DOCSLIB.ORG

El Legado Nuclear De La Bikini

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
El Legado Nuclear De La Bikini de la superfi cie oceánica y a medida que y un hombre de negocios de París que era siguieron emitiendo ceniza, se convirtieron diseñador de moda llamó a su nueva línea de en montañas en forma de conos. trajes provocativos de baño así como la isla. Después que las erupciones cesaron y los La detonación de la primera bomba volcanes se hicieron extintos, gradualmente envió una nube en forma de hongo de seis la erosión redujo a las montañas en el curso millas (9.7- km) a la atmósfera y empezó la de muchos miles de años. Sin embargo, los contaminación radioactiva de la isla. Veinte arrecifes de coral que rodeaban a las antiguas y tres pruebas nucleares le siguieron entre montañas crearon un material mucho más 1946 y 1958. A pesar de unas mutaciones fuerte que los materiales volcánicos débiles. muy extrañas de plantas y animales en la EL LEGADO Finalmente, las cimas de las montañas isla, 100 bikinianos fueron permitidos a fueron erosionadas debajo del nivel del mar regresar en 1974, 28 años después de haber NUCLEAR y solo permanecieron los bordes de coral sido removidos de allí. de islas de litoral bajo y arrecifes llamados Sin embargo, pruebas adicionales en DE LA BIKINI atolones (a-to-lo-nes). Ubicados en el centro la Bikini, detectaron muy altos niveles de estos atolones en donde las montañas de estroncio 90, cesio 137 y plutonio, Ubicada en el vasto Océano Pacífi co existieron en alguna vez hay lagunas. tres sustancias radioactivas, en el suelo Occidental se encuentra una isla pequeñita Los melanesios, micronesios y polinesios, y el agua subterránea capaz de entrar que lleva un legado de la era nuclear. En los tres grupos culturales del Pacífi co, a la cadena alimenticia para hacerse 1988 Bikini estuvo en las noticias debido a aprendieron a pescar en las lagunas y a altamente concentrados en los animales que los residentes expatriados demandaron labrar en las islas bajas y secas. La Bikini, que los consumieron. Especialmente fueron a los Estados Unidos por millones en daños por ejemplo, es la más grande de varias islas encontrados altos niveles en cocos, frutas por hacer pruebas de armas nucleares en las pequeñas alrededor del atolón Bikini. El y verduras, que representaban alimentos islas después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bikini tiene solo 33 pies (10 km) por encima básicos para los isleños. Hoy en día, el caso de los bikinianos sigue del nivel de mar y tiene cantidades muy Como consecuencia, ya para 1978 se pendiente sin resolver. limitadas de terreno por encima del coral. La encontró que los cuerpos de los isleños El Océano Pacífi co tiene un área total de 68 mayoría del agua fresca debe ser colectada de tenían niveles aumentantes de todos los millones de millas cuadradas (176 millones la lluvia y almacenada en cisternas o tanques tres contaminantes, llevando esto a una de km cuadrados) y es 20 veces el tamaño de de almacenamiento. La laguna tiene un prohibición en el consumo de frutas y los Estados Unidos. ancho de 12 millas (19 km). verduras locales. Una vez más, los isleños La isla de Bikini tiene menos Atolón Bikini fueron removidos de la isla, esta vez a de tres millas cuadradas (8 km una isla cercana, menos contaminada © 2013 164°E 168°E cuadrados) de área terrestre, y están Bikar Atoll en el grupo de las Bikini. 12° S Bikini Atoll Rongelap Atoll Rongerik Atoll En ese tiempo, se calculaba que ubicadas justo al norte del ecuador, Enewetak Atoll Bikini OCEANO (veáse abajo) Utirik Atoll Taka Atoll PACIFICO entre medio de Hawái y Australia y Ailinginae Atoll tendría que pasar de entre 35 a 50 a casi 2,500 millas (6,475 km) entre Ailuk Atoll años más para que la radioactividad ISLAS MARSHALL Mejit Island Wotho Atoll C Likiep Atoll Jemo Island a fuera fi ltrada de los suelos. Aunque estos. La Bikini es parte de un grupo Ujelang Atoll d e Wotje Atoll Kwajalein Atoll n a de islas llamadas las Islas Marshall Ujae Atoll la radiación de la Bikini sigue Nam Lomilik d Erikub Atoll 172°E e Maloelap Atoll Lae Atoll C Is que hacen una cadena hacia el a l siendo monitoreada, es comprensivo d as e Lib Island R n a Aur Atoll noroeste y el sureste por más de a Namu Atoll ta el nivel de frustración de los d k e Jabwot 8° S Laguna del Bikini Bikini 500 millas (1,295 km) en el Pacífi co Is miembros restantes de los bikinianos la Ailinglapalap Atoll s Arno Atoll R occidental. Las Marshall son parte a Majuro Atoll expatriados. C lik Atolón j an ko a Eneu Majuro del gran Territorio en Fideicomiso de u l E Los bikinianos han demandado L ne Jaluit Atoll Mili Atoll so u las Islas del Pacífi co administradas a Knox Atoll con éxito al gobierno de los EE.UU. en P Enidrik 0 10 mi Namorik Atoll Kili Island por los Estados Unidos desde 1946. 0 10 km 0 100 mi la Corte de Reclamaciones Federales El total del área terrestre y marina 0 100 km de los EE.UU., pero no pudieron Geografía en las Noticias 16/8/13 Ebon Atoll del fi deicomiso es casi igual al área colectar más de $561 millones en de la tierra de los Estados Unidos. La Bikini, conocida antes de la Segunda la resolución. Aún la Corte Suprema de La Bikini y la mayoría de las miles de Guerra Mundial como la Isla Escholtz, en el 1 los EE.UU. se rehusó a escuchar el caso en islas pequeñitas que despuntan el Pacífi co de Julio de 1946 se convirtió en un sitio para Abril del 2010. Los bikinianos permanecen occidental y sureño son remanentes de pruebas de armas nucleares. En preparación en limbo, uno de los casos más trágicos de grandes montañas volcánicas a lo largo de para las pruebas, el Departamento de los derechos humanos en la historia de los fracturas y fallas en el suelo oceánico. Siendo Defensa, reubicó a la fuerza a 167 bikinianos Estados Unidos. parte del proceso de placas tectónicas del a otras islas en las Marshall. La Fuerza Aérea Y esto es Geografía en las Noticias™. 16 de mundo, estas fracturas en la corteza terrestre lanzó una bomba atómica de 20 kilotones Agosto, 2013. #1212. permiten el escape de la roca derretida (equivalente a 20,000 toneladas de TNT) desde llamada magma. Media vez la magma un B-29 sobre 75 barcos estadounidenses Co-autores Neal Lineback, Profesor Emérito de líquida fué expuesta al agua, se enfrió y anticuados y capturados de los japoneses que Geografía de la endureció en forma de lava. Gradualmente, la Marina había anclado en la laguna Bikini. Universidad Appalachian Las noticias destellaron por todo el mundo State University, y los picos volcánicos sobresalieron a través Geógrafa Mandy Lineback Gritzner. Jane Nicholson Directora de Noticias de la Fuentes: GITN #31, Bikini and the Bomb. February 26, 1988; and Niedenthal, Jack, “A Short Universidad, sirve como redactora técnica. History of the People of Bikini Atoll” (http://www.bikiniatoll.com/history.html), a sample Traducción al Español por section taken from the book, For the Good of Mankind: A History of the People of Bikini Atoll Laura I. Brandkamp. and Their Islands, (A Bravo Book, updated April 2013)..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ATOLL RESE BULLET a Report on Typhoon Effects Upon Jaluit Atoll
    ATOLL RESE BULLET A report on typhoon effects upon Jaluit Atoll edited by Lbvid I. Dlunenstock Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council Washington, D. C. April 15, 1961 It is a. pleasure to commend the far-sighted policy of the Office of Naval Research, ;,ith its emphasis on basic research, as a result of which a grant ha.s rmde possible the continuation of the Coral Atoll Program of the Pacific Science Board. It is of interest to note, historically, that much of the funda- niental information on atolls of the Pacific was gathered by the U. S. Navy's South Pacific Exploring Expedition, over one hundred years ago, under the command of Captain Charles Wilkes. The continuing na-ture of such scientific interest by the Navy is s:ioi;n by the support for the Pacific Science Board's research programs during the past fourteen years. The preparation and issuance of the Atoll Research Bulletin is assisted by funds from Contract N7onr-2300(12). The sole responsibility for all statements mde by authors of papers in the Atoll Research Bulletin rests with them, and do not necessarily represent the viem of the Pacific Science Board or of the editors of the Bulletin. Editorial Staff F. R. Fosberg, editor M. -H. Sachet, assistant editor Correspondence concerning the Atoll Research Bulletin should be addres~edto the above c/o Pacific Science Board National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N. ti. Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A. I. Introduction, by David I. Blumenstock 11.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Marshall Islands Radiological Survey: Sampling and Analysis Summary
    poe MARSHALL ISLANDS FILE TRACKING DOCUMENT Record Number: /5 Here Name (TITLE): é OL Sivr7. Document Number (ID): £(@ €4- SDA SS3 om DATE: 7? VO § / Hhrevo Location (FROM): Lya AlA) J LY-—A/ Zi£ Afaction ly £- LBbiwsen, at al Addditional Information: OrMIbox: f CyMIbox: / Sohn Cudulph if UCRL-52853 Pt. 1 The Northern Marshall Islands Radiological Survey: Sampling and Analysis Summary W.L. Robison C. L. Conrado R. J. Eagle M. L. Stuart July 23, 1981 DISCLAIMER ‘This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agencyofthe United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any Warranty, eapress or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com- pleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein ¢o any specific commercial products, process, or service bs trade name, trademark. manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or fasoring by the United States Government oc the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government thereof, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. yee Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Departmen f Energy by Lawrence Livermore National the ‘5 UCRL-52853 Pt. 1 Distribution Category UC-11 The Northern Marshall Islands Radiological Survey: Sampling and Analysis Summary W.L. Robison C. L. Conrado R.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Health Data Report 2011
    Ministry of health Republic of the Marshall Islands “KUMITI EJMUUR" ANNUAL REPORT Fy 2011 1 2 3 4 Joint Message from the Minister and Secretary of Health We are pleased to present the Annual Report for the Ministry of Health for Fiscal Year 2011. Although there is so much data and statistics collected for every single program and services in the Ministry, this report is presented for a better understanding of the type of resources allocated for the Ministry such as human and financial resources, and the utilizations of its resources or expenditures incurred during the fiscal year. Section on data and vital statistics presents the health status of RMI in terms of morbidity and mortality just for that fiscal year. Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) or lifestyles diseases, tuberculosis and leprosy remain the three prioritized areas, and update on activities and data are included in this report. The last section is the Cost Analysis and Expenditures for the fiscal year in selected areas or services. It is important to note that actual costs of services provided by the Ministry are not charged accordingly. If the Ministry was to charge patients according to the costs of services, high revenues will be generated every fiscal year. Because of the high rates of lifestyles diseases or chronic diseases and identified communicable diseases, the Ministry continues to shift its focus on preventive or primary health care’s services in compliance with the Declaration of Primary Health Care by World Health Organization (WHO) on September 12, 1978 in Alma Ata. The Declaration called for urgent action by all governments, all health and development entities and the world community to protect and promote quality health practices for all peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • SES ECONOMIC OEOASIZATIOS 07 TES MARSHALL ISUNSSSS by Loonard S. Mason S. Commercial Company, Economic Surrey Honolulu, April 19
    PROPF-RTY OF THF. t r u s t tfrrit OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS SES ECONOMIC OEOASIZATIOS 07 TES MARSHALL ISUNSSSS By Loonard S. Mason S. Commercial Company, Economic Surrey Honolulu, April 1947 TABLE Of COHTENTS Pa«« PEEFAGE Ti I. THE LAÏÏD 1 A. CLIMATE 1 1. Summary of Pertinent Bat a 1 2. Appraisal of Climat• la Eolation to 1 a. Effectiveness of manpower 1 to. Production 3 e. Resources 3 B. TOPOGHAPHT * 2 1. Descriptive Summary 3 2. Summary of B««our««« 4 3. Eolation «f Geographical Factors to 4 a. Production 4 to. Transportation 5 c* Effectiveness of manpower 5 II. THE PEOPLE 6 A. POPULATION 6 1. Historical Background 6 a. Politisai history 7 to. Economie development 8 e. Missions 9 2. Population Statistics 9 a. B y nationality 9 to. B y locality 10 e. By ago group and sox 13 3. Chief Health factors 14 B. CULTURAL BASA 15 1. Kinship Organisation 15 a. She family 15 to. The slan 21 2. Territorial Organisation 36 a. The settlement 36 to. The atoll 38 3. Occupational Organization 31 4. Associations 3 3 5. Bank and Status Organisation 34 a. Marshallese 34 to. Half-castee 39 6. Comprehensive 41 11 Page CONSUMPTION AND REqUIRIMSNTS 42 A. NATIVE CONSUMPTION PATTERN 43 1. Consumers* Goods 42 a. Pood 42 B. Clothing and accessories 49 2. Capital Goods 51 a. Tools and implements 51 B. Machines and apparatus 52 c. Vehicles 52 d. Water craft 53 3. Shelter 56 4. Services 58 a. Transportation 58 B. Communication 61 c.
    [Show full text]
  • J. A. Tobin, Land Tenure in the Marshall Islands
    PART I WID TENURE IN THE ~.ARSHALL ISLANDS By J. A. Tobin Formerly District Anthropologist Marshal)s District TA8L~ OF CONTENTS Preface • • • • • • • • . i Part I LAND T~URF; IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS Preface . • . .. , . -1 Introduction: Land Tenure. • •••• 2 Indigenous Attitudes Toward the Land .••••••••• 3 Concepts of Land Ownership. • • • • • 4 Physical Description of the Land Holding. 8 Land Utilization. • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Mechanics of Division of the Copra Proceeds 1) "" Deviations from the General-Pattern U Inheritance Pattern • • • • • • • • • • • • Ib Patrilineal Usufruct Rights • • • • • 16 Adopti ve Rights • • • • • • • . • • 21 Usufruct Rights Acquired by MarriaRe. 23 Wills - Kalimur • • . • • • 24 Alienation of Land by Sale, Lease or Rental . ..~. 25 Ca tegories of Land. • • • • • • • • .~. 26 Special Categories of Land .• 47 t:rlclaves. • • • • • •• •• • • 63 Marine Property Rights. • •••• 67 " Conclusion. • • • • • • • • 71 Footnotes • . • . 72 Literature Cited. 72 Glossary .••.•• . '. 73 Map Marshall District 76 Part II CONTBMPORARY PONAPE ISLAND LAND TlOOJRE Introduction. • • • • • . ... .- ~. 77 -", The Setting • • • • • • • 79 General Types of Land • • • • • • • • • • 79 Aboriginal System of Land Tenure •• tl2 Cont~nts and Significance of the German Land Certificates 87 Land Held Under German Deeds in the Japanese Times •••••• 96 Present Controls, Inheritance and Transfer of Land .••••• 100 Land and Parent-Child Relationships • • • • • • • • • • 107 Sources and Present Use of Government Land on Ponape .• 114 Riparian
    [Show full text]
  • Marshall Islands
    Global AIDS Progress Report 2016 Republic of the Marshall Islands Submission date: 31 March 2017 1 | P a g e FOREWORD 2 | P a g e Table of Contents FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1. STATUS AT A GLANCE ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 The Report Writing Process and the Inclusiveness of the Stakeholders in this Process ................................... 6 1.2 The Status of the Epidemic .............................................................................................................................. 6 HIV Prevalence Rate for 15-49 years old................................................................................................................... 6 Summary of STI/HIV Cases ........................................................................................................................................ 9 STI/HIV Cases ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.3 The Policy and Programmatic Response ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Or Destroyed Native Structures Or Faciliti"!S: Rehabilitation As
    A Rehabilitation) 1 J ul y 1948 Majuro Dist • . "! abili tation) ~" , Repai r or replac ~ e nt of da~ a ge~ or dest r oyed native structur es or facili ti"!s: _ (a) Char -a cter- and extent of Civil .ld1rli ni s t r a t i o'l Ass istance : _ Rehabi litation as such being no l onger a problem Wi thin the Wajuro District, it having been long a ccompl i shed in respp.ct t o community f acilities t he emphasis i s now concentrated on comr.nmity improvement progr ams . Particular ly is t his E"..ff ort being directed t oward the building of new nati ve style houses with the objective of eliminat ing entirely those s tructures built i mmediat el y f oll owing the wa r- of scrap lumber and t i n , often in a hapha zard f ashion . lfuch has a l r earfy been done in t hi s direc t i on . Each f ield t rio i ndicat es additional new houses , heads , cisterns , and cook houses . Awa y f ram base headquar-ter-s a na tural native canmunit y now pr esent s i tself. Ne1'l' houses pl us cl ean neat ya rds , well policed paths and roads , and brushing of the surrounding a reas a re a ll indicat ive of a growing et vte pr i de in the c 0!'!l!llUr11t1e s . (b) School s - Nelf s chools were c on nke ted during the quarter at Lukunor VillAge , Wi lle Atoll a nd Toka Vill ~ e , Sban Atoll .
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Testing Program in the Marshall Islands
    S. HRG. 109–178 NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAM IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON EFFECTS OF U.S. NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAM IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS JULY 19, 2005 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 24–536 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:44 Nov 16, 2005 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 R:\DOCS\24-536 SENERGY2 PsN: PAULM COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico, Chairman LARRY E. CRAIG, Idaho JEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska RON WYDEN, Oregon RICHARD M. BURR, North Carolina, TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota MEL MARTINEZ, Florida MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana JAMES M. TALENT, Missouri DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CONRAD BURNS, Montana MARIA CANTWELL, Washington GEORGE ALLEN, Virginia JON S. CORZINE, New Jersey GORDON SMITH, Oregon KEN SALAZAR, Colorado JIM BUNNING, Kentucky ALEX FLINT, Staff Director JUDITH K. PENSABENE, Chief Counsel BOB SIMON, Democratic Staff Director SAM FOWLER, Democratic Chief Counsel JOSH JOHNSON, Professional Staff Member AL STAYMAN, Democratic Professional Staff Member (II) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:44 Nov 16, 2005 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 R:\DOCS\24-536 SENERGY2 PsN: PAULM C O N T E N T S STATEMENTS Page Akaka, Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marshall Islands Data Management Program
    UCRL-ID-120430 THE MARSHALL ISLANDS DATA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM A. Carol Stoker Cynthia L. Conrado September 1995 Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract W-7405-Eng-48. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED^ MASTER DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Table of Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures v Abstract 1 Introduction 1 History of Hardware and Software Use 2 Database Design and Structure 3 Entering Information in the Field 5 Sample Information Databases 6 Vegetation
    [Show full text]