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Use of Force by the Toronto Police Service Final Report

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Use of Force by the Toronto Police Service Final Report Use of force by the Toronto Police Service Final report Dr. Scot Wortley, PhD, Associate Professor Centre of Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto Dr. Ayobami Laniyonu, PhD, Assistant Professor Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto Erick Laming, Doctoral Candidate Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto Use of force by the Toronto Police Service Final report Dr. Scot Wortley, PhD, Associate Professor Centre of Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto Dr. Ayobami Laniyonu, PhD, Assistant Professor Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies University of Toronto Erick Laming, Doctoral Candidate Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto Submitted to the Ontario Human Rights Commission: July 2020 ISBN: 978-1-4868-4617-7 PRINT 978-1-4868-4618-4 PDF © 2020, Government of Ontario Use of force by the Toronto Police Service Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 Part A: ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Literature review: race and police use of force .................................................................. 5 Race and use of force: American research ................................................................................ 8 Race and use of force: Canadian research ................................................................................ 9 Racial disparity in context.......................................................................................................... 12 The results of multivariate analyses ........................................................................................ 22 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Part B: Community perceptions of racial bias .................................................................. 29 Part C: An examination of Special Investigations Unit cases involving the Toronto Police Service .............................................................................................. 34 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 34 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 35 Measuring racial disparity ......................................................................................................... 38 Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 40 The impact of sex ....................................................................................................................... 41 Cause of civilian injury ............................................................................................................... 44 Civilian injury not caused by police .......................................................................................... 46 Civilian injury caused by police-involved traffic accidents ..................................................... 46 Sexual assault cases ................................................................................................................... 47 Police use of force cases ............................................................................................................ 52 Police shooting cases ................................................................................................................. 56 Police use of force cases that resulted in civilian death ........................................................ 57 Police shooting deaths ............................................................................................................... 59 The context of police use of force ...................................................................................... 62 Civilian behaviour at time of use of force encounter ............................................................. 62 Possession of a weapon ............................................................................................................ 64 Possession of a weapon during police shootings ................................................................... 67 Civilian criminal history at time of police use of force incidents .......................................... 68 Civilian mental health at time of police use of force incidents ............................................. 69 Civilian impairment at time of police encounter .................................................................... 71 Type of police contact ................................................................................................................ 72 Community-level crime rates .................................................................................................... 74 Outcomes of SIU investigations ................................................................................................ 78 _______________________________________________________ Ontario Human Rights Commission 1 Use of force by the Toronto Police Service Problems with police cooperation ........................................................................................... 80 Toronto-American comparisons ............................................................................................... 82 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 84 Part D: An analysis of TPS “lower-level” use of force cases ............................................. 86 Coders’ process of identifying and coding lower-level use of force cases ......................... 88 Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 90 Representation in TPS use of force reports ............................................................................ 93 Type of force used by TPS officers ........................................................................................... 94 Type of civilian injury ................................................................................................................. 96 Involvement of paramedics ....................................................................................................... 97 Location of civilian medical treatment ..................................................................................... 98 Nature of police contact ............................................................................................................ 99 Civilian behaviour during use of force incident .................................................................... 101 Civilian weapons .......................................................................................................................102 How civilian weapon identified ............................................................................................... 103 Civilian arrests ..........................................................................................................................104 Fled police custody ................................................................................................................... 105 Resisting arrest charges........................................................................................................... 106 Civilian criminal record ............................................................................................................ 107 Civilian substance use .............................................................................................................. 107 Civilian mental health .............................................................................................................. 109 Community-level crime rates .................................................................................................. 110 Summary ...................................................................................................................................112 Part E – Multivariate analysis of use of force cases ....................................................... 116 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................116 The data .....................................................................................................................................117 Variables ....................................................................................................................................117 Results .......................................................................................................................................118 Results from models that exclude patrol zones 51 and 52 ................................................. 122 Conclusion and limitations ...................................................................................................... 124 Part F: Explaining Black over-representation in police use of force statistics .......... 126 Explanatory models ................................................................................................................
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