Research Article Int J Environ Sci Nat Res Volume 14 Issue 5 - September 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Harit Priyadarshi DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897 “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in and , District, , ”

Harit Priyadarshi*1 , Sarv Priya2 and Sangharsh Rao3 1Assistant Professor, , Beswan, Aligarh, India 2Assistant Professor, Scientist, Application of Remote sensing Center, India 3MTech (Environmental Engineering) Mangalayatan University, India Submission: September 06, 2018; Published: September 27, 2018 *Corresponding author: Harit Priyadarshi, Assistant Professor, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, Pin code: 202145, Email:

Abstract

our body up to certain limit, but the anthropogenic activities causes the imbalance of these minerals in water leading to the degradation of its quality.Water Weis a havepolar analysed inorganic the compound. Groundwater It is Quality a tasteless, of Beswan odourless and andIglas nearly on the colourless basis of their liquid. pH, Water Turbidity, also Totalfulfils alkanity, the need Total of minerals Hardness, in Calcium, Magnesium and Chlorides ranges. These analysed parameters values are compared with the standard values of W.H.O. standard. The samples are collected in clean bottles without any air bubbles. These bottles were rinsed before tightly sealed after collection and labelled in

from different locations revealed that the study area has pH 7.79 in Iglas and 7.10 in Beswan, Total Alkalinity 350 mg/l in Iglas and 476 mg/l in Beswanthe field. , TotalThe physicochemical hardness 210 mg/l properties in Iglas ofand groundwater 570 mg/l in from Beswan, various Calcium locations 120 mg/lin Iglas in Iglasand Beswanand 82.50 were mg/l analyzed. in Beswan, The Magnesium samples collected 90mg/l in Iglas and 145.50 mg/l in Beswan , Turbidity 0.84 mg/l in Iglas and 0.31 mg/l in Beswan, Chloride 52 mg/l in Beswan and 368 mg/l in Iglas are respectively. The analysis revealed that the drinking water qualities is not good and require treatment before consumption and industrial use or any other purpose.

Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters; Water quality; Human consumption

Introduction affected groundwater quality due to over exploitation of resources The clean water or fresh water is one of the essential and improper waste disposal practices. Hence, there is always a need for and concern over the protection and management of the clean water is decreasing day by day due to over population compounds that profoundly influence of life. The availability of surface water and groundwater quality. Heavy metals are priority toxic pollutants also at some places the water quality is more the drinking water analyses for physical and chemical properties and pollution of water due to rapid growth of industrialization. so turbid and found hardness more than the permissible limits. Some physicochemical parameters are very much responsible for the Bakraji 1999, Kot 2000 and Bheshdadia 2012). Present study are very essential for public health studies (Rafiuulah 2012, water borne diseases, which led to a life crippled in many villages has been carried out to assess the water quality of a fresh water of India and so as Uttar Pradesh. At many places, that severely body by studying its physico-chemical characteristics. This water body receives water from domestic discharges and rain application [1-5]. water which accumulates during rainy season which is regularly limits the beneficial use of water for domestic and industrial The lakes have complex and fragile ecosystem, as they do local people. In India, most of the population is dependent on not have self-cleaning ability and therefore readily accumulate used for agriculture, bathing, washing of clothes, and fishing by damp water as the only source of drinking water supply. The groundwater is believed to be comparatively much clean and of safe drinking water supply to the population and desired that pollutants. The Government of India has emphasized the objective free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharge . State Government to undertake water quality assessment of all the groundwater sources used for public water are the causes the groundwater to become polluted and created of industrial effluents, domestic sewage and solid waste dump health problems. The rapid growth of urban areas has further chloride, nitrate and salinity. The State government had taken the supply schemes. Drinking water sources have excessive fluoride,

Int J Environ Sci Nat Res 14(5): IJESNR.MS.ID.555897 (2018) 00126 International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

the impact of the surface water quality of Beswan and Iglas Aligarh the corrective measures through water quality assessment of all district. Thus, in this research work an attempt has been made to cognizance of the problem and an immediate action was taken for the ground and surface water sources for organised drinking water assess the physical and chemical parameters of surface water like, supply in the Aligarh district. The physic-chemical parameters pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), chloride (Cl), and trace metal contents of water samples from town of Beswan and Iglas in Aligarh district were assessed. The consequence of values recommended by WHO. was determined. The analyzed data were compared with standard Study Area: Aligarh is a city located in Uttar Pradesh state agricultural purposes ground water is explored in rural areas urbanization and industrialization leads to spoil the water. For of Northern India. The city is about 90 miles east to New Delhi, especially in those areas where other sources of water like dam situated on the regions of and Yamuna shown in and river or the canal is not available. During last decade, this is observed that the surface water get polluted drastically because Aligarh is located at the co-ordinates 27.88°N 78.08°E. It has Figure 1. The city is the administrative district of Aligarh District. of increased human activities. Aligarh District which is situated an elevation of approximately 178 metres (584 feet). The town in the heart of the nation in India has become an important area extends from Karban River (towards ) to old Canal village because of the natural resources available around it. There are various existing industries and industrial estates. These is the administrative district of Aligarh District. In the present (towards Aligarh) shown in Figure 2. The Town Beswan and Iglas industries use huge quantity of water for processing and release study the fresh ground water samples collected from Beswan and Iglas town. The samples are collected in clean bottles without any generated is discharged into the nearby water drains. Similarly, the most of the water in the form of effluent. The wastewater being air bubbles. These bottles are rinsed before tightly sealed after geochemical and morphological structure changes and for other subsequent uses. Considering the above aspects of surface water collection and labelled in the field. The dissolved oxygen and contamination, the present study was undertaken to investigate the time of sample collection. Temperatures of the samples was measured in the field itself at

Figure 1: Location map of Aligarh to Beswan and Iglas Town.

Figure 2: Map showing Drainage and Rivers in Aligarh District.

Climate and Rainfall: The regions fall under sub-tropical season commences in the middle of June and continues till September. July is the wettest month. The normal annual rainfall is winter. Aligarh experiences the tropical monsoon type of climate 760 mm. Temperature in winter season varies from 120C to 160C. climatic zone and is characterized by hot summer and chilly with marked North-East and South-West monsoons. Average Maximum temperature shoots up to 470C the temperature may temperature in summer remains around 28 ºC to 33ºC. Rainy fall around 20C. The average relative humidity in the morning is

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0127 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

62.25% and in the evening it is 44.2%. During most of the days, the bed rock is encountered at a depth of 340 meter below ground the wind speed is reported to be in the range of 4.6 to 9.3 km/ level. Hydrogeological data indicates that the area is underlain by hour. moderately thick pile of quaternary sediments, which comprises of sands of various grades clays and kankar. Alluvial sediments Geology of The Study Area: Aligarh district falls in Central overlies Vindhyan group of rocks in an unconformable manner. The thickness of deposits varies from 287 to 380 meters. Alluvium Yamuna. The Ganga basin is the biggest groundwater repositories Ganga Plain which lies in the interfluvial tract of Ganga and occupies the upland of the district while the newer alluvium of the world. It is situated between the northern fringe of Indian occupies low land area along the courses of Ganga Yamuna and Peninsula and Himalayas. It extends from Delhi Haridwar ridge in their tributaries and paleo channels of the Ganga and Kali rivers the west to Monghyr-Saharsa ridge in the east. In the study area (Table 1).

Table 1: Geological Succession of Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh.

Hydrogeological Setup of The Study Area: In the study area Second Aquifer Group: This aquifer group is separated with three to four tier aquifer systems is found. Aquifer seems to merge the overlying shallow aquifer group by thick clay and it occur at with each other and developing a single bodied aquifer. the depth range of 100 to 150 meters below ground level. The aquifer material consists of medium grained sand but at some First Aquifer Group: It is most potential aquifer group generally occurs between the depth range of 0-122 meters below is brackish to saline in nature in this aquifer group which is also ground level (mbgl) and covering almost entire area below soil places blend of fine to coarse grained sand is found. Ground water content of this aquifer group ranges from 30 - 40%. Kankar is associated with clay formation. At some places it occurs confirmed by the packer test in this aquifer group. Total clay capping. In aquifer fine to medium grained sand is found and below the surface soil. Ground water is mainly found under Third Aquifer Group: The disposition of this aquifer group ranges between 130 to 300 mbgl. This aquifer group is regionally water of this aquifer group is generally fresh. This aquifer group water table to semi-confined conditions. The quality of formation is the main source of water supply to open wells, hand pumps potential but the quality of formation water is brackish to saline. extensive and in confined state. It has the great quantitative and shallow tube-wells, Government tube-wells that have been from 50 – 100 metres. Cumulative thickness of granular zone in this aquifer group varies Materialinstalled in and this aquiferMethod zone.

Table 2: Table showing a comparative data collecting for qualitative study with W.H.O.

Iglas Beswan S.No. Parameters W.H.O. Standard Town Town 1 pH 7.0-8.0 7.79 7.10

2 Turbidity (N.T.U.) 5.0 0.84 0.31

3 Total Alakalinity(mg/l) 100 350 476

4 Total Hardness (mg/l) 100 210 368 5 Calcium (mg/l) 100 120 82 6 Magnesium (mg/l) 30 90 145.5 7 Chloride (mg/l) 200 52 368

8 1.0 0.8 1.48

9 NitratesFlorides (mg/l)(PPM) 10 0.5 6.71

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0128 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 5.0 7.9 4.3 11 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 6.0 7.2 12.8

Table 3.

Turbidity TA TH EC TDS Location pH (N.T.U.) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) In front of Manglayaan 7.79 0.84 350 210 1253.66 840 Manglayatan University 7.8 1 528 232 835.67 880 Mohakampur 7.6 0 580 296 1074.66 560 Mathura-Aligarh H.way 7.9 0 488 252 1522 420 Beswan Chauraha 7.7 1 760 288 1880.23 660 Iglas 7.1 0.31 476 570 716.6 1420 Taau Bagh 7.6 0.62 760 440 668.23 1050 Iglas Market 7.4 0 520 510 334.56 950 Shiv dan school 7.9 0 488 633 733.67 668 Karas 7.2 1 610 588 660.66 970

Table 4: Table showing a Representation of Field data collecting for qualitative study.

Calcium Magnesium Chloride Fluoride Nitrates DO BOD Location (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

In front of Manglayaan 120 90 52 0.8 0.6 7.9 7.2 Manglayatan University 140 91 89 0.7 0.8 12.6 7.7

Mohakampur 112 185 169 0.9 0.12 14.7 8.4

Mathura-Aligarh H.way 108 144 149 0.67 0.19 11.8 7.7 Beswan Chauraha 80 78 176 0.97 0.7 10.8 9.6

Iglas 82 145.5 368 1.48 6.71 4.3 12.8

Taau Bagh 81 96 333 0.57 6.11 3.37 11.8 Iglas Market 110 188 390 0.5 7.1 8.4 14.7 Shiv dan school 116 136 410 0.9 8.9 11.6 12.8 Karas 210 74 116 0.67 5.9 9.6 7.8

The samples were collected from Beswan and Iglas town. pH: It is the measure of acidity and alkalinity of water, The present work is carried out during the year 2015-16. Water also an indicator of quality of water. The pH value of water is samples were brought to the laboratory and some physico- controlled by the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonates chemical parameters were taken into consideration. The and bicarbonates. High pH value induces the formation of parameters such as Turbidity, pH, Total alkalinity, and Total solids, trihalomethanes, which are toxic, while pH below 6.5 starts Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium and Chloride were estimated at periodic intervals. The water samples from the hand pumps cadmium and copper (Shrivastava and Patil, 2002). It was noticed corrosion in pipe thereby releasing toxic metals such as zinc, lead, were collected in plastic bottles. After the collection of samples, that the pH value of the water appears to be dependent upon the these bottles were labelled and possible efforts made to transport relative quantities of calcium, carbonates and bicarbonates. The them to the laboratory as earlier as possible. The samples were water tends to be more alkaline when it possesses carbonates chemically analysed for various water quality parameters (Zafar, 1966; Suryanarayana, 1995). It can be seen all the sampling such Turbidity (Nephlometer), pH (pH meter), Total alkalinity sites had pH level falling with the recommended range of 6.5-8.5 (Indicator method), Total hardness, Ca and Mg hardness, Total (W.H.O, 1993). The pH value of the samples in the study areas Beswan and Iglas reagion varied from 7.10 and 7.79 respectively method) using standard procedures described in W.H.O. manual dissolved solids (Filtration method) and Chloride (silver nitrate and Indian standard (Tables 2-4). The water quality parameters indicating slightly alkaline nature of water shown in Figure 3. values are in mg/l except pH and EC in µs/cm [6-10].

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0129 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Figure 3: Sample Locations vs. pH.

Turbidity: Turbidity is an important parameter for of turbulence. The turbidity in the study areas Beswan and Iglas

4. characterizing the quality of water. Turbidity in water may be varied from 0.31 N.T.U and 0.84 N.T.U respectively is shown Figure from colloidal to coarse dispersions, depending upon the degree due to wide variety of suspended materials, which range in size

Figure 4: Sample Locations vs. Turbidity.

Figure 5: Sample Locations vs. Alkalinity.

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0130 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Total Alkalinity: The excess of alkalinity could be due to the silicates. The hardness may be advantageous in certain conditions; minerals, which dissolved in water from mineral rich soil. The it prevents the corrosion in the pipes by forming a thin layer of various ionic species that contribute mainly to alkalinity includes scale and reduces the entry of heavy metals from the pipe to the bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, silicates and organic acids. In some cases, ammonia or hydroxides of degree of hardness as shown in Table 5. It is value is found to be water (Shrivastava et al., 2002). Water can be classified in terms are also accountable to the alkalinity (Sawyer 2000). It is value higher than the standard value hence causing Contact Irritation. is above standard value hence causing Digestion, Malfunctions, The total hardness ranged in the study area Beswan and Iglas are

Metabolic abnormalities. The alkalinity in the study area Beswan 570mg/l and 210mg/l respectively as CaCO3 which indicated very and Iglas are ranged between 476mg/l and 350mg/l respectively as CaCO indicated high alkaline nature of water in the area, 3 hardTable water, 5: Table shown showing Figure degree 6 [11-15]. of Hardness.

Total hardness in shownTotal in FigureHardness: 5. Hardness in water is caused by certain salts Degree of Hardness mg/l 0-75 soft and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. The principal hardness held in solution. The most common are the carbonates, fluorides causing cations are calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous and 75-150 moderately soft manganese ions. The cations plus the most important anions that 150-300 hard contributes are bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates and More than 300 very hard

Figure 6: Sample Locations vs Total Hardness.

Figure 7: Sample Locations vs. Calcium.

Calcium: Calcium hardness is one of the most abundant to the geological formation of the area. The area is basically of substances found in natural water in higher quantities in the granitic terrain. Experts have opined that the difference in relative rocks. Higher level of calcium is not desirable in washing, mobility of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium is more bathing and laundering while small concentration of calcium is distinct in the groundwater from granitic terrain and the higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorides and bicarbonates beneficial in reducing the corrosion in pipes. This might be due How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0131 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources in several cases are probably due to their low rate of removal by Magnesium: Magnesium Hardness in the study area Beswan soil (Somashekar et al., 2000). Increased risk of Kidney stone, and Iglas varied from 145.50mg/l and 90 mg/l as CaCO3, is colorectal cancer, Hypertensions, Stroke and Obesity. Calcium in shown Graph no. 08.Adaptable change in Bowel habits leading to the study area Beswan and Iglas varied widely from 82mg/l and 120mg/l CaCO 3 Diarrhoea Figure 8. is shown Figure 7.

Figure 8: Sample Locations vs. Magnesium.

Chloride: Naturally chloride occurs in all types of waters. The of igneous rocks (Das and Malik, 1988). The main diseases are contribution of chloride in the groundwater is due to minerals like Vomiting and Nausea. The chlorides in the study area Beswan and apatite, mica, and hornblende and also from the liquid inclusions

Iglas varied widely from 368 mg/l and 52 mg/l, is shown Figure 9.

Figure 9: Sample Locations vs. Chloride.

Figure 10: Sample Locations vs. Fluoride.

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0132 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Fluorides: Nitrates: Nitrate is measured in mg/l. Natural levels of nitrate are usually less than 1 mg/l. Concentrations over 10 mg/l will have Many rocks have fluoride bearing minerals like an effect on the freshwater aquatic environment. 10 mg/l is also apatite, fluorite, biotite and hornblende. The weathering of these concentration in groundwater. The common diseases are dental the maximum concentration allowed in human drinking water by rocks and infiltration of rainfall through it increases fluoride the study area Beswan and Iglas varies widely from 1.48mg/l and the recommended concentration is 0.06 mg/l. The Nitrates in the problems and Skeletal problems and Fluorosis. The fluoride in the U.S. Public Health Service. For a sensitive fish such as salmon study area Beswan and Iglas varied widely 6.71 mg/l and 6.11

0.8mg/l, is shown Figure 10. respectively shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Sample Locations vs. Nitrates.

Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolve Oxygen is an important physico- of pollution due to presence of bacteria and minerals in water. The parameter in water quality assessment and biological process prevailing in the water. The DO value indicates the degree of at the time of sample collection. DO under the area determined in dissolved oxygen of the samples was measured in the field itself pollution in the water bodies. The presence of DO enhance the the present study ranged between 4.3mg/l in Beswan and 7.9mg/l quality of water and also acceptability. This shows the high degree

in Iglas is shown Figure 12.

Figure 12: Sample location Vs. DO.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand: The BOD values indicating role. Biochemical oxygen demands in study area are 12.8 mg/l in the degree of pollutants in the water bodies not good for the existence of aquatic organism that play an important ecological Beswan and 7.2 mg/l in Iglas, is shown in Figure 13 [16-21].

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0133 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Figure 13: Sample Locations BOD.

Result Conclusion Parameter such as ...... are found within the standard The rapid growth of population in the area increases its ranges of W.H.O. but most of the parameters like ...... are not residences depends more on groundwater but the groundwater quality is not found up to the mark. People have to become more fitting in the standards. Discussion Measures have to be taken on large scale by the collective effort of aware about the utilization of water and its extraction source. local authority and the people to make water potable. Sustainable the needs of the people of the region but due to rapid growth water management system and water collecting techniques are Water resources in Beswan and Iglas are sufficient to fulfil in population and changes in the life style of the people, certain needed to be developed and discover by the natives. The discharge strategies like rain water harvesting, Ground water recharging, which the industries are making should also be taken into account. Overall it has been observed from the analysis that the adopted for sustainable water management and development water use education, efficient irrigation methods, should be drinking water quality in the study area is reasonably not good of Beswan and Iglas town. Use of submersible pumps should because both are severely polluted. The drinking water at Iglas be monitored and controlled for proper water withdrawal to and Beswan towns are severely polluted with reference to all the preserve the groundwater table level. Ponds are proposed to be physico-Chemical Parameters. People dependent on this water constructed in which water can be stored during rainy season and can serve cattle’s for drinking. During monsoon season plenty of water through rain is available which often stands in localities for are highly prone to health hazards of contaminated water. So they Acknowledgementmust use drinking water after purification. longer duration causing miseries to the people and health hazard, The authors are thankful to the concerned authorities of if this water is detained in ponds, it would not cause flooding of construction division of Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, Aligarh and the localities and can simultaneously be used for fisheries which the village which in turn leads to a sustainable development of References in turn would provide job benefits and business to the people of the region. 1. Agrawal A (1993) Studies on physico chemical and biological characteristics of river Betwa from Nayapura to Vidisha, PhD thesis Many of the parameters are going beyond the acceptable limit (chemistry) BU, Bhopal, India. of good quality water. As we have seen Diarrhoea and fever are the 2. major diseases cause by imbalance nature. Talking on the basis water and wastewater, (19th edn.), Washington, USA. of data provided by Annual Health Survey (A.H.S.) conducted APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995) Standards methods for examination of 3. Behura CK (1998) A study of Physico-chemical characteristics of a by Government of Uttar Pradesh. In Aligarh District children highly eutrophic temple tank, Bikaner. J Aqua Biol 13(1-2):47-51. is about 24.3%. Graphical representation of water quality in this 4. suffering from Diarrhoea (%) is about 7.5% and from Fever (%) JIWWA 22(2): 203-204. area also clearly indicates that the water quality at Beswan and Das HB, Kalita H (1990) Physico chemical quality of water, Mizoram Iglas are very poor. 5. DK Sinha, N Kumar (2009) Indian J Env Prot 29 (11): 997.

How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0134 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

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How to cite this article: Harit P, Sarv P, Sangharsh R. “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar 0135 Pradesh, India”. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 14(5): 555897. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555897.