國立臺灣師範大學英語學系 碩 士 論 文 Master Thesis Department of English National Taiwan Normal University 莎士比亞之漫畫與動畫改編研究: 以《哈姆雷特》及《羅密歐與茱麗葉》為例 A Study of Manga and Anime Adaptations Based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet 指導教授：林璄南教授 Advisor: Dr. Alan Ying-nan Lin 研 究 生：江俞弦 中 華 民 國 105 年 1 月 January, 2016 i 摘要 本文旨在探討莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》及《羅密歐與茱麗葉》中的情節和台 詞，如何透過圖片敘述及原著台詞的刪減，交織應用在 21 世紀的動畫及漫畫中， 而使其產生新的詮釋及視聽感受。本論文分為五章: 緒論陳述本文所提及的漫畫 及動畫版本之取材原因，以及簡述各章節概要。第一章則提供漫畫及動畫的初步 認識，並運用 Barbara Postema 所列出的漫畫技巧，解讀圖片在故事中的敘述方 式。將圖片視為一種在文本中敘述的語言，並透過漫畫的敘事架構及圖片在畫面 上的配置技巧，作為分析第二章的基礎。第二章主要著重在 Manga Shakespeare 改編的漫畫版本中，分析僅是文字的原著劇本，如何在漫畫圖片的框架中，結合 既有的台詞與漫畫的敘述架構而得以重新演釋，而產生不同的閱讀可能性及解讀 方式。為了區別漫畫和動畫在改編上有所不同，第三章則以 Zetsuen no Tempest 和 Romeo X Juliet 兩部動畫作品為例，探討莎劇的角色、台詞及劇情，如何經由 應用與修飾，融合劇情，進而在動畫中產生新的詮釋。與漫畫相比，動畫的重點 已經不再是以不同媒介演繹莎士比亞的劇本。反之，原著中的元素(角色、情節、 台詞)變成動畫敘事中的潤飾品，或是作為劇情轉折的關鍵點。最後，結論概述 漫畫和動畫改編的異同，並提出閱聽者在閱讀或欣賞的當下，應將劇本或是改編 作品結合自身經驗，使其產生更具意義的解讀方式。 關鍵詞:莎士比亞、哈姆雷特、羅密歐與茱麗葉、漫畫、動畫、改編 ii Abstract This thesis seeks to explore how Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are applied and adapted into manga and anime through graphic narration and application of original lines in the twenty-first century. The thesis is composed of five chapters. The introductory chapter explains the reason for adopting specific adaptations and outlines important points in each chapter. Chapter One begins with a brief introduction to manga and anime, and the narrative structure in manga based on Barbara Postema’s discussions. To examine how graphics act in sequence and produce meanings, this chapter offers some terminologies of manga as the basis for examining functions and layouts of graphics in manga adaptations. Chapter Two compares and contrasts important scenes and themes in Manga Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet to discuss how Shakespeare’s plays are represented through graphics and abridged lines. Although numerous lines are omitted, the appealing graphics in manga provide the readers with emotional engagements and different perspectives to reconsider Shakespeare’s plays. In order to look into the differences between manga and anime adaptations, Chapter Three investigates how characters, plots, and quotations are applied in Shakespeare’s anime adaptations (Zetsuen no Tempest and Romeo X Juliet). Contrary to Manga Shakespeare’s editions which are more attached to the original plays, the anime adaptations become new stories and Shakespeare’s lines are transformed into aiding elements to move stories forward. Finally, the concluding chapter summarizes the similarities and differences of manga and anime adaptations. It also pinpoints the importance of relating Shakespeare’s plays/adaptations with our surroundings and daily experience to make our interpretation more meaningful. Keywords: Shakespeare, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, manga, anime, adaptations iii Acknowledgements During the past years in the Department of English, I have taken many informative courses to inspire me with my research and got lots of help in writing Master thesis. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Alan Ying-nan Lin for his encouragement and guidance. Without his valuable advice and persistent instruction, I could not stay at a concrete direction to accomplish my thesis. Besides, I am deeply indebted to the other committee members, Dr. Hui-hua Wang and Dr. Elyssa Y. Cheng, for taking their precious time as my readers and providing me with insightful comments. Their solid suggestions not only helped me improve the quality of my thesis but also encouraged me to explore more possibilities in developing this thesis. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to my dear friends, schoolmates, and colleagues in Wangfang High School. During the process of writing my thesis, they always encouraged me and cheered me up whenever I felt frustrated or stuck in my thesis. Most important of all, I ought to express my greatest debt to my beloved family. Thanks to their unconditional love and wholehearted support, I could concentrate on my thesis and overcome difficulties with their assistance and company. iv Table of Contents Abstract in Chinese ............................................................................................................. i Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iii Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One Narrative Structure in Manga ............................................................... 5 1.1 What are Manga and Anime? ........................................................................................ 5 1.2 Narrative Structure in Manga........................................................................................ 7 1.3 A Brief Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 13 Chapter Two Manga Shakespeare................................................................................. 16 2.1 Hamlet (2007) ............................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 The Ghost Scene ..................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 The Mousetrap Scene .............................................................................................. 24 2.1.3 The Graveyard Scene .............................................................................................. 27 2.1.4 The Duel Scene ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Romeo and Juliet (2007) ............................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Ill-fated love under Traditional Patriarchal System ................................................ 32 2.2.2 The Function of Death: Mercutio, Tybalt, Paris, Romeo, and Juliet ...................... 37 2.2.3 Romeo’s and Juliet’s Transformation of Agency .................................................... 40 Chapter Three Visualized Shakespeare in Anime World ........................................... 44 3.1 Zetsuen no Tempest (2013) ........................................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Setting and Characters ............................................................................................ 45 3.1.2 The Time is Out of Joint ......................................................................................... 49 3.1.3 The Ghost Scene ..................................................................................................... 49 3.1.4 The Graveyard Scene .............................................................................................. 52 3.1.5 The Duel Scene ....................................................................................................... 55 3.2 Romeo X Juliet (2007) .................................................................................................. 58 3.2.1 Setting and Characters ............................................................................................ 58 3.2.2 Four Conflicts in Romeo X Juliet ............................................................................ 60 3.2.3 Doomed Love under Revolution of Neo Verona .................................................... 64 3.2.4 Willy’s Theater: The Play within the Anime ........................................................... 67 3.2.5 Death as Rebirth: The Wind of Freedom ................................................................ 70 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 72 Works Cited ....................................................................................................................... 75 Chiang 1 Introduction For centuries, the name “Shakespeare” has become a well-known and representative icon. No matter in what kind of adaptation, once an adaptation is entitled or related to “Shakespeare,” this work is endowed with a new perspective for us to read and re-examine Shakespeare’s plays as well. Nowadays, abundant discussions and research on Shakespearean adaptations have been widely explored, ranging from dramas, films, dance performances, even to musicals, but only few of them focus on the adaptations of manga and anime. Compared with other adaptations of Shakespeare’s plays, manga and anime adaptations emphasize graphics, visual-verbal allusions, captions, word balloons, and arrangements of stories. Also, with high flexibility of manga and anime, it creates hybridity of different styles and modes of graphic/image making. To address the issue on how and why the adaptations of manga and anime form a distinctive category to narrate Shakespeare’s texts, the study will look into the following research questions: What are manga and anime? How do mangakas (cartoon writers) apply Shakespeare’s works into different types of manga and anime (such as graphics, visual-verbal allusions, frames, panels, captions, and choice/placement of words in word balloons)? How do Shakespearean manga and anime compare with the original texts? What kind of effect is produced through the interplay between Shakespeare’s