium line and damaged a several- hundred-meter stretch of the system. After a year of repairs, the LHC started up and eventually reached a reduced col- lision energy of 7 TeV. The upgrade being finished now is to reach 13 TeV. And it was clear from the beginning that it Back where it belongs: A muon chamber is kilometer of the 27-kilometer machine would require a complete overhaul of the slotted into place in preparation for the restart of in a flood of coolant—the system lost a the Large Hadron Collider. interconnections. So CERN management much larger quantity of helium than decided to shut down the accelerator for was expected. a two-year period, starting in early 2013. The revision of the connections has “In response to this incident, we This allowed the LHC engineering teams now been completed, reports Jean- increased the number of safety valves to update and upgrade several other sys- Philippe Tock, who leads the project. on our vacuum systems, so that we do tems, including the data gathering and All junctions have been tested at room not get this avalanche of helium pressure storage technology and the cryogenics, temperature. Those displaying anoma- that caused the displacement of mag- which keep the system’s superconduct- lies were resoldered. All junctions have nets,” says Laurent Jean Tavian, leader ing magnets at a crisp 1.9 kelvins. Also, also been equipped with copper shunts, of the cryogenic group at CERN’s tech- the Atlas detector—one of four enormous which can take over in case of failure, he nology department. machines in which the actual particle col- says. The system that keeps watch on the lisions take place—was equipped with an new junctions has also been upgraded bigger data extra layer of particle detectors, increas- to provide better accuracy and resolu- “The data acquisition and storage sys- ing its precision substantially. tion. “We have many more measuring tem has been overdesigned from the —alexander hellemans points,” says Tock. For example, voltage beginning. We would have needed much surges that occur over groups of connec- more data than anticipated to run into Tougher Interconnections tions, which normally have a resistance problems,” says Niko Neufeld, who is A team of about 280 technicians under- of less than 3 nano-ohms, will automati- responsible for the upgrade of high- took the checking and reinforcing of more cally shut down the accelerator. “We have speed data acquisition for LHCb. (LHCb than 10,000 interconnections that con- not invented new technology; we have is short for the LHC Beauty Experiment, nect the Large Hadron Collider’s supercon- applied existing technology to a very high which seeks to detect b [beauty] quarks ducting wires. These cables, which have a level of quality and quality assurance to and anti-b quarks; a difference in their trapezoidal cross section, are overlapped an unprecedented level,” he says. decay rates would explain the matter-

for several centimeters, pressed tightly antimatter asymmetry in the universe.) liveira O e e together, and held in place with a silver- safer cooling Nevertheless, he and his colleagues have D based solder. At full operation, the splices When an electrical interconnection been upgrading data systems by replac- elloni elloni can carry a current of 13 kiloamperes, and between two helium-cooled magnets ing obsolete hardware with more effi- c the slightest fault would cause the junc- failed in 2008—knocking askew accelera- cient and compact modern systems. In

tion to heat and fail. tor magnets and damaging about half a the past CERN has developed and pio- Mar Claudia

12 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.News.NA.indd 12 2/13/15 3:11 PM neered new hardware itself—the CAMAC (computer automated measurement and

control) industrial data-acquisition stan- s AIs vs. Poker w

dard and capacitive touch screens are e examples. Although CERN now makes n M aking computers unbeatable at Texas fewer custom systems, Neufeld says Hold ’em could lead to big breakthroughs there is a need for specialized high- in artificial intelligence speed, radiation-hardened electronics that can operate in strong magnetic fields. And a bigger upgrade is in the Life is not a game. But there possible plays in even the simplest works. For experiments scheduled to are similarities. That’s why poker game is a far greater chal- start in 2019, the data flow is expected it’s worthwhile to invent artificial- lenge because each player has hid- to increase by two orders of magnitude. intelligence algorithms that can win den cards—information hidden from “This will require a significant change, games. One such AI has now finally the opponent. In that sense, poker and new technologies will have to be solved one of the simplest versions is an “imperfect-information game,” put in,” says Neufeld. of poker. It’s a crucial first step on similar to real-world scenarios with a potentially long road toward various degrees of uncertainty. superior sensors beating human poker champions “The solutions for imperfect- The Atlas detector is one of four placed in more complex versions of the information games require com- around the few points where the games. This isn’t just about brag- puters to handle the additional counterrotating protons collide head- ging rights: Poker playing can train complication of not knowing exactly on. Benjamino Di Girolamo, the techni- computer algorithms to tackle the what the game’s state is, such as not cal coordinator of the Atlas experiment, complexities of real-world chal- knowing an opponent’s hand,” says says that workers had to replace a layer lenges in security and medicine, Neil Burch, a computer scientist at of detectors, or “pixels,” that were close where the available information is the University of Alberta, in Edmon- to the beam pipe because of radiation rarely perfect or complete. ton, Canada. “Such techniques damage. However, such a replacement The many possibilities for decep- require more computer memory proved impossible because of struc- tion in poker means there are a huge and computing power.” tural constraints in the detector, so they number of possible plays, even in a Burch and his colleagues laid decided to build an insert, called the limited version with just two play- out their algorithm’s solution to IBL (insertable B layer) that would fit ers. Computers have solved simpler “heads-up limit” Texas Hold ’em in between the beam pipe and the inner- games such as Connect Four and the journal Science in January. In most layer of the detector assembly. checkers by figuring out the per- AI parlance, it’s only a “weak” solu- The IBL was then able to take advan- fect, unbeatable strategy for each tion to a specific version of poker. tage of better radiation-hardened detec- move starting from the beginning The game has just two players, tor pixels, which were developed by of each game. But analyzing all the fixed bet amounts, and a fixed a research program at CERN. But the most important aspect of the IBL is that it improves the precision of Atlas. “Having a layer at the beginning of a [particle] track is very important to us. If you have high precision very near the start of the track, then you can even relax the precision you need in the outer layers [of the detector assembly],” says Di Girolamo. He reports that the insertion of the IBL, which was a very delicate opera- es

g tion, was successful. “The IBL, for its a Im operation, has been cooled down and

Getty Getty is now fully working,” he says.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 13

03.News.NA.indd 13 2/13/15 3:11 PM Keysight U4154B logic analyzer module for DDR2/3/4 and LPDDR2/3/4 in M9502A chassis DDR2/3/4 and LPDDR2/3/4 protocol decoder Keysight W2211BP Advanced Design System and compliance toolsets available electronic design automation software Keysight In niium 90000 W2351EP ADS DDR4 Compliance Test Bench X-Series oscilloscope DDR1/2/3/4 and LPDDR1/2/3/4 The Aha! moment. compliance software packages and protocol decoder available We’ll help you feel it. Keysight M8020A high-performancehig J-BERT

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03a.p14.NA.indd 15 2/10/15 2:45 PM number of bet raises. But the soft- represent the possible moves ware is still good enough to make made by opponents at each stage it virtually impossible—from a sta- of the game. The difference in Microgrids tistical significance standpoint— the number of information sets to distinguish the algorithm’s is huge—about 147 orders of mag- solution from perfect play dur- nitude. For that reason, research- for a Post- ing a lifetime of poker games. ers cannot hope for an algorithm The algorithm, named CFR+ by that can sort through every sin- its creators, uses an improved gle possible play. Instead, they Fukushima version of a technique called fall back on using “abstractions”— counterfactual regret minimiza- simplified representations of the tion (CFR). Regret-minimization full game. algorithms are easiest to under- A Carnegie Mellon University Japan stand for a single-step game, such group led by Tuomas S andholm as rock-paper-scissors. They com- has developed a computer pro- T hree projects use diverse pare the outcome of a game, say, gram capable of handling an how much money you lost, with abstract version of no-limit energy sources to supply the outcome of the best pos- Texas Hold ’em that is six times power during disasters sible choice. The difference is as large as any previous abstrac- the regret value. The algorithm tion of the poker game. In fact, then comes up with a strategy— it may be the largest imperfect- expressed as the probability information game ever attempted that you’ll make a certain move— by a computer. B efore the Fukushima earth- for the next time you play that Carnegie Mellon’s abstraction quake and tsunami four years minimizes the total regret for algorithm works by breaking ago this month, T oyota’s all the times you’ve ever played. the abstract game into smaller Counterfactual regret minimiza- pieces and spreading them automotive plant in Miyagi tion extends the process to work across different blade servers in Prefecture, north of Fukushima, had for games like poker where there the Blacklight supercomputer at relied entirely on the Tohoku Electric Power Co. are many steps between the start the Pittsburgh Supercomputing and finish of the game. And CFR+ Center—a 37-teraflops machine. for energy. But when the disaster shut down power boosts the efficiency of the pro- One “parent” part of the abstrac- to its plant for two weeks, managers realized that cess by taking fewer and bigger tion exchanges information with the company needed a more secure source. The steps toward the best solution. the smaller pieces on other serv- Past CFR algorithms never tried ers. That allows the team to cre- factory couldn’t be independent of the electric solving the full game of heads‑up ate a much larger abstraction than grid, but it could manage that energy better— limit Texas Hold ’em because of if it was all located on one server. and supplement it. the huge amount of memory It’s also about three times as fast required—roughly 262 terabytes. as spreading the abstraction “The earthquake was a big turning point,” says But CFR+, helped along by some across many servers that must all Atsuji Morita, a project manager for Toyota. “We memory compression techniques, communicate with one another. had this big blackout and realized we needed a new was efficient enough to solve the Once the CFR algorithm ana- full game. lyzes the abstract game and devel- system to increase our energy security.” The next big challenge is trying ops a poker-playing strategy, a That’s a common theme in Japan these days. After to solve heads-up no-limit Texas reverse-mapping algorithm is the disaster knocked out power to much of eastern Hold ’em, a more complex version needed to apply that strategy back that allows unrestricted bet sizes. to the full version of no-limit Texas Japan, smart microgrid projects from industrial to Algorithms must consider many Hold ’em. Sandholm’s group devel- residential changed their approach. Initially focused more information sets that each oped such an algorithm—called primarily on energy efficiency, projects have shifted pseudo-harmonic mapping— which can reduce the possi- the emphasis to generating energy where it is con- bility of exploits by opponents sumed and to having a diversity of power sources. The Sandholm who take an action that is not In February 2013, Toyota formed a limited liabil- covered by the abstraction. group’s AI The Sandholm group’s AI ity partnership called the Factory Grid, or F-Grid, showed its showed its worth in 2014 by to create a smart grid that manages and provides beating the best rival poker- supplemental power to seven factories (most of worth by playing programs. It’s not a solution for no-limit Texas them owned by Toyota) within the industrial park. beating the Hold ’em, but it’s still useful. F-Grid has built its own natural-gas-fired cogene- best rival “The algorithms we devel- ration plant, which produces 7,800 kilowatts. That oped are not for solving poker; poker-playing they’re for solving imperfect- plant is supplemented by 740 kW from solar panels. programs, at information games in general,” And, in a creative twist, the factory uses an array Sandholm says. “Poker is a of old Prius batteries capable of adding 90 kW of a competition benchmark where we can test progress from year to year.” power from energy stored during slow periods at in 2014. —jeremy hsu the industrial park. In an outage, even if all other

16 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.News.NA.indd 16 2/13/15 3:11 PM M ultiple input, multiple OUTPUT: The Kashiwanoha smart-city project uses energy from electric-vehicle batteries, biogas, storage batteries, solar panels, and the grid.

for several years as a retail and business area. Last summer, the project started offering apartments and condos. Kashiwanoha uses a wide variety of power sources, although it still draws most of its power—some 90 percent— from the electricity grid. The high-rise apartment buildings take advantage of natural hot springs beneath them to create a communal bathing area on the third floor. Water for the residences is heated using biogas generated from food waste. The town uses a bank of Hitachi lithium-ion batteries that can store up to 3,800 kilowatt-hours’ worth of energy, collected from the solar panels that are distributed on rooftops throughout the power sources fail, the Prius batteries Each home’s energy system consists city and purchased from the grid at night, can supply enough power to keep satel- of rooftop solar panels, a gas cogenera- when rates are cheaper. There are a few lite phones and computers running for tion unit, a home battery unit, a hot water small-scale wind turbines scattered three to four days. tank, an electric car (a Honda Fit), and throughout the development as well. The microgrid is operated by a commu- an energy management system called The facility has a gas cogeneration nity energy management system, which Smart‑e Mix Manager. The home battery engine to provide power and heat in polls each facility about power needs and stores energy for times when solar power emergencies, and it keeps a supply of oil manages distribution of energy among is not available. Ninety percent of Japa- on hand in case the gas supply is inter- them. In the event of an outage, F-Grid nese households use both gas and electric- rupted, says Kiyoko Hama, a representa- plans to also supply power to the local ity, and after the 2011 disaster, natural gas tive from Mitsui Fudosan and a member disaster response center, located in a vil- came back on in many areas sooner than of the Kashiwanoha urban planning and lage about a kilometer away. the electricity, according to Maeda. The development department. Communal The need for power diversity is cogeneration system produces electric- electric vehicles can also be used to store reflected in small, residential projects ity to power homes and heat water. That’s electricity. All told, in an emergency as well. Honda, for example, is devel- important, because 60 percent of house- there would be enough auxiliary energy oping a smart-home system in coop- hold energy use in Japan is for heating, to meet 60 percent of normal residen- eration with Toshiba and the biggest and half of that is specifically for heating tial power requirements for three days. home builder in Japan, Sekisui House. water for baths and cooking, says Maeda. The city optimizes energy use through Honda has so far built two demonstra- Daily bathing is so important in Japanese an energy management system. Resi- tion homes in Saitama, a part of the met- culture that the Japanese army made it dents can monitor energy use through ropolitan Tokyo area. Although plans a priority to set up a communal bath for an app on their tablets or phones. The for the project had already been in the evacuees after the 2011 disaster, he says. development even encourages residents, making, after the earthquake the proj- The shift to emergency energy also hap- like 56-year-old Ryoji Iwasawa, to reduce es es g a

Im ect developers’ focus shifted to provid- pened in a smart-city project, called Kashi- usage by rewarding them with points ing energy security during emergencies. wanoha, on the outskirts of Tokyo. The they can use to shop at the mall across

FP/Getty FP/Getty “That is the new meaning of ‘smart’ in project is backed by the real estate devel- the street. It’s not like they need that A Japan,” says Naohiro Maeda, a manager oper Mitsui Fudosan, Hitachi, and Sharp, much of a push to cut down on their suno/ T in Honda’s Smart Community Planning in cooperation with local government, the usage, however. “We’ve all become more Office. “Our goal is to produce the energy University of Tokyo, and Chiba University. cognizant of our energy use since Fuku- oshikazu oshikazu

Y on-site that we need to consume on-site.” This smart city has been in development shima,” says Iwasawa. —tam harbert

news

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 17

03.News.NA.indd 17 2/13/15 3:11 PM news

laid on the palm of one hand and “press” Google Glass them using a finger from the other hand. At the Moverio demo by Ngrain, of Vancouver, Canada, a scale model of an Is Dead, but Augmented electric generator sat on the table. Once I put on the glasses, I could look at the Reality Lives On model and highlight a particular part, causing a 3-D representation of that piece, I ndustrial and enterprise apps are overlaid on the generator, to pop up. The the near-term future of AR 3-D models tracked the changing per- spective as I turned and moved my head, albeit with some jitter in the image. Finally, I used the Moverio glasses to It seemed like the nascent virtual reality. (A $1,000 consumer ver- look at a pump mechanism using an app augmented-reality industry was sion is planned for release later this year.) made by Scope AR, based in Edmonton, on a roller coaster at the start of the Similarly, Epson was showing its Alberta. Looking at the pump through year. Things looked bad when Google Moverio BT-200 smart glasses. Most the Moverio glasses allowed me to watch announced that it was terminating sales important, Epson didn’t bring just the a series of instructions for performing of its Glass headset in favor of develop- glasses; it also brought third-party devel- maintenance, with virtual tools such as a ing some new version to be announced opers with examples of AR applications. wrench overlaid on the areas where they at some time in the future. (Possibly in While some developers were showing would be used on the real pump, plus an a galaxy far, far away.) But then the animation of the required motion. future looked bright again when And even though HoloLens is tar- Microsoft unveiled its H oloLens geted firmly at the consumer, Micro- AR headset at a razzle-dazzle press soft’s presentation emphasized its event in late January. usefulness for physical tasks. Like the But the truth is that well before AR instruments at CES, the HoloLens the debut of HoloLens, the AR eco- makes no attempt to emulate Google system had been moving away from Glass’s minimal intrusion into the Google’s model of always-available wearer’s field of view: The headset wearable computing and toward the looks like a pair of ski goggles. The sys- idea that AR headsets should be— tem can track eye movements, listen at least for now—something you to voice commands, and follow hand use only for specific tasks. At the gestures much as a Microsoft Kinect Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in game and entertainment software, the does. (Alex Kipman at Microsoft devel- Las Vegas just after New Year’s, most of most impressive demos were aimed firmly oped both the Kinect and the HoloLens.) the capabilities advertised a few weeks at enterprise and government users. At its press event, Microsoft put users later by Microsoft for its HoloLens pro- A Moverio demo by Herndon, Va.–based into an immersive version of the popu- totypes were already on display on the APX Labs featured Skylight, a system for lar Minecraft world-building game, but it show floor (albeit spread among several field workers. When I tried it, arrows also showed several equipment mainte- exhibitors), and they were mostly doing popped up on my view of the conference nance and installation demos similar to industrial and enterprise work. to indicate the direction of distant wind those seen at CES. Even the use of hand- es g One example was a US $5,000 indus- turbines. When I looked in that direction, gesture interfaces wasn’t new. OVSR also a Im trial headset from San Francisco–based I could call up data on the turbine’s per- demoed it at CES, combining its Razer Osterhaut Design Group. Unlike Glass, formance and even see video of it. headset with a gesture-detection sensor whose single display is tucked away at Augumenta, headquartered in Oulu, from Leap Motion. the far side of the frame, occupying a Finland, eliminated the need for voice We may yet see headsets displace the lett; Photos: Getty Getty Photos: lett; small corner of the wearer’s field of view, commands—always tricky in noisy work smartphone as the universal portable K andi andi ODG’s binocular system delivers graph- environments—with a system that can networked computer du jour, but it looks R ics front and center. Flipping down a recognize hand gestures. I used it to play like we’ll first be taking a detour through sunglasses-like visor blocks the wearer’s rock-paper-scissors, but ultimately the living-room entertainment and factory- llustration: llustration: view of the outside world and converts technology should allow a wearer to see floor maintenance. —stephen cass I

the headset from augmented reality to a keyboard or industrial controls over- with charles q. choi Photo-

18 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

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03a.p19.NA.indd 19 2/10/15 2:46 PM 20 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by Muhammed Fahim/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

03.BigPicture.NA.indd 20 2/11/15 9:40 AM Solar Scooter

When you think of the centers of futuristic automotive design, Afghanistan probably doesn’t come to mind. But motorcycle mechanic Mustafa Muhammadi designed and built this enclosed two-seater motorbike in about six weeks, using car tires and motorcycle parts. He showed off his handiwork—which he says cost 90,000 afghanis (roughly US $1,600) to get on the road—in Kabul in December. What sets the three-wheeler apart is that it’s all electric. A solar panel on its roof supplements the energy in the plug-in vehicle’s batteries, extending its range to 40 kilometers on a single charge. And just in case the trike does run out of juice, Muhammadi included pedals so that it can run on human power until it reaches a charging station.

THE BIG PICTURE news

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 21

03.BigPicture.NA.indd 21 2/11/15 9:40 AM Instant Access to IEEE Publications

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03a.22.NA.indd 22 2/10/15 2:47 PM The Galileo space probe to Jupiter, launched in 1989, was controlled by CDP1802 processors.

You Can’t Keep a Good Elf Down A modern version of a 1976 microcom- resources_HANDS ON puter has

egular readers of this column may have noticed that I have a fondness for new surprising R takes on old technologies. So you won’t be surprised that when I came across Lee Hart’s potential Membership Card kit, I leapt at the chance to build it. The Membership Card is a modern version of the 1976 Cosmac Elf. The Elf was an influential early microcomputer built around RCA’s CDP1802 processor. What may be more surprising is that the Membership Card might be just the ticket for modern makers looking to build microcontroller-based devices that can run for a year on a few AA batteries. • The original Elf dates from the heroic age of personal micros, a time before QWERTY keyboards and bitmapped displays became standard and made us all soft. Input was via a set of toggle switches, hand-setting each bit in a byte. You wrote programs in pure machine code. You read the output via a two-digit LED display capable of showing one hexadecimal digit apiece, plus one additional so-called Q LED. The Membership Card is even more severe on the output front than the original: “Numeric” output is via a row of eight LEDs that display a byte in binary. You can’t get closer to raw computation without an eras- able marker and a really long piece of tape. • The Q LED is tied to one of the unusual features of the 1802 processor, and these features help explain how the Elf and its descendants maintained their popularity well into the 1980s and still find some uses today, particularly in aero- space. The Q LED is directly connected to a processor pin that can be turned on or off with a single instruction. The ease of hooking up external circuitry to this Q pin, and the relative ease of writing software to control it, meant that the pin was used to communicate with all kinds

photograph by Randi Klett SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | MAR 2015 | 23

03.Resources.NA.indd 23 2/11/15 1:01 PM of external devices, such as serial interfaces nents, you can install a second RAM chip or loudspeakers. Connecting the Q output or EEPROM. These chips would make boot to a speaker and turning it on and off at the loaders and other code permanently avail- right frequencies generates musical tones. E LF IN A TIN able to you. Hart has also included a hefty So the Elf was popular among synthesized capacitor that can maintain the contents of music pioneers, as demonstrated by the the RAM chip for several hours. Elf’s prominence at the First Philadelphia Squeezing the Elf into a form factor that Computer Music Festival, in 1979. can fit inside an Altoids tin means that assem- The 1802 also features four special input bly is a pretty fiddly operation (although most pins. The state of these pins can be read and of the difficulties I had were due to insanely branched upon using a single instruction bad luck rather than Hart’s design). And pro- apiece, greatly simplifying the physical cir- gramming software more than a few dozen cuitry and software required to accept input bytes long is tedious and error prone. from peripherals. Another handy quirk of the Fortunately, as of a hardware revision from 1802 is that its clock speed can be dynam- last February, the Membership Card now ically adjusted, from about 1.8 megahertz includes improved support for serial commu- (in the case of the Membership Card) right nications, which allows you to load programs down to zero. Stopping the clock doesn’t from, and communicate with, a host computer cause the processor to reset, and the clock much as you would with an Arduino. can be restarted without the 1802 miss- There are two wrinkles: First, you must ing a beat. At low speeds the 1802 needs decide in advance if you want to use “TTL” little voltage and draws only a tiny amount voltage levels for the serial interface (which of power. These features should make the works with many serial-to-USB adapters) 1802 of interest to anyone who needs a reli- or “RS-232” levels (for interfacing with the able embedded controller that could poten- serial ports found on older PCs). The cir- tially be run on a small solar cell. cuitry is slightly different for each. Second, The standard Membership Card Kit, from you’ll have to provide your own software to Hart, costs US $79—I paid an extra $10 for handle the serial interface (this is where a version that includes a cover for the kit’s the ability to install an EEPROM comes in front panel. Hart also sells a bare-bones handy). Fortunately, you can get lots of help printed circuit board without any compo- and advice on this—and many other mat- nents, but buying the components with the ters related to the Membership Card and kit means getting an 1802 processor with- the 1802—on Hart’s website as well as on out the hassle of dealing with resellers on the pages of Retrotechnology.com. eBay. (Intersil, the current manufacturer As I don’t have an EEPROM burner, I’m of 1802 processors, sells only a few thou- currently working on an Arduino-based sand military-spec versions a year, at $124 interface that will connect via the parallel apiece, bulk orders only.) port provided by the front panel. The goal The kit takes the form of two intercon- is to duplicate the functions of the original nected boards sandwiched together. The hexadecimal keypad and display while also bottom board is actually a complete com- allowing longer programs to be uploaded puter that holds the 1802, system mem- from a PC, but this will have to be the subject ory, and some supporting circuitry. The of a follow-up article. For now I’ve contented top board is the “front panel” and holds the myself with toggling in some of the sample toggle switches and LEDs used for input AM COS AC SQUEEZE: This remake programs available for the Elf, including a few of the 1976 Cosmac Elf uses the same and output, as well as a power socket and CDP1802 processor [top] and a stripped- from the original series of articles in Popular Klett ndi Ra a 25-pin socket. The latter can be used to down version of the front panel found on Electronics that introduced the computer

early micros [second photo from top]. The (3); ss

connect the kit to a PC parallel port. to the world. One of these is ETOPS‑256, Ca processor and panel board are sandwiched The bottom board can function without together [third photo]. The computer is a 32-byte-long operating system. It’s not tephen tephen the front panel. It comes equipped with externally powered: I used an Arduino as a exactly a sophisticated OS, but it is the only S op: op: a 32-kilobyte static RAM chip, but if you 5-volt regulated power supply [bottom]. one I can say I have the pleasure of fully T rom rom

buy some additional third-party compo- understanding. —Stephen Cass F

24 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.Resources.NA.indd 24 2/11/15 1:01 PM RESOURCES_TOOLS

thermostats, but to link my Ubi to the Philips G ive Your Home Hue lightbulbs I have in my home, I had to use a “Star Trek” Vibe the IFTTT (If This Then That) website. This acts as a sort of glue between an extensive Program voice range of smart devices and online services. commands into the Ubi Support for both Ubi voice commands and my Hue lightbulbs has already been inte- wall computer grated into IFTTT, so creating a new command was simple: I used the Ubi “trigger” template to specify that my Ubi should pay attention to the words “Turn on lights.” Then I used the Hue “action” template to set this command to turn on all my apartment’s lightbulbs. Setting up a command to turn off the lights was a similar process. To actually use a command, I first have to get the Ubi’s attention, which I do by saying “Okay, Ubi!” Then I can say, “Turn on lights,” and a couple of seconds later a voice confirms my command and the lights turn on. Usually. Ubi uses Google’s voice recognition system, which is not as good as Apple’s. I sometimes have to repeat a command two or three times, and sometimes my Ubi gets confused about the difference between “turn lights on” and “turn lights off.” There are other rough edges—such as a clunky online portal—as UCIC rolls out tweaks and upgrades with some frequency, suggest- mbient computing has been BY YOUR COMMAND: You can program Ubi ing that Ubi is still somewhat in beta mode. So the stuff of science fiction for de- to respond to custom voice commands, which why get an Ubi now, instead of waiting for A it can listen to from up to several meters away. cades. On “Star Trek,” for example, Apple or Amazon to release what are sure to the crew of the Enterprise could say “Com- be polished products in the next year or two? puter” into the air, followed by a command. But you don’t have to wait: You can try the Because, in order to ensure a no-fuss con- An intelligent system would reply and at- $300 Ubi today. Like the Echo, the 10- by sumer experience, those big-name products tempt to obey, whether it was turning on 10- by 3-centimeter Ubi can obey voice are likely to be pretty tightly nailed down. In the lights or executing the self-destruct commands to do things like play music or contrast, UCIC is willing to let you get your sequence. Now—at least when it comes to send text messages on your behalf. But I hands dirty—for example, you can have an Ubi the lights—fiction has become fact. already have pretty painless tools for those respond to incoming HTTP requests or send Interest in using voice to control smart kinds of things. What I was really interested out its own. This means you have access to homes has taken off in recent months. In in were the smart-home capabilities: When a vast range of online APIs (application pro- June of last year, Apple announced HomeKit, you come through the door carrying grocery gram interfaces). The ability to quickly cre- software that will eventually enable users bags, that’s when you really want an alterna- ate your own voice commands is powerful to command connected devices using the tive to fiddling with a smartphone. and eliminates much of the guesswork that Siri voice interface. Amazon has begun lim- Installing the Ubi was easy: I plugged it can sometimes come with Siri. You can also orp. C ited sales of its cylindrical US $200 Amazon into the wall and set up an online account program triggers based on built-in sensors Echo, which can do things like provide with its maker, the Unified Computer Intelli- that monitor and log the levels of light, sound,

ntelligence ntelligence weather reports or play specified music on gence Corp. (UCIC), in Toronto. This account air pressure, humidity, and temperature. You I voice command. While the Echo doesn’t yet allows you to configure the computer and could have lights turn a warning red if the bot-

omputer omputer integrate with smart-home devices, I’ll eat connect it to your home’s Wi-Fi router. tom drops out of the barometer, for example. C my hat if that functionality isn’t added some- The Ubi has built-in support for Smart After all, what’s the point in living in a science nified nified

U time in the next 12 to 18 months. Things home-automation devices and Nest fiction world if it isn’t anyfun ? —Stephen Cass

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | MAR 2015 | 25

03.Resources.NA.indd 25 2/11/15 1:01 PM RESOURCES_geeklife

exactly the most creative job, but I did gain Spym hony for some useful practical skills there,” he says. Oscilloscope “That’s how I got to know about oscilloscopes and electronics. I always thought Jerobeam Fenderson’s I should do something with it because it music encodes its own somehow looks very cool. I like the laboratory aesthetics [that are involved].” After trippy visuals four years, Ludwig finished his school- ing and started studying for a bachelor’s degree in sound engineering. Although he never finished his degree, he has taken that knowledge with him toward his endeavors in electronic music, in particular the oscilloscope projects that began two years ago. Ludwig uses an analog CRT oscillo scope—specifically a Tektronix D11 5103N. When connected to a computer’s audio interface (in the case of the mushroom video, he used a USB-based RME Fireface UC operating with a 192-kilohertz sampling rate), the left audio channel triggers a hor- izontal deflection onscreen, and the right audio channel triggers the vertical deflection. “It’s like vector graphics,” he says. “Together, they can create certain shapes.” n YouTube, there’s a video of In other oscilloscope works, Ludwig has O animated green mushrooms created patterns and shapes of all kinds, spinning around in a three- including a magenta outline of a girl’s face dimensional field, with a sound track of in a piece titled “Khrang.” Typically though, strange electronic tones. That premise itself the visuals are something much simpler is nothing extraordinary—the Internet is full and act to complement his music, whether of stranger things than dancing mushrooms. it’s posted online or played during his live But what makes this video special is that the shows. Ludwig has just come back from a sounds are creating the images onscreen. Ts ru t but Verify: Christian Ludwig used a tour he did in the United Kingdom, where he Since the video first appeared last year, a lot high-end oscilloscope and sound card to create his thinks his performances were well received. YouTube video [top]. However, even a standard PC of people have been skeptical about the 3-D audio output and oscilloscope [bottom] can be used With suitable hardware and the right kind graphics effect produced—including the ed- to re-create much of the effect from his sound files. of software for making waveforms (Ludwig itors here at IEEE Spectrum, until we dug out suggests the Pure Data open-source visual an oscilloscope and played the sound file creates audiovisual experiences, both programming language or the commercial into it for ourselves. online and for live audiences around the visual language Max), anyone can emu- It’s all possible thanks to an old-school world. Ludwig says he used to make “a lot late his work and design their own sound- ss

cathode-ray oscilloscope and a concept of rock music and other kinds, based on based visualizations. Ca that many engineers and physicists will my favorite bands.” But more recently he’s Still, Ludwig sees this as a temporary tephen tephen remember from their undergraduate days: been more interested in “experimental interest. “I really want to do an album with S Lissajous figures. music and noise music, so I’ve tried to find this and more shows. But I think after a year ottom: ottom: The mastermind behind the video some approaches to create something new or so I will go on with something else.” In the B is Christian Ludwig, an Austria-based that isn’t just sound,” he says. meantime, the interest his work has gener- enderson; enderson; electronic-music artist who performs As a teenager about 10 years ago, ated is likely inspiring other sound geeks to F m m as Jer obeam Fenderson and runs a small Ludwig took time off from school and did experiment with oscilloscopes in their own a music label called Ordia Muszc. Through a vocational apprenticeship at Heiden- way. We may see more than just dancing op: Jerobe op: his oscilloscope musical projects, Ludwig hain, an electronics company. “It was not mushrooms in the near future. — Neel V. Patel T

26 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.Resources.NA.indd 26 2/11/15 1:01 PM RESOURCES_startups

Sana stre k Lowers the Cost of High-Speed Photography Will a low-cost high- speed camera create new applications?

igh-speed photography is High-speed cameras are H a lot of fun. Ever since Eadweard typically set up on a station- Muybridge photographed gal- ary platform or tripod, not loping horses in the late 1800s, people have hand carried, and most users been using high-speed photography to see have a tablet or laptop handy, what happens when a water balloon bursts so the Edgertronic piggy- or when a lightbulb smashes. And, of course, backs on that external dis- high-speed cameras are ubiquitous in sports. play. And if you’re connecting But high-speed photography has more to an external computer, you serious applications too. Manufacturers, for don’t need controls on the camera either. not Sanstreak will ultimately be successful, example, can use it to monitor fast-moving Matter’s current design shoots 1280 by Chute says, depends on how much momen- assembly equipment. Adoption, however, 1024 pixels at about 500 frames per sec- tum it can gain. “And that could be tricky,” he is limited by the expense of the equipment: ond and up to 18,000 frames per second says, “because the cinema space is still a cot- Today’s high-speed cameras typically cost at reduced resolutions. It comes in a small, tage industry,” while the nonprofessional, around US $30,000 to $150,000 or rent for square blue metal case and was named in camera enthusiast market is bigger but harder up to $5,000 a day. homage to Doc Edgerton. The company to define. Eventually, he says, the real value will Enter Sanstreak Corp., cofounded by Mike says it has sold about 400 cameras to date likely be in industrial and medical applications, Matter in 2012. Sanstreak is a small company and earned back its development costs by so Matter will need to tap these markets. in San Jose, Calif., funding itself with angel the end of 2013. And, says Chute, while Matter has no investment, a 2013 Kickstarter campaign, Matter has already heard of a few new appli- immediate rivals at his current price, he will and sales. Sanstreak’s strategy is to prioritize cations for the Edgertronic, which could help likely face competition soon: “There are price over performance: It sells its Edgertronic expand the market for high-speed photog- probably other similar projects germinat- camera for just $5,500. Says Matter, “It’s raphy: One customer, he says, is using one to ing in a lab or in someone’s brain right now.” equivalent to buying a $2,000 oscilloscope— research better ways to literally separate the — Tekla S. Perry it’s not the fanciest one out there, but it’s a wheat from the chaff. good, solid product that gets the job done.” Sanstreak’s timing is right, says Christopher Company: Sanstreak Corp. At age 12, Matter souped up a strobe flash Chute, a vice president at the analyst firm IDC. Founded: October 2012 Headquarters: to take stop-action photos of a golf club The video-camera market is moving away San Jose, Calif. Founders: Mike Matter, hitting a ball; as an electrical engineering from the rental model, with even 4K-resolution Juan Pineda Funding: Not disclosed student, he studied under high-speed pho- cameras, another previously expensive tech- Employees: 1 full-time, 5 part-time tography pioneer Harold “Doc” Edgerton. So nology, selling for under $10,000. Whether or W ebsite: http://edgertronic.com after spending a career designing computers, MPEG decod- ers, and electron microscopes, It’s Hammer time: The he decided to make something Edgertronic can capture the details of brief events, he really wanted—an affordable such as the demise of this orp. (4) orp. C high-speed camera. lightbulb, without dropping ak First, he eliminated frills, such a single frame. nstre

Sa as the camera’s display screen.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | MAR 2015 | 27

03.Resources.NA.indd 27 2/11/15 1:01 PM Numbers DON’T LIE_BY Vaclav SMIL opinion

other opportunities of that magnitude applicable on a scale of billions of units. Bonus point: It would actually work. And there is also a comfort factor: With the outdoor temperature at –18 °C and the indoor temperature at 21 °C, the internal surface temperature of a single-pane window is just around 1 °C, an older double- pane window will register 11 °C, and the best triple-glazed window 18 °C. At that temperature, you can sit right next to it. And triple windows have the added advantage of keeping out noise and reducing condensation. They are common in Sweden and Norway, but even in Canada windows must meet the standard that is equivalent to just a double-glazed window with one low-emissivity coating. Cold-weather countries have had a long time to learn about insulation. Not so in the warmer places, which need it now that air-conditioning is becoming widespread. Most notably, in rural China and rural India, single panes are still the norm. Of course, the temperature differential for hot-weather cool- The Visionary Energy ing is not as large as in higher latitudes for heating. For instance, at my home, Solution: Triple Windows in Manitoba, Canada, the average lows in January are –25 °C, enough to make a difference of 40 °C even when the ther- The lust for untested technological fixes is the mostat is turned down for the night. On curse of energy policy. Take your pick: self-driving solar-powered the other hand, air-conditioning in many cars, inherently safe nuclear minireactors, or genetically en- hot and humid regions runs for much hanced photosynthesis. • Why not start with what is proven? longer periods than does heating in Why not simply reduce the demand for energy, beginning with residential Canada or Sweden. and commercial buildings? • In the United States that sector accounts for Physics is indisputable, but economics about 40 percent of total primary energy consumption (transportation is rules. Although triple-glazed windows a distant second at 28 percent). Even now heating and air-conditioning ac- may cost just 15 percent more than double count for half of residential consumption, which is why the single best thing panes, their payback times are obviously we could do for the energy budget is to keep the heat in (or out) with better longer, and it is commonly claimed that insulation. • The most rewarding place to do that is in windows, where the the step from double to triple design is energy loss is the highest. That is to say, it has the highest thermal transmit- not justified. That may be so if you ignore tance, measured in watts passing through a square meter of material, divided comfort, condensation, noise, and above by the difference in temperature in kelvins on either side. A single pane has a all, the fact that triple panes will keep re- heat transfer coefficient of 5.7 to 6 watts per square meter per kelvin; a double ducing energy use for decades to come. pane separated by 6 millimeters has a coefficient of 3.3. Applying coatings Why, then, do visionaries want to pour to minimize the passage of ultraviolet and infrared radiation lowers it to be- money into arcane conversion technolo- tween 1.8 and 2.2, and filling the space between the panes with argon chops gies that may not even work and, even if it to 1.1. Do that with triple-glazed windows and you drop to between 0.6 and they did, would likely have bad side ef- 0.7. Substitute krypton for argon and you can get it down to 0.5. • That’s a fects on the environment? What’s wrong reduction of up to 90 percent. In the world of energy savings there are no with simple insulation? n

28 | MAR 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Harry Campbell

03.NumbersDontLie.NA.indd 28 2/11/15 10:40 AM The Right Candidate — Right Now! How much better would your company be if there were more employees like you?

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03a.p29.NA.indd 29 2/10/15 2:48 PM REflections_BY ROBERT W. LUCKY opinion

In the past, the rarity of pictures gave them value. For centuries we were con- strained to view the world through the eyes of painters and sketchers. The purpose of image creation was mostl y artistic expression, though this was often influenced through the patrimony of religio us institutions or wealthy nobil- ity. I see the pompous portraits that line the halls of castles and manor houses, and now I think of them as the selfies of another day. I am amused, for example, by Hans Holbein’s iconic 1536 portrait of King Henry VIII, which was apparently “photoshopped” to make him look more kingly—taller, younger, fitter. I suppose it wasn’t enough to be ruler of all the land— Henry felt he had to look the part. Today we have our own carefully curated self- images, peeping out from social media profiles or Web pages. When cameras were first put in the hands of ordinary people, perhaps the main purpose became the creation of what I think of as “mantel photos.” These are the pictures I so often see in The Ubiquitous Camera people’s homes lining the mantelpiece or piano, telling the family history in a Technology has transformed photos from treasured handful of images. I know when I took keepsakes to personal propaganda photos in the past I was looking either for particularly artistic shots or ones that might become fossilized memories For much of the last century, cameras remained adorning a mantel. Film was limited and fundamentally the same. A good camera was a lifetime investment. expensive, and I chose carefully. Who would have guessed that in the space of a few years Kodak would Now that rarity is long gone, lost in an go into bankruptcy and that the most frequently used camera in the ocean of mostly forgettable images. With world would be manufactured by a company that makes phones? • Now camera all this great image technology, I’m won- technology is in the midst of dramatic change. There is continuous improvement dering: What new purposes for photogra- in sensors and in the capabilities of software algorithms for computational pho- phy are being created? Beyond the selfie, tography. We even have the first light-field cameras, which allow post-capture for some people there are opportunities changes in focus and in point of view. However, it is still the little smartphone cam- for lifelogging. There is also a new habit era, when combined with the sharing power of the Internet, that’s driving the big in taking snaps, say of documents or pos- changes in how we use and regard photography today. • This is all exciting stuff, sessions, as an aid to memory. But the and as I walk about, I’m constantly looking for things to photograph. But I’m not big new purpose is using photos as an sure why I’m doing this. I already have about 25,000 photos on my computer, enabler and conduit for attracting social and I almost never look at any of them. There are just too many. Moreover, every interaction online. city and vacation spot on Earth has been photographed to death: You can even So now when I walk about with my virtually walk down the streets and look around using Google Street View. And if ever-ready camera, I’m not looking so the current camera ubiquity isn’t enough, wait until everyone decides that they much for pretty sunsets or tourist at- want their own camera-carrying drones. I hold my camera at the ready and feel tractions. I’m thinking, how will this an irresistible urge to click, but I wonder: What am I adding to this sea of images? look on Facebook?

30 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Greg Mably

03.Reflections.NA [P].indd 30 2/12/15 1:30 PM News about T&M industry, products and processes.

News about the sensors, software, and systems that are making cars smarter.

03a.p31.NA.indd 31 2/11/15 11:10 AM 03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 32 2/13/15 4:17PM

Gutter credit goes here Scientists are using a web of sensors in Harvard’s forest to infer the effects of climate change on-site and throughout the world

The Internet of Trees

“everything is connected to everything else,” says the First Law of Ecology, laid down in 1971 by the U.S. biologist and activist Barry Commoner. He was addressing scientists who had been trained to manipulate a few key variables, after isolating them from all outside influences, to see their effects on a few outcomes. But in ecology, everything varies together; an interwoven web links microbes to mountains. ▲ Even a single forest has enough entwined connections to bog- gle the mind. Tree growth depends on fleeting changes in the atmosphere, soil, and water. The arrival of new plant and animal species, or the disappearance of old ones, might spell disaster now or a bloom some years hence. Even the tini- est microorganisms can shape the fate of tower- ing oaks. ▲ Until now, forest ecologists have been forced to largely ignore this complexity, focusing instead on the most obvious linkages or easily compartmentalized processes. But what if they could carve out an ecosystem small enough to By mark let them measure pretty much everything hap- harris pening within it, and to keep doing so for years ▲ ▲ ▲ on end? If the natural, underlying processes in oes here oes

g this small volume could be understood and its Photography by connections unraveled, then it should be pos- bob o’connor sible to predict what will happen in this corner

Gutter credit credit Gutter of the world as the planet warms.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | mar 2015 | 33

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 33 2/13/15 4:17 PM Such a living network exists in a wood- land in central Massachusetts. But you could walk right through this preserve without noticing that its trees have eyes and its meadows, ears. Nevertheless, knowledge gathered here is already leading to fundamental discoveries about the wilderness, its biological processes, and how they have changed over the past 25 years. And it seems set to allow scientists to formulate strategies to mitigate the worst effects of climate change for forests, woods, lakes, grasslands, and farms around the globe. As any economist will tell you, that could be worth trillions of dollars in a world already experienc- ing shifts in agriculture, precipitation, extreme weather, and wildfires.

April at the Harvard Forest finds snow still blanketing the ground, bare trees sagging under a wintry chill, and stone walls skirting the memories of long-abandoned farms. At first glance it looks as it might have back in 1907, when H arvard University acquired 1,520 hectares of land in Petersham, Mass., as a living laboratory for botanists. But here, bright orange cables are snaking halfway up a tree. There, cryp- tic dials on a slim gray box are crusted with frost. And overhead, visible through the branches, metal towers bristle with antennas and cameras. For this forest is pervaded by a digitized network of sensors that scrutinize growing plants, scurrying animals, waterways, and the air itself. Primary electric power is sup- plied to many research plots in the forest, while more remote devices use batteries. Thousands of sensors make millions of observations every day, monitoring the soil, the streams, and every breath of wind. If a tree falls in the Harvard Forest, rest assured that a gadget is positioned to hear it. From the very beginning, Harvard has gathered data here. At first, scientists tracked the health of trees and vegetation for forestry. But since 1988, the Harvard Forest has also been a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, funded by the National Science Foundation. This designation broadened its mandate to observe other aspects of forest dynamics, focusing on its rivers and streams as well as changes in the andrew richardson air that sweeps by. [above] regularly climbs towers [near right] that are topped Such studies posed problems. Deluges of data from atmo- by a clutch of “phenocams” spheric monitors would fill the largest hard drives in days, [middle right], which feed forcing scientists to trek around the forest swapping them out. data to logging devices on the forest floor [far right]. And though the trickle of data from watercourses could be

34 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 34 2/13/15 4:17 PM the forest backbone [far left] extends the network to a tower, which samples trace gases. Trees with yellow marks [left] have been studied individually for decades. The National Ecological Observatory Network tower [below left] measures atmospheric changes.

A sap sensor [above] contains two needles, one of which is heated. The temperature gap reflects sap flow, a measure of the tree’s health.

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 35 2/13/15 4:17 PM aaron ellison [below] puts ants in chambers [right] heated by hot air [bottom] to model the effects of global warming .

ing above the treetops provide the main backbone for the network, communicating via 5.8-gigahertz radio links capable of very high data rates. Because these high-frequency signals are attenuated by foliage, a dozen 900-megahertz radios are used to punch through leaves and branches. The third leg of the hybrid consists of a handful of 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi access points at ground level to provide Internet access for the laptops and smartphones of researchers working nearby.

Aside from signal-sapping foliage, nature has other devilry. Animals chew on cables, ice builds up on metal equipment, and storms knock down trees and cables. But the main enemy is lightning. Every summer, dozens of bolts surge into the towers. The towers are well grounded, of course, so many strikes are not even noticed. However, says Boose, “last summer we had three or four episodes of significant damage. Our insur- logged for much longer, that longevity came with risks. ance company realized that this was no longer a good business “Murphy’s Law says that when you only get out to these once model for them, so we aren’t able to insure any longer.” To keep a month, if you have a problem it’s going to be the day after replacement costs down, the forest now uses hand-me-down your last visit, and you’ll lose a month’s data,” says Emery switches and access points from the main university campus. Boose, who manages the forest’s internet of trees. Each experimental site in the forest has many devices and In 2010, Harvard Forest researchers decided to move to a sensors associated with it. Some are gathering information wireless network. But tall trees and steep hills created dead for a particular project; others are collecting background data zones that a traditional Wi-Fi network could handle only with that could help scientists years from now. A weather station, scores of access points. A high-powered cellular system, on for example, collects a full set of meteorological data every the other hand, would cost a lot of money and need regula- second, including air and soil temperatures, humidity, pre- tory approval. cipitation, and solar radiation. Meanwhile, the level and flow In the end, the project’s engineers concocted an ingenious of every stream is monitored by ingenious pressure meters hybrid of three kinds of wireless technology. Five towers pok- whose trick is to force water through a carefully shaped trough

36 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 36 2/13/15 4:17 PM where the height of water is proportional thermal cameras to follow trees’ responses to heat stress, to the rate of flow. and he has even installed an aerial tram that scoots over the Nestled in the undergrowth are three Rasp- canopy on wires. The tram carries sensors that measure the berry Pi–powered acoustic sensors. They are canopy’s height, color, and ability to absorb different wave- part of a pilot project to survey birds and lengths of light—a key indicator of photosynthesis and plant insects by detecting their distinctive songs. health. The tram can be controlled from a Web interface via Each unit, built for US $100, records every its 2.4-GHz ZigBee radio; it returns its data the same way. sound within a radius of 10 to 15 meters, com- pressing and wirelessly transmitting audio Alongside the cameras—and the main reason for Har- over the Internet to researcher Erik Sobel’s vard Forest having towers at all—is a host of atmospheric sen- office on the outskirts of Boston. “Nobody is sors. Eddy flux devices measure tiny swirls in the wind and, going to sit and listen to terabytes of sound with the help of infrared analyzers, track the movement of data,” says Sobel, whose background is in gases in the air several times a second. There are six of these target and pattern recognition for defense systems mounted at different heights on each tower, from the applications. He is now working on algo- forest floor to clear air above the canopy. Researchers can rithms to identify different forest species. thus follow the absorption of carbon dioxide and the emis- “The concept is to develop low-cost technol- sion of water vapor, as well as the changes in man-made pol- ogy that can automatically detect when the lutants like ozone and oxides of nitrogen. first cardinals arrive in the spring and when Harvard Forest’s eddy flux towers have been collecting data the earliest crickets chirp, then correlate since 1991—“the longest time series like that in the world,” says that with temperature and so on.” Richardson. It allowed Richardson and colleagues to prove This process of studying natural cycles is last year a long-held suspicion that forests are now doing more called phenology, and it is the core of the photosynthesis with less water than in the past. As carbon Harvard Forest mission. Every year since dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose from the combustion 1990, Harvard investigator John O’Keefe has of fossil fuels, trees actually removed and stored more of it. been noting when the leaves of dozens of This extra carbon sequestration might seem like good news. tree species first bud in the spring and when they change color But ecologists are trying to understand what the secondary and die in autumn. Now his role is in danger of being usurped effects could be. And a few are not prepared to wait decades by cameras mounted high above. Harvard biology associate to see how climate change might develop: They want to see it professor Andrew Richardson first put a digital camera on a today, with real-world simulations of global warming. tower at the Harvard Forest in 2005, to “get some pretty pictures to illustrate lectures.” But A threefold hybrid of wireless technology he soon realized that by com- connects the forest’s paring colors in time-lapse pho- far-flung sensors. Five tos, he could track and identify towers above the treetops communicate via seasonal changes. The dozens of 5.8-gigahertz radio links “phenocams” he has installed at [blue]; other 900-megahertz 12 locations around the United radios penetrate leaves and branches [green]. States have captured more than Several 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi 5 million images. “We’re doing access points at ground what satellite remote sensing level serve the laptops and smartphones of does,” says Richardson. “But researchers working we’re doing it with cameras that nearby [red]. cost a couple of hundred dollars rather than a hundred million.” To be fair, many satellites capture far more than just visible light. But by comparing pheno- cam data with images shot from orbit, Richardson can quantify uncertainties in the satellite data. “We’re improving satellite data for the whole world,” says 500 m

harvard forest project forest harvard Richardson. He is now using

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 37 2/13/15 4:17 PM A

Earth Observatories, a project World of the Smithsonian that tracks the function and diversity of over of Woven 6 million trees in 24 countries around the world. Harvard Forest is one of the first temperate forests in the project. It will remeasure the trees trees every five years. Acoustic mapping system Three $100 devices monitor audio Hemlock removal Harvard Forest hosts scores in the forest: bird, animal, and Researchers simulated the arrival of research projects, some insect life, as well as tree falls of the invasive Asian woolly adelgid and human activity. Devices use bug by deliberately killing hemlock of which go on for decades Raspberry Pi hardware running trees in 6.5 hectares of the forest. Linux and include Wi-Fi and a Within the next 10 years, wild microphone that samples audio hemlock trees are predicted to die at 24 kilohertz. Data is streamed off completely in the United States. continuously to remote hard drives. The study monitors the impact Future plans include algorithmic on native wildlife by regularly identification of individual bird and assessing each woody stem that’s Weather station insect species. at least 30 cm long, for browsing The station measures air by moose, porcupine, and deer. temperature, relative humidity, Hurricane-manipulation precipitation, incoming and net experiment Predicting ragweed- radiation, barometric pressure, In 1990, the experiment simulated allergy hot spots wind speed and direction, and soil a large hurricane in a 0.8-hectare A three-year field survey gathered temperature every 15 minutes. (2-acre) forested area by pulling data on pollen from 1,250 Hydrological stations record down trees with a large winch. specimens of common ragweed, stream discharge and water Researchers have studied the a species that causes hay fever. temperature at four stream regrowth of tree species since Expected outcomes include better P henocams sites, and water level and water then, as well as the response of the predictive tools and maps for Six cameras shoot images at temperature at two wetland sites. forest ecosystem to a catastrophic forecasting allergy hot spots, as well 30-minute intervals during A pressure-sensitive “snow pillow” storm. Such hurricanes have as models of how climate change daylight hours. The hundreds of measures the rate of snowfall and traditionally occurred only every affects human exposure to pollen. thousands of photos captured the water content of the snow pack 50 to 200 years, but that could are used to create a “greenness over the winter. happen more frequently with index” of the forest. The cameras climate change. can determine the precise biological beginning of spring and autumn to within a day.

Eddy flux tower Installed in 1989, the tower is 30 meters high and located 1.7 kilometers from forest headquarters. It provides the world’s longest continuous Detritus Input and record of net ecosystem carbon Ant warming removal treatments (DIRT) dioxide exchange, evaporation, An open-top chamber simulates Researchers study forest soil by and energy flux between the warming from a change in climate Megaplot measuring respiration, nutrient atmosphere and the forest. of between 0.5 °C and 5.5 °C. The This 35-hectare plot of the forest leaching, and various chemical Individual sensors measure the annual heating and electricity costs precisely maps woody stems properties. Results last year air multiple times a second, and are $50,000. Ants are sampled over 1 centimeter in diameter— suggest that sequestering carbon the gas exchanges are recorded every month to see which species more than 116,000 stems in in forest litter (to offset burning at hourly intervals. thrive and which leave or die off. total. It is part of the Forest Global fossil fuel) is probably not practical.

One of the very first LTER experiments used underground Tall trees are harder to heat up. Pamela Templer, an asso- cables to heat a few hundred square meters of the forest floor ciate professor at Boston University, decided to start at the to five degrees centigrade above ambient (a temperature gain roots, in a project that’s testing the counterintuitive notion that we may face late this century). The goal was to study how that a warming environment might mean colder soils. The the heat affected the amount of carbon dioxide released by the U.S. Northeast’s famous winter storms deposit a blanket of microbes. Understanding this process matters hugely because snow early in the winter that insulates the ground from frigid soil microbes already release nearly 10 times as much car- air later on. As temperatures rise in years to come, climate bon dioxide each year as human activity does. The research- models predict less snow but still freezing temperatures. ers discovered that the microbes in the soil at first released To simulate this, Templer’s team shoveled away the first more carbon dioxide than before. But as the years passed, snows from beneath 12 red oak and 12 red maple trees at emissions fell again as the microbes adjusted to the warmth. the Harvard Forest. They then fitted | continued on page 59

38 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustrations by MCKIBILLO

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 38 2/13/15 4:17 PM The Raspberry RoboCup’s The Humanitarian The Rain Forest’s The Counterfeiter’s Medical Engineering Pi-oneer Champion Inventor Defender Nightmare MacGyver heroes eben upton manuela Veloso ASHOK Gadgil topher white BRIAN Monks ROBERT malkin EnginEERTODAY’S ING

Turns out there are plenty of extraordinary engineers. You just need to look for them Hoeser Last July, IEEE Spectrum challenged prise in the eyes of the public, and it constricts the readers to identify today’s unsung engineering flow of talent into the field.” • We were therefore heroes—those worthy engineers who are making a delighted with the outpouring of reader suggestions, difference in the world and yet have not received the and here we profile six of them. Each of these excep- recognition they deserve. As author G. Pascal Zach- tional people saw a glaring need, whether in public ary noted, engineering suffers from an unusual lack health or education or the environment, and then of heroes. “The hero deficit is…bad for engineer- applied his or her considerable skills and expertise ing,” he added, “because it diminishes the enter- to engineer a solution.

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03.Heroes.NA.indd 39 2/13/15 4:03 PM 40 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by Dan Burn-Forti

03.Heroes.NA.indd 40 2/13/15 4:03 PM Dismayed at students’ poor coding skills, he created Founder, Raspberry Pi a capable yet ultracheap computer to get them hooked Eben Upton 36 Foundation Cambridge, England on programming. IEEE Member age occupation location HERO MOMENT

The Raspberry Pi-oneer Eben Upton just wanted to help some kids learn to code. Four million units later, his $35 computer has sparked a revolution

In 1988, 10-year-old Eben Upton bought his first computer: a beat-up, secondhand BBC Micro. This little machine was ubiquitous in to study computer science at Cambridge. British schools at the time, not least because Instead, demand exploded: To date, it ran a simple programming language called more than 4.5 million units have sold, including the stripped-down Model A+, BASIC, which Upton quickly mastered and which boasts a $20 price tag, and the used to create various games. more powerful Pi2, which debuted last month. The Pi’s low cost means that pretty much everyone can own one. Fast-forward almost two decades. Upton Upton’s solution was to create a min- “Overly sleek things can be bad for had just been appointed director of stud- iature computer, barely bigger than a education,” says Alan Mycroft, a pro- ies in computer science at the University credit card, which cost just US $35. It fessor of computing at the University of of Cambridge’s St John’s College. And he was essentially a circuit board fitted Cambridge’s Computer Laboratory and noticed a big problem: Applications to with a smartphone processor chip, a trustee of the Raspberry Pi Founda- study computer science at the university 256 megabytes of RAM (since boosted to tion. This charity, which Upton set up, were declining, and few incoming stu- 1 gigabyte), and some attractive options takes the profit from Pi sales and plows dents had any programming skills at all. for connectivity: USB ports, a slot for a it into education initiatives and other Like many of his contemporaries, memory card, general-purpose input- outreach activities. Upton, who holds a Ph.D. in computer output pins to link it with other devices, Mycroft credits Upton for helping science from Cambridge and had already an Ethernet port, and HDMI and analog inspire a new generation of student founded two software companies, owed ports to connect it to a television or com- coders, hackers, and hobbyists. “He’s his career to a childhood spent twiddling puter monitor. “It’s trying to be cheap, brought inspiration, leadership, and bits. “Kids today don’t have that experi- it’s trying to be robust, and it’s trying to persistence to it—Eben just won’t let go.” ence,” he says. Instead of diving in deep be fun,” says Upton. with programmable computers like the When the Raspberry Pi launched on Growing up in the small town of Ilkley BBC Micro, most of today’s youth only 29 February 2012, Upton figured that in northern England, Upton didn’t have scratch the surface of computing, despite getting a thousand units into the hands a techy household—his father was a pro- all the hours they log with their phones, of the right kids would help to end the fessor of English, his mother an English game consoles, and Web browsers. drought of qualified candidates applying teacher. In part because of his own back-

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | mar 2015 | 41

03.Heroes.NA.indd 41 2/13/15 4:03 PM ground, he’s thrilled that the with the computers. “They Raspberry Pi is providing learn by hacking and exper- those without IT-savvy par- imenting, which fixes it in ents an opportunity to learn their memories much better about computing. than if you give them a tradi- That egalitarian spirit tional course,” says Graham pervades the Raspberry Pi Hastings, the school’s head RoboCup’s headquarters as well. Right of information and commu- after Upton politely asked nications technology. the office manager to make The Pi computers can Champion me a cup of tea, he bounded run Scratch, free educa- after her to apologize. “I’ll do tion software that portrays it,” he said. “You’ve got bet- commands as jigsaw pieces, Manuela Veloso transformed ter things to do, and I was which children can quickly robot soccer into a being an ass.” click together into working Raspberry Pi’s success programs. Then they typi- global phenomenon can be tied to its vibrant user cally graduate to Python, community. In June 2012, Pi “one of the few languages enthusiast Ben N uttall orga- that genuinely spans the nized the first “Raspberry range from trivial introduc- Jam”—part fan-club meet, part tory level to professional soft- hackathon—and since then ware engineer,” says Upton. Stepping out of the elevator on there have been hundreds With millions of Pi comput- the seventh floor of Carnegie more of these community-led ers now in circulation, Upton events. “They’re full of kids says the main barrier to get- Mellon University’s Gates Cen- learning to solder,” Upton ting more kids coding is a ter for Computer Science, I’m says happily. lack of skills among teach- Although the Pi sells glob- ers. The Raspberry Pi Foun- greeted by an ungainly yet cour- ally, penetration in the dation aims to help with its teous robot. It guides me to the developing world remains Picademy, which since April patchy. The foundation has 2014 has offered free com- office of Manuela Veloso, who set up showcase projects puter training for teach- beams at the bot like a proud that include using the com- ers. The foundation plans puter as a local server for to roll out more education parent. Veloso then punches a remote villages that lack initiatives to bring the Rasp- few buttons to send it off to her high-bandwidth mobile or berry Pi into more schools. landline connectivity. The Meanwhile, the U.K. govern- laboratory a few corridors away. computers come loaded ment recently launched a with useful information— revamped curriculum for stu- Wikipedia entries, books, dents studying information Veloso, a computer science professor at videos—and are then sta- and communication tech- CMU, in Pittsburgh, has worked for over tioned in the middle of town nology that places greater two decades to develop such autono- so that people can access the emphasis on programming. mous mobile robots. She believes that database wirelessly. “The government has given humans and robots will one day coexist, Back home, the Pi is also us the curriculum of our and my robot escort, named CoBot (for playing a growing role in dreams. So if we can’t man- Collaborative Robot), is one of her con- schools. At St John’s College age to get kids coding, then tributions to that future. School, just a 10-minute we should just give up and Her far greater contribution is as the walk from Pi headquar- go home,” says Upton. It’s force behind the global sensation of ters, a lunchtime program- clear he has no intention robot soccer. The RoboCup competi- ming club is buzzing with of doing anything like that. tion, which she has championed since more than 25 pupils busily “We’ve got to make it work.” its earliest days, has not only advanced writing code and tinkering —mark peplow the field of robotics but also drawn many

42 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.Heroes.NA.indd 42 2/13/15 4:03 PM She promoted the international robotics competition as Robotics researcher, a vehicle for training young researchers and advancing Manuela Veloso 57 Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh autonomous robots. IEEE Fellow age occupation location HERO MOMENT

was perfect, she says. And so she became one of the first researchers to jump at it. She started by developing soccer simulations with her student Peter Stone, now a professor of computer science at the University of Texas at Austin. Soon after, Veloso and other students began designing small robots that could observe, reason, act, cooperate, and learn while moving about on a field. It took her team two years to get the motors, controllers, and sensors right. Even trickier was figuring out how to make five of them play together. In 1997 she cofounded the RoboCup Federation and helped launch the first games. She later held various leadership roles and continues to advise the CMU team. The change over the years has been remarkable. Early on, researchers were lucky if their soccer-playing automatons moved as pro- grammed. These days, teams of humanoid robots play real games, complete with defen- sive and offensive tactics and penalty shoot-outs. That sophistication is due in no small part to Veloso’s into the discipline, shaping niques to RoboCup was a barely containing the energy own contributions to AI. The bright minds into skilled game changer, says Minoru inside. Back in the early roughly coffee-can-size cylin- researchers and designers. Asada, a robotics professor 1990s, Veloso was a freshly drical robots that her team The 2013 championship in at Osaka University, in Japan, appointed professor at CMU, competes with in the Small the Netherlands attracted 410 and a founder of RoboCup. As where she’d received her Size Robot League—in which teams from 45 countries and a leader in RoboCup and in Ph.D., and she had an inter- they hold the most finals 40,000 spectators. It’s safe related research and education, est in artificial intelligence. In titles—plan their moves with to say that the phenomenon Veloso has mightily advanced 1994, at an AI conference, she stunning accuracy, shoot- would not have gone as far if robotics, he says, calling her saw a demo of some soccer- ing balls with such force not for Veloso’s pioneering work “an invaluable bridge” playing robots. Despite that they’ve left dents in her research, energetic promo- between AI and robotics. growing up in soccer-crazed lab’s walls. The team’s early tion, and keen foresight. Portugal, she cared little for bots were made with Erector Veloso’s introduction of Veloso walks fast and talks the sport. But as a challenge sets, but even then their artificial-intelligence tech- in bursts, her spry body for autonomous systems, it intelligence surpassed that

photograph by Ross Mantle SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | mar 2015 | 43

03.Heroes.NA.indd 43 2/13/15 4:03 PM of other machines. Veloso’s secret weapon was a vision algorithm that used lines, The Humanitarian patterns, and color to help each robot track the ball and other bots. Inventor In 2009, Veloso shared her team’s vision software with Ashok Gadgil’s work on water other competitors, establishing an open-source approach purification, cookstoves, and arsenic that both leveled the field and removal has bettered the lives of tens raised the bar at RoboCup. of millions of people worldwide RoboCup’s official goal is for a robot team to defeat the human World Cup champions by 2050. Indeed, a highlight of the games is always the final match, between the No! No! No! In Gadgil’s career is a testament to being top team of robots and some interested in many things. Starting with talented amateurs. Ashok Gadgil’s a Ph.D. in physics in 1979 from the Uni- But beating humans at the cluttered office versity of California, Berkeley, he moved sport is a means, not an end, from working on the general theory of Veloso says matter-of-factly. at the Lawrence relativity, to applied math, to compu- The real goal, she says, is to Berkeley National tational fluid dynamics, to mechanical hone both robots and robot- engineering. “Kind of a convoluted way icists. After all, robots that Laboratory, hid- to get there,” he admits. “But I wanted serve an accurate pass could den among the to do something that was closer to hav- also serve lunch. “The idea is ing a societal impact.” to push robots well beyond stacks of books For more than two decades, Gadgil the playing field and into and awards and has focused his energy and expertise daily life,” she says. She has on devising technologies that help the been instrumental in estab- whiteboards and poorest and the most vulnerable. Early lishing the new RoboCup@ ID badges from on, he realized that to provide the big- Home, RoboCupRescue, and gest benefit to the most people, he’d have RoboCup@Work competi- humanitarian to be both disciplined and pragmatic in tions, which test robots in organizations, selecting which projects to undertake. realistic domestic, disaster, His first foray into socially beneficial and industrial settings. you’ll spot tiny pic- technology was sparked by a 1993 chol- Just as she envisioned robot tures of former U.S. era epidemic in south and southeast Asia, soccer as a powerful vehicle which left thousands dead. Preventing for inspiring a new genera- first lady Nancy outbreaks of such waterborne diseases tion of roboticists, Veloso Reagan. “Just Say could save millions of lives each year. So also sees the great potential Gadgil began investigating ways to use for CoBot and other think- No!” each picture ultraviolet light to disinfect water. By 1996 ing machines to one day help implores. he had devised a 60-watt water treatment humans at the office, on the unit (later reduced to 40 W) that’s the size shop floor, and in the home. of a microwave oven and runs on a car It’s a work in progress, says Gadgil has appropriated Reagan’s anti- battery or solar cell, sterilizing 15 liters Veloso. “The beautiful thing drug slogan for his own ends. “I tend to of water per minute with minimal over- about AI and robotics is that say yes too often,” he laughs. “Saying no sight or maintenance. The lab patented you’re never done.” is valuable, because I’m interested in lots the system, called UV Waterworks, and —prachi patel of stuff, but my time is full.” then licensed it to WaterHealth Inter-

44 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.Heroes.NA.indd 44 2/13/15 4:03 PM Environmental engineer, He’s devoted his career to identifying Lawrence Berkeley National technologies to benefit the most Ashok Gadgil 65 Laboratory and UC Berkeley Berkeley, Calif. vulnerable—and then inventing them. IEEE Member age occupation location HERO MOMENT

national, a company that special- izes in providing drinking water to rural areas. To date, about 5 million people have benefited from Gadgil’s system, which has saved 1,000 or more lives per year. “It’s good,” Gadgil says. “It needs to go to 500 million.”

The water purifier was just a start. In 2004, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked Gadgil to help design a more efficient stove for the millions of refugees living in camps in the western Sudan region of Darfur. Traditional wood burning stone fireplaces are inef- ficient, and women must risk their safety to hunt for firewood or else trade their food rations for fuel. “I didn’t want to design a stove for Darfur,” Gadgil admits. “People had been designing fuel- efficient stoves for 30 years. So I said, ‘Here are some stoves. Why don’t you get some and test them?’ ” Instead, his USAID contact asked Gadgil to test the stoves himself. It soon became apparent that none of them was enough of an improvement, so Gadgil led the development of an entirely new design: the Berkeley-Darfur stove. Now on its 14th iteration, the Berkeley-Darfur stove burns less than half the wood or charcoal of a traditional stone fireplace, boils water almost twice as fast, reduces

CO2 emissions by over 1.5 metric tons per year, and saves the average fam- Located in the hills above the UC a thick concrete wall intended to protect ily in Darfur the equivalent of US $300 Berkeley campus, Lawrence Berkeley nearby buildings from stray radiation. per year in fuel. Getting from version 1 National Laboratory commands a gor- When we stop by, three grad students to version 14 involved focusing on what geous view of San Francisco and the are measuring smoke-particle distribu- the refugees needed and wanted. The Golden Gate Bridge. The land here would tion with lasers. The stove is now being stoves were modified to make them likely be packed with multimillion-dollar adapted for use in Ethiopia, Haiti, India, cheaper and simpler to manufacture homes if it weren’t instead devoted to and Mongolia. More generally, Gadgil locally; refugees receive them for free, “bringing science solutions to the world,” and his team are trying to find ways to while local villagers can buy the stoves as the lab’s slogan puts it. Gadgil’s stove reduce particulates, carbon monoxide, for US $20. About 40,000 of them are lab is housed in a small shed that used to and other toxic emissions by a factor of now in use in Africa. store radioactive materials. It sits behind 10. These emis- | continued on page 58

photograph by Gabriela Hasbun SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | mar 2015 | 45

03.Heroes.NA.indd 45 2/13/15 4:03 PM He tackles the twin scourges of e-waste and Founder and CEO, deforestation with an alert system built from T opher White 33 Rainforest Connection San Francisco discarded cellphones. IEEE Member age occupation location HERO MOMENT

An idea came to him: He could reprogram used cellphones to listen for the chain saws and then send out alerts The Rain Forest’s to the rangers, taking advantage of the site’s surprisingly good cell coverage. Defender Over the next four years, White overcame nearly all Topher White’s solar-powered, repurposed the many obstacles and cellphones can detect the sounds of illegal logging complications to realize this seemingly simple solution. He’s run trials of the system on the Indonesian island of Sumatra and, more recently, Like many people, Topher Then, in July 2011, White and his in Cameroon, and he is White knew that the girlfriend (who’s now his wife) were now moving forward with volunteering at an ape sanctuary in a number of other deploy- Earth’s forests were rap- Indonesian Borneo when they stum- ments. Equally important, idly disappearing. But bled upon loggers illegally cutting a he’s won the support of there didn’t seem to be tree into two-by-fours. “We had been environmentalists and for- walking just 5 minutes from the rang- est law-enforcement groups. much that the young phys- ers’ station, and yet you couldn’t hear Randy Hayes, founder of the icist could do to stop it. the chain saw,” White recalls. Rainforest Action Network,

46 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by Gabriela Hasbun

03.Heroes.NA.indd 46 2/13/15 4:03 PM Anticounterfeiting expert, Brian Monks 57 Underwriters Laboratories IEEE Member age occupation

calls White’s system “a powerful tool that could do a lot of good on the planet.” Getting to this point hasn’t been easy. When White started the project, he was still working for ITER, the international consortium that is building a nuclear The fusion reactor in southern France. In his spare time, he tinkered with used cellphones on a workbench in his bedroom. Counterfeiter’s The following spring, he left ITER and moved to California to join a startup. But he couldn’t stop thinking about the sys- Nightmare tem he had conceived in Borneo. And so after just a few months, he left to focus Brian Monks keeps bogus electronics out of full time on finishing the prototype and consumers’ hands launching a nonprofit called the Rain- forest Connection. He opted for Android phones over iPhones because the former were eas- ier to configure, and he replaced the Brian Monks, vice president of ard waiting to happen,” it manufacturer’s version of the operating anticounterfeiting operations could eventually result system with CyanogenMod, a popular in electrical shock or fire. alternative. For the acoustical-analysis for Underwriters Laboratories software, White wrote scripts that scru- (UL), is an affable guy, poking UL’s main line of tinize recorded sounds using Fourier fun at himself in a gruff voice business is certifying a transforms. An ornithologist suggested that bears traces of a B ritish vast range of products, looking at chain-saw harmonics, which including batteries, light- White discovered easily stood out from accent. But he approaches his ing, appliances, even mis- the forest soundscape. job with severity and focus, sile launchers. Last year The biggest challenge was power con- operating his division like a nearly 23 billion legiti- sumption. To cut the current draw, he highly trained police unit. mate products carried shifted the number crunching to cloud the UL logo. But count- servers, underclocked the processor, and less counterfeit prod- disabled or ripped out every system on the ucts camouflaged with phone that wasn’t necessary, including He and his team spend their days a phony UL designation also the speaker, the vibrator, and the screen. improving security on UL’s certification turned up on the market, and White had counted on using commer- marks, conducting undercover surveil- detecting and deterring the cial solar panels, but he hadn’t considered lance, scouring intelligence reports, and counterfeiters has become an the diminished light under the tree can- coordinating with law enforcement on increasingly important part opy. Diving into the scholarly literature, raids. His work and determination have of the company’s operations. he learned about sunflecks—transient made Monks an international leader in When Monks—who holds spots of direct sunlight that comprise anticounterfeiting. But even after two a B.S. in electrical and com- most of the solar radiation in the rain for- decades, the mission is still the same: puter technology from New est. He designed petal-shaped panels to stopping the criminals. York Institute of Technol- harvest the sunflecks. Each petal con- “Counterfeiters are trying to cheat and ogy—joined UL in 1983, the sists of three 0.5-volt cells, wired in series, deceive,” Monks says. “They only care company wasn’t focused and seven petals are then wired to each about money, not our well-being, and it on counterfeiters. That all device in parallel. White’s solar flowers jeopardizes the safety of all of us.” changed in the early 1990s, reliably generate 1.5 V, which he boosts A simple extension cord can be ren- when customs agents at John to 5 V using a simple circuit. dered dangerous by a counterfeiter. “It F. Kennedy International Air- After a successful test in the Santa will look and feel like a real extension port seized a shipment of fake Cruz Mountains, White headed back to cord, but inside it’s actually more like a goods bearing false UL labels. Indonesia to test | continued on page 57 telephone wire,” Monks explains. “A haz- Monks suggested that UL start

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03.Heroes.NA.indd 47 2/13/15 4:03 PM He leads an internationally recognized team dedicated to protecting the public’s safety Melville, N.Y. by checking the spread of phony goods. location HERO MOMENT

working with law enforcement, Monks helped create the Inter- and UL’s anticounterfeiting national IP Crime Investiga- division was born. tors College, a joint initiative One of the chief ways that between Interpol, the inter- Medical Monks and his team thwart national police organization, the counterfeiters is by and UL that educates inves- MacGyver enhancing the security fea- tigators on how to enforce tures on UL labels. “Anytime intellectual-property laws and you add something new, it’s stem counterfeit manufactur- Robert Malkin is inspiring harder and more expensive for ing. “UL can’t do this work all students to tackle urgent prob- the counterfeiter to duplicate,” by itself,” says Monks. “It’s a he explains. In recent years, global problem.” lems in the developing world the company has turned Still, he admits, there are to holographic materials, many more counterfeiters sequential numbering, and than there are people like him. covert security coding. More “It can be frustrating,” he says. complex products get labels “But that’s what drives me in embedded with microchips. this job and makes me want He and his team also offer to come in every day and It’s 1989. Five years after training on how to fight coun- work harder to stop them.” terfeiting. Several years ago, —neel v. patel earning his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, Robert Malkin is designing cardiac pacemakers in Switzerland. It’s a good job, but he’s unhappy. Very unhappy. “I decided I didn’t want to be an engineer,” he says. “Actually, I didn’t want to work anymore, period. I had a party, burned my time card, and disappeared into the sunset.”

Disappeared into the sunrise is more like it. Malkin headed southeast to Thailand, where he joined a YMCA-sponsored team that was trying to get poor Thai parents to stop selling their daughters into that country’s booming sex trade. “It was more or less sexual slavery,” says Malkin. The team had a simple strategy: to give vulnerable girls some skills that would make them too valuable to sell off. His job was to teach the girls English so they could help customize and peddle the handicrafts the villagers were making for tourists.

48 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by David Yellen

03.Heroes.NA.indd 48 2/13/15 4:03 PM Biomedical engineer, Durham, He left a tenured professorship to work on R obert Malkin 52 Duke University N.C. health-care challenges in the developing world. IEEE Senior Member age occupation location HERO Moment

engineering colleague, Mohammad Kiani, often discussed their frustration. “We had both spent time in the developing world and realized that engineers had a unique opportunity to make a difference,” says Malkin. But how exactly? They approached William Novick, a surgeon with the Memphis-based Inter- national Children’s Heart Foundation, and asked his advice. He suggested they join one of the teams of cardiac surgeons that the foundation sent to developing- world hospitals. The engineers could presumably help out if a piece of equipment malfunctioned. “The very first day of the very first trip, the heart-lung machine broke,” recalls Malkin. “The surge protector had blown out—it was a 5-minute fix.” For an electrical engineer, that is. Most surgeons and nurses wouldn’t know how. In his free hours Malkin discovered a lot of defunct equipment. Kiani found the same to be true in the hospitals he visited. So they hatched a plan to provide such hospitals with surplus gear from Tennessee. “We collected university equipment and formed a club to fix it and prepare it for shipping,” says M alkin. “Very soon we started getting calls from hospitals throughout the developing world.” So they began sending these facilities both equipment and engineer- In one village his team visited, the N.C. His plan was to get a Ph.D. and ing students to help keep things working. local product was blue Mao shirts. The return to the mountains of Thailand. His university grew uneasy with the dye process required soaking the shirts He soon earned master’s and doc- legal liabilities this activity created, for four or five days. Another volunteer toral degrees in electrical engineering, though. So Malkin, Kiani, and a busi- showed them that by regulating the tem- specializing in a biomedical applica- ness partner set up a not-for-profit com- perature, they could shorten the dyeing tion aligned with his earlier work in pany called Engineering World Health. to just 45 minutes, recalls Malkin. Switzerland: cardiac electrophysiol- Even then, Malkin’s department chair- “That guy knew a really small tidbit of ogy. But he didn’t go back to Thailand. man wasn’t pleased. He wanted to see information,” he says, yet it was enough Instead, he got married, started a fam- Malkin remain focused on academic to change the economic calculus. “Over- ily, and took up faculty appointments, research and grant seeking. night that village stopped selling their eventually landing at the University of “It created a huge tension,” says Malkin. girls into prostitution.” The episode Memphis and the University of Tennes- “So I left.” taught him that a tad of clever engineer- see. He was granted tenure and later In 2004, he walked away from an ing can sometimes make an enormous became a full professor. endowed full professorship to take up difference in people’s lives. Malkin knew that his academic a non-tenure-track faculty position in Malkin then got a good offer to return research might improve some people’s biomedical engineering at Duke, where to the United States and enroll in gradu lives, but not in the direct way he had wit- Malkin is a lot happier. There, he’s been ate school at Duke University, in Durham, nessed in Thailand. He and a like-minded able to get his | continued on page 57

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03.Internet.NA.indd 50 2/13/15 12:29 PM magine a criminal using your nanny cam to watch your house or to scream at your child—or even to post footage of your home on a I crime boss’s website. And suppose your refrigerator were spewing spam e-mail, enraging people you’d never even met. The Internet of Things has been touted as many things. But what you haven’t heard is that it could be your Can worst enemy. Yet all of these incidents have actually occurred, according to news reports. And it’s likely that even more disturbing transgressions have been taking place unbeknownst to homeowners. For example, researchers have discovered that in some cases, they can hack the Internet of Things to intercept each document you print Yo u and divert it to a remote site, use your smart TV to bug your house, and even control the traffic light on the corner outside your home. For although the Internet of Things offers great convenience by linking our gadgets—an estimated 50 billion of them worldwide by 2020—it can also let hack- Trust ers take control of your house, your car, and even your body. The vulnerabilities lie all around you. A recent HP Research study reported that the average Internet of Things gadget has an astounding 25 security flaws, and 70 percent have at least one such vulnerability. Many of these problems may yield to solutions like those Your adopted by the personal computer industry decades ago. As I’ll explain later, there are also some that require new approaches that take into account the vast scale and narrow profit margin of the emerging world of Internet- augmented products.

Let’s start with your home. Your smart Fridge? meter—if you don’t have one, you soon will—can turn off selected appliances, such as air conditioners, whenever the power network is close to being over- Today’s Internet of Things is full whelmed. That’s fine. What’s not so of security flaws. We must do better fine is if a hacker gets into your home’s By Alan Grau • Illustration by J.D. King smart meter and makes it cut off elec-

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03.Internet.NA.indd 51 2/13/15 12:29 PM ATTACK

TAKE CONTROL STEAL INFORMATION DISRUPT SERVICES

Controls for smart door locks and lighting systems can be vulnerable. Personal-ﬁtness devices can tell Infotainment a hacker where systems offer you are. Door locks multiple ways have been into a car’s unlocked electronics. Pacemakers remotely. can be attacked remotely.

Malware- High-capacity infested insulin pumps refrigerators are vulnerable. have sent spam. Hacked vehicle- control systems can allow remote control of brakes.

NO PLACE TO HI DE: With the Internet of Things spreading throughout our homes, cars, and even bodies, new vulnerabilities seem to emerge almost daily. The smart locks and security systems in your home could be disabled by a would-be burglar. Your car could be forced to unlock its doors and start its engines; a thief would only have to get in and drive. Implanted pacemakers and insulin pumps are also vulnerable to hacking.

tricity to security systems. That would certainly simplify a that would require all new vehicles to be equipped with burglary attempt. A Web-connected security system could car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication capa- also be hacked directly, with a hacker using a brute-force bility, providing yet another path for reaching into auto- attack to guess your password. In fact, a Russian website mobiles remotely. may have already done the job. The site, which was recently Your body itself may not be safe from hackers. Already shut down, provided links to 73,011 locations with unsecured patients are being monitored and even treated with medical security cameras in 256 countries. In an unrelated incident, devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, ventilator sys- a hacker in Cincinnati compromised a baby monitor and used tems and blood chemistry monitors. These products are con- it to scream at a sleeping infant. necting to the Internet because it’s so much better to monitor Or perhaps you have the latest smart locks, the kind that patients in their homes than in medical facilities. But if a per- let you use your smartphone at a distance to open the front sonal health device connects to the Internet, it can be hacked. door for a guest. Perhaps you also have Web-connected light- In an episode of the TV show “Homeland,” a murderer kills ing systems. Wouldn’t a would-be burglar love to unlock the remotely by accelerating a heart pacemaker—a trick that hasn’t doors, turn off the lights, and disable your home security? been reported in real life but has been demonstrated in the lab. Now consider your car. It has or soon will have the ability In fact, doctors disabled the wireless capabilities in the pace- to record and report diagnostic information, remotely start maker of former U.S. vice president Dick Cheney to protect him and turn on the heat when signaled by your cellphone, and from such malfeasance. If this kind of attack happened to an use integrated GPS, map, weather, and traffic data to select implanted pacemaker, we might never know; it might be impos- the best route. But these capabilities also mean that hack- sible to distinguish between a product malfunction and a cyber- ers can remotely flash your car’s lights, enabling them to attack. Researchers have also demonstrated that insulin pumps, identify it on your street, unlock the door, start the engine, used to help control diabetes, can be remotely instructed to and drive it away. Hackers might even gain control of the pump out all their insulin at once, killing or severely injuring car while you’re driving it, thanks to malware that infected the user. The same applies to pain medication pumps. G the car when it communicated with a computer back in More subtle hacks might be tried to avoid arousing suspi- IN the repair shop. In February 2014, the U.S. Department of cion. A criminal might tweak a monitoring system so it would ons: J.D. K J.D. ons: c Transportation began working on a regulatory proposal report that a dangerously sick patient was just fine. i

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03.Internet.NA.indd 52 2/13/15 12:29 PM In filtrating the Internet of Things (or IoT, for short) doesn’t nec- essarily require a dedicated computer coder gone bad, willing to E merging Standards devote long hours to finding a vulnerability. These days, an ama- for IoT security teur hacker can download existing tools and use them to conduct a basic attack. On the other end of sophistication, organized crime ecurity standards for IoT products are and nation states have entered the hacking game. evolving. Most of the current standards Unlike business computers, which for decades have been came out of a specific industry or sheltered behind corporate firewalls and intrusion detection application—for example, the North and prevention systems (IDPS), the products now being linked American Electric Reliability Corp. has to the Internet are frequently on their own. A Columbia Univer- Sset critical infrastructure protection (CIP) standards sity study that ran a set of attacks against business systems and to secure the electric grid, the U.S. Food and Drug embedded systems in such consumer products as home entertain- Administration has a set of guidelines to help product ment systems, webcams, and Wi-Fi access points found problems makers better protect patient health and information, in just 2.46 percent of the business products—and a whopping and the National Institute of Standards and Technology 41.62 percent of the consumer products. Even in those products has created the somewhat broader Cybersecurity that do have shields, the protections are often not enabled or are Framework to help the financial, energy, and health- undermined by the use of default or weak passwords. care industries. Some relate peripherally to the Internet Too many manufacturers worry more about getting a product of Things. But new standards specifically targeted at to market quickly than securing it. In some cases, a manufacturer the IoT are beginning to emerge. These include: has taken an apparatus designed for use in a private network • The Industrial Internet Consortium: The and simply connected it to the Internet without building in any Industrial Internet describes a world in which physical protection to speak of. It’s also true that the devices themselves manufacturing and other machinery connects with are often so small that it’s hard to build in the right protection. sensors and software that gather data, analyze it, And most IoT products, even if secured, have no way to auto- and use it to adjust the machinery—essentially, the matically update their security software when vulnerabilities nonconsumer IoT. The IIC was created to make sure are discovered. As things now stand, bad actors can exploit any that products from different companies can easily vulnerability they find for as long as the 10 or even 20 years the share data; its members will be building security devices remain in use. protections into its reference architectures. The situation has got to change. Product makers—and the peo- • The Open Interconnect Consortium: This ple who use these gadgets—have to protect against hacking. And group of technology companies, such as Cisco, Intel, it is possible to do it. and Samsung, is developing interoperability standards for the IoT and will consider security as it does so. H ackers who attack all these systems—home, car, and health— • The International Standards Organization’s are typically trying to do one of three things: take control of the (ISO) Special Working Group on the Internet of apparatus, steal information, or disrupt service. Things: This group is assessing existing standards Taking control of the apparatus means somehow logging in that might apply to the IoT along with current efforts as an authorized user, perhaps by figuring out the password, to develop standards; it plans to help guide their finding a backdoor, or compromising the authentication mech- evolution to better account for security. For example, anism. Strong authentication methods—such as randomly gener- this may mean that the world’s most widely adopted ated passwords; secure, token-based authentication; biometric family of information technology security standards, authentication; and certificate-based authentication—can make ISO 27000, gets an update that will make it able to this much more difficult. work better with the IoT. Stealing information can mean eavesdropping or getting into • IEC 62443/ISA99, Industrial Automation the systems and collecting data, such as patient information and Control System Security Committee: This from a medical device or credit card numbers from a TV used committee develops security standards and technical for home shopping. It can also mean using a product like a phone reports that define procedures for implementing system, printer, or video camera to collect and transmit data. secure industrial automation and control systems. Disrupting service usually means flooding a system, such as a • A number of IEEE standards address home-security or vehicle-control system, with messages in order elements of security that can be applied to the to make it unable to function. Internet of Things, including IEEE P1363, a standard The simplest way to stop all these attacks is by preventing for public-key cryptography; IEEE P1619, which hackers from communicating with the gadgets they are trying addresses encryption of data on storage devices; to hack. And that means using a firewall and an IDPS. IEEE P2600, a standard that addresses the security A firewall acts as a gatekeeper, blocking traffic that should not of printers and copiers; and IEEE 802.1AE and IEEE be permitted to pass through. An IDPS monitors the computer 802.1X, which address media access control security.

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03.Internet.NA.indd 53 2/13/15 12:29 PM Defe nsive WEAPONS: Rules-based filtering INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICE [top] uses a small set of policies—such as no ACCEPT/PROCESS unauthorized remote updates of embedded COMMUNICATION firmware—to block dangerous commands from COMMUNICATION NETWORK/ getting past a simplified firewall.R ules-based RULES- INTERNET BASED filtering systems can also consult white lists of FILTERING trusted computers so that only “good guys” have FILTER access to certain functions. A “bump in the wire” approach relies on a small, dedicated piece of DROP hardware and software that sits between an IoT device and the Internet; a bump in the wire can shield devices that don’t have built-in protection.

cessing engines and large databases of virus WHITE WHITE signatures and other chunks of code that LIST 1 LIST 2 act as fingerprints to help detect known COMMUNICATION FIRMWARE ACCEPT/ threats. Instead of databases, IoT security BLOCKER PROCESS COMMUNICATION can use rules-based filtering. To understand how this works, let’s look at a home printer; it’s similar to a lot of other DROP DROP DROP IoT devices. A printer has only a few communication ports and a limited number of communication protocols. It supports both print commands, which may be sent from BUMP IN THE WIRE any other device, and administrative com- RULESBASED mands that are accepted only if received from FILTERING NETWORK/NETWORK/ COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION INTERNET a few predetermined computers. A small set INTERNETINTERNET HARDWARE SOFTWARE OF THINGS of simple firewall policies known as a white DEVICE list is all it takes to enforce these two distinct communication policies. One set of white-list rules allows communication from any device that knows the printing protocols. Another white list specifies that administrative com- system and the network to which it is attached to detect, block, mands will be processed only if they are from a machine on the and report suspicious activity. But the software for firewalls white list. An additional rule blocks print commands that con- and antivirus programs takes up a lot of storage space and tain embedded firmware updates to make sure that malicious requires a lot of processing power to run. Most things in the users cannot modify the behavior of the printer. Internet of Things can’t handle the software. The complete firewall policy may consist of as few as 5 to 20 rules as opposed to the 200 to 2,000 rules of a typical business W e have to take a different approach. For the most part, the computer’s firewall. This smaller, faster, simpler approach gadgets that make up the Internet of Things are what we call to an IoT security system does not compromise security; it embedded systems—that is, dedicated computers that perform allows anyone to print with the machine while preventing specific functions within more complex systems. For instance, malicious users from changing settings, downloading firm- they might control the operation of a machine within a water- ware, or performing other harmful actions (like sending processing plant, manage the lighting of a smart home, or copies of anything you print to a third party). Other, specific monitor an organ in the human body. Limiting the function sets of rules could protect door locks, cars, or pacemakers. means they can be small, fast, and efficient. The security systems must be just as specialized, protect- S ome of the major players in the embedded-systems market— ing only against the specific attacks to which the equipment Green Hills, Intel, McAfee, Mentor Graphics, Renesas, Wind is vulnerable. Yet we don’t want to completely reinvent the River, and Zilog—are already incorporating such embedded wheel each time we create a new smart thermostat or televi- security technology into the hardware and software building sion, so we also need a system that’s flexible enough to shield blocks used for IoT devices. These companies typically don’t devices as diverse as automobile communication gateways, make the connected products themselves but rather the pro- home printers, and smart door locks. cessors and operating systems used to build IoT equipment. To do this, you need to pay as much attention to what you But given that some devices in the Internet of Things are rarely omit from the embedded security system as to what you replaced, it will likely take a decade or two—or more—to bring include. What we don’t need are systems with powerful pro- all systems up to modern security standards. New systems

54 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG i llustration by Mark Montgomery

03.Internet.NA.indd 54 2/13/15 12:29 PM will likely have higher levels of security, but vulnerabilities a product with the other Internet-linked products in a home. For are bound to exist for the foreseeable future. example, if a smart door lock uses certificate-based authenti- There are two approaches for securing existing systems. For cation, then the smartphone that communicates with the door newer products that support software updates or those that are lock must also handle such authentication. Working this all still being developed, the manufacturer can build a firewall and out in a way that is easy for the consumer to use will take time. security capabilities into the product’s software. The makers of To make the Internet of Things even more secure, product gadgets like the Nest thermostat can take this approach. Many manufacturers can integrate a device-management agent into older systems have communication capability but don’t support their products. This piece of software would allow the product software updates—say, older hospital-monitoring systems and to communicate with a security management system, like the older factory-control systems. Here it may be possible for con- McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator. The agent would report things like sumers or the product manufacturer to add a firewall through the failed access attempts and attempted denial-of-service attacks. “bump in the wire” approach. This refers to a box sitting between the target apparatus and the Internet that contains hardware and software to shield the device from Massachusetts Institute of Technology attack. My company, Icon Labs, makes such a system, the Floodgate Defender. Tofino Security and Innominate Security LEARN FROM EXPERTS AT MIT Technologies offer similar products. As equipment becomes more secure, Advance your career and impact your company’s this approach may no longer be needed, success in 2015 by making a strategic investment but it provides an immediate solution for vulnerable items. in training and education. Register for a 1 – 5 day intensive course and access world-class thinking, A firewall, however, isn’t enough to acquire new skills, and bring innovative ideas back protect the Internet of Things against to work. Earn CEUs and a certificate of completion. hackers. That’s because manipulation isn’t the only problem—there’s also eavesdropping. Data encryption is therefore needed Short Programs – Summer 2015 also. Smart locks and heart pacemakers need strong passwords, the kind Topics include: › Innovation that include letters, numbers, and › Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical › Leadership / Communication perhaps special characters as well. › Computer Science › Radar Even better, products should include › Crisis Management › Real Estate certificate-based authentication—that is, › Data Modeling and Analysis › Robotics an electronic document that identifies › Design, Analysis, › Systems Engineering an individual, a piece of equipment, or and Manufacturing › Sustainabilitity some other entity addressing the gad- › Energy / Transportation get. This technology is used today in › Tribology › Imaging point-of-sale terminals, gas pumps, and ATMs, and it will likely be incorporated USE CODE PE04 AND SAVE 10% into future versions of home medical when you register and pay fees by April 15. devices and home security solutions. It hasn’t reached these products yet in part because manufacturers haven’t invested To learn more about the courses offered this summer, or to inquire about in the up-front engineering effort neces- having a course customized and delivered at your company location, visit: sary to make this kind of security work with their hardware. http://shortprograms.mit.edu/ieee2015 One reason for the lag is the market itself. These are high-volume, low-margin products, so the cost of additional memory and a faster processor could make a product less competitive. Even worse than cost, though, is the problem of integrating

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03.Internet.NA.indd 55 2/13/15 12:29 PM It could also be used to update security software as threats business or organization that the caller had claimed to rep- emerge. Again, the trick is going to be getting this to work without resent. Don’t use any phone number the caller may provide. making the devices that use it a lot more expensive and unduly The situation will get better. Manufacturers are becoming more complicated. Industry is just starting to work on this approach. aware of the need to protect their Internet-connected products. In the meantime, there are a few things you can do to pro- Research is under way to develop new biometric authentica- tect your connected gadgets. If you are on a personal com- tion methods for the mobile devices you use to control your puter or mobile device, make sure that any available firewall Internet of Things, providing authentication based on retinal and antivirus software is activated and up-to-date. Make sure scans, hand geometry, facial recognition, and other hard-to- you scan your system regularly to identify and remove any spoof human attributes. The fingerprint authentication intro- malware or possible intrusions. A computer infected with duced in Apple’s iPhone 5s is a huge step in the right direction. malware or breached by a hacker can be a launching point And consumers are slowly developing good judgment. By for attacks against the IoT equipment in your home, or it may combining commonsense methods with state-of-the-art secu- store passwords for IoT products that the hacker can use. rity technologies, we can prevent hackers from turning our If your apparatus allows you to set user names and pass- devices against us. words, make sure to turn that capability on and also create In the not-too-distant future, self-driving cars, wearable gad- passwords that are not easy to guess. Don’t use your name, gets, and smart homes will communicate without our constant your kids’ or spouse’s names or birthdays; do use unique monitoring, automating many of our everyday tasks. Robots— spellings, number combinations, characters, and symbols, guided by GPS beacons and connected sensors—will assist in such as ampersands, question marks, or asterisks. I know, firefighting, law enforcement, and search-and-rescue opera- you’ve heard this all before, but it bears repeating because too tions. Wearable and implanted health-care systems will take many people still are setting their passwords as “password.” care of us outside of doctors’ offices. But we will be unlikely Finally, watch out for phishing and social engineering. Hack- to use any of these amazing new technologies if we don’t ers are very clever when it comes to sending e-mails and mes- remove the fear of cyberattack and build what is truly an sages that ask for user names and passwords. Be very suspicious. Internet of Secure Things. n If you get a phone call asking for this confidential info, don’t Magsoft_Bounce2 copy.pdf 1 12/11/14 4:29 PM give it. Make sure you hang up and then call the number of the post your comments at http://spectrum.ieee.org/internetofthings0315

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03.Internet.NA.indd 56 2/13/15 12:29 PM Medical Macgyver Word of the successful test spread is fighting to protect 600,000 hectares continued from page 49 quickly among the conservation commu- in the northeastern Amazon. nity, helped in part by a Kickstarter cam- To have a real impact on deforestation, students directly engaged with the paign that raised US $167,000 last July. A White knows he will have to expand far health-care problems of the developing few months later, Rainforest Connection, beyond these pilot programs and also world. And in 2009, he launched the with the Zoological Society of London, figure out how to operate in places that Global Public Service Academies, which announced a second trial, in Cameroon. lack terrestrial wireless networks. First, arranges for high school students to vol- And later this year, White’s team will though, there’s a global network to be built unteer at clinics and hospitals in Cen- install devices in the Brazilian Amazon, and millions of hectares of forest to pro- tral America. What’s more, something to provide real-time information to the tect, one refurbished cellphone at a time. happened that surpassed even his most Tembé, an indigenous community that —elise ackerman optimistic expectations: The engineering students he was educating about health- care problems in the developing world actually started solving some of them. The student-designed equipment includes battery-operated lights to treat newborns suffering hyperbilirubinemia, Penn State | Online a common form of jaundice, and special packaging for antiretroviral drugs that can help pregnant women with HIV avoid passing the virus to their babies. Earn a Master’s Degree in Getting this equipment into the right hands is an economic and logistical challenge, but Malkin and his colleagues Engineering—Entirely Online have come up with creative solutions, including setting up not-for-profit com- • Systems Engineering panies to sell the products cheaply to facilities in need. • Software Engineering “He’s woven this into the fabric of his profession—and his life,” says Kiani, • Engineering Management now at Temple University, in Philadel- phia. And by doing so, Malkin gets to revel every day in the realization that Five- or seven-week courses so moved him as a young man in Thai- over six semesters land: that a little engineering know- how, applied to the right problems, GREs not required can do an enormous amount of good. —david schneider Finish in as little as two years Achieve your career goals— apply today! the rain forest’s Lauren Larson defender Systems Engineering Graduate continued from page 47

his system. On the second day, midway through the installation, the first alert came through. The group raced to the site to confront the loggers, there was an amicable discussion, and the loggers left—and stayed away even after the pilot program ended. The devices operated for about a year; they could detect sounds up to a kilometer away, so each phone can monitor about 300 hectares. worldcampus.psu.edu/psuieee

U.Ed.OUT 15-0244/15-WC-0351bkh/sss

03.Heroes.NA.indd 57 2/13/15 4:03 PM T he Humanitarian inventor continued from page 45

sions cause more than 4 million premature deaths annually, mostly among women and children. The brightest minds discussing the biggest topics. After we leave the stove lab, we drive down Cyclotron Road onto the Berkeley campus to see Gadgil’s water lab. Earn PDHs by attending a Webinar! Inside is a prototype of his next project: a low-cost, sus- tainable way to remove arsenic from drinking water. Over 60 million people in India and Bangladesh drink ground- New Webinar in March water that’s been naturally contaminated with arsenic at up to 100 times what the World Health Organization 26 Mar Get Ready for Internet of Things: considers safe. And arsenic poisoning now kills one out Speed Innovation with Continuous of every five adults in Bangladesh. Engineering for Electronics Gadgil notes that many people have tried to do arse- In the era of Internet of Things (IoT), device T o learn nic decontamination at the engineering must evolve to handle the complexity more about household level. “But in most of data and interconnectivity. Innovation must come our engineering of the developing world, the from analytics and insight to develop customer heroes and their infrastructure doesn’t exist,” relevant products at speed while keeping down work, or to post he explains. “People normally development and operation costs. Explore the a comment, leave their homes to collect capability of continuous engineering, an enterprise please visit http:// water.” Insights like these capability that empowers you to evolve your spectrum.ieee. helped Gadgil think about the engineering for IoT. http://spectrum.ieee.org/ org/heroes0315 scale of the technology that webinar/get-ready-for-internet-of-things-speed- was needed. He concluded that innovation-with-continuous-engineering-for- centralized water sources are the easiest to integrate into electronics communities and the most efficient to build and maintain. “Knowledge of how people live, and what their practical lives are like, has been useful in forming the design and On-Demand Webinars vision of dissemination or implementation,” Gadgil says. “And that gets folded into the design itself.” From Concept to Deployment: Taking Control of Your Technical Calculations On the way back up the hill to Gadgil’s office, I ask him This webinar will demonstrate how using a single environment for every how it feels to have been recently inducted into the National stage of the project, from initial concept to nal deployment, will streamline Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on safer drinking water. the development process and eliminate the overhead and risks associated with changing environments. http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/from- Gadgil’s hexagonal tile at the hall, in Alexandria, Va., hangs concept-to-deployment-taking-control-of-your-technical-calculations between those of Steve Jobs and Arthur Fry, inventor of the Enabling the Maker of Things in the Internet of Things Post-It Note. Indeed, most of the Hall of Famers “do phe- Listen to Chris Rommel from VDC Research as he shares his thoughts on the nomenal work, but it’s been predominantly with first-world potential of IoT technologies to impact design and manufacturing industries. markets,” Gadgil observes. His work, which the citation http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/enabling-the-maker-of-things- says has made a difference in the lives of about 100 million in-the-internet-of-things people, “is kind of a departure,” he says. How to Utilize Open Source in Your Code Base and Build Process The next steps for the stoves and the arsenic-removal Please join us as we review the challenges associated with managing system will be to move the innovations from his labs into increasing open source use and present automated approaches to gain visibility and control of your binaries. http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/how- the world at a scale where they can have a real impact. to-utilize-open-source-in-your-code-base-and-build-process And after that, even more problems are waiting, he says. “There is always this scanning the horizon for where I could make a difference. What are the serious problems where I could apply my knowledge and my skills? There Sponsors are many of them. We’re not short of problems—we’re short of bandwidth.” Gadgil laughs, and from behind his computer monitor, a Sign up today! tiny Nancy Reagan offers him advice. —evan ackerman www.spectrum.ieee.org/webinar

03.Heroes.NA.indd 58 2/13/15 4:03 PM the internet of trees Microbes, ants, and oaks: With continuing investigations continued from page 38 starting to come together, Ellison refers to an “ecosystem of experiments” at the Harvard Forest, whose interconnections each tree with three sap‑flux sensors, each consisting of two mirror those of the forest itself. For example, he has also sam- needles, one of which is heated. The temperature difference pled ants from an experiment originally designed to study between the needles reflects how well water is flowing up the the effects of warming on plants, while other researchers are trunk, a measure of the tree’s overall health. As the seasons making use of an experiment that is manipulating the canopy progressed, the sap of the red maples slowed down, while (ostensibly to track the decline of hemlock trees) to see how that of the red oaks did not. T empler believes that the red climatic changes might affect plants and animals beneath. oaks were less affected by freezing soil because their roots “We do these parallel experiments all the time,” he says. generally run deeper into the earth. “We would love to have a crystal ball that says, ‘In 100 years The most ambitious simulation, however, involves some of the temperatures are going to increase by x and the forest is the forest’s shortest-lived residents: ants. These insects cre- going to respond with y,’ ” says Templer. Accurate forecast- ate an inch of topsoil in North America every two centuries, ing could allow governments to plant appropriately adapted replenishing soil lost to farming. To observe how warming species, manage development, reduce the spread of invasive might affect their behavior, ecologist Aaron Ellison set up species, and ultimately make climate change less disastrous dozens of chambers on the forest floor and heated them to for all of us. successively higher temperatures, ranging from 0.5 °C to Accelerating data collection is one of the most important 5.5 °C above those of the ambient air. (The heating bill for techniques that researchers are using to get to that goal. Take his hot air blowers alone is $50,000 a year.) The ants are “water budgets”—the balance of precipitation, runoff from free to come and go from the chambers, and their numbers streams, and evapotranspiration, the water returned directly are sampled each month. Most of the ants at the Harvard to the atmosphere through evaporation and the respiration Forest adapted to the higher temperatures, continuing to of plants. Many ecologists have been tracking it at various generate topsoil as before. However, some species at an sites for decades. But this monitoring is typically conducted identical setup in subtropical North Carolina either left the on an annual timetable. Now, the Harvard Forest can provide chambers or perished. accurate numbers on a daily or even hourly basis. AIM for Perfection Low CTE Adhesive EP42HT-2LTE offers precise alignment • Coefficient of thermal expansion 9-12 X 10-6 in/in/°C • High tensile modulus 400,000-500,000 psi • High dimensional stability From -60 to +300°F • Low shrinkage upon cure Linear <0.01% | Volumetric <0.1%

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03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 59 2/13/15 4:17 PM Senior investigator Boose hopes this trend will lead to a new THE INDUSTRY STANDARD SOFTWARE PACKAGES kind of prediction. “We’ve gotten pretty good at forecasting IN GROUNDING AND the weather, but no one’s ever really been able to do ecologi- ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE cal forecasting,” he says. “To do any sort of prediction, you Are now more powerful with the addition of new standard components such as arbitrary transformers and cables. need access to data quickly. New wireless techniques give us the potential to pull this all together and calculate water Classical Equipotential Grounding budgets that are right up-to-date.” Multiple grounding systems having any shape, in simple or complex soils, including any number of layers or heterogeneous soil volumes. Even if Harvard succeeds in predicting the behavior AutoGroundDesign of its own forest, questions remain about how that success AutoGrid Pro might apply elsewhere. So far, ecological experimentation AutoGround & MultiGround has been of just two kinds: hyperlocal but richly detailed, Complex Frequency Domain Grounding, such as John O’Keefe’s painstaking observations of the first Interference Analysis & Environmental spring buds in the Harvard Forest, or global in scope but Impact Assessment thinly observed, such as satellite data of the same phenom- Perform fast, yet complex and accurate, Interference analyses on pipelines, railways, etc. enon. To fill the gap between these extremes, another tower Examine electromagnetic impacts to the environment. was put into service in Petersham last summer. Although it SESTLC carries many of the same meteorological and atmospheric Right-Of-Way instruments as Harvard’s other structures, it is just one of 60 MultiLines & SES-Enviro MultiGroundZ identical towers that will rise in every ecoclimatic domain of the United States, from Alaska’s tundra to Hawaii’s beaches. Frequency & Time Domain Every site in the National Ecological Observatory Network Arbitrary Network Analysis (NEON) will measure the same things, in the same way, at Upgrade to the full power of MultiFields or CDEGS to tackle any electromagnetic problem involving the same time, for the next 30 years. aboveground and buried conductor networks “When you integrate studies from different investigators, including lightning or switching surge analysis. using different techniques, you get a large error band,” says World Leader in Grounding & EMI Elizabeth Blood, NEON’s program director at the National Sci- www.sestech.com ence Foundation. “With NEON, we’ll reduce the error bands so 800-668-3737 450-622-5000 we can begin to see patterns and interconnections that weren’t visible before.” The data from NEON’s continent-spanning towers, as well as its three airborne observatories, 46 aquatic sites, and thousands of citizen scientists, will quickly be made available online. TEMASEK RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP (TRF) “We want to develop a forecasting capability just like the A globally connected cosmopolitan city, Singapore provides a supportive weather service,” says Blood. “NEON will help us reduce the environment for a vibrant research culture. Its universities Nanyang noise in the data and give us the ability to make predictions in Technological University (NTU), National University of Singapore (NUS) both the near and longer terms.” Richardson’s group is work- and Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) invite outstanding young researchers to apply for the prestigious TRF awards. ing with NEON to start the first citizen-science program. The Under the TRF scheme, selected young researchers with a PhD degree effort will make use of the Zooniverse website, which recruits have an opportunity to conduct and lead defence-related research. It offers: volunteers to work as scientists’ helpers. Users will check the • A 3-year research grant of up to S$1 million commensurate with network of minicams for features that often elude conven- the scope of work, with an option to extend for another 3 years tional computer-vision systems, such as signs of flowering or • Postdoctoral or tenure-track appointment (eligibility for tenure- track will be determined by the university) snow on the ground. The $450 million NEON project should • Attractive and competitive remuneration be fully operational by 2017, just in time to share data and Fellows may lead, conduct research and publish in these areas: insights with networked forests in Australia, B razil, Canada, • Advanced Protective Materials Costa Rica, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. • Cyber Security Climate change, of course, is a global issue. At the moment, • Machine Intelligence • Photonics Engineering these big-budget efforts are largely confined to the richer • Visual and IR Technologies countries. “There are still large parts of the world we don’t For more information and application procedure, please visit: know that much about,” admits Richardson. NTU – http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/trf/index_trf.html But mighty forests from little acorns grow. One day, the tools NUS – http://www.nus.edu.sg/dpr/funding/trf.html being pioneered in this small New England forest might help SUTD – http://www.sutd.edu.sg/trf realize a global ecological prediction network, one in which Closing date: 27 April 2015 (Monday) everything is connected to everything else. ▲ ▲ ▲ Shortlisted candidates will be invited to Singapore to present their research plans, meet local researchers and identify potential collaborators in September 2015. P ost your comments at http://spectrum.ieee.org/ harvardtrees0315

60 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03.HarvardTrees.NA [P].indd 60 2/13/15 4:18 PM Faculty Positions available in electrical/comPuter engineering sun yat-sen university & carnegie mellon university are partnering to establish the SYSU-CMU Joint Institute of Engineering (JIE) to innovate engineering education in China and the world. The mission of the JIE is to nurture a passionate and collaborative global community and network of students, faculty and professionals working toward pushing the field of engineering forward through education and research in China and in the world. JIE is seeking full-time faculty in all areas of electrical and computer engineering (ECE). Candidates should possess a doctoral degree in ECE or related disciplines, with a demonstrated record and potential for research, teaching and leadership. The position includes an initial year on the Pittsburgh campus of Carnegie Mellon University to establish educational and research collaborations before locating to Guangzhou, China. This is a worldwide search open to qualified candidates of all nationalities, with an internationally competitive compensation package for all qualified candidates. PlEasE vIsIT: jie.cmu.edu for details

research staFF Positions available in electrical/comPuter engineering sysu-cmu shunde international Joint research institute (Jri) is located in shunde, Guangdong. supported by the provincial government and industry, the JRI aims to bring in and form high-level teams of innovation, research and development, transfer research outcomes into products, develop advanced technology, promote industrial development and facilitate China’s transition from labor intensive industries to technology intensive and creative industries. The JRI is seeking full-time research faculty and research staff that have an interest in the industrialization of science research, which targets electrical and computer engineering or related areas. Candidates with industrial experiences are preferred. applications should include a full Cv, three to five professional references, a statement of research and teaching interests, and copies of up to five research papers. Please submit the letters of reference and all above materials to the address below. application review will continue until the position is filled. EMaIl aPPlICaTIONs OR QUEsTIONs TO: [email protected]

03a.p61.NA.indd 61 2/13/15 12:38 PM ShanghaiTech Faculty Search National Institute of Standards and Technology ShanghaiTech University invites highly qualified candidates to fill multiple tenure- U.S. Department of Commerce track/tenured faculty positions in the School of Information Science and Technol- ogy. Candidates should have exceptional academic records or demonstrate strong The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) is seeking a highly qualified individual for the position of Division potential in cutting-edge research areas of information science and technology. Eng- Chief for the Information Access Division.The Division carries out interdisciplinary lish fluency is required and overseas academic connection or background is highly collaborations with industry, academia, and other government agencies to desired. ShanghaiTech is built as a world-class research university for training accelerate the research development, and adoption of standards and testing tools future generations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and technological leaders. Besides that improve access to multimedia and other complex information in topic areas establishing and maintaining a world-class research profile, faculty candidates are such as Human Language Technology, Biometrics Technology, Identification also expected to contribute substantially to graduate and undergraduate education. and Verification Technology, Multimedia Technology, Usability Engineering, Data Science, and Human-System Interaction. Academic Disciplines: We seek candidates in all cutting-edge areas of information science and technol- Title of Position: ogy. Our recruitment focus includes, but is not limited to: computer architecture Supervisory Computer Scientist, ZP-1550-V; and technologies, nano-scale electronics, high-speed and RF circuits, intelligent/ Supervisory IT Specialist, ZP-2210-V; integrated signal processing systems, computational foundations, big data, data Supervisory Mathematician, ZP-1520-V. mining, visualization, computer vision, bio-computing, smart energy/power devic- Salary Range: $126,245 - $158,700 es/systems, next-generation networking, as well as inter-disciplinary areas involv- Geographic Location of Position: Gaithersburg, MD ing information science and technology. Tenure: Permanent Work Schedule: Full Time Compensation and Benefits: Relocation expenses: Relocation Expenses are authorized. Salary and startup funds are highly competitive, commensurate with experience and academic accomplishment. We also offer a comprehensive benefit package to Qualifications required: employees and eligible dependents, including housing benefits. All regular Shang- For each series, there are different requirements. Please visit the website haiTech faculty members will be within its new tenure-track system with interna- http://go.usa.gov/SMXz to view the requirements. tional practice for performance evaluation and promotion. In addition to the basic requirements, to qualify for this position you must also have: One year, 52 weeks, of specialized experience equivalent to at least the GS- Qualifications: 14, or ZP-IV at NIST. - A detailed research plan and demonstrated record/potentials; - Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering/Science, or related field); For further information and to apply for this position, visit the website - A minimum relevant research experience of 4 years. https://www.usajobs.gov/ . The Job announcement number associated with this position is NISTITL-2015-0019. The vacancy opens February 13, 2015 and closes Applications: March 13, 2015. Submit (in English, PDF) a cover letter, a 2-page research plan, a CV plus copies of 3 representative publications, and names of three referees to [email protected]. U.S. Citizenship is required. The Department of Commerce is an Equal cn by April 30, 2015. For more information, visit http://www.shanghaitech.edu.cn. Opportunity Employer.

Faculty Positions in Robotics and in Computer Science ALL THE TECH

Nazarbayev University is seeking highly qualified full-time faculty NEWS THAT’S members at Assistant, Associate and Full Professor ranks to join its rapidly growing programs in Robotics and in Computer Science at the School of Science and Technology. Successful candidates must have an earned Ph.D. degree from a reputable research university, a demonstrated ability for FIT TO research, excellent English-language communication skills and a commitment to graduate and undergraduate teaching. Launched in 2010 as the premier national university of Kazakhstan, CLICK! NU’s mandate is to promote the emergence of Astana as the research and educational center of Eurasia. The strategic development of this English-language university is based on the Western model via THE NEW IEEE partnerships with top-ranked world universities. NU is committed to become a world-class research university and is making significant NEWSSTAND APP investments in research infrastructure, equipment and personnel. IS NOW AVAILABLE Applications are particularly encouraged from candidates with research in the iTunes store for interests in biomechatronics, unmanned aerial vehicles, computer-aided design, manufacturing, advanced machining and industrial automation for new and current digital the Department of Robotics and in intelligent systems, high-performance subscribers, and adding computing, sensor networks, bio-informatics and big-data for the Department 12 IEEE publications to of Computer Science. Exceptional candidates with research interests in other topics of Robotics and Computer Science are also encouraged to apply. your library only takes a few clicks! SUBSCRIBE Benefits include an internationally competitive salary, international health care coverage, free housing (based on family size and rank), child educational TODAY! allowance, and home-leave travel twice per year. Applicants should send a detailed CV, teaching and research statements, and list of publications to [email protected]. Review of applications will begin immediately but full consideration will be given to applications submitted no ieee.org/ieee-newsstand later than May 15th, 2015. For more information, visit http://sst.nu.edu.kz .

62 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p62.NA.indd 62 2/12/15 2:13 PM Careers with Mass Appeal

Faculty Position in Mechatronic System Engineering Postdoctoral Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Associate – University of Windsor Radar Engineer The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Windsor is seeking an The Submillimeter-Wave Technology outstanding candidate for a tenure track position at the rank of Assistant Professor. The successful

85 dpi Laboratory (STL) at the University of Massachusetts Lowell invites outstanding candidate must have an interdisciplinary interest and, preferably, demonstrate expertise in both of the candidates for a full-time, benefited, two- following areas: i) Mechatronic Systems and Devices: sensors and actuators; design, modeling, and year postdoctoral associate position in the control of mechatronic systems; and ii) Power Electronics with interests in one or more application areas of millimeter-wave and terahertz radar technology. STL is a vibrant, forward- areas of embedded and real time systems to electric and hybrid vehicles, electric energy and battery looking Laboratory that runs a nationally management systems, development of novel power converters and control strategies, alternative

recognized radar-modeling program based on millimeter-wave - terahertz coherent energy and energy storage systems, and energy harvesting. Individuals with an undergraduate and transceiver systems supporting radar a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering with a demonstrated performance or potential for scholarly signature collection efforts for US Army, Air Force, Navy and FFRDC sponsors. research, as well as a commitment to undergraduate/graduate teaching are encouraged to apply. b/w Registration or eligibility to register as Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario is a must. A postdoctoral associate is sought to build upon these technologies to help design, This normally requires an undergraduate engineering degree from a reputable university. The develop, and construct the next generation University of Windsor has a strong commitment to high quality research and offers an excellent high frequency hardware & software imaging systems. The candidate should research environment. The ECE Department has existing research expertise in VLSI/Microelectronics, be highly driven, growth-oriented, and signal processing, communication, computer and machine vision, computer engineering, electric capable of demonstrating their potential as vehicles, and control systems. It hosts a Tier 1 and a Tier 2 Canada Research Chairs in Automotive an independent researcher. Specifically, STL is seeking motivated individuals to assist Sensing and Electric Vehicles. It is expected that the candidate for this position would be able to with the development of millimeter-wave - complement the existing research activities in one or more areas within the Department. terahertz near field or compact range bistatic radar systems for collection of target RCS Located at one of Canada’s major international intersections, the University of Windsor data, micro-Doppler signatures of moving targets, and generation of 3D interferometric plays a unique leading role in the future of the region and the province of Ontario. With imagery. This is a 2-year appointment approximately 17,000 students, including 1,700 graduate students in a broad range of contingent upon continued external funding. Masters and Doctoral programs, the University of Windsor is Canada’s most personal comprehensive An engineering team highly experienced in university.

2.1775” x 10” coherent transceiver systems, radar signature measurements, and signal/image processing will mentor the associate. While at STL, Applications will be accepted until the position is filled. The University of Windsor is the associate is also expected to acquire the committed to equity in its academic policies, practices, and programs; supports diversity in its critical skills necessary to lead Ph.D. level teaching, learning, and work environments; and ensures that applications from members of R&D teams, publish peer-reviewed journal articles, and write proposals exploring traditionally marginalized groups are seriously considered under its employment equity policy. novel high frequency remote sensing, radar, Those who would contribute to the further diversification of our faculty and its scholarship image processing, and material technologies consistent with STL’s broad mission. include, but are not limited to, women, Aboriginal peoples, persons with disabilities, members of visible minorities, and members of sexual minority groups. The University of Windsor invites you Salary commensurate with experience. Range: $48,000 - $65,000 to apply to our welcoming community and to self-identify as a member of one of these groups. 5672-5672 Minimum Qualifications: At a minimum, the International candidates are encouraged to apply; however Canadians and permanent residents will applicant must have an earned Doctorate in be given priority. To ensure that you are considered within the priorities of the Employment Equity Electrical Engineering, Applied Physics, or Program, you may self-identify in your letter of application or in a separate letter to the Presidential closely related field prior to March 1, 2015, experience with RF, millimeter-wave, or THz Commission on Employment Equity, c/o Gerri Pacecca, The Office of the Provost and Vice-President system design, experience with digital signal Academic, 511 Chrysler Hall Tower, 401 Sunset Avenue, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, processing (DSP) concepts. The applicant should also have excellent oral/written N9B 3P4. The University of Windsor, one of Ontario’s leading academic institutions, provides a communication and interpersonal skills learning-centred approach which prepares its graduates for the challenges of tomorrow. Information and be a US citizen able to obtain a security about the University of Windsor and its programs may be found at http://www.uwindsor.ca. For clearance within three months of hiring date. Programming skills with MATLAB, LabVIEW, more information on living and working at the University of Windsor, visit the Faculty Recruitment EM CAD are highly desirable. Programming and Retention website at http://www.uwindsor.calfacultyrecruitment , or contact Ms. Gerri skills in LabVIEW, MATLAB, Mathematica, etc. are desirable, but not required. Pacecca (Email: [email protected]). Coordinator, Faculty Recruitment and Retention, Office of the To apply, please submit a cover letter, Provost and Vice-President Academic, toll-free at 1-877- 665-6608 within North America or call IEEE Spectrum sc, dg, mbb curriculum vitae, research statement, collect outside of North America at 001-519-561-1432. publication list, and the names and contact information of three professional To apply, send Curriculum Vitae, evidence of research productivity (including selected reprints) and references at https://jobs.uml.edu. Review of 5672 the names, addresses, and phone numbers of four referees to: applications will begin on January 15, 2015, and will continue until the position is filled. However, the position may close when an Dr. Xiang Chen, Acting Head Size: Notes: Publication: Screen: IO#: Job# Proofreader: Mechanical: adequate number of qualified applications is received. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Massachusetts Lowell is The University of Windsor an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action, Title IX employer. All qualified applicants 401 Sunset Avenue will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, sex, color, religion, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4 national origin, ancestry, age over 40, protected veteran status, disability, sexual Tel: 519-253-3000 ext. 2571 Fax: 519-971-3695 orientation, gender identity/expression, marital status, or other protected class. E-Mail: [email protected]

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 63

03a.p63.NA.indd 63 2/12/15 11:08 AM Intel Corporation and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. Intel Corporation and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in Santa Clara, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in have opening(s) in Austin, TX. Combination ed/exp accepted in some lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate Intel Corporation positions: with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, App Developer—Develop, implement, and maintain computer application electronic data processing systems software. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650390); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650391); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650392). systems. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650008). Hardware Eng—Design, develop, and test hardware, electrical components, Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. mechanisms, materials, circuitry, and cabinetry for central processing units (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires MS+3 yrs exp (#650393). Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650009); BS+5 yrs exp OR Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software MS+3 yrs exp (#650010); MS (#650011); MS+1 yr exp (#650012); systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of MS+3 yrs exp (#650013); or PhD (#650014). software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650394); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650395); MS (#650396); or MS+1 (#650397). Hardware Eng—Design, develop, and test hardware, electrical System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs components, mechanisms, materials, circuitry, and cabinetry for central exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650398). processing units (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires MS Systems Eng (Communications)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products with emphasis on (#650015). communication systems engineering tasks as required to support electronic networks. Requires PhD (#650400). Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production facilities and equipment Systems Eng (Hardware)—Emphasis on design, development, integration layouts. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650016). and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires PhD Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and (#650399). ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component Systems Eng (Platform)—Emphasis on delivering platform feasibility analysis feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires BS+3 yrs exp and collaterals throughout the platform life cycle. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires PhD (#650017); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650018); BS+5 yrs exp (#650401). OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650019); MS (#650020); MS+1 yr exp (#650021); Systems Eng (Software)—Emphasis on the software engineering methodology MS+3 yrs exp (#650022); or PhD (#650036). and specific software development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and equipment or systems oriented products. Requires PhD (#650402). reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires MS (#650023).

Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650024); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650411); MS (#650025); or MS+1 yr exp (#650026).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#650027); or PhD (#650037).

Systems Eng (Hardware)—Emphasis on design, development, integration and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires MS (#650028). IEEE.tv gets a Tech Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires MS mobile makeover (#650029); or MS+1 yr exp (#650030).

Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: Bring an award-winning network of technology programs with you: Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#650031). • Generations of industry leaders. • The newest innovations. Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and • Trends shaping our future. collaborate with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools Go mobile or get the app. and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. www.ieee.tv Requires MS (#650032); or MS+1 yr exp (#650033).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#650034); or MS+1 yr exp (#650035).

64 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG 12-MEMB-0345b IEEEtv 3.75x4.75 Final.indd 1 8/22/12 9:56 PM

03a.p64.NA.indd 64 2/12/15 11:14 AM Intel Corporation and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and have opening(s) in Santa Clara, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job yr exp (#650358); MS (#650359); or MS+3 (#650417). # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Product Mkt Eng—Provide technical support for one or many product(s) Intel Corporation positions: and/or product family. Requires MS (#650360); or MS+1 yr exp (#650361).

Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, and RF development Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and engineering. Requires MS (#650323); or PhD (#650324). reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires MS (#650362); or MS+1 yr exp (#650363). App Developer—Develop, implement, and maintain computer application systems. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650328); or PhD Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific (#650325). and laboratory research projects to fuel growth in the areas of computing, communication, and technology. Requires PhD (#650364). CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, theories and research techniques in the investigation and solution of technical Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect problems. Requires MS (#650326). software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650365); Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650366); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650327); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650329); exp (#650367); MS (#650368); MS+1 yr exp (#650369); MS+3 yrs exp BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650330); MS (#650331); MS+1 yr exp (#650370); or PhD (#650371). (#650332); MS+3 yrs exp (#650333); or PhD (#650334). Strategic Business Development Mgr—Responsible for accelerating revenue Computational Linguist—Develop language models and language modeling growth and profitability by developing business relationships with third techniques for use in Automatic Speech Recognition and Natural Language parties to complete business unit platform/product portfolios and accomplish Processing using a variety of techniques including Lexical Functional business unit strategic objectives. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp Grammar. Requires BS or equivalent+3 yrs exp (#650336); BS+2 yrs exp (#650372 travel to San Francisco required 30% of the time). (#650335); or BS+3 yrs exp (#650337). System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires Electronic Eng—Research, design, develop, and test electronic components, BS+3 yrs exp (#650373); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650374); MS electromechanical equipment, and systems. Requires MS (#650338). (#650375); MS+3 yrs exp (#650376); or PhD (#650377).

Engineering Mgr (Software)—Plan, provide resources for and direct software Systems Eng (Software)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and budget. Requires equipment or systems oriented products with emphasis on the software BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650339). engineering methodology and specific software development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Requires Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components BS+2 yrs exp (#650378). have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on graphics hardware components. Requires MS (#650340), (#650413 travel Tech Manufacturing Mgr—Lead the wider Intel and ODM Operations teams to Folsom required 20% of the time); or MS+1 (#650412 travel to Folsom within the New Devices Group and serve as the primary operations interface required 20% of the time). to the core product development team and other functional organizations. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650379). Graphics Software Eng—Develop all aspects of graphics drivers. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650341); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650342); MS Tech Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for (#650343); MS+1 yr exp (#650344); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650345). one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires MS (#650380); or PhD (#650381). Hardware Eng—Design, develop, and test hardware, electrical components, mechanisms, materials, circuitry, and cabinetry for central processing units Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650346); MS (#650347); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650348). Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, and RF development engineering. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650382); MS (#650383); MS+1 yr Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production facilities and equipment layouts. exp (#650384); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650385). Requires MS (#650349); or MS+1 yr exp (#650350). CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, Interaction Designer—Responsible for designing information structures and theories and research techniques in the investigation and solution of technical navigation, task flows, and wireframes with view descriptions specifying problems. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650386). the detailed content and behavior. Requires MS (#650351); or MS+1 yr exp (#650352). Dir of Prod Planning and Architech (Wearables Products)—Identify, craft and lead the development of transformational and disruptive cross group Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip design, including strategies based on a thorough assessment of key insights and meaningful FET, cell, and block-level custom layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view business opportunities in wearable eco-system. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR generation, RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. MS+3 yrs exp (#650387); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650388). Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650418), BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650354); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650353). Engineering Mgr (Hardware)—Plan, provide resources for and direct hardware engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and budget. Process Eng—Design and plan layout for material processing operations. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650389). Requires MS (#650355); MS+1 yr exp (#650356); or PhD (#650357).

03a.p65.NA.indd 65 2/12/15 11:16 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc., and Intel Federal LLC have opening(s) in Aloha, Intel Americas, Inc. and Intel Mobile Communications Beaverton and Hillsboro, OR. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email North America Inc. have opening(s) in Allentown, resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will PA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to Intel Corporation positions: [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and reliability standards for processing materials will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE into partially finished or finished product. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650229 positions in Aloha and Hillsboro); or MS (#650230). Intel Americas, Inc. position:

Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific and laboratory research projects to Component Design Eng—Design and develop fuel growth in the areas of computing, communication, and technology. Requires MS (#650231); MS+1 yr exp electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR (#650232); MS+3 yrs exp (#650233); or PhD (#650234). MS+3 yrs exp (#650000); MS (#650001); MS+1 yr RET Design Eng—Perform research, development and implementation of Resolution Enhancement Techniques exp (#650002); or PhD (#650044). (RET) for nano-scale process technologies. Requires PhD (#650235). Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. Security Researcher—Responsible for secure design, development and operation of Intel’s hardware and software positions: products and services. Requires PhD (#650236). Component Design Eng—Design and develop Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network electronic components. MS (#650003). product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650238); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650239 positions in Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS (#650240 Physical Design Eng— Create bottom-up elements positions in Aloha, Beaverton, and Hillsboro); MS+1 yr exp (#650241 positions in Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS+3 of chip design, including FET, cell, and block-level yrs exp (#650242); or PhD (#650243). custom layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view Software Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. Requires MS generation, RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout (#650244). verification and debug. Requires MS (#650004).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650245); Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine MS (#650246); or MS+1 yr exp (#650247). characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and Systems Analyst—Analyze, design and evaluate computer systems to meet business requirements. Requires MS (#650248). analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650005); or MS (#650006). Technical Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires MS (#650420); or MS+1 yr exp (#650249). System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#650007). Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special semiconductor devices. Requires MS (#650250). Visual Designer—Responsible for design, documentation and delivery of icons, layout guides, widgets and motion Intel Corporation has opening(s) graphics, ensuring pixel perfect UI development. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650251). in Boise, ID. Combination ed/exp Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: accepted in some positions in lieu Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, layout and/or of degree. To apply, email resume to hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650252); [email protected] and reference or MS (#650253 positions in Beaverton and Hillsboro). the job # below. Apply to each job # of Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip design, including FET, cell, and block-level custom interest. Applications will be accepted layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view generation, RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires MS (#650254). through 04/02/15. EOE Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network Process Eng—Design and plan layout product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr for material processing operations. exp (#650255); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650256); MS(#650257 positions in Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS+1 yr exp (#650258); MS+3 yrs exp (#650259); or PhD (#650260). Requires PhD (#650041). System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650261). Product Eng—Design, develop and Systems Eng (Communications)—Emphasis on communication systems engineering tasks as required to support validate the testability of circuits, electronic networks. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires PhD (#650262). and ensure the manufacturability of

Systems Eng (Software)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented integrated circuits from the component products with emphasis on the software engineering methodology and specific software development tools required feasibility stage through production to design, develop and integrate system software components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650263). ramp. Requires MS (#650042). Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special devices. Requires BS or equivalent +5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650264). Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, Intel Federal LLC positions: applies, and maintains quality and Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific and laboratory research projects to reliability standards for processing fuel growth in the areas of computing, communication, and technology. Requires PhD (#650265). materials into partially finished Software Eng— Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network or finished product. Requires MS product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires MS (#650266). (#650043).

66 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p66.NA.indd 66 2/13/15 1:10 PM Intel Corporation, Intel Mobile Communications Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in semiconductor technology, including signal North America Inc., and Intel Federal LLC have multidisciplinary research and collaborate processing, power, and control systems. Design opening(s) in Aloha, Beaverton and Hillsboro, OR. with design, layout and/or hardware engineers and develop product packaging and provide Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in the design, development, and utilization of ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to productivity enhancement layout tools and design or semiconductor assemblies. Requires MS [email protected] and reference the job # rule checkers, electronic data processing systems (#650208 positions in Aloha and Hillsboro). below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications software. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE exp (#650188); or MS (#650189 positions in Packaging Eng (Material)—Emphasis in working Beaverton and Hillsboro). with the material suppliers and materials Intel Corporation positions: technology group to establish a package materials Graphics Software Eng—Develop all aspects of property requirement, establish materials specs, Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, graphics drivers. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 capture IPs, and deploy/develop advanced and RF development engineering. Requires MS yrs exp (#650190); MS (#650191); or MS+1 yr exp package analytical laboratory tools and techniques (#650166); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650167). (#650192). and technical application with training notes to world-wide packaging community. Design and Application Developer—Develop, implement, and Hardware Eng—Design, develop, and test develop product packaging and provide ongoing maintain computer application systems to meet hardware, electrical components, mechanisms, engineering support for integrated circuit business requirements. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR materials, circuitry, and cabinetry for central or semiconductor assemblies. Requires MS MS+1 yr exp (#650168); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 processing units (CPUs) and/or peripheral (#650209 positions in Aloha and Hillsboro). yrs exp (#650169); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650170). equipment. Requires MS (#650194 positions in Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS+1 yr exp (#650195); Packaging Eng (Mechanical)—Emphasis Automation Eng—Responsible for installation, or PhD (#650196). in working with the design standards, support, and troubleshooting of critical documentation, specifications, and life cycle of manufacturing execution applications and Human Factors Eng—Responsible for applying electromechanical designs in semiconductor decision support systems in a heterogeneous Human Factors Engineering techniques and fabrication. Design and develop product environment of VMS, UNIX and Windows principles at all phases of product/technology packaging and provide ongoing engineering systems communicating with various middleware development. Requires MS (#650197). support for integrated circuit or semiconductor applications and interacting with both SQL and assemblies. Requires MS (#650210 positions in Oracle databases. Requires MS (#650171). Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production Aloha and Hillsboro). facilities and equipment layouts. Requires BS+5 BIOS Eng—Develop platform BIOS, reference yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650199). Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up code and related documentation for Intel silicon elements of chip design, including FET, products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Interaction Designer/User Experience Design cell, and block-level custom layouts, FUB- exp (#650172); or MS (#650173). for Wearables—Developing/visualizing product level floor plans, abstract view generation, concepts, interaction schemes, and user RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout Business Analyst—Conduct business process experiences, utilizing use cases, wireframes, verification and debug. Requires MS (#650211). analysis as project manager or as part of large storyboards, scenarios, etc. Requires MS project team. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr (#650200); or MS+1 yr exp (#650201). Process Eng—Design and plan layout for material exp (#650174); or MS (#650175). processing operations. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR Materials Eng—Maintain quality standard & MS+1 yr exp (#650212); MS (#650213); MS+1 CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided system of incoming materials including making yr exp (#650214); or PhD (#650215 positions in design (CAD) methods, theories and research specs relevant to the manufacturing requirements Aloha and Hillsboro). techniques in the investigation and solution of to minimize variability and subjectivity. Requires technical problems. MS (#650176); or MS+1 yr MS+3 yrs exp (#650202 positions in Beaverton Product Eng—Design, develop and validate exp (#650177). and Hillsboro). the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the Component Design Eng—Design and develop Mechanical Eng—Design and analyze mechanical component feasibility stage through production electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp systems, equipment and packaging and ramp. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR OR MS+1 yr exp (#650178); BS+5 yrs exp OR electro-mechanical devices. Requires BS or MS+3 yrs exp (#650216); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 MS+3 yrs exp (#650179); MS (#650180); MS+1 equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650203); yr exp (#650217 positions in Aloha and Hillsboro); yr exp (#650181); MS+3 yrs exp (#650182); or BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650204); MS BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650218); MS PhD (#650183). (#650205); or MS+1 yr exp (#650206). (#650219); MS+1 yr exp (#650220); MS+3 yrs exp (#650221); or PhD (#650222). Engineering Mgr (Process)—Plan, provide Media Relations Specialist—Responsible for resources for and direct process engineering the development, coordination, implementation, Product Mkt Eng—Provide technical support activities to meet schedules, standards, and and/or administration of public relations for product(s) and/or product family. Conduct budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp programs, directed primarily toward the media competitive product/pricing analysis and market (#650184). and secondarily to industry, stockholders and/or research; evaluate sales performance and employees. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs formulate and review strategic long range plans, Engineering Mgr (Software)—Plan, provide exp (#650207). goals, and objectives for specific product areas. resources for and direct software engineering Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650223); activities to meet schedules, standards, and Operations Research Eng—Design, develop, and BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650224); budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp apply engineering, mathematical, simulation, and MBA (#650225); MS (#650226); MS+1 yr exp (#650419). optimization models to drive solutions to complex (#650227); MS+3 yrs exp (#650228). manufacturing and supply chain problems. Failure Analysis Eng—Identify and research Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650198). component failures to improve product yield, quality and/or reliability. Requires PhD (#650185); Packaging Eng (Electrical)—Emphasis in MS (#650186) shift is 3 pm–12 am; or MS the electrical design and development of (#650187) shift is 6 pm–4 am.

03a.p67.NA.indd 67 2/12/15 11:24 AM The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University has Tenure Track Faculty Openings.

Exceptional candidates in all areas of Electrical the Assistant Professor rank; however, under unusual and Computer Engineering will be given circumstances and commensurate with the qualifications of consideration. the individuals, appointments may be made at the rank of ENGINEERING: Associate Professor or Professor. The College of Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) are ranked among the top Applicants should submit the following application materials PDF Solutions, Inc. is programs in the United States both at the undergraduate as one document in PDF format and in the following order: and graduate levels. The ECE faculty have strong ties with looking for Characterization 1. Resume/CV many multidisciplinary centers and institutes such as the 2. List of professional references including name and contact Institute for Complex Engineered Systems (graduated Vehicle (CV) Design & CV information (3-5) NSF ERV), CyLab, Software Engineering Institute, Human 3. Statement of research (2 pages max) Computer Interaction Institute, the Robotics Institute and the Development Engineers for 4. Teaching interests (2 pages max) Information Networking Institute. The department is home to 5. Copy of two research papers (journal or conference) several multi disciplinary centers and laboratories; the Data San Jose, CA. Requirements: Storage Systems Center (graduated NSF ERC), the Center for Apply at http://cmuecefacultyapps.catsone.com/ Masters degree in computer Silicon System Implementation, the MicroElectroMechanical careers/ Systems Laboratory, the SRC Smart Grid Research Center, Letters of Recommendation should be e-mailed directly to Eng. or closely related field & 3 the Parallel Data Laboratory, and the Computer Architecture [email protected]. Lab at Carnegie Mellon. Faculty members in the Department (Please reference candidate name and position in the subject to 6 months exp. as Research of Electrical and Computer Engineering also have ties and line.) collaborations with colleagues around the world through Asst. For more details, go to a number of formal research and educational programs. Evaluation of applications will begin immediately and The department has extensive experimental and computing continue throughout the academic year until positions www.pdf.com/jobs. Salaried/ infrastructure. ECE currently maintains state-of-the-art are filled. Candidates are encouraged to apply early. nanofabrication facilities and will be significantly expanding Carnegie Mellon is an Equal Opportunity Employer. FT position. Please email CV/ these in both capability and scale within the next few years. salary requirements to Gail A moderate teaching load allows time for quality research and close involvement with students and other faculty. [email protected]. We expect candidates for a tenure-track position to have a strong commitment both to research and teaching at Please refer to job code YZ2014 the undergraduate and graduate levels. The Department is primarily seeking individuals for faculty positions at or JS2014 in your response.

Intel Corporation and Intel Americas, Inc. have opening(s) in San Francisco, CA. Old Dominion University Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email Faculty positions at all ranks resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply Endowments available for qualified candidates to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Batten College of Engineering and Technology - Power Systems Engineering with smart grid and Intel Corporation positions: renewables to complement existing strengths in computer vision, control systems, cyber physical Engineering Manager (Software)—Plan, provide resources for and direct software engineering systems and photovoltaics. ODU Engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and budget. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 welcomes candidates with an earned Doctorate in Engineering. To be considered for Associate or Full yrs exp (#650313); or BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650312). Professor, an applicant must have a proven track record of published research in internationally Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, recognized academic journals and funded research. layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity Submit a cover letter addressing the desired enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. attributes and research vision for the position; a Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650314). curriculum vita; and contact information for three professional references to https://jobs.odu.edu Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform Review of applicants will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled. EO/AA network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS or equivalent+3 yrs exp (#650315); BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650317); or BS+5 yrs exp or MS+3 yrs exp (#650316). Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Bellevue, WA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some Software Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3yrs exp (#650318); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650319). resume to [email protected] and Intel Americas Inc. positions: reference the job # below. Apply to each job Marketing Specialist—Responsible for the planning, developing, coordinating or producing of # of interest. Applications will be accepted communication projects to support corporate or product marketing and brand marketing programs. through 04/02/15. EOE BS in Management, Business Administration, or related+5 yrs exp OR MS in Management, Business Software Eng—Assess and advise on Administration, or related+3 yrs exp (#650322). machine characteristics that affect software Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. systems. Perform network product design, Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. development, testing, and analysis of Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650320). software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp Software Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650038); MS (#650039); Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650321). or MS+1 yr exp (#650040).

68 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p68.NA.indd 68 2/12/15 11:27 AM Gilhousen Endowed Chair in Telecommunications

Intel Corporation and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in San Diego, CA. Combination Gilhousen Endowed Chair in ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, Telecommunications email resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE The Electrical & Computer Engineering Department at Montana State University Intel Corporation positions: (MSU) invites nominations and applications from outstanding individuals Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics for a premiere named professorship. The Gilhousen Chair, supported by that affect software systems. Perform network product design, an endowment established in 2001 by Dr. Klein Gilhousen, co-founder of development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Qualcomm, Inc., develops and maintains research, industry collaborations, Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650284). and interdisciplinary academic programs in telecommunications. Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: Qualified candidates will have a distinguished record of accomplishments Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary and a strategic vision for a nationally recognized program in the broadly research and collaborate with design, layout and/or hardware defined area of telecommunications, with the appropriate experience to be engineers in the design, development, and utilization of eligible for a senior faculty appointment in the department. Furthermore, productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, candidates with research interests that are synergistic with MSU’s established electronic data processing systems software. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650285); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650286); MS strengths, such as optical systems and devices, control of energy systems, (#650287); MS+1 yr exp (#650288); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650289). and embedded computing will find strong opportunities for collaboration. In support of the University’s mission to be inclusive and diverse, applications IT Support Specialist—Responsible for the distribution, from qualified minorities, women, veterans and persons with disabilities installation, operations, and troubleshooting of site distributed are highly encouraged. MSU recognizes the importance of work-life computing environment. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650290). integration and strives to be responsive to the needs of dual career couples. Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, The ECE Department offers undergraduate Bachelor of Science degrees in development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Master of Engineering Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650291); BS+5 yrs and Master of Science degrees in Electrical Engineering, and a PhD in exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650292); MS (#650293); or MS+1 yr Engineering. Current total enrollment is 354 students. The faculty comprises exp (#650294). 14 tenure/tenure-track professors with active research in digital systems, System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. micro and nano-fabrication, optics, power and energy, signals and controls, Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650295); MS and communications. (#650296); MS+1 yr exp (#650297); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650298). Founded in 1893 as a Land Grant University, Montana State University (MSU) Systems Eng (Communications)—Emphasis on communication boasts a friendly, supportive faculty and campus environment. With over systems engineering tasks as required to support electronic 15,000 students, including approximately 2,000 graduate students, MSU networks. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical is classified as one of 108 U.S. Research Universities (very high research equipment or systems oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp activity) by the Carnegie Foundation. MSU is located in Bozeman, Montana, OR MS+1 yr exp (#650299); or PhD (#650300). an extended community of about 70,000 nestled in the Rocky Mountains in Systems Eng (Hardware)—Emphasis on design, development, Southwest Montana. Bozeman is renowned for year-round recreational and integration and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Design cultural opportunities that include access to world class ski areas, multiple and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or blue ribbon trout streams and the Gallatin National Forest. The local airport is systems oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr served by five national airlines with over thirty flights a day to thirteen cities. exp (#650307); or PhD (#650308). Please visit https://jobs.montana.edu/postings/936 for further details and Systems Eng (Platform)—Emphasis on delivering platform instructions on how to apply. The review of applications will begin March 30 feasibility analysis and collaterals throughout the platform and continue until the position is filled. Montana State University is committed life cycle. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp to providing a working and learning environment free from discrimination. All OR MS+1 yr exp (#650301); MS (#650302); MS+1 (#650303); applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, or PhD (#650304). color, gender, religion, national origin, ethnicity, veteran status, age or any other characteristic protected by law. Systems Eng (Software)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products with emphasis on the software engineering methodology and specific software development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650305); or PhD (#650306). Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special semiconductor devices. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650309); MS+3 yrs exp (#650310); or PhD (#650311).

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 69

03a.p69.NA.indd 69 2/12/15 11:29 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Americas, Inc., and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have Intel Corporation and Intel Americas, opening(s) in Folsom, CA. Inc. have opening(s) in Seattle, WA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to Combination ed/exp accepted in some [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each Intel Corporation positions: job # of interest. Applications will be Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, and RF development engineering. Requires MS accepted through 04/02/15. EOE (#650113). Intel Corporation positions: Business Analyst—Conduct business process analysis as project manager or as part of large project team. Requires MS+1 yr exp (#650114). Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, theories and research ensure the manufacturability of integrated techniques in the investigation and solution of technical problems. Requires MS (#650115). circuits from the component feasibility Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires BS+3 (#650116); stage through production ramp. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650117); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650118); MS (#650119); MS (#650403); or MS+1 yr exp (#650404). MS+1 yr exp (#650120); MS+3 yrs exp (#650121); or PhD (#650122). Software Eng—Assess and advise Failure Analysis Eng—Identify and research component failures to improve product yield, quality on machine characteristics that affect and/or reliability. Requires PhD (#650123). software systems. Perform network Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, product design, development, testing, and layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity analysis of software applications. Requires enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. MS (#650405); MS+1 yr exp (#650406); or Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650124); MS (#650125); MS+1 yr exp (#650126); MS+3 MS +3 yrs exp (#650407). yrs exp (#650127); or PhD (#650128). Intel Americas, Inc. positions: Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on graphics hardware components. Requires Software Eng—Assess and advise BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650129); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650130); MS (#650131); on machine characteristics that affect MS+1 yr exp (#650132); MS+3 yrs exp (#650133); or PhD (#650134). software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and Graphics Software Eng—Develop all aspects of graphics drivers. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs analysis of software applications. Requires exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650135); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650136); BS+5 yrs exp OR BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650408). MS+3 yrs exp (#650137); MS (#650138); MS+1 yr exp (#650139); MS+3 yrs exp (#650140); or PhD (#650141). Software Quality Eng—Authors detailed Hardware Eng—Design, develop, and test hardware, electrical components, mechanisms, materials, software quality requirements to meet circuitry, and cabinetry for central processing units (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires quality standards. Requires MS (#650409); MS (#650142). or MS+1 yr exp (#650410). Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires BS+5 yrs exp or MS+3 yrs exp (#650143); MS (#650144); MS+3 yrs exp (#650145); or PhD (#650146). Intel Corporation has opening(s) in DuPont, WA. Combination ed/exp Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires MS (#650147); MS+1 yr accepted in some positions in lieu exp (#650148); or PhD (#650149). of degree. To apply, email resume Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform to [email protected] and network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 reference the job # below. Apply to yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650150); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650151); MS (#650152); MS+1 yr exp (#650153); MS+3 yrs exp (#650154); or PhD (#650155). each job # of interest. Applications Software Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. will be accepted through 04/02/15. Requires MS (#650156). EOE Software Systems Architect—Translate business requirements into specific systems, applications, data or process designs to develop IT and integrated architecture solutions. Requires BS+5 yrs exp BIOS Eng—Develop platform OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650158); MS+3 yrs exp (#650157); or PhD (#650193). BIOS, reference code and related System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#650159). documentation for Intel silicon Systems Eng (Communications)—Emphasis on communication systems engineering tasks as products. Requires MS (#650107). required to support electronic networks. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires MS+3 yrs exp (#650164). Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Systems Eng (Platform)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products with emphasis on delivering platform feasibility analysis and collaterals throughout Requires MS (#650108). the platform life cycle. Requires MS (#650160). Software Eng—Assess and Systems Eng (Software)—Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products with emphasis on the software engineering methodology and specific software advise on machine characteristics development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Requires that affect software systems. MS (#650161). Perform network product design, Intel Americas, Inc. position: development, testing, and analysis Technical Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for one or many of software applications. Requires MS product(s) and/or product families. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650162). (#650109). lntel Mobile Communications North America Inc. position: System Validation Eng—Plan and Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires MS+3 execute validation testing. Requires yrs exp (#650163). MS (#650110).

70 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p70.NA.indd 70 2/12/15 11:32 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Americas, Inc., and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in Chandler, AZ. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE

Intel Corporation positions:

Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, and RF development engineering. Requires MS (#650048).

Automation Eng—Responsible for installation, support, and troubleshooting of critical manufacturing execution applications and decision support systems in a heterogeneous environment of VMS, UNIX and Windows systems communicating with various middleware applications and interacting with both SQL and Oracle databases. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650049); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650050); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650051); MS (#650052); MS+1 yr exp (#650053); or MS+3 yrs exp (#650054).

BIOS Eng—Develop platform BIOS, reference code and related documentation for Intel silicon products such as next generation chipsets and processors. Requires MS+3 yrs exp (#650055).

CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, theories and research techniques in the investigation and solution of technical problems. Requires MS (#650056).

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650057); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650058); MS (#650059); MS+1 yr exp (#650060); MS+3 yrs exp (#650061); or PhD (#650062).

Failure Analysis Eng—Identify and research component failures to improve product yield, quality and/or reliability. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650063).

Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on graphics hardware components. Requires MS (#650064).

Graphics Software Eng—Develop all aspects of graphics drivers. Requires MS (#600051).

IT Manager—Responsible for supervision/management of an IT function/site/corporate operation. Requires BS+10 yrs exp (#650065).

Packaging Eng (Electrical)—Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies with emphasis in the electrical design and development of semiconductor technology. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650066); MS (#650067); or PhD (#650068).

Packaging Eng (Material)—Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies with emphasis in working with the material suppliers and materials technology group to establish a package materials property requirement. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650069); MS (#650070); MS+1 yr exp (#650071); or PhD (#650072).

Packaging Eng (Mechanical)—Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies with emphasis in working with the design standards, documentation, specifications, and life cycle of electromechanical designs in semiconductor fabrication. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650073); MS (#650074); or PhD (#650075).

Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip design, including FET, cell, and block-level custom layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view generation, RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires MS (#650076); or MS+1 yr exp (#650077).

Process Eng—Design and plan layout for material processing operations. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650078); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650079); MS (#650080); or PhD (#650081).

Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires MS (#650082).

Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650083); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650084); MS (#650085); or MS+1 yr exp (#650086).

Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650087); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650088); MS (#650089); MS+1 yr exp (#650090); MS+3 yrs exp (#650091); or PhD (#650092).

Supply Chain Integrator—Accountable for providing capital supply chain support, introducing strategic pilot programs and providing comprehensive account management for three TD sites with the purpose to implement globally. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650093).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650094).

Systems Analyst—Analyze, design and evaluate computer systems to meet business requirements. Requires MS (#650095); MS+1 yr exp (#650096).

Technical Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650097).

Test R&D Eng—Research, design, and develop test equipment software, library, program flow, fixture, hardware, probing, module and/or tester for main and/or peripheral printed board’s assembly (PBA). Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#650098); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650099); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650100); or MS (#650101).

Intel Americas, Inc. position:

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#650102).

Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions:

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#650103); or MS+1 yr exp (#650104).

Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650105); or MS (#650106).

03a.p71.NA.indd 71 2/12/15 11:34 AM Intel Massachusetts Inc. has opening(s) in Intel Corporation has an opening in Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) Hudson, MA. Combination ed/exp accepted Fort Collins, CO. Combination ed/exp in Edina, MN. Combination ed/exp in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, accepted in some positions in lieu email resume to [email protected] and accepted in some positions in lieu reference the job # below. Apply to each job of degree. To apply, email resume to of degree. To apply, email resume to # of interest. [email protected] and reference [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE the job # below. Applications will be interest. Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, accepted through 04/02/15. EOE and RF development engineering. Requires Component Design Eng—Design Component Design Eng—Design BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#650267). and develop electronic components. Component Design Eng—Design and and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#650111); or MS+1 yr exp develop electronic components. Requires MS Requires MS (#650165). (#650112). (#650268). Computational Linguist—Develop language Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Columbia, SC. Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) models and language modeling techniques Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in Champaign, IL. Combination ed/ for use in Automatic Speech Recognition and in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to exp accepted in some positions in Natural Language Processing using a variety [email protected] and reference the job # of techniques including Lexical Functional below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications lieu of degree. To apply, email resume will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Grammar. Requires MS (#650269); or MS+1 to [email protected] and yr exp (#650270). Analog Eng—Perform analog, mixed-signal, reference the job # below. Applications and RF development engineering. Requires MS will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in (#650414). Software Eng—Assess and advise multidisciplinary research and collaborate Component Design Eng—Design and develop with design, layout and/or hardware electronic components. Requires MS (#650416). on machine characteristics that affect engineers in the design, development, and software systems. Perform network Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine product design, development, testing, utilization of productivity enhancement layout characteristics that affect software systems. tools and design rule checkers, electronic Perform network product design, development, and analysis of software applications. data processing systems software. Requires testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires MS (#650045); or MS+1 yr exp MS (#650271); or MS+1 yr exp (#650272). Requires MS (#650415). (#650046).

72 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p72.NA.indd 72 2/13/15 1:11 PM The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University has research track faculty openings.

Exceptional candidates in all areas of Electrical candidates for a research track position to have a strong The Department of Electrical and and Computer Engineering will be given serious commitment to research. The department is primarily seeking Computer Engineering at the University consideration. individuals for faculty positions at the Assistant Research Professor rank. Applicants must have earned a doctorate in The College of Engineering and the Department of Electrical of California, Davis invites applications a related area by the date of appointment. for a faculty position at the Full Professor and Computer Engineering (ECE) are ranked among the top programs in the United States both at the undergraduate Applicants should submit the following application materials level in all research areas, including and graduate levels. The ECE faculty have strong ties with as one document in PDF format and in the following order: but not limited to systems, computer many multidisciplinary centers and institutes such as the 1. Resume/CV Institute for Complex Engineered Systems (graduated engineering, circuits, optoelectronics, 2. List of professional references including name and contact NSF ERC), CyLab, Software Engineering Institute, Human information (3-5) mm/Thz waves, and physical electronics. Computer Interaction Institute, the Robotics Institute, and the 3. Statement of research (2 pages max) Candidates must have a Ph.D., a research Information Networking Institute. The department is home to 4. Teaching interests (2 pages max) several multidisciplinary centers and laboratories; the Data record of high distinction, a demonstrated 5. Copy of two research papers (journal or conference) commitment to teaching and service, Storage Systems Center (graduated NSF ERC), the Center for Silicon System Implementation, MicroElectroMechanical Apply at http://cmuecefacultyapps.catsone.com/ and a track record of attracting significant Systems Laboratory, SRC Smart Grid Research Center, the careers/ extramural research support. For full Parallel Data Laboratory, and the Computer Architecture Lab Letters of Recommendation should be e-mailed directly to at Carnegie Mellon. Faculty members in the Department of consideration, applicants should apply [email protected]. Electrical and Computer Engineering also have ties and (Please reference candidate name and position in the subject by March 31, 2015. The positions remain collaborations with colleagues around the world through line.) open until filled. Additional information a number of formal research and educational programs. The department has extensive experimental and computing and application instructions can be found Evaluation of applications will begin immediately and infrastructure. ECE currently maintains state-of-the-art continue throughout the academic year until positions are at http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/. nanofabrication facilities and will be significantly expanding filled. Candidates are encouraged to apply early. Carnegie these in both capability and scale within the next few years. UC Davis is an affirmative action/equal Mellon is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Research track faculty members are not required to teach opportunity employer and is dedicated and may therefore focus exclusively on developing their to recruiting a diverse faculty community. leadership within their area of research, developing research We welcome all qualified applicants to collaborations and supervising Ph.D. students. Occasionally, research track faculty members may teach if they and the apply, including women, minorities, department feel this would advance their programs. We expect individuals with disabilities and veterans.

Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Longmont, CO. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to The Right Candidate — Right Now! [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted Take the through 04/02/15. EOE Firmware Eng—Conduct or next steps participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate to finding your with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity ideal job. enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. Requires MS (#650275). Take advantage of this Software Eng—Assess and unique member benefit. advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, Post your resume on the IEEE Job Site development, testing, and and start your job search now! analysis of software applications. Requires MS (#650276); or MS+1 yr exp (#650277). Visit the IEEE Job Site at www.ieee.org/jobs

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Mar 2015 | 73

03a.p73.NA.indd 73 2/12/15 11:40 AM Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Rio Intel Americas Inc. has opening(s) in King of Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Irvine, CA. Rancho, NM. Combination ed/exp accepted Prussia, PA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to email resume to [email protected] to [email protected] and reference and reference the job # below. Apply to each [email protected] and reference the job # the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. job # of interest. Applications will be accepted below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications Applications will be accepted through 04/02/15. through 04/02/15. EOE will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE EOE Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine facilities and equipment layouts. Requires Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#650281). characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, Perform network product design, development, Process Eng—Design and plan layout for testing, and analysis of software applications. testing, and analysis of software applications. material processing operations. Requires MS (#650282); or PhD (#650283). Requires MS (#650274). Requires MS+3 yrs exp (#650273).

Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) in Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Menlo Park, Oakbrook Terrace, IL. Combination ed/ CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job IEEE Foundation [email protected] and # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications reference the job # below. Apply to each Inspiring the Future job # of interest. Applications will be will be accepted through 04/02/15. EOE accepted through 04/02/15. EOE Systems Eng (Hardware)—Emphasis on design, Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect development, integration and troubleshooting of Donate Today. ieee.org/donate software systems. Perform network electronic systems. Design and develop electronic product design, development, testing, or electromechanical equipment or systems and analysis of software applications. Requires MS (#650280). oriented products. Requires PhD (#650278).

12-FND-0177i-IEEE-Foundation-Ad-2x2.25-FINAL.indd10/5/12 1 4:03 PM

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74 | Mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

03a.p74.NA.indd 74 2/12/15 11:44 AM 03a.p75.NA.indd 75 2/12/15 11:46 AM And nOW this…

The Apex of Analog Whoa needs digit l? Many of the first practical nonhuman computers were analog machines, most famously the mechanical Differential Analyzer built by Vannevar Bush in 1931. Even after digital computers arrived, analog computers remained popular into the 1970s, especially for simulations (they were used to drive flight simulators for the X-15 rocket plane and early spacecraft). And innovation continued well beyond the Differential Analyzer’s wheels and cogs. As advertised in March 1964, this PACE TR-48 analog computer was not only “fully transistorized” but also mobile—once you put it on its stand and pushed it to another electrical outlet. —Stephen Cass

76 | mar 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by Ben Alsop

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