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Security and Pastoral Conflicts in Northern Kenya: a Case Study of the Mandera Triangle

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Security and Pastoral Conflicts in Northern Kenya: a Case Study of the Mandera Triangle Security and Pastoral Conflicts in Northern Kenya: A case study of the Mandera Triangle By ABDUL FBRAHIM HARO R50/71074/2008 A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Masters of Arts Degree in International Conflicts Management November 2010 Declaration I. Abdul Ebrahim Haro, hear by declare that the contents of this thesis are original, and that this work has not been submitted to any other university degree, other than the University of Nairobi. Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies for any type of academic degree. The use of materials other than my own has been acknowledged to the authors. Signature: ........................... Date: Abdul Ebrahim Haro R50/71074/2008 This Project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor Signature:..... Date Ochieng Kamodhayi n Dedication / dedicate this work to my family, with love iii Acknowledgements I thank my supervisor Ochieng Kamodhayi for his relentless support, advice and provision of extra information from his personal library, which made this work a success. I also thank him for the hospitality and fatherly guidance that he constantly gave throughout my research. My gratitude also goes to Professor Makumi Mwagiru. Director Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi for his leadership and stewardship of the Institute's study programmes which made my study period a success. I wish to thank the librarians at the Jomo Kenyatta Memorial library, for their assistance in literature search. Special thanks to Dr. Ibrahim Farah for his kind advice from the inception of this work and support during data collection. I would also like to thank Mr. Ibrahim Hassan. not forgetting his family who provided wonderful company throughout the fieldwork period. Also my gratitude goes to my wife Halima Mohamed for her advice and constructive comments on the draft of this work. A big thank you also goes to all my friends and classmates for their support and ideas that made this work a success, especially, Leremore Thomas, Absolom Shalakha. Salad Boru, Dennis Wamalwa. Masesi, Mohamed Affey and Hassan Khalid for the good company and humour that made our life at IDIS memorable. I wish to thank all those who participated in interviews and in any other way contributed to the information used in making this work a success. I must also thank all my family members for their patience and support all through my academic period particularly my father Ibrahim Haro for the encouragement he always provided. Thank you all. IV Abstract This study aimed to identify security issues in pastoral areas, and why national security policies need to address pastoral conflicts in a special way. The study also investigated the relevance of the concept o f human security and how lack of it leads to Pastoral Conflicts in the Mandera Triangle. The nexus between human insecurity, national security and pastoral conflicts as a unique challenge to contemporary Mom o f African states and societies has been critically analysed in this study. The Study contains five chapters. Chapter One introduces the research study by contextualizing the research problem and provides justification for this study. The chapter also presents a literature review w here the relevant literature by other scholars on the issue of human security, national security, and Mandera Triangle and Pastoralist conflicts are presented and tied to the pastoralist community conflict in the Mandera Triangle. Theoretical framework adopted by the study is also presented. The chapter ends by giving the data collection and data analysis methods that were used by the study. Chapter two looked into the overview of Emerging Dimensions of security. This included a comparative analysis of dimensions of old security and the emerging trends in new thinking about security. This chapter also highlights the defining moments in the shifts from the old to the new and the interregnum between the two in relation to the context in Mandera Triangle. Chapter three is about the Mandera triangle case study. This dwells on the question of analysis of security issues in the region. Chapter four is the critical analysis chapter on all the previous three chapters and chapter five contains a summary of the study, conclusion and recommendations. v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ALRMP: Arid Lands Resources Management Project ASAL: Arid and Semi-Arid Lands CCR: Center for Conflict Resolution CEWARN: Conflicts Early Warning and Early Response CIRI: David Cineranelli and David Richard DFID: Department of Foreign International Development FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization FEWER: Floods Early Warning and Response FSI: Failed States Index GDI: Gross Development Index GDP: Gross Domestic Product GOK: Government of Kenya HDI: Human Development Index HDR: Human Development Report IR: International Relations KHRC: Kenya Human Rights Commission VI LICUS: Low Income Countries Under Stress MNC: Multi National Company NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NOPA: Nomadic Pastoralists in Africa Project ODM: Orange Development Movement OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PNU: Party of National Unity PRIO: Peace Research Institute Oslo PTS: Political Terror Scale TFG: Transitional Federal Government UCDP: Uppsalla University Conflicts Dataset Project UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNICEF: United Nations International Childrens' Educational Fund UNSO: United Nations Support Operations USAID: United States Assistance and International Development VII Table of Contents Pages Declaration............................................................................................................................................ Dedication............................................................................................................................................. jjj Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................jv Abstract..................................................................................................................................................... List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Background of the Study............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Research Problem............................................................................................3 1.2 Objectives of the Study...............................................................................................................6 1.3 Literature Review.........................................................................................................................7 1.3.1 Conceptualizing National Security..............................................................................................7 1.3.2 Conceptualising Human Security.............................................................................................. 16 1.3.3 Contending debate on Human Security vis-a-vis National Security..................................... 18 1.3.4 Literature on Mandera Triangle................................................................................................21 1.3.5 Literature on Internationalized Conflicts................................................................................. 23 1.3.6 Justification.................................................................................................................................26 1.4 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................................ 26 1.5 Operationalisation of term s...................................................................................................... 30 1.6 Research Methodology..............................................................................................................31 1.7 Sampling Design Strategy/methods.........................................................................................31 1.8 Data Collection and Analysis Strategies................................................................................. 33 viii 1.9 Chapter Outline 34 CHAPTER TW O...............................................................................................................................35 EMERGING DIMENSIONS OF SECURITY............................................................................. 35 2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................35 2.1 The Concept of Security in the Cold War period.................................................................. 36 2.2 Shifts in the Concept of Security in the post Cold War period.............................................38 2.3 The Traditional notion of Security...........................................................................................41 2.4 Defining Security.....................................................................................................................
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