DOCSLIB.ORG

Uncovering Flaming Events on News Media in Social Media Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uncovering Flaming Events on News Media in Social Media Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude Uncovering flaming events on news media in social media Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude To cite this version: Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude. Uncovering flam- ing events on news media in social media. IPCCC 2019: 38th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference, Oct 2019, Londres, United Kingdom. pp.1-9, 10.1109/IPCCC47392.2019.8958759. hal-02363443 HAL Id: hal-02363443 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02363443 Submitted on 14 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Uncovering Flaming Events on News Media in Social Media Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude To cite this version: Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Noel Crespi, Bruno Defude. Uncovering Flaming Events on News Media in Social Media. International Performance Computing and Communications Conference, Oct 2019, London, United Kingdom. hal-02363443 HAL Id: hal-02363443 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02363443 Submitted on 14 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Uncovering Flaming Events on News Media in Social Media Praboda Rajapaksha∗y, Reza Farahbakhsh∗, Noel¨ Crespi∗, Bruno Defude∗ ∗ Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Telecom SudParis,. CNRS Lab UMR5157, Evry, France. yUva Wellassa University, 90000, Badulla, Sri Lanka. fpraboda.rajapaksha, reza.farahbakhsh, noel.crespi, [email protected] Abstract—Social networking sites (SNSs) facilitate the sharing These comments might be posted by genuine users and fraud of ideas and information through different types of feedback or spam generated content [1]. Two examples of flaming including publishing posts, leaving comments and other type of include 1) ‘Delete your account’: a Clinton-Trump Twitter reactions. However, some comments or feedback on SNSs are 1 inconsiderate and offensive, and sometimes this type of feedback flame war and 2) flame war between Donald Trump and has a very negative effect on a target user. The phenomenon Pope Francis on the popes calling Trump ‘disgraceful’ for known as flaming goes hand-in-hand with this type of posting that his immigration recommendations2. As a result of this high- can trigger almost instantly on SNSs. Most popular users such level visibility, flaming has became an interesting topic among as celebrities, politicians and news media are the major victims social researchers as they seek to understand the phenomena of the flaming behaviors and so detecting these types of events will be useful and appreciated. Flaming event can be monitored and explore the impact of these types of activities on targets. and identified by analyzing negative comments received on a One use-case we target in this study is news media in post. Thus, our main objective of this study is to identify a way Facebook as many American adults consume news on social to detect flaming events in SNS using a sentiment prediction media and majority of them are commonly use Facebook [2]. method. We use a deep Neural Network (NN) model that can In addition we can observe that the number of fans in news me- identity sentiments of variable length sentences and classifies 3 the sentiment of SNSs content (both comments and posts) to dia Facebook pages are considerably higher similar to other discover flaming events. Our deep NN model uses Word2Vec categories. News media tend to publish news items of interest and FastText word embedding methods as its training to explore to more diversified and varied readers, and therefore many which method is the most appropriate. The labeled dataset for news readers interact with news items daily via commenting, training the deep NN is generated using an enhanced lexicon sharing and reacting. A set of news media is relying on the based approach. Our deep NN model classifies the sentiment of a sentence into five classes: Very Positive, Positive, Neutral, content of most popular news media as content consumers Negative and Very Negative. To detect flaming incidents, we [3], [4] and so, it is important to understand these flaming focus only on the comments classified into the Negative and types of events in the news media domain. Thus, our main Very Negative classes. As a use-case, we try to explore the objective is to explore news items’ flaming events in terms of flaming phenomena in the news media domain and therefore negative feedback with insults and other offensive words. The we focused on news items posted by three popular news media on Facebook (BBCNews, CNN and FoxNews) to train and test existence of flamings on news items may reduce number of the model. The experimental results show that flaming events can followers, or sometimes these types of posts can go viral and be detected with our proposed approach, and we explored main increase the number of followers. Therefore detecting flamings characteristics that trigger a flaming event and topics discussed and identifying the topics that the community most strongly in the flaming posts. disagree with is a useful conception for news media. Index Terms—Flaming detection, Sentiment analysis, deep neural networks, social media, Facebook, News media, FastText, Sentiment polarity prediction is one of the main ways of Word2Vec. detecting flaming events in SNS [5], [6]. Many advancements arXiv:1909.07181v1 [cs.SI] 16 Sep 2019 have been made to the sentiment classification methods to I. INTRODUCTION date. However, these methods are domain-specific and there- In modern Internet parlance, cyberbullying has become fore their results are strongly biased on the words used in increasingly common, especially in the Internet communities that domain. As a result, we build a word embedding-based and SNSs such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. multiclass (5-classes) sentiment classification deep NN-based In this era, several new phenomena have appeared, leading approach by focusing on Facebook news items and variable to important debates and discussions and among them one length user feedbacks that can be modified and applied in any hot topic is ‘Flamings’. The Flaming can be considered as other social media category other than news. In addition, we a serious issue on SNSs where many users express disagree- use an improved lexicon-based sentiment classification method ments, insults or offensive words in the form of comments to generate a true labeling list with which to train the deep NN on a forum, blog or chat room intended to inflame emotions 1https://www.sbs.com.au/news/delete-your-account-clinton-trump-in- and sensibilities of others. These comments do not contribute twitter-flame-war any useful content to the discussion groups and instead at- 2https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-flaming-2483253 tempt to wound another person socially and psychologically. 3https://fanpagelist.com/category/news/ model. The flaming effect analyses will be done based on the TABLE I comments classified as Negative and Very Negative. A flaming STATISTICS OF PUBLIC POSTS OBTAINED FROM BBC, CNN, AND FOXNEWS FACEBOOK PAGES DURING FEBRUARY 2018. (PP REPRESENTS event takes place when many users give negative feedback, and THE ABBREVIATION FOR PRE-PROCESSING) so a post with a large number of negative comments received News Number of comments of within a short time will possibly a flaming event. We will also #Fans media 300 posts 300 posts 100 PPposts 200 PPposts explore what types of topics were mainly affected by flamings Before PP After PP Training Experiment that are published by BBCNews, CNN and FoxNews. BBCNews 46.2M 398,453 312,881 107,874 205,007 CNN 29.9M 595,268 312,881 217,386 288,606 This paper offers the following contributions: FoxNews 16.3M 1,162,734 312,881 280,342 773,439 1) a word embedding-based sentiment prediction deep NN model focused on Facebook comments. 2) an exploration of which word embedding method dataset. Also, the model will consider multi-class labels to (Word2Vec or FastText) works better on Facebook comments. train and experiment with a real datasets. 3) identification of flaming posts on BBCNews, CNN and FoxNews Facebook pages published in February 2018. III. EXPERIMENTS 4) identification of flaming posts’ associated topics. News media flaming events can be detected by identifying negative comments received on shared news items in SNSs. II. LITERATURE SURVEY Therefore, sentiment prediction models can be adapted to Researchers have investigated flamings on YouTube [7], cluster senses of the user feedbacks in order to explore the email threads [8] and comments received on Twitter and existence of flaming events in news media in SNS using a Facebook [5], [6], news sites and news channels [9]. These rule based technique. Many previous sentiment analysis works works show that flaming events can be appeared in any online have used Twitter as the SNS to analyze and build their platforms especially in the SNSs as any user can comment on sentiment prediction models. As Facebook employ different a public content. Sentiment polarity prediction is one of the content properties such as permitting to share variable length main ways of detecting flaming events in SNSs [5], [6].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why Do People Seek Anonymity on the Internet?
    Why Do People Seek Anonymity on the Internet? Informing Policy and Design Ruogu Kang1, Stephanie Brown2, Sara Kiesler1 Human Computer Interaction Institute1 Department of Psychology2 Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT literature that exists mainly derives from studies of one or a In this research we set out to discover why and how people few online communities or activities (e.g., the study of seek anonymity in their online interactions. Our goal is to 4chan in [5]). We lack a full understanding of the real life inform policy and the design of future Internet architecture circumstances surrounding people’s experiences of seeking and applications. We interviewed 44 people from America, anonymity and their feelings about the tradeoffs between Asia, Europe, and Africa who had sought anonymity and anonymity and identifiability. A main purpose of the asked them about their experiences. A key finding of our research reported here was to learn more about how people research is the very large variation in interviewees’ past think about online anonymity and why they seek it. More experiences and life situations leading them to seek specifically, we wanted to capture a broad slice of user anonymity, and how they tried to achieve it. Our results activities and experiences from people who have actually suggest implications for the design of online communities, sought anonymity, to investigate their experiences, and to challenges for policy, and ways to improve anonymity tools understand their attitudes about anonymous and identified and educate users about the different routes and threats to communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Don't Feed the Trolls: a Cautionary Tale
    Don’t Feed the Trolls: others (Linux, of course). In fact, the phrase originated as a reference to the A Cautionary Tale comic book the Fantastic Four, as one of the characters could turn himself DANA SAMUEL into a Human Torch. Chat participants would use the HTML‐styled, bracketed annotation to insult other participants online. In Eddo Stern’s Best. Flame War. Ever. we are presented with an online argu‐ <flame on> You’re pretty stupid for ment over seemingly insignificant not knowing what MMPORPG means. game‐playing topics that grows quickly Go look it up on Wiki. </flame off> out of proportion and out of the realm of online experience. Two collaged When the internet opened to the animated masks – each an amalgam of commercial world, and more people heraldry, knighthood, pixilated joined these groups, more language warriors, fantasy species, castles, and jargon was developed to describe shields and symbols – animate a flame the goings‐on in these communities. A war that actually took place online “troll” is one who writes nasty flames over the role‐playing game Everquest, just to make others angry and to be an MMPORPG. annoying. “Meat‐puppets” and “sock‐ Did I just make you feel like a total puppets” are those who are deceptive “newb”? about their identities or their true Online games, discussion boards and allegiances on a discussion board. communities have developed their How all very “D&D.” own language since these online It’s said, by several theorists, that worlds were first populated in people can be more uninhibited online, research and academia, and then, later they can change their personality, role‐ (post‐cold war, after the military had play and morph into who they no need for such a specialized perceive themselves to be.
    [Show full text]
  • CS 508 102 NOTE Definition of Flaming, Which Asserts Both a Behavioral and Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 355 572 CS 508 102 AUTHOR Thompsen, Philip A. TITLE A Social Influence Model of Flaming in Computer-Mediated Communication. PUB DATE Feb 93 NOTE 9p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western States Communication Association (64th, Albuquerque, NM, February 12-16, 1993). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) -- Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.) (120) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Communication Research; Definitions; *Electronic Mail; Higher Education; Interpersonal Communication; Models; *Social Influences IDENTIFIERS *Communication Behavior; Computer Mediated Communication; *Flaming (Computei Mediated Communication) ABSTRACT This paper explores the phenomenon of "flaming," which has been typically cited as an antisocial effect of computer-mediated communication. The paper discusses the diverse range of conceptual and operational definitions of flaming found in the literature. The paper offers a four-point critique of previous theoretical explanations of flaming, and suggests an alternative definition of flaming, which asserts both a behavioral and interpretive dimension to flaming. Drawing from the work of J. Fulk, J. Schmitz, and C. W. Steinfield, the paper then develops a social influence model of flaming that provides.a more flexible and powerful approach than previous theories, while yielding potentially useful insights to guide future research. A figure representing the model is included. (Contains 56 references.)(RS) ***********************************************************************
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review.Docx
    HOW COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION CAN CONFUSE EMOTIONS IN DIVERSE TEAMS by Adam Bartek Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in the Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas May 2, 2014 ii HOW COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION CAN CONFUSE EMOTIONS IN DIVERSE TEAMS Project Approved: Supervising Professor: Beata Jones, Ph.D. Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management Charles Greer, Ph.D. Department of Management, Entrepreneurship, and Leadership David Preston, Ph.D. Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management iii ABSTRACT This study focused on how various forms of CMC (Computer-mediated communication) were perceived and analyzed in a team setting by different genders and members of different generational groups. Specifically, the aspects of flaming, emoticons, and conflict resolution were examined in detail. Hypotheses concerning flaming were mixed as while all participants disliked flaming, baby boomer-age respondents were more tolerant of it. However, all hypotheses concerning emoticon usage were not supported. Neither gender specifically supported emoticon usage. Also, younger generations were not as supportive of emoticon usage in a team setting as expected. Finally, mixed results were found for hypotheses concerning conflict resolution. While male respondents were more comfortable with conflict over CMC, there was no significantly higher level of comfort concerning conflict and CMC for younger generations. Implications and possible avenues for future research are also discussed. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper would not exist without the assistance and help of numerous professors, advisors, family, and friends. In particular, the guidance of the thesis committee was greatly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • I Give Permission for Public Access to My Thesis and for Any Copying to Be Done at the Discretion of the Archives Librarian And/Or the College Librarian
    1 I give permission for public access to my thesis and for any copying to be done at the discretion of the archives librarian and/or the College librarian. Emily Merritt 06/22/12 An Analysis of the Discourse of Internet Trolling: A Case Study of Reddit.com Student presenter: Emily Rose Merritt Project advisor: Esther Castro-Cuenca With the proliferation of social media and community discussion and forum websites, interest in understanding and explaining communication on the Internet (with an emphasis on language-based communication) is on the rise. Over time, new genres of interaction have developed that take place primarily or exclusively in online communication, and with them has developed the need to investigate the structure of these interactions, what their function is within conversations and communities, what their place is within certain Internet discourses, and over time what effects they have on communication on and offline. Thus far many of these genres have been deemed at best disruptive and at worst anti-social, but when studied from a judgment-free point of view show high levels of complexity and offer us excellent opportunities to understand how the Internet is shaping and being shaped by new kinds and contexts of communication. One of these genres of interaction that has gained significant fame on some very popular forums and discussion sites is called trolling. Trolling occurs on discussion sites or message boards when a user intentionally posts erroneous or inflammatory information with the intention of provoking a strong reaction out of other users. The objective of this study is to understand the complexities of trolling, as well as some of its functions and outcomes in anonymous online communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Flaming
    INSIGHTS Building parent-school partnerships WORDS Catherine Gerhardt Online Flaming So what is online flaming? Catherine Gerhardt gives us the lowdown plus practical tips for parents to recognise the signs and how to respond should your child be affected. A friend of mine lives with avid teenage contribute to online flaming: the of the responsibility that comes with gamers, and she was horrified to discover apparent anonymity and invisibility of the privilege of using the technology. In recently the language and the insults the Internet, the lag between sending a most cases parents have either supplied that her children were exposed to while message and getting feedback, and the the device or pay the bills for usage – engaging in a popular online game with minimum authority that seems to exist in that means you have the responsibility their friends. digital spaces. and the right to control it. Mutual respect Flame wars have become a major As parents we often complain that is required here, having password control online annoyance. When people start we can’t keep up with the technology does not give you permission to spy, and a flame war they are deliberately trying our kids are using, however many of us your child needs to know they are being to stir up trouble, start a fight and get a agree that we want to be their first point monitored. reaction. Flaming is all too common on of call if things go wrong. Parents can Let me tell you the story of another multi-player gaming sites, chat rooms, be their child’s strongest asset in the friend of mine who had been line of defence against negative online message forums and social media sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Netiquette (Adapted for Web Design 1) We Expect Other Drivers to Observe the Rules of the Road
    Netiquette (Adapted for Web Design 1) We expect other drivers to observe the rules of the road. The same is true as we travel through cyberspace. That's where netiquette, a term allegedly coined from either network etiquette or Internet etiquette comes in handy. To guide you through your online communications, keep these pointers in mind: 1.Avoid writing e-mail or posting messages in blogs, newsgroups, forums, chat rooms and other online venues using all capital letters. IT LOOKS LIKE YOU'RE SHOUTING! Not only that, it's difficult to read. 2.When you talk with someone, the tone and inflections of your voice convey great meaning. For informal written conversations (avoid when a professional tone is required), you can add personality and humor to your messages with smileys, also known as emoticons. These are expressions you create using the characters on your keyboard. Below are some of the more popular smileys. Can you guess what they mean? Go to the end of this page to find out. 3.Keep your written communications focused. This is true whether sending e-mail or posting messages online. Few people like reading lengthy text on a computer screen. Many people now receive e-mail on mobile phones and other portable devices. Tiny screens make reading e- mail challenging. 4.To shorten messages for informal written conversations (avoid when a professional tone is required), use common abbreviations: < BTW > means By the Way. A < G > enclosed in brackets indicates grinning. < IMHO > means In My Humble Opinion. A good one to keep handy in case you're worried about offending someone is < ROTFL > measn Rolling on the Floor Laughing.
    [Show full text]
  • Wallstreetbets: Positions Or Ban Christian J. Boylston, Beatriz E
    WallStreetBets: Positions or Ban Christian J. Boylston, Beatriz E. Palacios, Plamen T. Tassev Georgia Institute of Technology WallStreetBets 2 Abstract r/wallstreetbets (WallStreetBets or WSB) is a subreddit devoted to irreverent memes and high-risk options tradings. As of March 30, 2020 the subreddit boasts a usership of nearly 1.1 million subscribers and self-describes as “if 4chan found a Bloomberg terminal.” This paper will utilize Amy Jo Kim’s community design principles along with social psychology theory as frameworks to understand how this chaotic, oftentimes offensive community has developed one of the largest and most loyal user bases on the platform. We further will argue that humor plays a vital role in promoting in-group cohesion and in providing an unconventional third place for traders (and thinly veiled gamblers) to seek support from each other in the form of vulgar, yet good-humored taunting. Keywords: high risk trading, humor, online community, third place, gambling ​ WallStreetBets 3 WallStreetBets: Positions or Ban r/wallstreetbets (WallStreetBets or WSB) is a subreddit devoted to irreverent memes and high-risk options tradings. As of March 30, 2020 the subreddit boasts a usership of nearly 1.1 million subscribers. Members congregate here to talk shop about the market, share outlandish memes, and pepper each other with light-hearted teasing and support in equal measure. The community occupies an irreplicable space in the Reddit landscape with its instantly recognizable linguistic style, headline-catching antics, and vast reservoir of overzealous devotees. This paper will utilize Amy Jo Kim’s community design principles along with social psychology theory as frameworks to understand how this chaotic, oftentimes offensive community has developed one of the largest and most loyal user bases on the platform.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyberbullying Isn’T About Technology, It’S About Common Sense and Communication
    Keeping Your Child Safe Online Resources on the Web Keeping your children safe online Cyberbully.org Cyberbullying isn’t about technology, it’s about http://cyberbully.org common sense and communication. Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use Don't talk to or accept anything from strangers. http://csriu.org/ Online, everyone is a stranger. We need to teach our children how to talk to strangers Wired Safety http://wiredsafety.org safely, and keep them from talking to them 19% of students outside of a monitored setting. You also must Stop CyberBullying admit to saying teach them that anyone can masquerade as http://www.stopcyberbullying.com/ anyone else online. Don’t tell people personal something hurtful to things about yourself. Netsmartz others online. http://www.netsmartz.org/ 22% of students Come straight home after school. Parents over know someone the generations have always known that children iSafe Inc. http://www.isafe.org who has been can get into trouble when they wander around bullied online. after school. Wandering aimlessly online isn't National Crime Prevention Council any different. Allowing your children to spend http://ncpc.org/media/cyberbullying.php unlimited time online, surfing aimlessly, is asking for trouble. If they are just surfing randomly, set a time limit. You want them to come home after they're done, to human interaction and family activities (and homework). Based on a 2005-2006 survey of 13,000 Don't provoke fights. Trying to provoke someone For further information, contact the students in grades 5-12, conducted by iSafe.org in cyberspace is called "flaming." It often violates Student Services Department the "terms of service" of your online service (813) 794-2362 (727) 774-2362 provider and will certainly get a reaction from (352) 524-2362 other people online - a bad one, and you certainly don’t want that.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Flames in Computer Mediated Communications
    Classification of Flames in Computer Mediated Communications Nitin Ankush Bansal, Siddhartha Mahadev Department of Computer Science, The Peter Kiewit Sharma, Kapil Kumar, Anuj Aggarwal, Institute, College of Information Science and Sheenu Goyal, Kanika Choudhary, Kunal Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha-68182-0116, Nebraska, USA Chawla, Kunal Jain and Manav Bhasin Jaypee University of Information Technology, [email protected] Waknaghat-173234, via Kandaghat, Dumehar Bani, Himachal Pradesh, India [email protected] ABSTRACT The most common and widely used asynchronous CMC is the Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) has brought e-mail. It is an electronic adaptation of the real life mailing about a revolution in the way the world communicates with system where a sender leaves a message or ‘mail’ in a each other. With the increasing number of people, interacting receiver’s electronic mailbox (commonly called ‘Inbox’) and through the internet and the rise of new platforms and the receiver must open this mailbox and the letter before he technologies has brought together the people from different can read the messages received [1]. Other more complex and social, cultural and geographical backgrounds to present their sophisticated example of an asynchronous CMC is ‘Usenet thoughts, ideas and opinions on topics of their interest. CMC Newsgroup’ which is an electronic pin-up notice board on has, in some cases, gave users more freedom to express which users can post messages regarding certain topics or themselves as compared to Face-to-face communication. This areas of interest. Other users can read and reply to these has also led to rise in the use of hostile and aggressive messages by opening the notice board and post their own language and terminologies uninhibitedly.
    [Show full text]
  • Guricova Internet Slang in Rel
    Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Teaching English Language and Literature for Secondary Schools Bc. Kristýna Guricová Internet Slang in Relation to ELT Master‘s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: James Edward Thomas, M.A. 2013 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author‘s signature Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, James Edward Thomas, M. A., for his guidance, kind help and valuable advice throughout the process of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank all the teachers and students of English who took part in my research and in my e-learning course. Finally, I would like to thank Petra Erbanová for her invaluable support and help. Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2 Internet slang - the linguistic perspective ............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Defining slang ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Internet language as a variety of language ................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Speech or writing? ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Perception of Meaning and Usage Motivations of Emoticons Among Americans and Chinese Users
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 9-14-2004 Perception of meaning and usage motivations of emoticons among Americans and Chinese users Yujiao Wang Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wang, Yujiao, "Perception of meaning and usage motivations of emoticons among Americans and Chinese users" (2004). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emoticons Usage and Meaning 1 EMOTICONS USAGE AND MEANING Perception of Meaning and Usage Motivations of Emoticons Among Americans and Chinese Users By Yujiao Wang Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Science Degree in Communication & Media Technologies September 14, 2004 Emoticons Usage and Meaning 2 The following members ofthe thesis committee approve the thesis of Yujiao Wang presented on September 14,2004. Dr. Susan B. Barnes Department ofCommunication Thesis Advisor Dr. Evelyn Rozanski B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences Thesis Advisor Dr. Bruce Austin Department ofCommunication Chairman Emoticons Usage and Meaning 3 Thesis Author Permission Statement Title of thesis or dissertation: Perception of Meaning and Usage Motivations of Emoticons Among Americans and Chinese Users Name of author: Yujiao Wang Degree: Master of Science Program: Communication Media and Technologies College: College of Liberal Arts I understand that I must submit a print copy of my thesis or dissertation to the RIT Archives, per current RIT guidelines for the completion of my degree.
    [Show full text]