DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Forestry in Connecticut by Austin F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Forestry in Connecticut by Austin F HISTORY OF FORESTRY IN CONNECTICUT BY AUSTIN F. HAWES (Written 1952 - 1957) Austin Hawes (1879-1962) in Natchaug State Forest, circa 1934 (CAES archives) History of Forestry in Connecticut Preface After decades as a forester in Connecticut, much as State Forester, Austin Foster Hawes set down in 1952 to begin what became 359 page manuscript that he finished in 1957. The manuscript is a legacy of experience for the heirs who would inherit the forests. He told about years of reforestation despite smoking fires, leveling hurricanes, cracking ice, and decimating blight. He proudly documented sales of timber, posts and charcoal to pay for forest improvement. He argued for scattered picnic spots in State forests to accommodate families that couldn’t visit distant national parks. He described the C.C.C. camps that put unemployed youth to work during the Great Depression. Leading acquisition of State forests, fully 73 percent accumulated to 1962, and then managing them until his retirement in 1944, Hawes knew what he wrote. He studied at Tufts University and in Europe, and in 1903 he graduated from the Yale School of Forestry. He wrote well, and the Library of Congress still holds 13 of his publications, such as “Hurricane damaged forests, still an important state asset” written defiantly amid the ruins of the 1938 hurricane. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, where he entered State service in 1904, and the Connecticut Forest and Park Association preserved copies of his 359 page manuscript. After decades of stewardship by the Connecticut Forest and Park, the original manuscript with photos was transferred to the Connecticut State Library where it is archived as RG 169:007, Connecticut Forest and Park Association records, Box 17, Folder 22. All photos are from the collection of The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, except for those photos from the original manuscript that are used with the permission of the Connecticut State Library. The slow growth of trees, and the outcome of events and experiments through decades rather than days, heightens the worth of observations that span the decades. Hence in 2007, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station began converting Hawes typewriting into this file to facilitate distribution on the internet as a searchable resource. The typewritten manuscript was scanned page-by-page by R. Vidro, J. Colon, and K. Regan before conversion into a single document. C. Ariori, E. White, and A. Simpson corrected many scanning errors. P.E. Waggoner careful eye was responsible for the majority of copy-proofing in the first two-thirds of the document. J. Ward completed the proofing and added formatting consistent with original manuscript. Original manuscript page numbers are in red superscript. Hawes’ obituary was published on May 11, 1962 by the Hartford Courant. Enjoy, Jeff Ward Department of Forestry and Horticulture The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT Phone: (203) 974-8495 Email: [email protected] April 2014 Page 2 History of Forestry in Connecticut Page 3 History of Forestry in Connecticut Table of Contents CHAPTER I. THE PERIOD OF PROPAGANDA ...................................................................... 10 PROFESSOR WILLIAM BREWER. ................................................................................... 10 CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.................................... 10 REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE ............................................ 11 BEGINNINGS IN NATIONAL FORESTRY ...................................................................... 17 GIFFORD PINCHOT ............................................................................................................ 18 CONNECTICUT FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ................................................................. 18 FORESTRY EDUCATION ................................................................................................... 19 YALE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY ........................................................................................ 20 DR. EDWARD H. JENKINS ................................................................................................. 20 POSITION OF STATE FORESTER ESTABLISHED ...................................................... 21 CHAPTER II. THE TASK AHEAD ............................................................................................ 22 MULFORD’S WORK ............................................................................................................ 22 ACKERMAN’S SHORT TERM ........................................................................................... 24 HAWES BECOMES THIRD STATE .................................................................................. 25 FOREST FIRE DISCOURAGED FORESTRY .................................................................. 27 FIRST FOREST FIRE LAW ................................................................................................. 27 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE ................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER III THE END OF THE CHESTNUT ERA................................................................ 30 ACQUISITION OF UNION STATE FOREST ................................................................... 30 FIRE WARDENS APPOINTED ........................................................................................... 30 STUDY OF THE CHESTNUT .............................................................................................. 30 FOREST NURSERY ESTABLISHED ................................................................................. 32 PRIVATE FOREST MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 32 OFFICE AT EXPERIMENT STATION .............................................................................. 33 BROADENING MY VIEWPOINT....................................................................................... 33 PLANS WHICH NEVER DEVELOPED ............................................................................. 33 REPORT FOR 1907 ............................................................................................................... 34 SURVEY OF LITCHFIELD AND NEW HAVEN COUNTIES ........................................ 35 EARLY AUTOMOBILE RIDES .......................................................................................... 36 Page 4 History of Forestry in Connecticut WHITTEMORE PLANTATIONS........................................................................................ 37 CONNECTICUT FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ................................................................. 37 SIMSBURY FOREST ACQUIRED ...................................................................................... 40 NATIONAL FORESTRY ...................................................................................................... 40 SHAKER PINES EXPERIMENT ......................................................................................... 41 CHESTNUT BARK DISEASE .............................................................................................. 41 THE ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN FORESTERS .......................................................... 42 FORESTRY TEACHING AT THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 44 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE ................................................................................ 45 [HAWES’] RESIGNATION APRIL 1, 1909 ........................................................................ 46 CHAPTER IV LOOKOUT TOWERS MAKE THEIR APPEARANCE..................................... 47 SAMUEL SPRING, FOURTH STATE FORESTER ......................................................... 47 FIRE LOOKOUT TOWERS ................................................................................................. 48 CORNWALL STATE FOREST ........................................................................................... 49 NORTHEASTERN FORESTRY COMPANY .................................................................... 49 CONNECTICUT FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ................................................................. 49 THE WEEKS LAW ................................................................................................................ 50 FOREST TAX COMMISSION ............................................................................................. 51 GRAVES BECAME CHIEF FORESTER OF U.S. ............................................................ 51 INFLUENCE OF PLANTATIONS ON OWNERS ............................................................. 51 STATE NURSERY DISCOUNTED ..................................................................................... 52 WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ............................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER V. STATE PARKS ARE BORN ............................................................................... 53 WALTER FILLEY, FIFTH STATE FORESTER .............................................................. 53 RAINBOW PLANTATIONS ................................................................................................. 53 EASTFORD STATE FOREST .............................................................................................. 54 ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN FORESTERS ................................................................... 54 ASSOCIATION OF STATE FORESTERS ......................................................................... 54 CONNECTICUT FORESTRY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lake Michigan Surf Newsletter
    Lake Michigan Sail Racing Federation December 2013 Issue 12 Lake Michigan SuRF Newsletter The Official Newsletter of the Lake Michigan Sail Racing Federation I AM ASKING YOU TO DO THIS TO HELP GROW SAILING All The News That Fits ... by Glenn McCarthy Help Grow Sailing ...................................... 1 Each time you read a sailing magazine, is your next effort to Kwiat Yachter of the Year ....................... 1 toss it in the can or put it in the recycle bin? How about a It's Giving Tuesday .................................... 2 Loyola's Post on Winning Team ........... 4 much better use for those? Canfield Wins Alpari World Tour ......... 4 Hall of Fame Nominations Due ............. 4 • Stick it in the seat pocket the next time you fly in an Annual Meeting Report ............................ 5 airplane. The PHRFect Fleet ..................................... 6 One-Design Proliferation ........................ 8 • Drop a stack of them off at the doctor’s office waiting Harris Steps Down ..................................... 9 room. Youth Chair Profile-Brian Bartley ........ 9 • Drop them off at the local hospital. College Sailing's George Griswold ...... 10 Instant Gratification ................................ 10 • Leave them on the bus or train seat pockets. Replace ISAF Special Regs? .................. 11 SER Background ....................................... 12 • Somewhere where you have a free book/magazine swap WWII & Mariner Girl Scouts ................ 12 shelf (if in apartment or condo, suggest one be added in the Karzen to be CYA Yachter of Year ...... 13 laundry room). La Toilette ................................................... 13 I'm Gonna Hurl .......................................... 15 • Or anywhere else you think someone may pick one up out I Blew It ........................................................ 15 of curiosity and read it. Vote Please-Soirée or Road Show .....
    [Show full text]
  • George M. Leader, 1918-2013 Michael J
    Gettysburg College Faculty Books 2014 George M. Leader, 1918-2013 Michael J. Birkner Gettysburg College Charles H. Glatfelter Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books Part of the Cultural History Commons, Oral History Commons, Public History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Birkner, Michael J. and Charles H. Glatfelter. George M. Leader, 1918-2013. Musselman Library, 2014. Second Edition. This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books/78 This open access book is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. George M. Leader, 1918-2013 Description George M. Leader (1918-2013), a native of York, Pennsylvania, rose from the anonymous status of chicken farmer's son and Gettysburg College undergraduate to become, first a State Senator, and then the 36th governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A steadfast liberal in a traditionally conservative state, Leader spent his brief time in the governor's office (1955-1959) fighting uphill battles and blazing courageous trails. He overhauled the state's corrupt patronage system; streamlined and humanized its mental health apparatus; and, when a black family moved into the white enclave of Levittown, took a brave stand in favor of integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Power ... Formation in Portugal.Pdf
    Promotoren: Dr. F. von Benda-Beckmann Hoogleraar in het recht, meer in het bijzonder het agrarisch recht van de niet-westerse gebieden. Ir. A. van Maaren Emeritus hoogleraar in de boshuishoudkunde. Preface The history of Portugal is, like that of many other countries in Europe, one of deforestation and reafforestation. Until the eighteenth century, the reclamation of land for agriculture, the expansion of animal husbandry (often on communal grazing grounds or baldios), and the increased demand for wood and timber resulted in the gradual disappearance of forests and woodlands. This tendency was reversed only in the nineteenth century, when planting of trees became a scientifically guided and often government-sponsored activity. The reversal was due, on the one hand, to the increased economic value of timber (the market's "invisible hand" raised timber prices and made forest plantation economically attractive), and to the realization that deforestation had severe impacts on the environment. It was no accident that the idea of sustainability, so much in vogue today, was developed by early-nineteenth-century foresters. Such is the common perspective on forestry history in Europe and Portugal. Within this perspective, social phenomena are translated into abstract notions like agricultural expansion, the invisible hand of the market, and the public interest in sustainably-used natural environments. In such accounts, trees can become gifts from the gods to shelter, feed and warm the mortals (for an example, see: O Vilarealense, (Vila Real), 12 January 1961). However, a closer look makes it clear that such a detached account misses one key aspect: forests serve not only public, but also particular interests, and these particular interests correspond to specific social groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Marshfield Man Arrested Following Shooting
    The Marshfi eld Mail congratulates Chiefs Kingdom marshfieldmail.com Vol. 128, No. 48 February 5, 2020 a Super Bowl victoryon$1.00 Marshfield man arrested following shooting By Karen Craigo karenc@marshfieldmail.com Michael Griffin, 33, of Marsh- field is in custody for allegedly shooting a man in the head. The victim, whose name has not been released, remains alive with life- threatening injuries at Cox South ‘No’: Marshfield mayor refuses City administrator Hospital in Springfield. The Webster County Sheriff’s to leave Office received a report of a vic- Griffin to resign after alderman vote tim with a gunshot wound to the John Benson, Marshfield’s city head at 4:13 p.m. Friday. A wit- By Karen Craigo fers points of debate or comment. administrator, has taken employ- ment in the south Texas city of ness located unharmed at the scene, a residence karenc@marshfieldmail.com On Tuesday, he came prepared at 199 Sequioia Drive, Niangua, claimed to have with a written statement, over Beeville and is leaving employ- witnessed Griffin shoot the victim in the head By a vote of 3-1, the Marshfield three pages, single spaced, and he ment with Marshfield. with a small pistol. Board of Aldermen requested made up for lost time. With a population of 13,000, A probable cause statement completed by Mayor Robert Williams’ resigna- Bowers’ statement begins Beeville is a larger city for Ben- Sheriff Roye Cole said that Griffin had stated he tion at a special meeting Tuesday, with a denial of the idea that the son, who brings to his new posi- would not go back to prison and would kill any Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Department's Hartford Fire Station
    Major Renovation to Augusta (ME) Fire Department’s Hartford Fire Station The city of Augusta, Maine, had WBRC Architects Engineers and Mitchell Architects design an addition and perform a major renovation of its historic Hartford Fire Station. (Photos courtesy of Mitchell Associates Architects.) By Alan M. Petrillo The Hartford Fire Station was Augusta, Maine’s oldest of five fire stations, being built on a hilltop overlooking the downtown in the early part of the 20th century when firefighters were still using horse-drawn water pumps. But, the station’s infrastructure was failing under the weight of modern fire engines that barely fit through the apparatus bay doors. In 2016, city voters approved $6 million to renovate and add onto the station to bring it up to modern standards. “We did a study that determined the station was in the right location for proper coverage,” says Roger Audette, Augusta Fire Department’s chief. “So, the decision was made to renovate the Hartford station and increase its footprint with an addition. The biggest need we had was for two large truck bays to hold our newer apparatus. A previous ladder tower had to be moved to another station because of the inadequate floor at the Hartford station.” The city hired WBRC Architects Engineers and Mitchell Associates Architects to design a 11,325-square-foot addition, as well as to perform a major renovation of the original 8,800-square- foot Classical Revival style structure. Robert Mitchell, principal architect at Mitchell Associates Architects, says, “The new two-story expansion provides a six-vehicle, drive-through apparatus bay with a tail-pipe exhaust system, decontamination area, and rigorous hot zone/cold zone separation.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Days' Forest Festival on the Biltmore Estate
    DECEMBER 5, 1908 AMERICAN LUMBERMAN. 35 THREE DAYS’ FOREST FESTIVAL ON THE BILTMORE ESTATE. --------------------------------------- Extraordinary Outing of Representatives of All Concerned With Timber From the Tree to the Trade—Biltmore Estate, the Property of George W. Vanderbilt, Used Educationally in a Unique Celebration Under the Direction of C. A. Schenck, Ph. D.—Authorities Invade the Woods for Lectures by the Master Forester—Openhanded, Open Air Hospitality—Anniver= saries Signalized in an Unprecedented Way—Beauti= ful Biltmore in Story and Verse. --------------------------------------- known as the Biltmore estate. The invitations, eagerly milling operations and surveying. They enter practically BILTMORE. accepted, brought to Asheville, N.C., of which Biltmore is a into the various methods of timber estimating, including suburb, many of the country’s best known to professional the strip method, the “forty” method and Schenck’s We are but borrowers of God’s good soil, and business life as directly or indirectly interested in any method, and for ten continuous days they estimate on phase of timber growth, from its inauguration and some tract to be cut for an estate mill. Here they endure Free tenants of His field and vale and hill; preservation to its commercial utilization. These and the all he hardships of a timber estimator’s life; working We are but workmen ‘mid his vines to toil multitude of others who will be interested in these eight hours a day, cooking their own meals and sleeping To serve his purpose and obey His will. chronicles of the recent forest festival will be glad to learn in the open rolled up in blankets.
    [Show full text]
  • Afforestation and Reforestation - Michael Bredemeier, Achim Dohrenbusch
    BIODIVERSITY: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION – Vol. II - Afforestation and Reforestation - Michael Bredemeier, Achim Dohrenbusch AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION Michael Bredemeier Forest Ecosystems Research Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Achim Dohrenbusch Institute for Silviculture, University of Göttingen, Germany Keywords: forest ecosystems, structures, functions, biomass accumulation, biogeochemistry, soil protection, biodiversity, recovery from degradation. Contents 1. Definitions of terms 2. The particular features of forests among terrestrial ecosystems 3. Ecosystem level effects of afforestation and reforestation 4. Effects on biodiversity 5. Arguments for plantations 6. Political goals of afforestation and reforestation 7. Reforestation problems 8. Afforestation on a global scale 9. Planting techniques 10. Case studies of selected regions and countries 10.1. China 10.2. Europe 11. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Forests are rich in structure and correspondingly in ecological niches; hence they can harbour plentiful biological diversity. On a global scale, the rate of forest loss due to human interference is still very high, currently ca. 10 Mha per year. The loss is highest in the tropics; in some tropical regions rates are alarmingly high and in some virtually all forestUNESCO has been destroyed. In this situat– ion,EOLSS afforestation appears to be the most significant option to counteract the global loss of forest. Plantation of new forests is progressing overSAMPLE an impressive total area wo rldwideCHAPTERS (sum in 2000: 187 Mha; rate ca. 4.5 Mha.a-1), with strong regional differences. Forest plantations seem to have the potential to provide suitable habitat and thus contribute to biodiversity conservation in many situations, particularly in problem areas of the tropics where strong forest loss has occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocket Product Guide 2006
    THENew Digital Platform MIPTV 2012 tm MIPTV POCKET ISSUE & PRODUCT OFFILMGUIDE New One Stop Product Guide Search at the Markets Paperless - Weightless - Green Read the Synopsis - Watch the Trailer BUSINESSC onnect to Seller - Buy Product MIPTVDaily Editions April 1-4, 2012 - Unabridged MIPTV Product Guide + Stills Cher Ami - Magus Entertainment - Booth 12.32 POD 32 (Mountain Road) STEP UP to 21st Century The DIGITAL Platform PUBLISHING Is The FUTURE MIPTV PRODUCT GUIDE 2012 Mountain, Nature, Extreme, Geography, 10 FRANCS Water, Surprising 10 Francs, 28 Rue de l'Equerre, Paris, Delivery Status: Screening France 75019 France, Tel: Year of Production: 2011 Country of +33.1.487.44.377. Fax: +33.1.487.48.265. Origin: Slovakia http://www.10francs.f - email: Only the best of the best are able to abseil [email protected] into depths The Iron Hole, but even that Distributor doesn't guarantee that they will ever man- At MIPTV: Yohann Cornu (Sales age to get back.That's up to nature to Executive), Christelle Quillévéré (Sales) decide. Office: MEDIA Stand N°H4.35, Tel: + GOOD MORNING LENIN ! 33.6.628.04.377. Fax: + 33.1.487.48.265 Documentary (50') BEING KOSHER Language: English, Polish Documentary (52' & 92') Director: Konrad Szolajski Language: German, English Producer: ZK Studio Ltd Director: Ruth Olsman Key Cast: Surprising, Travel, History, Producer: Indi Film Gmbh Human Stories, Daily Life, Humour, Key Cast: Surprising, Judaism, Religion, Politics, Business, Europe, Ethnology Tradition, Culture, Daily life, Education, Delivery Status: Screening Ethnology, Humour, Interviews Year of Production: 2010 Country of Delivery Status: Screening Origin: Poland Year of Production: 2010 Country of Western foreigners come to Poland to expe- Origin: Germany rience life under communism enacted by A tragicomic exploration of Jewish purity former steel mill workers who, in this way, laws ! From kosher food to ritual hygiene, escaped unemployment.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Garden in Fifty Tools Bill Laws
    A HISTORY OF THE GARDEN IN FIFTY TOOLS BILL LAWS A green thumb is not the only tool one needs to gar- material. We find out that wheelbarrows originated den well—at least that’s what the makers of garden- in China in the second century BC, and their ba- ing catalogs and the designers of the dizzying aisle sic form has not changed much since. He also de- displays in lawn- and-garden stores would have us scribes how early images of a pruning knife appear believe. Need to plant a bulb, aerate some soil, or in Roman art, in the form of a scythe that could cut keep out a hungry critter? Well, there’s a specific through herbs, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and was tool for almost everything. But this isn’t just a prod- believed to be able to tell the gardener when and uct of today’s consumer era, since the very earliest what to harvest. gardens, people have been developing tools to make Organized into five thematic chapters relating planting and harvesting more efficient and to make to different types of gardens: the flower garden, the flora more beautiful and trees more fruitful. In A kitchen garden, the orchard, the lawn, and orna- History of the Garden in Fifty Tools, Bill Laws offers mental gardens, the book includes a mix of horti- entertaining and colorful anecdotes of implements culture and history, in addition to stories featuring that have shaped our gardening experience since well-known characters—we learn about Henry David the beginning. Thoreau’s favorite hoe, for example.
    [Show full text]
  • Muppets Now Fact Sheet As of 6.22
    “Muppets Now” is The Muppets Studio’s first unscripted series and first original series for Disney+. In the six- episode season, Scooter rushes to make his delivery deadlines and upload the brand-new Muppet series for streaming. They are due now, and he’ll need to navigate whatever obstacles, distractions, and complications the rest of the Muppet gang throws at him. Overflowing with spontaneous lunacy, surprising guest stars and more frogs, pigs, bears (and whatevers) than legally allowed, the Muppets cut loose in “Muppets Now” with the kind of startling silliness and chaotic fun that made them famous. From zany experiments with Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker to lifestyle tips from the fabulous Miss Piggy, each episode is packed with hilarious segments, hosted by the Muppets showcasing what the Muppets do best. Produced by The Muppets Studio and Soapbox Films, “Muppets Now” premieres Friday, July 31, streaming only on Disney+. Title: “Muppets Now” Category: Unscripted Series Episodes: 6 U.S. Premiere: Friday, July 31 New Episodes: Every Friday Muppet Performers: Dave Goelz Matt Vogel Bill Barretta David Rudman Eric Jacobson Peter Linz 1 6/22/20 Additional Performers: Julianne Buescher Mike Quinn Directed by: Bill Barretta Rufus Scot Church Chris Alender Executive Producers: Andrew Williams Bill Barretta Sabrina Wind Production Company: The Muppets Studio Soapbox Films Social Media: facebook.com/disneyplus twitter.com/disneyplus instagram.com/disneyplus facebook.com/muppets twitter.com/themuppets instagram.com/themuppets #DisneyPlus #MuppetsNow Media Contacts: Disney+: Scott Slesinger Ashley Knox [email protected] [email protected] The Muppets Studio: Debra Kohl David Gill [email protected] [email protected] 2 6/22/20 .
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Extreme Wildfire Events: Difficulties, Challenges, and Impacts
    fire Concept Paper Defining Extreme Wildfire Events: Difficulties, Challenges, and Impacts Fantina Tedim 1,2,*, Vittorio Leone 3,†, Malik Amraoui 4 ID , Christophe Bouillon 5 ID , Michael R. Coughlan 6 ID , Giuseppe M. Delogu 7,† ID , Paulo M. Fernandes 4 ID , Carmen Ferreira 1 ID , Sarah McCaffrey 8 ID , Tara K. McGee 9, Joana Parente 4, Douglas Paton 2, Mário G. Pereira 4,10 ID , Luís M. Ribeiro 11 ID , Domingos X. Viegas 11 and Gavriil Xanthopoulos 12 1 Centre for Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, CEGOT, Geography Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Porto, Porto 4150-564, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Engineering Health Science & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia; [email protected] 3 Department of Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basilicata, Potenza 85100, Italy; [email protected] 4 Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (P.M.F.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (M.G.P.) 5 National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, IRSTEA, RECOVER Research Unit, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France; [email protected] 6 Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] 7 Regional Forest Corps of Sardinia, Cagliari 09131, Italy; [email protected] 8 USDA Forest
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-First Century Hoe Farming – an Antidote to Globalisation
    An Introduction to Twenty-First Century HOE FARMING – an antidote to globalisation Gareth Lewis An Introduction to Twenty-First Century HOE FARMING – an antidote to globalisation Gareth Lewis Illustrations: Bethan Lewis Samuel Lewis Tim the Gardener by Samuel Lewis By the same author: One to One - a Practical Guide to Learning at Home (0-11) Unqualified Education - a Practical Guide to Learning at Home (11-18) Published by Nezert Books, an imprint of Central Brittany Journal Le Nezert, 22160 Duault, France ©2016. www.hoe-farming.com Preface The aim of this book is to give credence to the age-old idea that a human being can supply themselves with all their most important needs with the aid of a hoe, and a few other simple tools – even in the age of the global economy. It is not a comprehensive guide to hoe farming, but a mixture of things that I have learnt while hoe farming over the last ten years, and thoughts on the subject of hoe farming in general. I am aware that there are hundreds of millions of people in the world who know a lot more about hoe farming than I do, but there are not many people who have spent time re-establishing a hoe farm in an area that has been industrially farmed for a number of years; it is my experience in this field that I hope to communicate in this book. Cartoon Index CLEARING LAND 2 HOEING 4 POTATOES 8 MULCH 10 SOIL PREPARATION 13 FLATBREADS 15 THE VEGETABLE GARDEN 16 - 17 HAZELNUTS 19 CHESTNUTS 23 MAKING A BANK 25 PLANTING TREES 26 COppiciNG & SHREDDING 29 WOOD 30 FAGGOTS 32 WATER MEADOWS 34 SHALLOTS 37
    [Show full text]