Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

JAMAICA

Overall risk level

Extreme Defer non-essential travel

Extremely dangerous and presents unpredic- table security risks

Chaotic; travel impossible Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 110

Upcoming Events

04 September 2021 - 07 September 2021 High risk: Authorities to impose COVID-19 lockdown on 4- 6 September - Update Authorities announced that a COVID-19 lockdown will be imposed from 18:00 local time (23:00 GMT) on 4 September to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 6 September, due to an uptick in COVID-19 infections. A nightly 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00- 10:00 GMT) curfew is set to follow on weekdays and a 18:00-05:00 local time (23:00-10:00 GMT) curfew on Saturdays from 6 September.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 2 Travel Advisories

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 3 Summary

Jamaica is an Extreme Risk destination: defer non-essential travel. Extreme Risk locations are extremely dangerous and present unpredictable security risks. Travel, if possible, is likely to be chaotic.

Covid-19 Extreme Risk A weekday overnight curfew and weekend lockdown is in place amid another uptick in infections as of August, with an earlier peak reported in March. Borders have reopened. Jamaica has been successful in keeping the infection rate lower than many of its neighbours.

Political Instability Moderate Risk A parliamentary democracy led by Prime Minister Andrew Holness of the conservative Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), Jamaica has enjoyed political stability since gaining independence in 1962. Since then, elections have periodically sparked street violence but the results have always been accepted. Relative political stability is threatened by endemic crime and corruption and persisting unemployment and underemployment, particularly among youth.

Conflict Moderate Risk There are no current disputes that portend possible international, state-sponsored, armed conflict as Jamaica has no territorial disputes and has good relations with all of its neighbours. Despite this, criminal gangs and dons pose a serious threat to internal security and have forced the creation of political exclusion zones in slums areas like August Town, Arnett Gardens and Tivoli Gardens in Kingston, Flankers in Montego Bay and May Pen in Clarendon.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 4 Terrorism Low Risk There are no terrorist groups active in the territory and there have been no reported incidents of terrorism or threats made against foreign nationals or foreign interests in Jamaica. Though the threat remains low, overseas economic interests, such as investment by multinational corporations, and foreign states interests, including diplomatic missions and international organisations, make Jamaica indirectly susceptible to terrorist activities.

Unrest Moderate Risk Often linked to high levels of unemployment and poverty, protests may occur following hikes in food and fuel prices, unpopular government legislation, government inaction to improve the economy and perceived police corruption and abuse. Violent unrest commonly occurs during election periods across the island and may result in shootings, violent clashes and looting in part due to the fact that gang leaders are known to be politically connected.

Crime High Risk Increasing lawlessness, the presence of clandestine death squads and a burgeoning problem with the black market trade of small arms as well as poor police presence and response all contribute to rising crime rates, particularly in Kingston. The most violent areas include Mountain View, Trench Town, Rockfort, Tivoli Gardens and Arnett Gardens in Kingston, Flankers and Mount Salem in Montego Bay, May Pen in Clarendon and Spanish Town in St Catherine; foreign nationals can be targeted or caught in the crossfire of gang-related crime. Petty theft is a significant problem for foreign nationals, particularly in Old Kingston.

Natural and Environmental Medium Risk The territory, particularly communities near the Blue Mountains in Kingston and underdeveloped areas in St Andrew, St Thomas, St Elizabeth, Hanover, Trelawny and Westmoreland parishes, is routinely affected by floods and landslides during the annual rainy season which occurs from June to December. Jamaica is also prone to hurricanes, shallow earthquakes and tsunamis. The territory’s infrastructure is not capable of withstanding major environmental calamities.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 5 Health and Medical Medium Risk Medical facilities are adequate in all tourist areas and in Kingston. Medical care and hospitals are limited in remote areas, with smaller public hospitals or clinics located in each parish. Serious medical emergencies will require evacuation due to lack of equipment. Outbreaks of mosquito-borne viruses are common as are waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases, , with more serious outbreaks occurring periodically.

Local Travel Medium Risk Travel in Jamaica can be dangerous due to poorly maintained roads, speeding vehicles and crime on public transport. Minibuses for hire should be preferred instead of inter- city buses as they are accident prone, often overcrowded and carry a risk of petty theft. Only authorized taxis should be used due to the prevalence of fare scams and robberies, particularly in Kingston and Montego Bay.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 6 Political Overview : Moderate Risk

Since gaining independence in 1962, power has alternated between the social democratic People's National Party (PNP) and the conservative Jamaica Labour Party (JLP).

The country's 18th general election, constitutionally due by June 2021, was called early for 3 September 2020, in a bid to capitalise on people's satisfaction with the ruling JLP's economic agenda and early response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Incumbent Prime Minister Andrew Holness led the JLP to a landslide victory with 49 of the parliament's 63 seats, amid a record-low 37 percent voter turnout. Holness will embark on a second term amid concerns about the impact of COVID-19, high crime rates and alleged corruption among public officials, following a victory in the 2016 election over Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller and the PNP. The JLP has continued the PNP's efforts that helped to improve the heavily indebted economy - including austerity measures introduced in 2013 which raised the GDP and cut inflation to a 48- year low - with the unemployment rate at all-time low and public debt expected to further decline below 60 percent by 2026.

Both the PNP and JLP are closely connected with labour unions on the island, which, in part, is a cause for increased levels of civil unrest and some violence during election periods. The JLP is linked to the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU), while the PNP is tied to the National Workers Union (NWU). Both parties utilise union support as a political tool, resulting in political demonstrations that often escalate into violence; local government elections in December 2007 resulted in political violence with over twenty murders reported during election week. Despite the hostility, results have been traditionally respected and political institutions remain legitimate. Relative political stability, however, only recently translated into economic growth. Buffeted by the global economic crisis, the country turned to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2010 for a USD1.27 billion economic lifeline. Since then, inflation rates have decreased and GDP has experienced marginal growth. Nonetheless, future economic growth faces many challenges including endemic crime and corruption and persisting unemployment and underemployment, particularly among youth.

Increasing lawlessness, the presence of clandestine death squads, and a burgeoning problem with the black market trade of small arms all contribute to rising crime rates,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 7 particularly in Kingston and other urban centres where ghettos proliferate. Ghettos, or shantytowns, are controlled by 'dons' who derive power from political connections as well as maintaining a hold on a portion of the island's drug trade. These ghettos are considered to be extremely dangerous and a source of criminal activity on the island.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 8 Conflict : Moderate Risk

Internal Conflicts: Criminal gangs and dons pose a serious threat to internal security and could evolve into a more potent and cohesive force that challenges the state apparatus. Gang leaders exert coercive control of communities mainly through extortion and drug smuggling, which has led to the creation of political exclusion zones and garrisons - usually slum areas like August Town, Central Kingston, May Pen and Flankers. Order and justice in garrison communities are, essentially, within the purview of the don, and increasingly so is economic power. The garrisons create havens for major criminal enterprises and shelters for petty criminals and hustlers. As such, the state is ceding real authority to criminal warlords who define these garrison communities. In the worst-case scenario, political and social tolerance of gangs/dons/garrison political communities could eventually challenge the legitimacy of the state.

Strength of Military Forces: The Jamaican Defence Force (JDF) includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing, boasting approximately 2,800 active duty personnel with 950 reserves. The JDF is responsible for defending Jamaica against external threats, as well as maintenance of law and order, counter-narcotics operations, search and rescue, humanitarian relief and nation building projects.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 9 Terrorism

International Terrorism: There is no evidence to suggest Jamaica is either a target for terrorist groups or that the country has been used as a haven by members of international terrorist networks. However, the island nation's limited security, financial, technological and human resources, its dependence on trade, development and transportation networks, and its close proximity to the United States (US), makes it an attractive base for terrorist organisations.

Jamaica has limited ability to identify and monitor individuals entering the country with terrorist intent. Groups could seek to use Jamaica for training and as a base from which to launch assaults on US and other Western interests. Overseas economic interests in Jamaica, such as investment by multi-national corporations, and foreign states interests, including diplomatic missions and international organisations, make Jamaica indirectly susceptible to terrorist activities. The presence of foreign nationals, including visitors and other persons who may be the target of terrorists, increases this vulnerability. Jamaica's tourism industry, particularly the resort areas and cruise shipping, has been expanding and could be regarded as a soft target for terrorist attacks aimed at nationals of the major Western powers. Regardless, the likelihood of terrorist attack in the near future remains low.

Domestic Terrorism: There is no evidence to suggest indigenous terrorist groups are present and active in the island. While some have defined the activities of local gangs as 'terrorism', their actions do not typically espouse political/religious ideology and they remain purely criminal in nature. There is concern, however, that lax financial controls could lead to money laundering and financing of terrorist initiatives abroad, but there is no indication that this has in fact occurred in the past.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 10 Unrest : Moderate Risk

Protests and Demonstrations: High levels of unemployment and poverty are serious problems in Jamaica. Protests and demonstrations occur sporadically in response to hikes in food and fuel prices, unpopular government legislation, government inaction to improve the economy, and perceived police corruption and abuse. Protests often turn violent, with demonstrators commonly setting up informal road blockades, burning tyres, cars and other debris in the streets. Although foreign nationals have not been targeted in any unrest, personal safety cannot be guaranteed. As a general precaution, visitors are advised to avoid protests, demonstrations and public gatherings. In the case of unrest, visitors should remain indoors at a secure location.

Violent Unrest: Violent unrest commonly occurs during election periods in Jamaica. Gang leaders, known as dons, control the island's largest ghettos and are known to be politically active within the labour unions connected to the leading political parties, the People's National Party (PNP) and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). Connections between gang leaders and political parties serve as a catalyst for often violent unrest during general elections. However, election results are largely respected.

In the weeks preceding the 1997 general elections, there were widespread reports of voter intimidation. Similarly, during the lead up to the 2001 general elections, a drive- by shooting targeted a member of the PNP, which led to violent encounters between police personnel and ghetto residents in Kingston. Some 94 people were killed in the violence in May alone, and on 12 June 2001, at least 19 people died in clashes between supporters of opposing political parties. More recently, political tensions flared again across the island ahead of local government elections held on 5 December 2007. Several armed attacks were made on JLP officials and councillors during campaign work and rallies in the weeks prior the elections.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 11 Crime : High Risk

Petty Crime: Street robberies, including pick-pocketing and bag snatching, are significant problems for foreign nationals in Jamaica, particularly in Old Kingston. Robbers on motorcycles have targeted individuals as they leave banks and ATMs in New Kingston. Isolated areas, urban slums, and walking or taking buses at night should be avoided. Since travellers using unofficial taxis have been robbed and assaulted, it is recommended that only taxis operated by the Jamaican Union of Travellers Association (JUTA) and approved by the Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB), which can be ordered at hotels and the airport, should be used. The risk of robbery when travelling to and from the Norman Manley International Airport also increases at night. While foreign nationals should be particularly alert to the risk of such crimes, resistance should be avoided in the event of an attack, as the perpetrators may likely be armed.

Violent Crime: Over the past decade, Jamaica has maintained one of the world's highest murder rate, with gang violence linked to drug trafficking and extortion rackets responsible for the majority of violent deaths. The escalating homicide rate has predominately been attributed to repercussions of police crackdowns on streets gangs; as more gang leaders are arrested, the remaining members have decentralised to avoid detection, and have since splintered, dispersed and diversified - expanding both into new territory and criminal enterprises.

Violent crime is endemic to areas of Kingston, Clarendon, St Catherine and Montego Bay. Although major security deployments in urban areas attempted to cap the murder rate at approximately 1,100 per year, rates of homicide continue to increase. While most murders are gang-related, travellers are advised to avoid travel by night in unfamiliar areas and ensure all hotel rooms and vacation properties are properly secured.

Violent crime against women is also of a particular concern in Jamaica, where sexual assaults occur frequently, even at all-inclusive resorts. At least 484 rapes were recorded by police in 2019; according to the United States (US) Department of State, 12 US citizens were raped or sexually assaulted the same year, half of them inside resorts by hotel employees. Local police lack many necessary resources to respond effectively to serious criminal incidents, including sexual assaults. To minimise the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 12 potential for sexual assault, female travellers should stay in groups, use only official and licensed rental and taxi services vetted by authorities, reject rides or drinks from strangers - including new acquaintances - and never leave drinks unattended. Immediately report all incidents of assault to local police as well as home embassies.

Gang-Related Crime: While most crime is directed against Jamaicans, foreign nationals are also targeted or can be caught in the crossfire of gang-related crime. Such incidences are not confined to slum areas where gangs usually operate but may occur at any given place and time; robbery is the type of crime most likely to affect a foreign national in Jamaica. Police in Jamaica have attributed a spike in murders during 2019 to a rise in gang numbers and activity, with the parishes of St Andrew, St Catherine, Hanover, St James, St Elizabeth and as well as central, eastern and western Kingston most affected. Recent crackdowns on major criminal organisations that once held tight control over West Kingston has led to a criminal-power vacuum, with smaller groups now involved now involved in a deadly battle for control of the community. The Shower Posse gang, which was controlled by convicted drug kingpin Christopher "Dudus" Coke from his slum stronghold of Tivoli Gardens, has been significantly hobbled since his capture in June 2010. Street violence born of gang units is deeply entrenched in Spanish Town, Central Village and some residential sections of the northwestern parish of St James, which includes the resort city of Montego Bay. Other affected areas include Trench Town, Arnett Gardens, Mountain View, Tivoli Gardens, Standpipe, Cassava Piece, Hagley Park, Duhaney Park and Grants Pen in Kingston, as well as Flankers, Canterbury, Glendevon, Norwood, Paradise Heights, Rose Heights, Clavers Street, Hart Street and parts of Mount Salem in Montego Bay. Though some neighbourhoods are occasionally subject to curfews and police searches, residents of Jamaica's slums are deeply distrustful of the police and authorities, and an anti-informant culture is widespread.

Drug-related Crime: Jamaica continues to be the leading transit point in the Caribbean for South American cocaine shipments and is also the region's top marijuana ('ganja') producer. The Jamaican government estimates more than 100 metric tons (2.2 million lbs) of cocaine pass through the island each year, with 70 percent bound for the US and the rest to Britain. Drug use is prevalent in Jamaica, including major tourist areas. The problem of drug use and trafficking is linked to much of the crime in the island country and the government has created a new operational base for the Jamaican Defence Force (JDF) in St Thomas in an effort to deal with the issue. There is evidence that travellers' food and drink has occasionally

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 13 been adulterated with date-rape drugs such as Rohypnol prior to sexual assaults or robberies, even in hotel and resert areas.

Vehicle Theft and Break-ins: Drivers in Jamaica should remain alert to the risk of car theft or hijackings on the island. Car doors and windows should be kept locked while driving and lifts should not be offered to strangers. Foreign nationals are advised to use Jamaican Tourist Board approved taxis as robberies and assaults have been reported by those using unofficial taxis. The drivers of these official taxis carry photo ID and display a blue JTB sticker on their front windscreen. Due to recent violent incidents, travellers are advised against travelling on Cassava Piece Road, also known as Clifton Boulevard, in Kingston.

House Break-ins: Given the risk of crime against tourists, most hotels and resorts are well guarded and secure. Gated or guarded compounds offer the safest accommodation in the Kingston area for those staying in Jamaica for long periods. Houses should be fitted with proper door locks and window grilles. House alarms can also help secure property in Jamaica, however, there have been reports of burglars posing as alarm technicians to gain easy entry to homes.

Scams: A common scam in Jamaica is for relatives of foreign nationals visiting the island to receive a phone call from an individual claiming to be the Jamaican police or another public official. The caller, posing as an official, will usually claim the visitor is in trouble and needs financial help which should be sent to them or a third party. You should remain wary to such calls as these claims are untrue in almost every case. Another well publicised recent scam conducted from Jamaica was the Montego Bay Lotto Scam in which illicitly obtained personal information on American citizens was used to con them into sending money on the pretext of clearing monies won in the Jamaican lottery.

Credit Card Fraud: Credit and debit cards should be used with caution due to the potential for fraud and other criminal activity. Caution is advised when using ATMs; it is recommended to use ATMs located inside banks or supermarkets. Visitors should only use credit cards when an electronic transaction is possible and when the transaction can be completed directly in front of them. Never let a clerk, sales assistant or waiter take a card to another location for the transaction to be processed. If this cannot be avoided, visitors should insist on going with the individual to the point of sale to witness the transaction. Keep an eye on the card at all times. It is also advisable to notify your credit card company of your trip, its duration and general

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 14 itinerary so they could monitor credit card activity for any irregularities. Foreign nationals should also inform their banks about travel plans, detailing departure and arrival dates, and continue to monitor accounts weeks after their trip.

Weapons Possession: Victims of crime, including petty crimes, should refrain from offering resistance as the perpetrators may well be armed. The circulation of illegal guns in Jamaica is a serious problem, often linked to drug and gang-related crime.

Hate Crimes: Disapproval of gays is an entrenched part of island life and crimes against homosexuals are common in Jamaica. Human rights groups have denounced the harassment, beating and even killing of gays, but no official statistic has been compiled on the number of attacks. A recent wave of especially violent, high-profile assaults brought fresh condemnation to the island otherwise known as a laidback tourist haven.

Political Violence: While local elections of December 2007 were marred by violence - more than 20 people were killed in the lead up to the elections and a Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) councillor was hospitalised after being the victim of a shooting - subsequent polls have remained primarily peaceful; the shooting which left two people killed and two others injured at a JLP rally in Montego Bay in February 2016, was suspected to have been criminal and targeted in nature. Nonetheless, foreign nationals are advised to avoid areas surrounding polling stations during election periods and to refrain from showing any political affiliation or participating in political gatherings, forums, and rallies of any kind.

Kidnapping: Incidents of kidnapping are among the most underreported crimes in Jamaica. Although partially released official numbers are low, there is little doubt that kidnapping is a growing concern. Kidnapping criminals range from profession gangs targeting high-profile and/or high-net-worth individuals to lone armed thieves that roam the streets and randomly kidnap targets of opportunity in "express kidnap" events. In these cases criminals will hold the victim long enough to use the victim’s ATM card to drain his or her checking account or to receive a small ransom. An increase in "virtual kidnapping", where a telephone call is made to an unsuspecting family claiming that a member of the family has been kidnapped and that a ransom is necessary for release, has also been reported.

To mitigate kidnap risk, avoid using curb-side ATMs at night or loitering in the vicinity of banks. Refrain from walking alone after sunset through desolate or unknown

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 15 neighbourhoods, no matter their perceived economic status. Avoid hailing a taxi off the street; instead, book official taxis through hotels or by phone.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 16 Law

Overview

The Jamaican legal system is modelled after the United Kingdom (UK) legal system. Most cases are referred to a lay magistrate, but depending on the severity of the case and the amount of property involved, a magistrate or a judge from the Supreme Court may hear the case. Some cases involving international disputes within the Caribbean region may be referred to the Caribbean Court of Justice, a legal body that has existed since ratification in June 2003. Jamaica's judiciary is an independent government institution but remains overburdened due to limited human resources. A night court was institutionalised in 1995, but it has not helped relieve the case burden on Jamaica's legal system. Persons violating local laws, even unknowingly, may be arrested, expelled, or imprisoned.

Drugs and Alcohol: Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking of illegal drugs in Jamaica are severe and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Searches at airports and cruise ship ports are thorough and those attempting to smuggle narcotics are often apprehended. Visitors should pack luggage themselves and avoid carrying anything for strangers. Contrary to popular myth, it is illegal to smoke "ganja" (marijuana) in Jamaica and local police have recently cracked down on the practice by carrying out random, yet extensive searches. Several foreign nationals have been arrested, fined or even imprisoned for this offence.

Importing and Exporting Goods: Fresh fruits, vegetables and uncooked meats are not permitted to be brought into or out of Jamaica and may be confiscated by customs officials. Pets may not be brought into Jamaica.

Weapons Possession: Importing or exporting firearms is strictly regulated in Jamaica. Entering the country with ammunition or a firearm is a serious crime that can result in a long jail sentence. Cases involving handguns will be referred to a special 'gun court' for processing.

Dress: It is illegal to buy, sell or wear army or police camouflage clothing.

Photography: Take care to respect cultural sensitivities. Photograph and video cameras should only be used with the permission of the subjects and shantytowns should not be photographed.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 17 Traffic Infractions and Speeding: Drivers and front seat passengers must wear seatbelts at all times. It is mandatory to wear a helmet on motorcycles, mopeds, or scooters. Visitors can be fined up to USD100. The speed limit in Jamaica is 50kph (30mph) in towns and 80kph (80mph) on highways.

Death Penalty: The Jamaican Government recently indicated it was reviewing several murder convictions with intensions of implementing the death penalty. Future serious crimes, such as murder, may attract the death penalty. Jamaica has not carried out an execution since the late 1970s.

Homosexuality: Jamaica has laws which make certain homosexual acts illegal. There have been incidents where the public display of homosexual behaviour has led to acts of persecution and violence. The attitude of many Jamaicans to gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people is hostile and therefore discretion is highly recommended.

Inappropriate Conduct: Inappropriate conduct such as public nudity in non- designated areas and indecent language can lead to arrest.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 18 Corruption

Overview

Corruption tends to be most present in the police forces, but has also been registered in political parties and the courts. Examples of corruption abound, including the illegal issue of driving permits, motor vehicle licences, firearm licences and the bribery of public officials. Political institutions and freedoms can also be affected by corruption. This could occur through the corruption of public officials, who may be encouraged through rewards but also coerced through direct threats. In the past year, the opposition PNP party has been at the centre of a number of corruption scandals stemming from its last period in office. Among these corruption scandals was the alleged bribery of PNP officials by oil trading firm Trafigura Beheer as well as the more recent Cuban light bulb fraud scandal, which has been turned over to the island's fraud squad. The scandal caused the resignation of several PNP politicians.

Travellers: Visitors to Jamaica are most likely to be affected by low-level bribery, particularly by security officials or other authorities who expect to be paid a bribe for their services. Bribes should not be directly offered to an official, as it is illegal and could result in more trouble. Some visitors, however, find it more convenient to spend a small sum if alluded to rather than be harassed by the police.

Residents: Residents are likely to be affected by the same low-level bribery as travelling foreign nationals. This may include the same fictitious violations of traffic rules. Residents of Jamaica, however, are more likely to experience corruption in bureaucratic processes.

Business: Corruption is an ongoing problem in Jamaica's business sector, and is strongly tied to poor investment rates. There are widespread allegations of corruption affecting a broad range of public and private sector organisations, particularly labour unions. Such incidences have long prevented local and foreign businesses from wanting to do business in the country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 19 Security Services

Overview

The Jamaican Constabulary Force (JCF) is responsible for the maintenance of law and order, the prevention and detection of crime, the protection of life and property, the investigation of alleged crime, and the enforcement of all criminal laws in Jamaica.

In December 2007, foot soldiers of the Jamaica Defense Force (JDF) were incorporated into joint police patrols as part of a long-term strategy to combat an alarming spike in the homicide rate. Much of the security forces' resources are now focused on trying to contain 42 active gang conflicts, targeting kingpins and facilitators for organized criminal networks. Amendments are required in the 2014 anti-gang legislation to craft a new security policies and reduce crime, including to police the powers to enter, search and seize.

To enhance security in the principal resort areas popular with foreign nationals, the Jamaican Government has taken a number of steps including the creation of mobile police patrols who operate to assist tourists. These special tourist police officers patrols on foot and bicycle and their assistance can be sought if you are being hassled or are the victim of a crime. Jamaica Tourist Board offices and visitor information booths are located throughout the island. These facilities offer numerous services to tourists including direct radio links with local police and advice on safety.

History: Founded in 1865, the JFC was initially placed under the management of an Inspector General appointed by the British Government. Following independence, a number of adjustments were made however in many respects the structure of The Jamaica Constabulary Force remained unchanged; retaining its semi-military character, with its system of gazetted and non-gazetted ranks. The JDF was created in 1962 from the West India Regiment (WIR), a British colonial regiment, which dates back to 1795 when the first WIR was formed in the Windward Islands of the Eastern Caribbean.

Efficiency: Crime in Jamaica is exacerbated by the fact that the police are often understaffed and ineffective. Public dissatisfaction with the ability of the security forces to combat crime and violence on the island is high and as such the government is aware of the political necessity to make real progress in addressing these issues of inefficiency. The effect of recent increases in funding is already noticeable in the field

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 20 of drug enforcement with seizures up over 200 percent in 2006. Similar improvements in efficiency in other areas of law enforcement may be yet to come as new funding and strategies make an impact.

Professionalism and Abuses: In a recent statement the island's Superintendent of Police claimed it would be foolhardy to believe that some members of the Jamaican Constabulary Force are not involved in the 'dark side' of criminal activities. Multiple policemen were arrested on corruption charges over the past years, including in the St James division. In another recent corruption scandal, two constables based in Montego Bay were arrested in connected with the illicit lottery scam. Jamaican citizens have also been known to accuse the police of heavy-handed policing, often resulting from shootouts with presumed gang members. The Jamaican government has recently approved measures for the creation of an independent authority to monitor police abuses, as well as the appointment of a prosecutor general to take action against those in public office accused of corruption which may address these criticisms.

Funding and Backing: The Jamaican Government of ex-prime minister Bruce Golding recognised that one of its biggest challenges is to tackle the high crime rate in the country accepting that at present the island's crime prevention, detection and apprehension capabilities are "woefully inadequate". As a result, in an effort to assist the JCF tackle the crime problem, the government authorised 2.7 million euros in additional expenditure. More recently, the government of Holness declared States of Emergency (SOE) and Zones of Special Operations (ZOSOs) for several parishes including the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA) and the parish of St Andrew, St James, Westmoreland, Hanover, Clarendon and St Catherine in 2019 and 2020. The long-term results of this crackdown have yet to be determined. Jamaica also receives backing and assistance from international partners to tackle serious crime. Operation Kingfish for example is a multinational task force (Jamaica, U.S. UK and Canada) for coordinating investigations leading to the arrest of major criminals and seizures.

Force Strength: The Jamaican Constabulary Force is 8,500 in strength. The Jamaican Defense Force numbers some 2,800.

Emergency Contact: In the event of an emergency the police can be contacted by dialling telephone number 119.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 21 Natural Risks : Medium Risk

The territory, particularly communities near the Blue Mountains in Kingston and underdeveloped areas in St Andrew, St Thomas, St Elizabeth, Hanover, Trelawny and Westmoreland parishes, is routinely affected by floods and landslides during the annual rainy season which occurs from June to December. Jamaica is also prone to hurricanes, shallow earthquakes and tsunamis. The territory’s infrastructure is not capable of withstanding major environmental calamities.

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Tropical Cyclones

A cyclone/typhoon/hurricane is essentially a large mass of air that spirals around a low-pressure centre. It is an organised collection of thunderstorms embedded in a swirling mass of air. This mass of air is called a cyclone if it forms in the Indian or South Pacific oceans, a typhoon if formed in the West Pacific Ocean and a hurricane if formed in the East Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes normally bring gale-force winds, heavy rainfall and high tides, with the potential of causing significant or destructive damage and widespread travel disruptions.

Hurricanes usually affect Jamaica between June and November every year. In 2005, Category 5 Hurricane Ivan killed 17 people across the territory, particularly in Clarendon and Kingston, and also triggered prolonged and widespread damage to the country’s critical infrastructure.

Follow local radio or television broadcasts for information and evacuation instructions. If not under an area with mandatory evacuation orders, remain indoors. Locate and secure important documentation, including passports, photo identification, travel permits and any indispensable personal effects. Be advised that the calm 'eye' is deceptive and should by no means be interpreted as a sign that the storm has passed. The second winds are likely to be worse and may destroy trees and buildings damaged in the first pass. If caught in a region hit by a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane, remain indoors until the storm passes. If there is a need to move to an evacuation centre, evacuate in a calm manner and ensure you carry important personal identification. Avoid all low-lying coastal areas due to storm surges. Confirm the viability of overland

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 22 travel routes due to the risk of flooding. Air and sea travel are also likely to be impacted. Anticipate disruptions to power, communications and other essential services.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

Widespread flooding occurs in Jamaica during periods of heavy rainfall, especially amid hurricanes. Areas most prone to flash floods due to poor drainage systems are the central and eastern parishes, especially Kingston. Floods can also displace tens of thousands of people for prolonged periods.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Landslides/Mudslides

Sometimes referred to as debris flows, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, landslides/mudslides are a form of mass soil movement that tends to flow in channels in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth and debris, typically following heavy rainfall.

Areas most prone to landslides and mudflows are hilly terrains with weak infrastructure, like the Blue Mountains in Kingston and other underdeveloped areas in St Andrew, St Thomas, St Elizabeth, Hanover, Trelawny and Westmoreland parishes. Landslides and mudflows usually occur following periods of heavy rainfall when the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 23 soil loosens up. The country does not have an effective landslide or mudflows warning system; these incidents can often be fatal, and disrupt road travel in affected areas for prolonged periods.

Follow local news updates in landslide prone areas for warnings about intense storms and rainfall. If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent, quickly move away from the path of the slide. Seek shelter on the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path. If rocks and debris are approaching, run for the nearest shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk, table or other piece of sturdy furniture that can provide you with air space if the building collapses). Anticipate disruptions to overland travel in areas affected by landslides. Confirm the viability of intented overland travel routes before departure and remain alert for landslide warning signs including cracks in the soil or the faint rumbling sound of an approaching landslide or debris flow.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long period. Initial mild shaking may worsen and become extremely violent within a matter of seconds. Additional earthquakes, called aftershocks, may follow the initial earthquake.

Jamaica is located in an active earthquake zone and is occasionally susceptible to shallow quakes. Shallow tremors near the territory have the potential to cause widespread damage and fatalities in the region due to limited capabilities of emergency services personnel and given the country’s weak infrastructure. However, no major earthquakes have hit the country in recent years.

When shaking begins, drop to the ground and take cover under, and hold on to, a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you're not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Most deaths and injuries in an earthquake are caused by collapsing building materials and heavy falling objects. Stay indoors until the tremors stop and you are sure it is safe to exit. Avoid all areas in the vicinity of outer walls and doorways, as these are

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 24 most prone to falling debris. In a high-rise building, the electricity may go out and the sprinkler systems may come on. Do not use the elevators. If the lights go out, avoid using candles, matches or lighters during or after the earthquake; if there is a gas leak, an explosion could result. If outdoors, move to an open space away from buildings, electric poles and street lights which are prone to collapse. Do not travel on roads and bridges which may have been damaged by the earthquake. Be prepared for secondary earth movements that follow the initial earthquake; some of these may be large enough to cause additional damage or bring down weakened structures.

Tsunami

Tsunamis are commonly generated by an earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. A strong earthquake lasting 20 seconds or more near the coast is likely to generate a tsunami and imminent coastal impact, possibly before warnings can be issued. However, all offshore or coastal earthquakes carry the potential of generating tsunamis. Warning signs of a tsunami include a sudden rise and fall in coastal sea levels.

Shallow offshore earthquakes in the Caribbean can cause potentially hazardous tsunami waves in coastal areas of Jamaica. Tsunami warnings are occasionally issued by the US Tsunami Warning Centre. The country’s emergency services personnel are not well-equipped to quickly respond in the event of a major tsunami event.

In areas at risk of tsunamis, know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or other at-risk waters. Areas which are less than 7.5 metres (25 feet) above sea level and/or within 1.5 kilometres (one mile) of the coastline are perceived to be the most at risk. Evacuation orders may be based on these numbers. Immediately move inland or to higher ground in the event of a tsunami alert/warning; stay away from the beach. In the absence of an official warning, if you are on the coast and feel an earthquake, or if there is a noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline this is a natural warning of a possible tsunami and should be heeded; move away immediately. Remain out of the tsunami hazard zone until local officials advise otherwise.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 25 Recent incidents

17 August 2021 - 18 August 2021 Moderate risk: Flooding reported in parts of Haiti as TS Grace moves near Jamaica - Update Updated reports indicated that heavy rainfall from Tropical Storm (TS) Grace triggered flooding in parts of Haiti as the storm moved westward near the northern coastline of Jamaica. All of Jamaica is under a tropical storm warning during morning hours local time.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 26 Health and Medical: Medium Risk

Overview

Medical facilities are adequate in all tourist areas and in Kingston. Medical care and hospitals are limited in remote areas, with smaller public hospitals or clinics located in each parish. Serious medical emergencies will require evacuation due to lack of equipment. Outbreaks of mosquito-borne viruses are common as are waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases, , with more serious outbreaks occurring periodically.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

There is no risk of malaria transmission.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 27 Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: Required if traveling from a country with risk of YF virus transmission and ≥1 year of age, including transit >12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of YF virus transmission.

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 28 Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Jamaica, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Recommended for some travellers

Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: No

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 29 While you are there

Emergency Numbers

Medical: 110

Emergency services

Ambulance service may be limited outside Kingston and Montego Bay, both in the quality of emergency care and in the availability of vehicles in remote parts of the country. Emergency room facilities are typically only found in Kingston and Montego Bay.

Evacuation

In the event of severe or life-threatening injury or illness, medical evacuation will be required at the patient’s expense. Most patients are evacuated to Miami in the United States.

Routine care

The standard of medical facilities in all tourist areas and Kingston is adequate; services provided at outpatient clinics and private doctors are generally very good. Medical care and hospital facilities are limited in remote areas, and smaller public hospitals are located in each parish. The standard of private and public medical facilities varies throughout the island and may not meet international standards.

Medicine

Access to high-quality prescription medication is limited, but most widely used over- the-counter drugs are available. While travellers are unlikely to experience any difficulties in entering the country with their own prescription medicine it is advisable that all prescription drugs are kept in their original container noting the patient’s name.

Payment

Payment: Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash or credit card payment

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 30 for health services, and foreign medical insurance is not always valid on the island.

Ailments

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral infection, transmitted via mosquito bite. Generally non- fatal, the symptoms of Chikungunya fever include a high fever, joint pain and headaches. In most cases those infected recover after seven to ten days. There are no vaccines or treatments for chikungunya.

Ciguatera

Ciguatera is a marine toxin transmitted by the consumption of infected fish, particularly those that live or feed near reefs. Symptoms include vomiting, nausea and a reversal of the infected person's perception of hot and cold. While not fatal, symptoms may last for a number of years; there is no treatment for ciguatera.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and is commonly found in urban areas. Symptoms include a high fever, joint pain and headaches, although severe cases may cause significant falls in blood pressure and/or haemorrhaging, which can be fatal. There are no vaccines or treatments for

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 31 dengue fever.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis B is moderately endemic in Jamaica with the overall carrier rate in the general population estimated at up to seven percent.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

HIV/AIDS

The Caribbean has a well-established HIV epidemic. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in adults in Jamaica is estimated at 1.9 percent.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Malaria

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 32 become life-threatening. While pre-departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with (or consumption of) soil, water or food contaminated by infected animal urine. Symptoms can occur in two phases: first stage symptoms include fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, jaundice, headaches and muscle and stomach aches; second stage – also known as Weil's disease – symptoms are more severe and may include meningitis and kidney or liver failure. Leptospirosis can be treated with a course of antibiotics.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Zika Virus

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 33 most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus, beyond rehydration and bed rest.

Recent incidents

28 August 2021 - 02 September 2021 High risk: Authorities to impose COVID-19 lockdown on 28 August-1 September - Update Authorities announced that a COVID-19 lockdown will be imposed from 18:00 local time (23:00 GMT) on 28 August to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 1 September, due to an uptick in COVID-19 infections. A nightly 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT) curfew will follow.

20 August 2021 - 26 August 2021 High risk: Authorities to impose COVID-19 lockdown until 25 August - Update Authorities announced that a nightly COVID-19 curfew will run from 21:00 local time (02:00 GMT) to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 21 August, ahead of a COVID-19 lockdown to be imposed from 20:00 local time (01:00 GMT) on 21 August to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 25 August, due to an uptick in COVID- 19 infections. A nightly 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT) curfew will follow.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 34 11 August 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities to tighten COVID-19 curfew from 11-31 August - Update Authorities announced that the COVID-19 curfew will run tightened hours from 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT), effective 11-31 August. The curfew will start at 18:00 on Saturdays and at 14:00 on Sundays; all businesses must close one hour before curfew. Beaches and rivers may open at 06:00-16:00 on Monday-Saturday and at 06:00-13:00 on Sundays. Places of worship, bars and restaurants are capped at half capacity, among other measures.

10 August 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Officials extend entry ban from multiple countries until 31 August - Update Authorities extended an entry ban on travellers who have visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, India or Trinidad and Tobago in the last 14 days within arrival, until 31 August, due to COVID-19. Jamaican citizens are exempt pending a test on arrival and a 48-hour quarantine; those who test negative will be transferred to complete the 14-day quarantine at home, while others will be isolated.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 35 Covid-19: Extreme Risk

Summary

A weekday overnight curfew and weekend lockdown is in place amid another uptick in infections as of August, with an earlier peak reported in March. Borders have reopened. Jamaica has been successful in keeping the infection rate lower than many of its neighbours.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Lockdown

Policy starts: 20 August 2021 Policy ends: 06 September 2021

Policy explanation:

An overnight curfew remains in place. Weekend lockdowns are imposed through 6 September.

Policy source: https://jis.gov.jm/prime-minister-announces-seven-no- movement-days-to-curb-covid-19-surge/

Last update: 20 August 2021

Infection

Infection Level: Extreme 255.71 cases per 100k in the last 14 Infection rate: days As of date: 22 August 2021 Hotspots: Kingston, St Andrew, St Catherine

Domestic Infection Map: https://jamcovid19.moh.gov.jm

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 36 International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? No Through what date?

Flight Ban Explanation:

Limited international flights are operating.

Last Update: 25 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? Partial Through what date? 2021-08-31

Travellers from where are banned? Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago

Land border: Maritime border: Open

Entry Rules Explanation:

Borders have reopened for all travellers.

Foreign nationals who have been to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, India or Trinidad and Tobago within the last 14 days prior to arrival are also banned entry until at least 31 August.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 37 Entry Rules: https://www.visitjamaica.com/travelauthorization/ Last Update:

Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR, Antigen, NAAT Minimum age requirement: 12 Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

All inbound travellers, including Jamaican nationals and residents, must present a negative COVID-19 PCR, nucleic acid amplification (NAA), RNA or molecular test, or antigen test not older than 72 hours prior to their travel date in order to board a flight to Jamaica. Business travellers are required to undergo a PCR test upon arrival and self-quarantine until the results arrive. Leisure travellers may be required to undergo a PCR test upon arrival and self- quarantine until the results arrive, typically within 48 hours.

Jamaican citizens arriving from the UK, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, India and Trinidad and Tobago will be tested upon arrival.

Testing Rules: https://www.visitjamaica.com/travelauthorization/test-req/ Last Update: 25 August 2021

Health and Travel Documentations

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 38 Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

Inbound travellers require authorisation within seven days prior to departure. The travel authorisation document must be presented to airline representatives upon departure. Jamaican nationals and residents are encouraged to fill out a customs and immigration form prior to departure at enterjamaica.com.

Travel Document: https://travelauth.visitjamaica.com/ Last Update: 25 August 2021

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Yes

Tracing App Explanation:

"JamCovid19 APP" is a mandatory contact tracing app. All travellers who enter Jamaica are mandated by the Ministry of Health to report through JamCovid19 APP.

IOS App: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/jamcovid19/id1509638185 Andriod https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? App: id=com.jamcovid19&hl=en Last 17 August 2021 Update:

Quarantine on Arrival

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 39 Who needs to quarantine on arrival All travellers

Travellers from where need to quarantine? Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo-Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kingdom of eSwatini, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, US Virgin Islands, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna, West

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 40 Bank and Gaza, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

How many days is quarantine? 14 Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Self

Quarantine Explanation:

Jamaican nationals will be subject to a health assessment and a 14-day quarantine at home - or an isolation at a government-designated facility if testing positive - upon arrival. Leisure travellers who stay at resilient corridor approved accommodation will be allowed to move within the resilient corridor sites on approved transport. Non-resident business travellers will be required to stay at an intended address, except for business meetings. Travellers who are not staying at resilient corrifor approved accommodation will be required to undergo a electronically monitored self-quarantine for 14 days.

Jamaican citizens arriving from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, India and Trinidad and Tobago will be quarantined at a designated facility at their own expense for at least 48 hours; those who test negative will be transferred to complete the 14-day quarantine at home, while positive cases will be isolated.

Breaching of COVID-19 protocols, including quarantine measures, may result in a fine and/or prison sentence.

Quarantine https://www.visitjamaica.com/travelauthorization/traveller- Rules: categories/ Last Update: 2021-08-25

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 41 Exit Requirements Explanation:

There are no special requirements to exit the country.

Exit Requirements https://www.visitjamaica.com/travelauthorization/ (URL): Last Update: 17 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 9.576 as of 20 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 4.72 as of 25 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? Yes Exemptions: Domestic Restrictions Qualified vaccines and timeline: None Specified Certificates accepted: Not Specified

Explanation:

Fully vaccinated people are exempted from a stay-at-home order which is in effect for people 60 years and older, except for essential movement once per day.

Source: https://www.visitjamaica.com/travelauthorization/ Last Update: 17 August 2021

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 42 Last Update:

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

A nationwide lockdown will be imposed from 18:00 local time on 28 August to 05:00 local time on 1 September and from 18:00 local time on 4 September to 05:00 local time on 6 September.

A stay-at-home order is in effect for unvaccinated people 60 years and older, except for essential movement once per day.​

During lockdowns, non-essential services and businesses are closed during the lockdown; travel to and from the airport is allowed for overseas travellers during the lockdown.

Last Update: 25 August 2021

Areas under Curfew

A 19:00-05:00 local time curfew runs on weekdays; the curfew starts at 18:00 on Saturdays and at 14:00 on Sundays, excluding during a lockdown.

Last Update: 25 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 43 Domistic Travel Explanation:

Public transport is restricted to essential workers only one hour after the curfew begins and one hour before it ends. Taxis and other vehicles must carry one less passenger than their license allows.

Last Update: 25 August 2021

Other Domestic Restrictions

Gatherings of up to 10 people are allowed nationwide. Beaches and rivers may open from 06:00-16:00 on Monday-Saturday and from 06:00-13:00 on Sundays and holidays. Places of worship, gyms, bars and restaurants are capped at half capacity, events to 100 people or half capacity, whichever is lower.

Last Update: 25 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site:

Health Dept COVID Site: https://jamcovid19.moh.gov.jm/

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 44 28 August 2021 - 02 September 2021 High risk: Authorities to impose COVID-19 lockdown on 28 August-1 September - Update Authorities announced that a COVID-19 lockdown will be imposed from 18:00 local time (23:00 GMT) on 28 August to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 1 September, due to an uptick in COVID-19 infections. A nightly 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT) curfew will follow.

20 August 2021 - 26 August 2021 High risk: Authorities to impose COVID-19 lockdown until 25 August - Update Authorities announced that a nightly COVID-19 curfew will run from 21:00 local time (02:00 GMT) to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 21 August, ahead of a COVID-19 lockdown to be imposed from 20:00 local time (01:00 GMT) on 21 August to 05:00 local time (10:00 GMT) on 25 August, due to an uptick in COVID- 19 infections. A nightly 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT) curfew will follow.

11 August 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities to tighten COVID-19 curfew from 11-31 August - Update Authorities announced that the COVID-19 curfew will run tightened hours from 19:00-05:00 local time (00:00-10:00 GMT), effective 11-31 August. The curfew will start at 18:00 on Saturdays and at 14:00 on Sundays; all businesses must close one hour before curfew. Beaches and rivers may open at 06:00-16:00 on Monday-Saturday and at 06:00-13:00 on Sundays. Places of worship, bars and restaurants are capped at half capacity, among other measures.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 45 10 August 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Officials extend entry ban from multiple countries until 31 August - Update Authorities extended an entry ban on travellers who have visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, India or Trinidad and Tobago in the last 14 days within arrival, until 31 August, due to COVID-19. Jamaican citizens are exempt pending a test on arrival and a 48-hour quarantine; those who test negative will be transferred to complete the 14-day quarantine at home, while others will be isolated.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 46 Local Travel : Medium Risk

Air Travel and Airports: Norman Manley International Airport (KIN/MKJP) is situated 20 minutes outside of the capital of Kingston. Consider using the domestic airline, Air Jamaica Express, for flights between cities on the island. Information Help desks for hotel and tour operators, which includes ground transportation services, are located just outside the customs area.

When driving to and from the airport in the direction of Kingston, take the South Camp Road or the Humming Bird Route. The alternative route - Mountain View Avenue - is subject to flare-ups of gang violence and should be avoided.

The Montego Bay airport, known as the Sangster International Airport (MBJ/MKJS), is located on the northwest coast of Jamaica and two kilometres (1.2 miles) outside of the centre of Montego Bay. Two terminals are located in one building, and bus and taxi options are available. JUTA taxi (see below) tickets may be purchased from a counter in the international arrivals terminal. Awaiting bus company representatives are available to sell arrivals a seat on mini-buses leaving for various points around the island, including Negril and Kingston. These mini-buses are considered safe even if a little overcrowded. Avis, Budget, Hertz, and Thrifty car rental companies all have offices in the Montego Bay airport. Hotel shuttles are also available.

Road Travel: Be aware of poorly maintained roads, high speeding vehicles, and pedestrians and street vendors on the road. Driving at night is very dangerous and should be avoided. Road maintenance is generally poor in the interior and on rural highways.

Wearing a seatbelt is mandatory by law, and children under three must be in a child seat. Speed limits are 48 kph (30 mph) in urban areas and 80 kph (50 mph) on highways.

Public Transport

Buses: Avoid using public buses altogether. Inter-city bus services are not recommended except for those of Knutsford Express. All other bus services are often overcrowded and crime is commonly reported on public transport. Additionally, the fare may change during your ride as the bus driver may request more money than the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 47 prior amount agreed upon before getting on the bus. Smaller, mini-buses for hire tend to be more comfortable and safe.

Taxis: Taxis that drive specific routes around the island pick up passengers as long as there is room. The prices vary, so set the fare before closing the door. These taxis are generally considered safe, but taxis in Kingston and Montego Bay are not.

Do not take any unauthorised taxis. Assaults and robbery are reported when taking unofficial taxis. You should use taxis authorised by Jamaica Union of Travellers Association (JUTA). JUTA taxis have red and white 'PP' license plates. Authorised taxis can be called from a hotel or a uniformed attendant at the airport. Do not share a taxi with strangers, and always determine the price of a taxi before getting into the vehicle. Be aware that some taxis (and street vendors) have been known to harass travellers visiting the island. Avoid these situations and say, "No, thank you" in a stern and strong manner.

Vehicle Rental: Reliable car rental companies have offices in the major airports or agreements with hotels. Avis, Budget, Hertz, and Thrifty car rental companies all have offices in the Montego Bay airport.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 48 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: Gang violence is endemic to parts of Kingston and Montego Bay. Affected areas of the capital include: Mountain View, Trench Town, Tivoli Gardens, Arnett Gardens, Standpipe, Cassava Piece and Grants Penin. In the tourist hotspot of Montego Bay, the streets and neighbourhoods to currently avoid are: Norwood, Clavers Street, Hart Street, Rose Heights, Canterbury and Flankers. Many of these areas are located near the airport.

Gang violence is also common in the Tredegar Park and Gravel Heights communities of Spanish Town, St. Catherine Parish. Affected areas in Tredegar Park range from Tredegar Park main road and Rio Cobre in the north, to Erving Drive and Jason Avenue in the south, and from Carlisle Avenue in the east to the eastern bank of Rio Cobre. In Gravel Heights, Riskline advises against non-essential travel from Sligoville main road toward the Tredegar Park Mining Quarry to Clinton Drive.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 49 Safety

Beaches and Public Areas: Petty crime, robbery and assault are common on public beaches, especially after dark [see Crime section].

Crime: Violent crime including armed robbery, sexual assault, kidnapping, and murder, are not uncommon in Jamaica. Violent crime typically occurs in the more impoverished, inner city areas of the country, but it is not contained to the poorer areas. Petty crime, such as theft and pickpocketing, occurs often in both public areas and on public transportation [see Public Transport section]. Keep your valuables safe and close to you at all times. Avoid walking anywhere at night, including public beaches, as robbery and assault are common. Armed robberies can become violent if the victim resists.Travellers and foreign nationals are primarily targeted for petty theft, particularly in Kingston. Armed robbery has also been reported and can become violent if the victim resists. To decrease the likelihood of theft, never leave your personal belongings unattended and do not flash expensive valuables or large sums of money.

Gang violence is a serious problem in parts of Kingston and Montego Bay (see Country Hotspots section). Certain neighbourhoods require regular police searches and set curfews.

Drug use and sales throughout the country are prevalent. Marijuana, cocaine, and heroin are the main drugs seen in the country. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Rohypnol, or the date rape drug, is used in clubs and bars. Exercise extreme caution when purchasing and consuming alcohol in public venues.

Reports of crime involving technology have also risen with the presence of ‘skimming.’ Skimming is a method in which criminals scan and store your credit card information, ATM cards, driver’s licenses or even passports. Public ATMs are a common place where this type of crime occurs but it can happen in other scenarios as well. Some organised crime rings employ restaurant staff or store clerks to skim personal information during business transactions. Carrying around enough cash for the day is an easy way to avoid being a victim of this form of identity theft.

Food and Drink: Do not eat fruits or vegetables that have not been peeled or cooked. Avoid eating food from street vendors. Barracuda and other tropical, apex predator

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 50 fish are poisonous even when cooked. Raw and undercooked meat and fish should be avoided, including ceviche.

In undeveloped areas of the country, do not drink the tap water and only drink boiled, filtered, or disinfected water. Bottled beverages are the safest option.

Health: Medical facilities are adequate in all tourist areas and in Kingston. Medical care and hospitals are limited in remote areas, with smaller public hospitals or clinics located in each parish. Serious medical emergencies will require medical evacuation due to lack of equipment. Outbreaks of the mosquito-borne illness dengue fever are common in Jamaica, especially during the rainy season (June to December). Waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases are prevalent, with more serious outbreaks occurring periodically.

Protests: Protests and demonstrations occur often without warning, and they tend to block roads and transportation, as demonstrators will often set up roadblocks with burning tyres or torched vehicles. Police officers can resort to heavy-handed tactics to disperse protesting crowds, including the use of tear gas and rubber bullets. It is best to avoid protests or large groups of people. Civil unrest is particularly prevalent during national elections.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 51 Culture

Cultural Sensitivities: While Jamaica is an English-speaking country, many locals speak Patois, also known as Jamaican Creole. Politely ask the person to whom you are speaking to repeat him or herself if you do not understand. Despite being a very laid- back country, good manners are still important to Jamaicans.

Beach attire should be relegated to the beach as many formal business establishments, including banks, have dress codes.

Under the country's criminal code male homosexuality is illegal; same-sex couples are advised to be discreet and refrain from engaging in forms of public displays of affection.

Political Sensitivities: Political violence occurs in Jamaica, particularly as elections draw near. The two major political parties are the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the People's National Party (PNP). It is important to be aware of this type of violence, but it is generally only directed towards political candidates and party members.

Religious Sensitivities: The religious make-up in Jamaica is a combination of Christian and African influences. There is a variety of religions and sects throughout the country and no religion is particularly dominant. However, Christianity is a commonality throughout the majority of the religious sects practiced in the country. Some sects are characterised by rituals, dancing, drumming, and spiritual possession. Internationally recognized Rastafarianism is an African-influenced religion and culture movement practiced in Jamaica. Although the use of marijuana is widely accepted due to the influence of Rastafarianism, it is advised that tourists do not to use the drug publicly.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 52 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are no local customs or laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in Jamaica. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are many safety concerns female travellers should take into consideration in Jamaica. Overall crime levels are high and incidents of street harassment and assault are known to occur in cities and areas frequented by tourists. Female travellers may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling to staring, including during the daytime. It is best to ignore these advances or confrontations and walk away. In the event that harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and locals will likely come to your aid. Incidents of sexual assault against foreign nationals have been reported at a high rate, including at resort areas and hotels. Perpetrators include taxi drivers, other tourists and resort employees. Never leave your drink unattended or accept drinks from strangers or new acquaintances that you have not seen poured. Be cautious about accepting invitations to join a new acquaintance in non-public places. Do not walk alone at night in deserted areas, beaches or villages. Opt for official taxis/chauffeur-driven taxis arranged by a reputed hotel. Stick to main, well-lit streets and avoid walking through unfamiliar neighbourhoods. Refrain from wearing headphones while walking in the evening. Emergency services and police outside major cities are unlikely to respond effectively if cases of sexual assault or rape are reported. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to some specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in Jamaica. Medical facilities often lack adequate resources and personnel to provide specialised care outside Kingston and other areas frequented by tourists. A full range of feminine hygiene products is available. Emergency contraceptives are sold behind the counter at pharmacies without a prescription. Prescription contraceptives may not be readily available as access to high-quality medication is limited outside major cities. Abortion is restricted by law and only performed when the woman’s life or health is at risk. Consider bringing an adequate supply of oral contraceptive pills, which may not be

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 53 available locally. Visitors in need of specialised care are advised to visit private facilities in Kingston. Consult a health professional prior to travel, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, due to a potential risk of Zika virus.

LGBT+ Male homosexuality is illegal in Jamaica; however, female homosexuality is legal. It is a criminal and punishable offense for men, and persons found guilty may be imprisoned for up to 10 years; however, the penalty is rarely enforced. There are no legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country. Same-sex marriage is illegal. LGBT+ activity and persons are not socially accepted. Despite the existence of several LGBT+ rights organisations operating in the country, homophobia is rampant. LGBT+ travellers are advised to keep their sexual orientation and gender identities private. Prior to travel, review your privacy settings on social media platforms and reconsider the use of dating applications due to the risk of harassment and possible entrapment by local authorities. Refrain from engaging in any conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues. Avoid all public displays of affection, including hand-holding. Book separate hotel rooms. Transgender travellers are advised to have a passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Jamaica.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions. There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Jamaica 54 Legal notice

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