LAMAS

Transactions of the and Middlesex Archaeological Society

Volume 64 2013

Museum of London, London Wall, London EC2Y 5HN © Published by the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, 2014

Produced by Past Historic, Kings Stanley, Glos. GL10 3HW Printed in Great Britain ISBN 978 0 903290 69 2 Contents List of presidents and officers ...... vi 158th Annual Report of LAMAS Council for the year ending 30th September 2013 ...... vii LAMAS Statement of Financial Activity for the year ended 30th September 2013 and Balance Sheet as at 30th September 2013 ...... x Nonsuch regained: 2012 LAMAS presidential address Martin Biddle...... 1 Excavations at 36—39 Poultry, London EC2 Ken Pitt with Fiona Seeley...... 13 Middle Saxon and later archaeological remains in Whitehall Paw Jorgensen...... 57 A third late Saxon floor tile from London Ian M Betts...... 105 Excavations at Cromwell Green and Westminster Hall 2005—6: further evidence for the development of the medieval and post-medieval Palace of Westminster Bruno Barber, Nick Holder and Christopher Phillpotts...... 109 The church and cloisters of Austin Friars Nick Holder, Mark Samuel and Ian Betts...... 143 The gardens and inner gatehouse of the Abbey of St Mary Stratford Langthorne and post-Dissolution settlement: excavations at Bakers Row and Abbey Road Station, West Ham Robert Cowie...... 163 Archaeological investigations at 103—106 Shoreditch High Street, Hackney Peter Boyer...... 201 The Henrietta Street Baptist Chapel, Bloomsbury and its congregation: archaeological investigations at Wakefield Street, London, WC1 Michael Henderson and Adrian Miles...... 253 William Porlond clerk to the Craft and Fraternity of Brewers of London, 1418—1440 Caroline Metcalfe...... 267 London Heritage Conference ...... 285 A review of the 51st LAMAS Conference of London Archaeologists held at the on 22 March 2014 ...... 295 Papers read at the 48th LAMAS Local History Conference held at the Museum of London in November 2013: ‘The River and Port of London’...... 303 Reviews P Jones Upper Palaeolithic Sites in the Lower Courses of the Rivers Colne and Wey: Excavations at Church Lammas and Wey Manor Farm (reviewed by Jonathan Cotton)...... 313 J Shepherd The Discovery of the Roman Fort at Cripplegate, : Excavations by W F Grimes 1947—68 (reviewed by Dominic Perring)...... 314 R Cowie & L Blackmore Lundenwic: Excavations in Middle Saxon London, 1987—2000 (reviewed by David A Hinton)...... 315 B Sloane The Augustinian Nunnery of St Mary Clerkenwell, London: Excavations 1974—96 (reviewed by David Stocker)...... 316 W Rodwell The Coronation Chair and the Stone of Scone (reviewed by David Odgers)...... 318 M Henderson, A Miles & D Walker ‘He Being Dead Yet Speaketh’: Excavations at Three Post-medieval Burial Grounds in Tower Hamlets, East London 2004— 10 (reviewed by Nan A Rothschild)...... 319 E Griffith A Jacobean Company and its Playhouse: The Queen’s Servants at the Red Bull Theatre (c 1605—1619) (reviewed by Julian Bowsher)...... 320 P Guillery (ed) Woolwich, Survey of London Vol 48 (reviewed by Bridget Cherry)...... 322 A Saint & C Thom Battersea, Survey of London, Vol 49: Public, Commercial and Cultural and Vol 50: Houses and Housing (reviewed by Dorian Gerhold) 323 A Firth, N Callan, G Scott, T Gane & S Arnott London Gateway: Maritime in the Thames Estuary (reviewed by Chris Ellmers)...... 325 M Yelton & J Salmon Anglican Church-building in London 1946—2012 (reviewed by Andrew Saint)...... 327 D Berguer The Friern Hospital Story: the History of a Victorian Lunatic Asylum (reviewed by Diane Tough)...... 328 Index to volume 64...... 331 Printed pages or PDFs: Time for reflection

Many of you will remember LAMAS Transactions vol 55 for 2004, which marked the Society’s 150th anniversary. It contained an archaeological news round-up from 1855—56 (B Sloane ‘Archaeology in London: annual round-up and news for 1855/6’ Trans London Middlesex Archaeol Soc 55 (2004), 9—16). This article reminded us of the large amount of archaeological material that was being uncovered during the Victorian redevelopment of and sadly was often destroyed without being properly recorded despite the efforts of various antiquarians. Since 1855 a vast number of archaeological discoveries made within the Greater London area have been recorded in the pages of this journal and it is pleasing to see this process continuing. However, a combination of the quantity of archaeological fieldwork necessitated by development within the capital and the volume of specialised reports on diverse topics such as the study of ceramics, faunal remains and pollen analysis that accompany some of these reports means that we are rethinking the way that we publish archaeological data to avoid a single volume of the LAMAS Transactions being dominated by a few long reports. Instead we are proposing to try and publish selective specialised data in the LAMAS Transactions and make the complete texts, tables and illustrations of these contributions available via the Society’s website as PDF documents. This innovation will mean that archaeological reports will be shorter and therefore published sooner and that all related documents can be instantly downloaded for study. It has been agreed by the Society’s Council that in Vol 65, we will produce one article with PDF supplements as a trial and after this volume is published we will conduct a readership survey to see what our members think of this innovation, what their views on the present format of the LAMAS Transactions are and also inquire what use they are making of the web based back numbers of the LAMAS Transactions. We look forward to receiving your feedback on these issues. Barney Sloane (2004, 9) observed that ‘while the Society has always tried to look forward rather than back (often difficult in the fields of history and archaeology), there is room, on occasion to pause and ponder about where we have come from’ and where we go next.

Bruce Watson, Archaeological Editor London & Middlesex Archaeological Society Charity Registration No. 267552

ESTABLISHED IN 1855

Patrons: The Most Rev The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury; The Right Rev The Lord Bishop of London; The Right Hon The Lord Mayor of London; HM Lieutenant for Greater London and Custos Rotulorum; The Very Rev The Dean of St Paul’s Past Presidents: Rt Hon the Lord Londesborough, KCH, FRS, FSA (1855—1860); Rt Hon the Lord Talbot de Malahide, FRS, FSA (1860—1883); General A.L.F. Pitt-Rivers, FRS, VPSA (1883—1885); Edwin Freshfield, LLD, FSA (1885—1910); Sir Edward W. Brabrook, CB, Dir.S.A. (1910—1930); Sir Montagu Sharpe, KC, DL (1930—1942); Rt Hon the Earl of Strafford, JP (1943—1946); Col the Rt Hon Lord Nathan of Churt, FSA (1947—1949); William F. Grimes, CBE, MA, FSA (1950—1958); D.B. Harden, FBA, CBE, MA (1959—1964); R. Michael Robbins, CBE, MA, FSA (1965—1970); Arnold J. Taylor, CBE, MA, D.Litt, FBA, Hon VPSA, FR Hist S (1971—1973); Ralph Merrifield, BA, FSA, FMA (1974—1976); M.G. Hebditch, MA, FSA, FMA (1977—1979); Dr Valerie Pearl, MA, D.phil, FSA, FR Hist S (1980—1981); Professor John Wilkes, BA, PhD, FBA, FSA (1982—1985); John Kent, BA, PhD, FBA, FSA (1985—1988); Derek Renn, PhD, FIA, FSA, FSS (1988—1991); Hugh Chapman, BA, PhD, FSA, AMA (1991—1992†); Derek Renn, PhD, FIA, FSA, FSS (1992—1993); Harvey Sheldon, BSc, FSA (1993—1996); Mark Hassall, MA, FSA (1996—1999); Derek Keene, MA, D.phil (1999—2002); Professor Clive Orton, MA, CStat, MIFA, FSA (2002—2005); Dr Simon Thurley (2005—2008); Professor Caroline Barron, MA, PhD, FSA (2008—2011) President: PROFESSOR MARTIN BIDDLE Vice-Presidents: Miss E.D. Mercer, BA, FSA; W.J. Smith, MA, FR Hist S; L.S. Snell, MA, FSA, FR Hist S, FRSA; A. Tribe, FCA, FSA, ATII; J.A. Clark, MA, FSA, AMA; K.A. Bailey, MA; D.R. Webb, BA, ALA; Miss J. Macdonald, BA, FSA Council (as from AGM February 2013) Laura Schaaf, FSA, MIFA (Chairman); Colin Bowlt, BSc, FLS, PhD; Diane Tough; John Hinshelwood, MA; Rupert Morris, BA (Hons), Grad. ICSA; Jane Sidell, BA, MSc, PhD, MIFA; Barney Sloane, BA (Hons), FSA, AIFA; Robert Whytehead, BA (Hons), MIFA; Meriel Jeater, MA, AMA; Kathryn Stubbs, BA, MA, DipTP, MRTPI, IHBL; Kath Creed, BA, MA; Ed Johnson, BA MSc Ex officio (the officers mentioned under Rule 9): Honorary Treasurer Martin Williams, MBA; Honorary Secretary Karen Thomas, BA (Hons); Honorary Editor (Newsletter) Verity Anthony, BA (Hons), MA; Honorary Publications Secretary Karen Thomas, BA (Hons); Honorary Director of Lecture Meetings Cheryl Smith, MA; Honorary Librarian Miss S. Brooks, MA; Honorary Subscriptions and Membership Secretary Patricia Clarke; Production Editor (Transactions) Lynn Pitts, MA, D.phil, FSA Publications Committee: Chairman, John Schofield, BA, MSc, PhD, FSA, MIFA Archaeological Research Committee: Chairman, Harvey Sheldon, BSc, FSA Historic Building and Conservation Committee: Chairman, Jon M. Finney, DipArch, DipTP, IHBC Local History Committee: Chairman, Mrs Eileen Bowlt, JP, BA Honorary Auditor: Mr Stuart Forbes Bankers: CAF Bank Ltd (Charities Aid Foundation) and Barclays Bank Ltd (211 Regent Street Branch) London and Middlesex Archaeological Society

158th ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL FOR THE SUBSCRIPTION YEAR ENDING 30th SEPTEMBER 2013

Council met five times during the year. Members of Council and others continued to represent the Society at meetings of the Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Excavation Committee and the Council for British Archaeology London.

Lecture meetings The lecture series season ran from October 2012 to May 2013, in the Clore Learning Centre, Museum of London and was organised very successfully as always, by Cheryl Smith. All of the lectures were very well attended and Council would like to express its appreciation to Cheryl for her hard work in organising the lecture programme. The meetings began with John Clark, Emeritus Curator at the Museum of London, dispelling some popular myths with ‘Shaky Foundations: The Legendary Origins of some London Churches’. In November Caroline Shenton, Director of the Parliamentary Archives, Westminster, spoke about ‘The Day Parliament Burned Down’ and in December Kevin Brown, the Archivist and Curator at the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, told us all about doctors and nurses in Dickens’ novels with the interestingly titled ‘There is Nothing Like Dissecting to Give You an Appetite’. 2013 started with Julian Bowsher of Museum of London Archaeology talking on 20 years of Shakespearean Theatreland archaeology whilst the talk in March was given by Nick Holder, Lecturer in English History at Regent’s College, London, bringing us up to date on ‘The Medieval Church and Cloisters of Austin Friars’. In April Milly Farrell, Acting Curator at the Royal College of Surgeons, gave an interesting talk on ‘200 Years of the Hunterian Museum’ and in May, Christina Holloway, of the Copped Hall Trust Archaeological Project, gallantly stepped in at the last minute in place of John Shepherd who was unable to attend, to talk about recent discoveries at Copped Hall, Epping. At the AGM in February the President, Professor Martin Biddle, gave his second Presidential Address, on ‘London and the Saxons: Wheeler 80 Years On’. In April, Colin and Eileen Bowlt also organised a Saturday visit to Ruislip for a guided walk around the medieval settlement including Manor Farm. The trip was well attended and, despite the afternoon rain, much enjoyed by all.

Publications, Newsletter and Website The Newsletter appeared for the last time in January under the editorship of Meriel Jeater, who stepped down as editor at the 2013 AGM and was replaced by Verity Anthony for the May and September editions. It continues to include a wide range of reviews and short articles as well as news of the activities of our own and other societies. Council would like to express its thanks to Meriel for her work on the Newsletter over many years and welcome Verity to the post. Transactions volume 62 appeared and Council continues to appreciate the hard work carried out by our Production Editor, Lynn Pitts, our Hon Archaeological Editor, Bruce Watson, and our Hon Local History Editor, Eileen Bowlt. Our website is managed for us by Adam Lewis and continues to attract web users.

Membership (report by Pat Clark) Membership for the year was 647 (including 7 honorary and 18 life members) compared with 654 last year and 667 for 2011. 35 new members joined the Society, including 8 by way of the Society’s website and a further 16 using PayPal via the website. Research Fund Council had agreed that we would not be awarding a grant for the Research Fund for 2012/2013 due to unprecedented expenditure on the digitisation of the back numbers of Transactions for the website. We expect to be able to re-introduce the grant in the coming years.

Publications Committee (report by John Schofield, Chair) The Committee met three times during the year. Volume 62 of Transactions (for 2011) was published in November 2012. Work continued on the production of the new Special Paper, No.16, about the Norman motte at South Mimms, which was published in April 2013. We gave some thought to how the Society might publish large reports from several units, now becalmed in publication for lack of funds, but in the end nothing proved viable and the non-publication of these projects (all from recent developer-funded excavations) remains a serious problem for London archaeology. In the autumn of 2013 the text for a festschrift for a notable figure in London archaeology was presented and work started on preparing it for publication, aided by a grant from the City of London Archaeological Trust. This will be Special Paper 17.

Archaeology Committee (report by Jon Cotton, Secretary) The Archaeology Committee met four times during the year: in January, April, July and September. The Committee welcomed new members Kim Stabler and Jackie Keily, and also Sandy Kidd, the recently appointed head of the EH Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service (GLAAS). In addition links with the Society’s Historic Buildings Committee were strengthened. Regular reports on archaeological fieldwork and related matters were received from MOLA, GLAAS, and CBA London. One recurring topic of concern to the Committee has been the difficulties faced by a number of local authority museums across Greater London. This will require close monitoring and a co-ordinated response from interested parties. The Committee was particularly pleased to have facilitated the publication of John Kent’s excavations at South Mimms Castle as LAMAS Special Paper 16; the ultimate destination of the finds and written site archive remains to be determined. The Committee organised the 50th Annual Conference of London Archaeologists, held in the Weston Theatre at the MOL on 24 March. The morning session was chaired by Harvey Sheldon, who presented the 17th Ralph Merrifield Award to Peter Marsden in recognition of his long and valuable service to London archaeology in its formative years. The ensuing morning session contained talks on burials in Stevens Street, Bermondsey, a Saxon sunken featured building in Lambeth Palace Gardens, Convoys Wharf, and two City sites at 8—10 Moorgate and Bloomberg Place (Bucklersbury House). The afternoon session, ‘Fifty Years of London Archaeology – Past, Present and Future’ was chaired by Laura Schaaf, and celebrated the 50th conference of London archaeologists. It was addressed by Jon Cotton (London in prehistory); Harvey Sheldon (Roman London); current President Martin Biddle (Saxon London); John Clark (Medieval London); and Roy Stephenson (Post-Medieval London). The intention is to publish the afternoon session in Transactions in due course, with an introduction on the 1964 conference by Peter Marsden.

Local History Committee (report by John Hinshelwood, Secretary) The Committee held three meetings, in October 2012, and January and May, 2013. The Annual Local History Conference took place on 17 November 2012 at the Museum of London. The theme of the conference was ‘A Capital Way To Go: Death in London through the Ages’and consisted of six talks: ‘St Brides’s, Rich Man, Poor Man, Beggar Man, Thief’, Jelena Bekvalac, Curator Human Osteology, MoL; ‘I will have a stone to lye a pone me: Memory and Commemoration in Medieval London’, Christian Steer, Royal Holloway, ; ‘Mortality in London 1550—1800’, Peter Razzell, Historical Demographer; ‘The Gruesome History of Body Snatching’, Robert Stephenson, Guide in the City of London and at Kensal Green Cemetery; ‘From Here to Eternity: Victorian Developments in the Disposal of the Dead’, John Clarke, Head of Library Services at Great Ormond Street Hospital and Consultant Historian to Brookwood Cemetery; and ‘The Last Word: Epitaphs and Obituaries’, Brent Elliott, Historian, Royal Horticultural Society. The Local History Publications award presented during the annual conference in November 2012 was divided into two prizes, each of £100, to be given to the best book and the best journal published by an Affiliated Society between February 2011 and January 2012. The publications were judged on a range of criteria, the principal one being that it showed evidence of original research that added to the knowledge of the history of Greater London. The competition attracted nine books from seven societies, and nine societies submitted publications for the journals award. The book prize was awarded to Merton Historical Society for The Cranmers, The Canons and Park Place by E N Montague.The journal prize was awarded to Brentford and Chiswick Local History Society for the Brentford & Chiswick Local History Journal, No. 20. In October of 2012 a workshop co-hosted with the Museum of London, brought together fifteen people from schools, local museums and archives with members of societies affiliated to LAMAS to explore the local historian role in supporting the teaching of local history in schools. A full report of this workshop was published in the January 2013 Newsletter. Given the decision to charge £10 for future workshops, the Committee had reservations about the numbers of LAMAS members willing or able to attend and it was agreed to suspend further workshops.

Historic Buildings and Conservation Committee (report by Jon Finney, Chair) The Historic Buildings and Conservation Committee met monthly throughout the year; commenting on Listed Building Consent cases throughout Greater London on behalf of the CBA. The earlier part of the year saw a reduction in the number of cases due to changed procedures at the CBA though, after a meeting in May, we reverted to the previous system. The figures (and notable cases) for the early part of the year are as follows: January — 27 cases including proposals for the Shell Centre and in outer London, Tudor Cottages, Sidcup. February — 27 cases; featuring bridges with proposals for the Diamond Jubilee and Blackfriars Bridges. March — 17 cases including the Tower Bridgemaster’s House and Crystal Palace Pedestrian Subway. April — 17 cases with major schemes for a Maggie’s Centre at Barts and for Smithfield General Market. May — 16 cases including the latest proposals for Convoys Wharf and for the Temperate House, Kew. From the summer, as noted, the number of cases increased again, as follows: June — 61 cases including schemes for the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the London Apollo Theatre. July — 85 cases with complex schemes for the BBC TV Centre and Mount Pleasant Sorting Office sites. August — 55 cases; another complex scheme at ‘Fortress Wapping’ and proposals for Kenton Lane Farm. September — 39 cases, proposals for the Gatehouse, Woolwich Arsenal and for a Korean War Memorial. October — 48 cases including proposals for Eastcote House Gardens and for Olympia. November — 47 cases with controversial proposals for Headstone Great Barn and for Billiter Street. December — 44 cases including complex proposals for Somerset House and for the Old Vic Theatre. So, overall the Committee has dealt with nearly 500 cases, that is about 40 per meeting; and I want to thank all of the Committee members for their patience and hard work during the year In September we also held the first ‘London Heritage’ Conference, an all-day event looking at historic buildings through the ages – focusing on particular structures that we had considered and that are, or had been, ‘at Risk’. The morning saw talks about ’s Roman walls, two medieval Great Barns in Hillingdon, the Georgian terrace house with Fournier Street as the exemplar, the Horniman Museum’s Victorian conservatory, and the 1936 Finsbury Health Centre. In the afternoon, there were three sessions on more complex sites; Convoys Wharf, Deptford; Middlesex Hospital site and Cleveland Street Workhouse; and Kings Cross/St Pancras – specifically the Western concourse and conservation work at Kings Cross carried out by John McAslan & Partners. The day seems to have been very successful and enjoyable and many thanks are due to all the speakers who, without exception, gave first rate presentations. Over the next year, the Committee aims to re-invigorate its HAR programme – chasing progress on some of the more obscure buildings ‘at Risk’ – those that lack glamour, and the publicity that goes with it. We are also discussing with EH and the London Forum, the idea of joint Training Seminars for any Affiliated Amenity Societies (how to most effectively respond to Planning/Consent Applications), and, later in the year, a possible seminar on the vexed question of high buildings in the City.

BY DIRECTION OF COUNCIL

Laura Schaaf Karen Thomas Chairman of Council Hon Secretary LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 SEPTEMBER 2013

2012 Incoming Resources 2013 2012 Resources Expended 2013 £ £ £ £ Publications 9,383 Subscriptions 12,422 13,877 - LAMAS Transactions 14,762 800 Gift Aid 1,277 2,178 - Newsletter 1,949 5,120 Grants for LAMAS Transactions 5,840 360 - LAMAS Website www.lamas.org.uk 360 97 Sale of Publications 1,370 1,528 Conference Expenses 2,183 3,221 Conferences Income 5,660 338 Lecture Series Expense 591 100 Lecture Series Income 91 243 Postage, Printing and Stationery 1,173 130 Interest 90 58 Subscriptions 0 585 Donations Received 215 76 Bank Charges 243 1,958 Provisions Retired 2,377 4,904 Research 0 985 South Mimms Reports 4,050 600 Central London Young Archaeologists’ Club 0 100 Ralph Merrifield Award 100 125 Workshops 100 21,394 Total Incoming Resources 29,342 1,915 Direct Debit Facility 312 2,893 Scanning of Early Editions of LAMAS Transactions 0 8,844 Net Outgoing /(Incoming) Resources (3,469) 58 Miscellaneous Expenditure 50

£30,238 £25,873 £30,238 Total Resources Expended £25,873 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30 SEPTEMBER 2013

2012 ASSETS 2013 2012 FUNDS OF THE SOCIETY 2013 £ £ £ £ 1,647 Bank & Cash Balances 1,785 Restricted Funds 67,119 Savings Accounts 60,652 14,468 Publications Fund 12,468 2,619 Debtors 1,668 Unrestricted Funds 71,385 Total Assets 64,105 50,921 Accumulated Funds brought forward 42,077 (8,844) Net Funds Movement for the Period 3,469 Less: LIABILITIES 42,077 45,546 Provisions 2,377 Future Publications 0 9,859 Research Grants 4,904 2,604 Creditors 1,187 14,840 Total Liabilities 6,091

£56,545 Total Net Assets £58,014 £56,545 Total Funds £58,014

Notes to the Accounts 1 These accounts have been prepared on an accruals basis. 2 The Statement of Financial Activity and Balance Sheet have been prepared using a natural classification in accordance with the Charities Act 2011. 3 Restricted Funds are Funds whose use has been restricted by the donor, .

Independent Examiner’s Report to the Trustees of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society

Having examined the finances of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society for the year ended 30th September 2013 and having received satisfactory explanations to my enquiries I find the attached Statement of FinancialActivities and Balance Sheet to be in accordance with the Society’s accounts and records and to comply with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011.

Stuart S. Forbes Independent Examiner 4 Gable Court, Lawrie Park Avenue London SE26 6HR (Signed) S.S. Forbes 22nd January 2014