ADVANCES in WASTE MANAGEMENT

THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON IALOMITA RIVER QUALITY

AURELIA CORINA COSAC, LOREDANA BEATRICE FRASIN, SOFIA TEODORESCU Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology Faculty of Materials Engineering, Mechatronics and Rototics Valahia University of Târgovişte B-dul Unirii, nr. 18 - 24, 130082 Târgovişte [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract Polluters, most often prove to be major urban agglomerations, industry (chemical, petrochemical, food, detergent etc.) and agriculture (pesticides, fertilizers). Water pollution is most often limited to natural channels and basins, where there is a concentration of polluants. Loading water basins with pollutant of physical and chemical nature is usually done slowly but progressively. Waste water from industry is the strongest source of water pollution Ialomita river (upper sector): Romcif Fieni, R.A.G.C. Fieni, Renel Doicesti, Industrial Platform Targoviste, R.A.G.C. ). For analyzed period, it finds that the best quality water (Quality Class I and II) is registered at sampling point Branesti and the lowest quality water at sampling point Baleni.

Key-words: pollution, river, human activity, impact, physical-chemical parameters, pollution source

1. Introduction algae multiply, etc. This type of pollution appears near Chemical composition of surface waters depends some industrial facilities, from power stations (Doicesti). primarily on the nature of land crossed by the road or along, the water dissolve various constituents of soil. Meanwhile, the exchange processes at the water surface 2. Problem Formulation atmosphere, the water is loaded with different gases: O2, Geographical and physical description of N2, CO2. Ialomita river Substances from precipitation and anthropogenic The origin of Ialomita river is in contact area between discharges also contribute to surface water composition. the structures typical of the Southern and Eastern Organic pollution usually occurs at pulp and paper mills. Carpathians, with a basin of 10,430 km2 and a length of Chemical, petrochemical and food industry also remove 400 km. pollutants from organic origin, of which some are highly Accumulated water flow in the superior sector of toxic (phenol, herbicides, etc.) and high persistence in Ialomita river reach 2.8 m3/s, and it used for carrying out the environment. Inorganic pollution results from hydropower complex Dobresti Moroieni. chlorosodics products industry, chemicals, oil extraction, Moroieni downstream, its gradients descreases at 3-6 m/ hydrometallurgy. km and Ialomita becomes a collector sub-mountain areas Polluted waters contain salts, acids, bases and change pH of the rivers coming from the left, from the Carpathians, of natural waters, corrode pipelines, installations and which assures the system a strong asymmetry. have stressful effects on aquatic organisms. Tributaries of the superior sector, mountain and sub- Biological pollution is produced by domestic activities, Carpathian string quite symmetrically along the Ialomita slaughterhouses, livestock, etc. Pathogens occur in River; between them, are: Brateiu river, Rateiu river, water, which generates diseases, sometimes in mass. River, Little Ialomicioara river (S = 95 km2, L = Biologically contaminated waters favors multiplication 24 km), Vulcana river ( S = 105 km2, L = 19 km), on the of parasites as: mosquitoes, malaria transmitters, etc. right and on the left Ialomicioara Great river (S = 76 Thermal pollution is the discharge of hot water into km2, L = 10 km), Rusetu river and Bizdidel river (S = 92 effluents natural. In these conditions, oxygen content in km2, L = 26 km). water is reduced and increases the sensitivity of aquatic The most important tributaries is received into piedmont organisms to pollutants, some creatures disappear, blue sector, especially from the left side.

ISSN: 1790-5095 144 ISBN: 978-960-474-190-8 ADVANCES in WASTE MANAGEMENT

Most of them come from sub-Carpathian regions, Values obtained from wastewater treatment stations bringing highly chlorinated and sulphated waters as two (exhaust) Slanic (the first S = 41 km2; L = 16 km; the second S = Table 1 79 km2; L = 22 km), Pascovul (S = 75 km2; L = 27 km), Nr. Poluation Date Indicator Value Crivatul ( S = 85 km2;L = 32km) and Cricovul Dulce (S crt source 2 2 + = 611 km ; L = 71,7 km) with Provita ( S = 218 km ; L = Feb NH4 4,583 + 49 km). 1 C.A. Fieni Mar NH4 3,12 + Nov NH4 5.23 The impact of human activities on Ialomita river Feb MTS 84 quality 2 C.A. CBO5 68 The Ialomita river is among the rivers in our country CCO-Cr 143,5 + who have most suffered from industrial pollution. NH4 40 On Ialomita valley are numerous industries that have Mar CBO5 48,5 negatively influenced the life of the river waters. + NH4 34,44 Man, through its activities, disposal into environment an MTS 92 average surplus of raw materials, finished or secondary Jul CBO5 59,2 products, which later, get either in groundwater or river CCO-Cr 169,2 water. Det 3,30 Water pollution is one of the most obvious forms of MTS 62 environmental damage. Oct CBO5 68,12 Polluters, most often prove to be major urban CCO-Cr 166,29 agglomerations, industry (chemical, petrochemical, food, + NH4 27,25 detergent, etc.) and agriculture (pesticides, fertilizers). Det 2,245 Water pollution is most often limited to natural channels CBO5 41,25 and basins, where there is a concentration of polluants. Nov CCO-Cr 56,72 Waste water from industry is the strongest source of MTS 78 water pollution Ialomita river (upper sector): Romcif + NH4 1,579 Fieni, R.A.G.C. Fieni, Renel Doicesti, Industrial Det 3,66 Platform Targoviste, R.A.G.C. Moreni). + 3. CA Targoviste Mai NH4 10,81 From the source to the exit of the Targoviste city, the + North Jun NH4 11,05 largest sources of pollution are: C.A Fíeni, C.A. + Jul NH4 11,663 Pucioasa, C.A. Targoviste North, C.A.Targoviste South. + Aug NH4 12,03 Water sampling of superior basin of Ialomita River to + Sept NH 11,065 realize the study was conducted between January and 4 Oct MTS 44 December 2009 (table 1). Nov MTS 46 The evaluation of surface water quality consists in 4. CA Targoviste Jan CBO 85,1 measuring the physico-chemical normalized parameters, 5 South CCOCr 196,81 setting it up to what level, the standard are respected. NH + 34,18 Sampling points of surface water are: 4 -Ialomita, point Branesti, Feb CCOCr 211,2 -Ialomita, point Sacuieni, Det 4,18 -Ialomita, point Baleni , Apr CBO5 30,1 CCOCr 219,2 chosen to emphasize as best as possible the quality of + Ialomita river water on discharges from wastewater NH4 38,63 treatment stations, mentioned above. Det 4,89 The analyses that were performed in the study are: Mai CCOCr 242 CBO 97,3 - COO-Cr / CBO5 + + NH4 37,21 - NH4 - MBAS (determining detergents ) Det 4,478 - MTS (total suspended matter) Jun MTS 103 CCOCr 216,81 Det 5,042 Jul CCOCr 188,24 3. Problem Solution + NH4 36,20 Det 4,14 Aug CBO5 88,40 CCOCr 194,62

ISSN: 1790-5095 145 ISBN: 978-960-474-190-8 ADVANCES in WASTE MANAGEMENT

+ NH4 37,71 The evaluation of surface water quality consists in Sept MTS 135 measuring the physico-chemical normalized parameters, CBO5 85,17 setting it up to what level, the standard are respected. CCOCr 208,73 At each sampling point water is analyzed in terms of NH + 33,781 indicators of physical, chemical and biological. 4 According to standard it distinguish four quality grades: Oct CBO5 85,12 CCOCr 218,51 I, II, III IV (Table 3), based on field of use as follows: NH + 34 - Quality Class I – represented by the water used 4 to: drinking water supply, supply for livestock units, Nov CBO 82,94 5 supply units in the food industry and other activities that CCOCr 186,72 + require a water quality the same of the drinking water NH 38,42 4 supply, supply for vegetables irrigated crops, water Dec CBO 88,21 5 pools, swimming pools, supply salmonid fish set up; CCOCr 261,21 - Quality Class II - is the water used to: supply NH + 41,29 4 water fish set up (except the salmonid), supply for

industrial processes, urban and recreational purposes and

other activities that require water quality class II ; Allowable limits - Quality Class III – is the water used to supply Table 2 crop irrigation systems, supply for hydropower, cooling CBO5 CCOCr NH4 MTS MBAS installations for aggregates, the washing stations, and CA Fieni 25 125 3 60 0,5 other activities that require water class III CA 25 125 3 60 0,5 - Quality Class IV – is the water unfit for use and Pucioasa constitutes a threat to public health and aquatic basin CA 30 100 10 60 0,5 receiver. Targoviste North The impact of human activities on Ialomita river CA 80 150 30 120 4,0 ecosystems Targoviste Waste water from industry is the strongest source of South water pollution Ialomita river (upper sector): Romcif Fieni, R.A.G.C. Fieni, Renel Doicesti, Industrial Platform Targoviste, R.A.G.C. Moreni). Quality class MO 161 / 2006 regarding classification of Ialomita river ecosystem evolution has traveled at least surface water quality in order to establish the ecological three stages: status of water bodies The first stage (natural phase) is considered the early Table 3 industrialization period backdated Ialomita valley, when JF M A M J J A S O N D a e a p a u u u e c o e the river was an ecosystem driven by natural laws, n b r r i n l g p t v c structure of biota being natural, typical and variations of parameters were imposed only by natural factors (altitude, temperature, alternating seasons etc.). Ialo 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 mita A second stage is represented by the period 1890 – 1950, – period which did not required major changes of quality Bra water on Ialomita river, the capacity of plugging effects nest i was higher and the impact of human activities was less Ialo 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 aggressive. mita The third stage (1960 - present) is characterized by the aval Sac appearance of aggressive technologies accompanied by uien the elimination of harmful substances, leading to i significant changes in the biocenoses structure and in the Ialo 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 3 mita entire complex ecosystems. Bal eni

Generally, surface water quality is determined by the 4. Conclusion total mineral or organic substances, dissolved gas, • For analyzed period, it finds that the best quality suspended particles and organisms present. water (Quality Class I and II) is registered at sampling point Branesti; • The water of the sampling point Baleni belong to 2, 3 and 4 classes, so water unfit for human

ISSN: 1790-5095 146 ISBN: 978-960-474-190-8 ADVANCES in WASTE MANAGEMENT

consumption, samples ranged in September belong to 4 class; the obtained results explanation is that Baleni area is an agricultural area highly developed (vegetables irrigated crops); land cultivation is done in an intensive manner with high input of pesticides and fertilizers; • As a general conclusion, for all the 3 points of sampling, water quality is within the 2 and 3 classes, making it unfit for human consumption; it is used only in industrial processes, urban and recreational purposes and other activities that require water quality class II and III. In conclusion, water pollution destroys the flora and fauna on the aquatic environment. Industry and agriculture are also affected by water pollution, by sediment clogging, content in corrosive, toxic and radioactive materials.

References [1] Official Monitor of Romania, part I, Elements and chemical and physical-chemical quality standards in water [2] Petrescu Nicolae, Mircea Podani, Amenajarea bazinelor hidrografice - Bucuresti, Ed. Ceres, 2004 [3] Radulescu,Cristiana., Emisii poluante - Metode pentru reducerea acestora, Ed. Bibliotheca, Targoviste, 2008. [4] Schwartz J., Total Suspended Particulate Matter and Daily Mortality in Cincinnati, Ohio; Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 102, Number 2, February 1994.

ISSN: 1790-5095 147 ISBN: 978-960-474-190-8