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R U In partial fulfillment of partialfulfillment the In requ E NHEALTHYAND - A SSEMBLING SSEMBLING Department of Sociology and SocialAnthropology and Department Sociology of Supervisors: Macario Bag Central European University Central European

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Budapest, Hungary Budapest, F

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OOD ANDOOD Submitted to P ANGEROUS ANGEROUS Prof. Jean Prof. Geva Dorit HILIPPINES - 2015 ayan Lacbawan Jr. ayan Arts irements for the degree of Master forirements of the degree of By

- Louis Fabiani Louis

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form groups, fuse meanings, and create associations associations create and meanings, fuse groups, form the describe how and landscape thesocial tread actors howto follow ABSTRACT social world actions their following by practices food contentious how we presupposing than oppositions Rather frames. people multiple with practice failure with engages inver l international and local to both by protected try practice the foregrounding of supporters hand, dog align that assemblages produce (AKF) Foundation Kingdom Animal and rights. human and dog defusing or fusing by how trace to assemblage frames.

must change gear and refocus on how act how on refocus and gear change must

s’ to deal with the quotidian quotidian the with deal to In this thesis, In this

- nesadn of understanding eating ,

.

or an epiphenomenon of productive forces, I opine that that opine I forces, productive of epiphenomenon an or

previous

dog The key to understanding any social phenomenon is phenomenon social any understanding to key The with More specifically, NGOs such as such NGOs specifically, More - et osmto a a etteet ht is that entitlement an as consumption meat

I employ Bruno Latour Bruno Iemploy sanitation

attempts NGOs and other actors create assemblages create actors other and NGOs - aig with eating

od s nlcin o de binary deep of inflections as food , violence and violence , i

to ways analyze icuss on discourses

in egal codes egal

hc atr bnl the bundle actors which ’s ors themselves ors

epidemic

reconceptualization of reconceptualization dog tee lis by claims these t - eating .

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LinisGobyerno

from it epidemic dirt, his thesis also thesis his . On the other the On . n flat a in and their their and

different interpret tened y -

CEU eTD Collection you.Program” inme,thank Louis Jean Prof. To imagination. of figment a never is memory how of reminders constant are Nini and Reaksm Weronika, Tusher, world, the of side other the company From Kristina. and Nikhil their with sane me ideas keeping my bring For me fruition. helped into who people several to gratitude my express to want I emotions. scholarship of piece screen computer aft concocted is that thing academic of think always We - Fabiani and Prof. Dorit Geva, my two brilliant supervisors who tamed the “Strongthe tamed who supervisors brilliant Geva,mytwo Dorit Prof. and Fabiani

or spending days of self of days spending or

because er long nights of reading books and staring like a clue a like staring and books reading of nights long er

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or hs s a is this work

S. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER Conclusion 5: CHAPTER CHAPTER 3: Methodology Assembling of/in CHAPTER Essentialist, 2: Materialist and Other CHAPTER I: Problematic Canine ofCo Table 4.4: Sowhat?4.4: Strategic bundling andassemblage Eating4.3: my pet? The4.2: Dirty and Violent Eating! 4.1: Mise Tracing3.4: Interpretive Assemblages Coding3.3: Association Where3.2: to Trace Associations? Actors,3.1: Players, Landscape and Networks Assembling2.4: Eating: Towards anAlternative Weakness2.3: in the Strong Program: a alternative?failed Essentialized2.2: deep structure of eating Omniscient2.1: matter 4.3.3: Assembling4.3.3: food and politics of culture 4.3.2 Aestheticization4.3.1: of eating Tripartite4.2.4: Assemblage: Dirt, Epidemic and Violence 4.2.3: Mundane violent eater Geography4.2.2: of Policy: Codifying Spaces Eating of 4.2.1 The4.1.4: Publicness of slaughtering andviolence 4.1.3: Orientalized4.1.2: Dog Ritualized4.1.1: Offering : Consuming: Dirt and Constructionthe Foodof Epidemic : : Internal and External Domestication of FoodEntitlement

Displaying Violent Eaters – 4: Assembling4: Dog

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,

dog

which , piiul apiy dog amplify eptitiously in run only not does

o te tension the how vs. year, at least 200,000 dogs are slaughtered for their meat in the Philippines the in meat their for slaughtered are dogs 200,000 least at year, which

- within within on

eating cred” “modernity”

dog indirectly recognizes practices of indigenous communitie indigenous of practices recognizes indirectly

the , dog hrceie postcolonial characterizes

on dog

the rubrics of rubrics the - ( is linked is cultural heritage. Therefore, the existence of two conflicting two of existence the Therefore, heritage. cultural n role and eating. - eating rsists despite the presence of of presence the despite rsists

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Unfortunately, t Unfortunately, have have eeae b tee ofitn dsore d nt xs in exist not do discourses conflicting these by generated .

CHAPTER I

) to cultural rights cultural to cultural rights cultural

epiphenomenon of how it transgresses state state transgresses it how of epiphenomenon Instead

f a and law of and local non local and

meanings h cont the

legal legal eoe ready a become - aig no n su byn jdca script. judicial beyond issue an into eating

te binary the , explanation ent :

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Philippines is - government organizations. Instead of bowing to to bowing of Instead organizations. government

f ulc eae bt also but debates public of 1

and animal welfare animal and

analysis

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eating an ambivalent practice that that practice ambivalent an eating the to recognize the non the recognize to s animal welfare animal es

nml welfare animal between Indigenous Peoples Right Act Right Peoples Indigenous

a highly ambivalent practice ambivalent highly a

, reflect a

dominant view dominant

law law

s, such as dog as such s, - ht s invoked is that the aig eoe a becomes eating appears regulations

and g and

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- ? Two specific guide butinterlockingresearch thesis: questions this analytic f analytic eating? eating?

concept of concept n hs hss I rvd an provide I thesis, this In m and deep structures deep and m on tly

or an associative process associative an or

the level of state contr state of level the ojc of object n bundl

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assembled andassembled of trace associations trace o do How ramework. ramework. Bruno Latour Bruno o shlrhp n aig is eating on scholarship how . e

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on assemblage ow do we we do ow and fuse frames and discourses and frames fuse and

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we explain explain we conflicting - - eating toi eating with discourses on dirt, epidemic, violence and human human and violence epidemic, dirt, on discourses with eating More spec More deployed

interpret (2005)

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and the contingency of social action social of contingency the and in ol

map

where are dentify howNGOs andother actorscreate con o hw ifrn so different how of account food yblc interpretation symbolic

. ifically, Bruno Latour’s Bruno ifically,

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peoples’ reaction to contentious food practices such such practices food contentious to reaction peoples’ ping sewn together in an alignment to construct coherent construct to alignment an in together sewn engage with engage

present how present ihu rsrig o an to resorting without l actors embody dog l actors toward competing meanings about ethnicity, citizenship, citizenship, ethnicity, about meanings competing

2 the contour and path of of path and contour the

dominated

into coherent interpretive assemblage interpretive coherent into the conc the eritage and law law and eritage his ern and contemporary theories on theories contemporary and ern

core .

critical ept by competing emphasis on on emphasis competing by oe pcfcly I specifically, More assumptions

il cos sebe dog assemble actors cial o f elucidation

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eating as a contingent process. contingent a as eating like od coas ed o ul ocps s explanatory as concepts pull to tend scholars food s chapter

Marshall Sahlins and Sahlins MarvinMarshall Harris c frames like class, ideology, hegemony or even culture. Yet, as in most cases, most in as Yet, culture. even or hegemony ideology, class, like frames c C HAPTER

, I , od n te c o etn dfiut o i down pin to difficult eating of act the and food outline dominant strands ofanalytic outline engagement I engage with an alternative framework by tapping into the works on on works the into tapping by framework alternative an with engage I weak

2 : ocial entitie ocial Essentialist, Materialist Other and Essentialist, rpeettv ltrtr o tee poie oe cud be could poles opposite these of literature representative A aayi (lxne & mt 2003). Smith & (Alexander analysis ” nstructing their

In the next chapter next the In s (i.e. labor, social movements social labor, (i.e. s is 4 dblttd y n on an by debilitated )

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argument rame to understand peoples’ reaction peoples’ understand to rame , I ,

against provide an extensive an provide es x machina ex deus

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omplex phenomenon omplex

and and food studies. First, Istudies. First, food and revolution and hl ti delivers this While rce that h that rce

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ontentious hrec i American in bhorrence prioritizes the infrastructural base as the genesis of cultural practice. practice. culturalof genesis the as base infrastructuralthe prioritizes

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o lutae i cam Hri eueae hw rhbtn consumptio prohibiting how enumerates Harris claim, his illustrate To ly, t ly, in

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have additional anthropological rendition of Marx’s materialist approach materialist Marx’s of rendition anthropological t Anthropology t

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considers (1966) it a

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f avn ars (1966 Harris Marvin of f attent of

nt with a ma a with nt material opines that the sacredness the that opines provide

tutrls acut of account structuralist the cattle io In to support to ul in my analysis. analysis. my in ul s cheap fuel for for fuel cheap s i te social the in n one of of one the sacred the ’s terialist brand brand terialist .

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tries to resurrect Marxist tradition in anthropology and put forward an argument an forward put and anthropology in tradition Marxist resurrect to tries theology (Harris1966: whi of system ecological “positive in bought be cattle …e oin f aorbe ucin mle a oiie ut positive a implies function favourable of notion - xplanation of taboos, customs, and rituals associated with management of Indian of management with associated rituals and customs, taboos, of xplanation eating is approached by Filipino by approached is eating .

With an unwavering influence of Marxist philosophy, the manner through through manner the philosophy, Marxist of influence unwavering an With ars agmn ms be must argument Harris’ in the in utilit source - eating, we we eating, ’s

51 , ars clua mtraim os o poie convincing provide not does materialism cultural Harris’ y,

ch they are a part of, rather than in the influence of Hindu of influence the in than rather of, part a are they ch decision about their food habit food their about decision 70s where the dominance of ethnoscience and neoevolotionar ethnoscience dominanceof and where the 70s ).

erialist account of food has found its lifeblood in Philippine in lifeblood its found has food of account erialist

to keep a constant supply of food. However, this However,supply food.constant of akeep to - ucind ad rbby aatv” rcse o the of processes “adaptive” probably and functioned” rdcie forces productive can can tility one cantilityhis cattle one achieve by keeping - hre pbi dsore a equally as discourses public charged c

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s food of landscape the dominated has that strand Another For Sahlins, t Sahlins, For Essentialized deep structure ofe Essentialized deep structure

eiae ehiiy n, t ie, acln virility. masculine times, at and, ethnicity heritage, of structuralist anthropologists, like Marshal Sahlins, who consider the existence of of existence the consider who Sahlins, Marshal like anthropologists, structuralist of of protein. . As I have argued in my previous work, previous my in argued have I As . happen will still illegaltrades these resolved, are issues poverty Unless these that? on meat,whythem judge of concept meat of a fromthem eating you forbid steak. How can to don’t haveaccess people Poor ls in a classificatory pattern. als in about

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he primary reason why Americans do not recognize dog as an ed an as dog recognize not do Americans why reason primary he the presence of presence the

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behaviour human emotion. human - rigid aig n mrcn oit a rpiain f oe that codes of replication as society American in eating ating

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he popularity of dog cuisine springs from springs cuisine dog of popularity he

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chicken, pig, and and pig, chicken,

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This means that means This

and pet vs. food vs. pet for of American diet American of edible over

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aig wih ol b atiue t hs ls affinity close his to attributed be could which eating, , iaim Mr ta ti, h cmlxt o Aeia de i dfiut to difficult is diet American of complexity the this, than More binarism. ifrnits nenl rm xenl self. external from internal differentiates domesticated animal

ing iscannibalism!ing - innards innards inedible

or the internal organ of your own familyyourown member. of organ internal the or

binary explain our case our explain binary organs, such as liver, intestines and kidneys, are are kidneys, and intestines liver, as such organs, . 99). 99). . springs /

inflects inner self inner the inner the

for consumption for as they as opposition opposition consuming

from how Americans how from and

ssureean or Levi or ssureean the disgust over the the over disgust the

- - are domesticated are outer binary outer outer object object outer

eating eating

often produce a sense of horror as they signify the the signify they as horror of sense a produce often between (Sahlins 1990: 99) and anything external can be be can external anything and 99) 1990: (Sahlins dog us duplicates within the animal the differentiation differentiation the animal the within duplicates us ? 8 them . internal For one, For

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Quoting words, hisown and chicken stew because these animals are animals these because stew chicken and meat or must we subject our analysis by assuming by analysis our subject we must or

object binari informs is synonymous to synonymous is

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external there are clear drawbacks in Sahlins’ Sahlins’ in drawbacks clear are there to become to eating es. The es. mark - subj ic dg ae bet o human of objects are dogs Since

how “we (Americans) conceive (Americans) “we how - inspired ect

animals of innards of or taste

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in relation in

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of human emotion human of Voila, - or internal organs internal or not different not object

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er) or account the diachronic transformation of guts of transformation diachronic the account or er)

to escape the materialist account in the works of prominent food anthropologist food prominent of works the in account materialist the escape to interrogate how interrogate , while the strength of of strength the while , presence the

(1977), it has nevertheless committed the same the committed nevertheless has it (1977), - oppositions Strong Program Strong

weakness f nvra structures universal of

sociology .

- Similarly, a Similarly, internal organs internal echoes a echoes . Are there any possible alternatives to ameliorate what we we what ameliorate to alternatives possible any there Are mnn uh s dog as such omenon es Sahlins

: afailed a in , which culls its theoretical ancestry from symbolic symbolic from ancestry theoretical its culls which ,

severe form of essentialist stance (Fuchs 2005) or an or 2005) (Fuchs stance essentialist of form severe Harris’ and Sahlins’ explanation Sahlins’ and Harris’

closer look into the function of dogs in Philippine Philippine in dogs of function the into look closer ’ framework in e in framework ’ 9 are made are

lternative?

ht short that - eating needs an analytic framework framework analytic an needs eating into popular cuisines (i.e. pig’s feet, pig’s (i.e. cuisines popular into

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soul food associated with associated food soul pet andas food. pet s - ? aig i fis to fails it eating, existence of deep deep of existence

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CEU eTD Collection Republic. Czech University, Masaryk thesis. MA Unpublished 1 dog thrown has principles a into spiraled has culture Filipino of symbol national that ritual of component sacred as treated is practice the hand, other dog considers group binary by informed is diverse, dog frame that oppositions however debate, The rights. cultural of supporters and interaction employing By Philippines. meaning the an and welfare animal is of ambiguity protection the how for advocate account separately that binaries into legal competing taking of epiphenomenon by studies food into sociology cultural of conduct ofhuman affairs. are discourses public superstructure. over influence permanent a hold not mea of genesis the as sphere economic of independence the Program, reality. social the alter autonomously through that autonomy codes binary cultural of of existence omniscient idea old an forward put has structures on stress The deep of inflection an is meaning public of thicket the how charting creatively by analysis social of landscape the treads Program Strong the binaries, of universality the about dog over

“ Interpreting Food: Ambiguity and Competing Competing and Ambiguity Food: Interpreting In my previous work previous my In - eat

of meanings employed by two groups of social actors: animal welfare advocates welfare animal actors: social of groups two by employed meanings of ing. By emphasizing at the core of its explanation the long the explanation its of core the at emphasizing By ing. - structures that inform the contested food practice of eating dogs in the the in dogs eating of practice food contested the inform that structures recognition of dog of recognition -

eatin considered

1 g as violation of animal rights and rights animal of violation as g - , - eating into a contemporary illustration of cultural ambiguity, or a or ambiguity, cultural of illustration contemporary a into eating eating in a polarized image. On the one hand, the animal welfare animal the hand, one the On image. polarized a in eating I have argued for an analysis that transposes the Strong Program Strong the transposes that analysis an for argued have I tutrl hermeneutics structural

autonomous social facts that impose coercive coercive impose that facts social autonomous

since the 1970s the since - eating as a cultural heritage. In that paper, I unpacked unpacked I paper, that In heritage. cultural a as eating enns n Dog on Meanings 10

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ln ti line this Along of tog Program Strong

an insignia of barbarism. On the On barbarism. of insignia an - aig n h Philippines the in eating antagonism of these legal these of antagonism , collective codes and and codes collective , ning and structure do structure and ning - running presumption running I nlzd the analyzed I , effect I n the Strong Strong the n

structures.

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existence of deep structures. deep of existence , for example, for , - or eating, it fails to account the accountto fails it eating, are material

h fatos su oe dog over issue fractious the tradition andchange. the role of competing of role the

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has

simply simply

oevr wie hv otie te une o hw dog how of nuances the outlined have I while Moreover, ee a ecuie ucm o hw iiio bek ea cds that codes legal break Filipinos how of outcome exclusive an never

attempts of slippage away from a neat binary opposition of legal vs. legal of opposition binary neat a from away slippage of attempts

and revealed t , pcfcly cmeig iw o scaiy n dr ae tlzd to utilized are dirt and sacrality of views competing Specifically, highly e rms o cpuig rcse o smoi itrrtto is interpretation symbolic of processes capturing of promise he

determined bystructures. deep noig ukems iaim s onainl tutr o all of structure foundational as binarism Durkheim’s invoking - based an based -

structuralist structuralist

structures allows for an alternative reading of food practices food of reading alternative an for allows structures several elements that I missed in my previous work. These work. previous my in missed I that elements several

E ven if ven processual alysis, the Strong Program emphasizes the autonomy the emphasizes Program Strong the alysis, - aig eut from results eating emnuial driven hermeneutically

it tradition of cultural sociology. cultural of tradition 11 employs What What

To some degree some To

unfolding of meaning as it presupposes an presupposes it as meaning of unfolding emerge

a meaning a

the rm uh n analysis an such from , this this ,

clash con o hw diverging how of account - centered analysis with its its with analysis centered failure

f different of d dniy n the in identity nd hile

I was not able to to able not was I is a consequencea is - reading of my my of reading its

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cultural cultural is is g

an a CEU eTD Collection eating come and work Latour’s I section, dog account we without analysis d and ideology) and class (i.e. concepts abandon simply we Do assumptions? 2.4: diachronic ofinternalpopular cuisines. transformation organs into lend that framework observe to fails one subject, the about approaching the ( denies structures creative rooted deeply from spring that twigs small as or forces productive world empirical the in class a B analysis. of novelty the discredit completely not do I paragraphs, a Again, explanation. tautological not, if incomplete, an of risk the runs structures deep or forces productive to character its subsuming by food on investigation myself). (including Sahlins Marshall and Harris Marvin of works the any predilectionthe analysis. I argue that this tendency has brought more problems than provide a provide than problems more brought has tendency this that argue I analysis. How then must we study food or any social elements if we do not start with start not do we if elements social any or food study we must then How t More Assembling Eating . e m sat y lrfig o I eie sebae and assemblage define I how clarifying by start me Let sacrality upon sacrality r destructive or at o xed y icsin n epoe the explore and discussion my extend to want . ut to start an start to ut han what I have I what han For instance, instance, For eutvl te adcp o s of landscape the deductively

to - tool aig ihu jmig o iais r o te analytic other to or binaries to jumping without eating forward an assumption an forward s

to help us wade through the complexity of the social world? How do How world? social the of complexity the through wade us help to : Towards anAlternative : Towards

India’ inquiry at truh hc idvdas ie r eue meanings. defuse or give individuals which through acts ) - delivers up with a more convincing argument about argument convincing more a with up Marvin Harris has unwittingly turned a blind eye to cultural codes cultural to eye blind a turned unwittingly has Harris Marvin discussed s cattle while Marshall Sahlins is incapacitated to deal with the the with deal to incapacitated is Sahlins Marshall while cattle s

that

n incomplete an

seeks to seeks

as inherent lack in my work, the weakness weakness the work, my in lack inherent as

about the nature of food even before the conduct of of conduct the before even food natureof the about interactions ca aayi wt a rdtrie assumption predetermined a with analysis ocial

“verify” the existence of such analytic concepts analytic such of existence the “verify” 12

work.

o ujc fo a hmlgu to homologous as food subject To ht o not do that concept

s I said in the preceding the in said I s f sebae n Bruno in assemblage of o i oeae i this in operates it how - its b ased or a materialist materialist a or ased confirm

applicability to dog to applicability

To

frames? frames? commence

h analytic the v it our into ive also nswers to nswers analytic analytic In this this In lies in lies

By By an an - CEU eTD Collection traces individuals catch to ability the core its in has explanation sociological “lines” as assemblage of conception original Guattari’s by world social the trace of sociology alignment is what an constitutes assemblage. effects intended prescribe informaticsdestructiveor to attempts that 2007) (Li alignment or context multipl Rather, relationship. chaotic a in exist things conjure necessarily not does rhizome a as world the Conceiving end. or beginning no with influences and forces filling directions, possible all to spread that surfaces like are society and culture model, this In struggle. social of points at looking by con commence must reality social elucidating at attempt any such, allowing by explanation to amenable ontol the Latour accomplish To research. nection among semiotic chains, power organization and the immediate circumstances of of circumstances immediate the and organization power chains, semiotic among nection eael, h cnet f assemblage of concept the Relatedly, of legacy enduring An

(Luckhurst 2006) (Luckhurst

the “initial” seed to build his ideasthe “initial” his seedtobuild and deterritorialization an constitutes 3)1980: speeds of measurable and movements lines this, All rupture. ph and flight,acceleration of produce contrary, the on lines or, viscosity, these of and slowness relative on flow lines of rates Comparative also destratification. but and strata segmentarity, territories; or articulation of lines are there things, all in as book, a In ogical nature of the social world as as world social the of nature ogical

has the social the

. informed informed

- in fissures and carving their own niche. They are map are They niche. own their carving and fissures in - up an image of a humongous social field where all imaginable forms and and forms imaginable all where field social humongous a of image an up

that . An i

. The process of aligning or the production of points of convergenceof points of productionaligning the processof Theor . hs task this the

follow is predicated on an an on predicated is Gilles nvestigatio

naos attempt infamous ing Quoting theirQuoting words, , I want to revisit a pair of thinkers who who thinkers of pair a revisit to want I , Deleuze and Deleuze

“ h atr themselves actors the utpe non multiple, n . should catch, should

s a as 13 effort

Felix rhizomatic f aor (2005) Latour of non

- to Guattari irrhcl nr ad xt points exit and entry hierarchical

assemblage e elements are gathered into a single single a into gathered are elements e -

hierarchical explain or nodes or . Such peculiar nature is only only is nature peculiar Such . (. 12). (p. ”

(1988)

the , Dlue Guattari & (Deleuze he networks ie of line

o u frad a forward put to

is an assumption about assumption an is opines rm eez’ and Deleuze’s From s of wide array of of array wide of s by following their their following by nmn of enomena

articulation

of interaction or interaction of that a veritable a that have provided provided have -

productive, productive,

As . new new and

CEU eTD Collection be understood. dog which within a boundary ideascreate tries opposing discursive tosilence and o Each 5). 2005: Collier & (Ong elements” heterogeneous of “ensembles of out order conjuring or alignment producing of process active the to contingent dog how of analysis an to points assemblage on emphasis the Hence, detail. minute dog of account anomalous and accepted separates that boundary dog multiple of out meanings assemblages durable creating at attempts competing from (Latour 2005). ins social and individuals their convinceothers to is goalend intersecting fromwhose builtactors is that one is assemblages durable or articulations of lines coherent Each actants articulations. of lines coherent networ a meanings o into movement - In this paper, I argue that the fractious issue over dog over issue fractious the that argue I paper, this In that This implies eating must be understood. In such a a such In understood. be must eating network of them of

associa new the define they have been forced establish”to ( best could accounts which together, fit it make to elaborated have they methods which hands, their in become has existence collective “… in Latour’s word) that forge and break alliance and association to fulfill their claims. their fulfill to association and alliance break and forge that word) Latour’s in k of relation with other with relation of k . These alignments endeavor to propose and deify a a deifyand propose to endeavor alignments These .

individual n epaie o te fr gopns or groupings form they how emphasize and

tries to convince other other convince to tries of

ne association. association. ne

support with their often wild innovations in order to learn from them what the what them from learn to order in innovations wild often their with one must start by following the network the one start must byfollowingtheor ers titutions win acceptance of a distinct form of knowledge of form distinct a of acceptance win titutions . In every attempt to form coherent lines of articulation, objects, articulation, of lines coherent form to attempt every In

A This network of relations is composed of different of composed is relations of network This actors, ssemblage by

fuse, defuse and refuse meanings and discourses into discourses and meanings refuse and defuse fuse, expanding the network of relationship while building building while relationship of network the expanding Latour 2005: 12

then is then 14 horizon

the process through which social actorswhichthe processsocial through te oe f o i set u ad the and out spelt is dog of role the ,

(Spinuzzi 2008). (Spinuzzi ).

assemble - eating in the Philippines springs Philippines the in eating horizon f these attempts at assemblage at attempts these f - eating is enume is eating twist andturns twist

in which the practice of of practice the which in ies discourses diverse Hence in that tions , an assemblage an ,

by expanding - frames and and frames eating must eating must rated to its its to rated

actors (or (or actors of actors’ of actors’

- eating is eating or claim or

and , in

CEU eTD Collection invoke assemblages These actors. diverse by policies) (i.e. elements various assembling situate to is a strategy their shifting and another to policy one bundling by assemblages build actors Social forces. contingent to adapting constantly and changing on keeps that configuration particular into created and deployed gamutelements of ass interactio the from springs a as interpreted highly dog actors social other and NGOs (i.e. is action social 2005) interrogate to means different render would that analysis account “interactionist” or “structural” from society of framing priori but terms. same the in them describing by of principle human of nature embling - they Briefly, i Undeniably, eating class, Hw does How .

- re rlto a scooia ivsiain hud o b te to tied be not should investigation sociological as relation order contingent process. That is, peoples’ engagement with engagement peoples’ is, That process. contingent

are

.

dooy dsore clue, wn to want I culture), discourse, ideology, infe te cie process active the signifies generalized symmetry generalized oe udmnal, a putti am I fundamentally, More only realized and generated and realized only n this n this h fatos su oe dog over issue fractious the elucidated

residue uh a such inter h picpe f symmetry of principle the to thesis

construct aninterpretationconstruct action

, Iexplore , f btat xenl elte bt ahr n on an rather but realities external abstract of eiiin is definition

in other sociological traditions traditions sociological other in ns of various elements. elements. various of ns .

try to build assemblages out of various meanings and frames to frames and meanings various of out assemblages build to try At h cr o Latour’s of core the

where

ccording to the nature of the problem. the of nature the to ccording the ways inwhic Certainly nepne b a udmna asmto aot the about assumption fundamental a by underpinned

in entities in a in entities in

hc a individual an which

- the network of relations. of network the 15 aig s rsl o cnlcig teps at attempts conflicting of result a as eating

ng fit to my overall project? project? overall my to fit .

, differences are indelible are differences ,

forward an important image of action as as action of image important an forward launch h specific assemblages on dog specific assemblages on h n assemblage n nepeig dog Interpreting Actor by various

y netgto b taig how tracing by investigation my firstl - dog ewr Theory Network

s yadapting elements -

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r oil groups social or have to have r o utmz tools customize to or -

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In contrast to how how to contrast In M elements in society in elements an separately be treated be

an analytic focus focus analytic an y

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(ANT) is the the is (ANT)

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n f od entitlement food of on iln eat violent 1 apaig o ulc health, public to appealing )

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- conflicting

) pta dsgain f sanitation of designation spatial 2)

elements etra and external )

into an encompassing encompassing an into 6) internal internal , 3) CEU eTD Collection These contentious. more banter dog of element heritage and cultural the recognize to contest the Parliament, th broadsheet a Using influence. in Museum Courier Midland the is Afable Cecil instance, For Parliament. Philippine reporters alliance institutionalized dog for advocate who those capital, social voi 3.1 deploy endeavor outlines closed claim coherent a into discourses how assemblage with filled meaning entity an as society consider we If society. human th understanding : Actors, Players,andNetwo Landscape ce

ept te opeiy f h ise tee r ietfal paes ht od dominant hold that players identifiable are there issue, the of complexity the Despite proce the are assemblages of heart the At ac s

system tors n h dbt o dog on debate the in meaningful

- the

making individuals, our epistemological apparatuses must be capable in explicating in capable be must apparatuses epistemological our individuals, making n academic and as it require it as

behave in the behavein B route , our methods and the mode of our analysis are analysis our of mode the and methods our , aguio City aguio s yblc rcs i itiaey ikd o o w ve te nooy of ontology the view we how to linked intricately is process symbolic is

and Isikias Picpican works as chief as works Picpican Isikias and of

action rigid s a framework that framework a s CHAPTER , hl ohr ae ed o gvrmn ofcs r ebr o the of members or offices government of heads are others while s, . Nevertheless, the lack of noticeable group does not indicate lesser lesser indicate not does group noticeable of lack the Nevertheless, .

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tha

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n h ohr hand other the On 3

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possess massive influence in public debates as they they as debates public in influence massive possess allow rks - eating as heritage or a or heritage as eating 17 ssu . Yet, und Yet, .

s

al constructions of meanings. T meanings. of constructions al us to trace and follow and trace to us i we if , d erstanding assemblages is not a not is assemblages erstanding irector

omr editor former indistinguishable consider

of the Saint Louis University University Louis Saint the of h is the emble s cultura - u. ot f hm are them of Most sue. eating enjoy extensive extensive enjoy eating

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with other animal other with most visible visible most nimal Welfare Institute Welfare nimal ocal officials themselves or heads of influential influential of heads or themselves officials ocal - eds written by NGOs and published in four Philippine broadsheets. All the All broadsheets. Philippine four in published and NGOs by written eds

- meat eating.meat

food establishments that serve that establishments food animal -

u wr aant oenet corrup government against war” out in 2012. in - aig s n cmoet n hi cmag aant government against campaign their in component one as eating - right advocates right - rights groups rights a

- - et nuty n oten hlpie. ic te, Linis then, Since Philippines. Northern in industry meat nalysis

pound, an adoption center and even offers legal assistance to assistance legal offers even and center adoption an pound,

in the United States. With a far a With States. United the in

f dtras gvrmn plc rlae, newspape releases, policy government editorials, of , ,

LinisGobyerno AKF has initiated has AKF 18

do g cuisine are owned are cuisine g m onain AF prnrd with partnered (AKF) Foundation om phical “scale”. “scale”. phical International Wildlife Coalition Trust WildlifeCoalition International

and bodies in Lnsoyro 06. To 2006). (LinisGobyerno tion

the call for the amendment of of amendment the for call the Animal Kingdom Foundation Kingdom Animal - reaching linkage and source and linkage reaching

that are at the frontline of of frontline the at are that Unlike LinisGobyerno, Unlike - rights , if not managed, not if , . Furthermore, .

by r ,

CEU eTD Collection 4 3 2 Anti & Act Welfare Animal (i.e. laws specified the All donors. from funds for appeal to or operations entrapment police successful as such accomplishments Foundation Kingdom People Indigenous of Rights the on Commission I cover in the to views papers selectedthese diverging Philippines the in group advocate Junction ha I communities. Northern of culture and tradition the celebrates the of wonderland the of “exponent Cordilleras an as itself marks former the while Newspaper!) dog on opinions contrasting the represent Junction The and (BMC) Courier Midland Baguio PDI, and MB Like Philippines. Northern in readership wide with weeklies regional are papers two other semi the while policies state of critical are that opinions of source pivotal a as serves PDI regime, Marcos they how Philippines the in readership of newsletters of Inquirer Daily the including newspapers, print except online, published are texts sources

https://animalkingdomfoundation.wordpress.com/ http://www.linisgobyerno.org/ http://www.ncip.gov.ph/ Apart from printed texts, I also collected my data from official webpages of the of webpages official from data my collected also I texts, printed from Apart (PDI) Inquirer Daily Philippine and (MB) Bulletin Manila The

oe a ie ag o oiin ad etmns bu dog about sentiments and opinions of range wide a cover is the the is treat public issues public treat and the riches of the of riches the and Animal Kingdom Foundation Animal Kingdom - state owned MB has always been the conduit of pro of conduit the been always has MB owned state (PDI), (PDI), de facto facto de - aig Te atr aes tef s “ as itself labels latter The eating.

4 Tee nie ore ae platfor are sources online These . h Junction, The

esetr f the of newsletter . Due to its role as channel of anti of channel as role its to Due .

, although each has occupied an opposite pole opposite an occupied has each although , Ilocandia” . Most of its members work as journalists for journalists as work members its of Most .

auo iln Courier Midland Baguio

(AKF) . This means that BMC sees itself as a paper that paper a as itself sees BMC that means This . 19 LinisGobyerno, LinisGobyerno,

and

(NCIP) national andregional level.

LinisGobyerno aaaag Palaban Pahayagang 2 , poiet nml welfare animal prominent a LinisGobyerno - s o pbihn recent publishing for ms dictatorial views during the during views dictatorial - Manila Bulletin, Philippine Bulletin, Manila Rabies Act) are accessible accessible are Act) Rabies h (BMC) - - e o eto that mention to ve government government et osmto. All consumption. meat ave the highest number highest the ave .

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sele

the on the - cted meat consumption as harbinger of illness while co while illness harbingerof as consumption meat Executive Branch Executive -

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generated from printed materials (i.e. newspaper articles, photos and photos articles, newspaper (i.e. materials printed from generated hlpie as n Jurispru and Laws Philippine nml ihs hrtg, n idgnu peo indigenous and heritage, rights, animal ). I deliberately excluded those themes that I already discussed in discussed already I that themes those excluded deliberately I ). .

wy te hermeneutically the way, s banter

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reflect are posted in the same webpage including webpage same the in posted are

dog

of the country’s

the Philippines to identify to Philippines the meaning is possible by followingtexts by possible is meaning - eating with eating

dence - the horizon of meaning that meaning of horizon the rvn ehd f Geertz of method driven

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notions of notions Legislative Branch Legislative ple ). These form the the form These ).

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easy slippage of slippage easy

as an expression of right protected by national legislations national by protected right of expression an as

a moral symbol of violence of symbol moral a truncated by an overemphasis on how dog how on overemphasis an by truncated or the binaristic opposition between modernist narrative and heritagiz and narrative modernist between opposition binaristic the or work on dog on work

by invoking

failed to grasp the complexity of the debate by easily subsuming their discussion discussion their subsuming easily debateby the complexityof the grasp to failed he

and its a its and second

these frames have frames these dimension t o - form

eating - international international meaning. eating is casted into different assemblages by NGOs. NGOs. by assemblages different into casted is eating par llies conflate the practice as practice the conflate llies CHAPTER

t coherent

identifies three pivotal means that NGOs, which lobby against lobby which NGOs, that means pivotal three identifies behavior the following the and that must be emphasized about peoples’ understanding of understanding peoples’ about emphasized be must that

but also an external expansion or a univ a or expansion external an also but

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o smoi lnsae where landscape symbolic a to 4 : od consumption food Assembling Assembling

sections the the 22 implication on the on implication

religious and historical layer historical and religious

stems - , the the , eating transgresses state laws on animal on laws state transgresses eating

danger to 1) public health public 1) to danger Dog - h cnor f cdmc dis academic of contour the aig is eating

first part of this chapter this of part first from how social actors social how from -

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, one could still still could one , dog every year every 1 - of meat : A menu of a restaurant in Northern Philippines that that Philippines Northern in restaurant a of menu A : Animal Kingdom Foundation Foundation Kingdom Animal prepared prepared A -

ni meat indigenous communities in the in communities indigenous

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wake wake

ly believes that witchcraft has been committed. If this this If committed. been has witchcraft that lybelieves

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tion from his owners. his from tion as pockets for orientalist indices of the violence and barbarity of natives’ eating eating natives’ of barbarity and violence the of indices orientalist for pockets as of food and “ and food of . I saw two in a house so poor that they did not raise their heads when I entered, and the the and entered, I when heads their raise not did they that poor so house a in two saw I . - visceral le, the classic classic the le, ceremonial consumption ceremonial . o te ooil diitaos te aie’ aig ai is habit eating natives’ the administrators, colonial the For ”. This . Asiatic the of marks the of none has He known. not is originated e Twice each day he is fed sparingly with cooked rice or camotes or rice cooked with sparingly fed is he day each Twice - 111, emp 111, hy natives give “ give natives hy The Bontoc Igorot Bontoc The rtlt ad violence and brutality hasis is mine). is hasis 26

little attention little ”. This implies that the colonial rendering colonial the that implies This ”.

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in Missouri. More than 100 Igorots from northern Philippines were recruited to recruited were Philippines northern from Igorots 100 than More Missouri. in , the Bur the , eau is mandated to “determine the most practicable means for bringing for means practicable most the “determine to mandated is eau - n an American stage. What transpires then is a corporeal encounter, a a encounter, corporeal a is then transpires What stage. American an n hita Tribes Christian

nzd o tg te aua odr f hns n the and things of order natural the stage to anized A te ntttoa fr o America’s of form institutional the As . ng ritual duetopublic demand.ng 27

Times

Editorial Dean Worcester Dean ippines, the Igorots are paid to paid are Igorots the ippines, At other times, other At

1904).

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Philippines, the Bureau has employed Albert Jenks as chief curator for the the for curator chief as Jenks Albert employed has Bureau the Philippines, eiig from retiring goo d food d e open ground (see photo 2 photo (see ground open e . Although they are extremely violent extremely are they Although - eating as “good food” but emphasizes how the practice provides provides practice the how emphasizes but food” “good as eating

). i rl a a oa amnsrtr f the of administrator local a as role his

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of the natives the of 28

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burden. From depicting native women of French Indochina and African men as as men African and Indochina French of women native depicting From burden. private and public space. As he is guided by sheer instinct, the native finds no finds native the instinct, sheer by guided is he As space. public and private

- eating. Furthermore, the publicness of the performance created an image image an created performance the of publicness the Furthermore, eating. for the violent dog violent the for

and purely guided by visceral anguish is imputed into imputed is anguish visceral by guided purely and - eater also verifies the looseness and lack in native’s native’s in lack and looseness the verifies also eater 29

to -

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35 Forexample

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CEU eTD Collection grounds sacred within couched longer converting “s the makes consumption public for practice. traditional a aseating devoidthat is ofany religious element. debates public anything of representation claim longer regard believe IPRA of supporters what in inherent dog consuming and taken the on but claims sacred any on hinged longer incivility. dog eating in imputed violence mundanity presumed One witnesses an implicit assumption about a break in the temporal continuity of dog of continuity temporal the in break a about assumption implicit an witnesses One la two are There i oe om f eair s dtce” rm t sce foundation sacred its from “detached” is behavior of form one if , go been dog with go thatreligious therituals and sanctity The food). (finger … So, what's big the fuss about the present dog meat eating andtrading? be should dog a death, witnesses occurrence of b or accident an the prevent to living the of spirit the guard will meets dog the of spirit the that so sacrificed one when why is That Igorot Our respect. much with treated is ancestors (then) dogs of eating and butchering the day a not is it delicacy; a as served our before pre the between difference only The BE HALTED (Brown 2013 CULTURAL Dog meat eating has become a day a become has eating meat Dog

f ae tgte, h practice the together, taken If it into into eiiay s dog as legitimacy ne that vilify that

eivd ht os a gad u siis ( spirits our guard can dogs that believed (Bawang Igorot ancestors ate and butcher dogs for religious rituals. religious for dogs butcher and ate ancestors Igorot an

OR TRADITIONAL ABOUTIT THIS.IS A -

meat. outdated thing thing outdated

ad luck. es ht ut e dismantled be must that yers renders the cultural argument mute. On the other other the On mute. argument cultural the renders

2003, emphasis is mine)

the practice as a mundane and highly commoditized good commoditized highly and mundane a as practice the cultural or heritage. or cultural This layer is pivotal in relation to the to relation in pivotal is layer This

Where before it is considered sacred, its entry as a commodity commodity a asentry its sacred,considered is it before Where - , emphasis mineis aig a n vldt t gon itself ground to validity no has eating - et conjures meat that is that , the presumed banality is then coupled with violence with coupled then is banality presumed the ,

ntt ad eiiu” ieso vanish dimension religious” and anctity - -

war issue on dog on issue war to is - only committed to memory. to committed only - to day pulutan day mnae om f ilne ht s no is that violence of form mundane a 37 - day thing, most of it consumed as pulutan as consumed it of most thing, day t

o be o Such an understanding looms large in large looms understanding an Such

.

).

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p n mg o barbaris of image an up

traditional t hs on. On point. this at - for ab (finger food). As matter of fact, of matter As food). (finger - - eating and the present, is that is present, the and eating - granted act of slaughtering slaughtering of act granted abiik CRUEL ACT

in dog in n akne dialect). Kankanaey in purported - eating have long have eating

-

eating. In this this In eating. A one

It is not being not is It THAT MUST s symbolic as s the practice is no no is practice the s i cn no can it ,

side side sacrality and m , the the , the , thereby - . CEU eTD Collection no find alignments creating in instrumental become that codes cultural the manner, same in slippages such with f accounts, Structural approach. materialist a or structuralist to moored either thatis an assumption along working been myself, whohave epidemic a world, a such In created. is eating of definition normative where meaning of horizon “logical” and clean a compose ant an reworked. an into ideas various stitching by food understand people externalforcesto slave is that far. so established 4.2.4 the use of dog force brutal and torch blue utilize slaughterhouses illegal how describe they as ut been have LinisGobyerno and AKF dogs. of slaughtering the to directly connected and amplified now is it as practice the of mundanity or banality the around cohere w sacred food finger ordinary as function sheer its fulfill to accomplished fuss” “big the lies Here orld of banal and mundane andbanal of orld - I opine that this triumvirate has eluded earlier attempts by other scholars, including including scholars, other by attempts earlier eluded has triumvirate this that opine I have I what reiterate to want I debate, this of players key next the to move I Before meat. meat. : Tripartite A : Tripartite i - and modernist stance in Philippine society. Rather, NGOs and other social actors try to try actors social other and NGOs Rather, society. Philippine in stance modernist brutal force physical

That is, d is, That nd violence. v Hence, grand. ssemblage:Violence Epidemic Dirt, and This As I have been arguing against the propensity to situate eating as a practiceeatinga assituate propensity to the Iagainst arguingbeen have As iolence is committed in two forms: an absence of sacred foundation and and foundation sacred of absence an forms: two in committed is iolence og -

violence is understood as understood is violence eating is not simply vilified as an anomalous practice that represents that practice anomalous an as vilified simply not is eating h rsmddr i os but dogs in dirt presumed the Sagtrn ad aig dog eating and Slaughtering .

dog (Alexander2003) , my discussion has elucidated a starkly different picture of how how of picture different starkly elucidateda has mydiscussion , .

- meat consumption consumption meat or instance, will easily crumble when c when crumble easily will instance, or 38 .

But the image of a violent eater does not violent eaterdoesimagea of the But

an absence of foundation, of absence an is tied with social discourses of of discourses social with tied is with an inherent animal right. In the In right. animal inherent an with - et s fr o voec a i is it as violence of form a is meat

assemblage -

there is nothing religious nothing is there

ht s elyd and deployed is that

ilizing this frame this ilizing an entry into the the into entry an

in rendering rendering in onfronted onfronted only only dirt, ,

CEU eTD Collection an of form some embodies state the Since culture. pre pure Filipino a of representation proclaimed its on hinges that symbol 4 other means appear that might into tapping actively by but authenticity and heritage of politics within couched arguments o supporters how examine interests. their pursue to motivations conflicting flux in remains action social how illustrates health. and sanitation dog subsuming by welfare animal protecting of goal original their “abandons” group this how a alignments 1) by assemblage 4.3: portray thepracticeas 1) to seek that assemblage interpretive of forms interrelate two discuss I section, next the In paper this of end the at issue this on discussion a provide will I misrecognition. of working the and power Nevertheless withi subsumed when presence . 3 .1 - As I have I As I far, So eating not as violation of Animal Welfare Law but Law Welfare Animal of violation as not eating myEating : Aestheticization eating of long , I do not want to suggest a gastronomic field of contestation that is devoid of devoid is that contestation of field gastronomic a suggest to want not do I , after elucidating how supporters of dog of supporters how elucidatingafter

pet? mentioned in the previous chapter previous the in mentioned have have

discourses of dirt, epidemic and violence and epidemic dirt, of discourses

icmetn plce ad dpig hi strategies their adapting and policies circumventing ny icse how discussed only t ih apa prematur appear might It proper food f dog f , onthesurface, ticolonial subversion subversion ticolonial

- eating try to defend the practice not simply by resorting to resorting by simply not practice the defend to try eating a aayi fae ht invoke that frame analytic an n - pnoe ntoait ripple nationalist sponsored

and 2) as fol an 39

contradictory.

social actors resort to unpredictable and often and unpredictable to resort actors social oes of lowers insignia of foodentitlement of insignia

e to conclude at this point point this at conclude to e This becomes This , dog , - eating as a practice deal with the debate.the with deal practicea aseating that - as eating has spiraled into a nationalist a into spiraled has eating

. Again, it Again, . openly desecration of the public’s right to right public’s the of desecration nml efr have welfare animal

even in devalues the perpetuated perpetuated the devalues

more apparent when we when apparent more is important to highlight highlight to important is s h 17s do 1970s, the

- ooil n pristine and colonial materialist .

n 2 creating 2) and u sc a case a such but

created an an created

analysis. g - eating eating - CEU eTD Collection from other dishesofpoultry made out orpork. dog how amplifying often gastronomy, of rubrics the within dog of supporters that frame important dog of out run already they as early closing restaurants dog dog cubed or minced with cooked are poultry pork. and chicken adobo dog with but dish Filipino common dog Filipino other as cuisine level same the to it elevate to but practice the in inherent violence and dog describing By Foundati Kingdom Animal for preparing circulated widely advocates welfare dog support who groups from master colonial old how the of sensibilityeating whole the criticize Filipinos of moment gastronomic the becoming by Philippines uncivilized an of imagination - - To my mind, the publication of these of publication the mymind, To et r mr epnie n hv hge demand. higher have and expensive more are meat I that restaurants all In meal. popular a is meat heritagiz , a meat stew meat a , s. dog the want not do 2007). who men among serving preferred longga like cooked " parts common the as such recipes several in " come delicacies the said chef meat dog A pinuneg pulutan

n y at I ae a sot neatos ih etuat i Bgi Ct where City Baguio in restaurants with interactions short had have I part, my On ae h kuke, ml ma ad oe boiled bones and meat small knuckles, the are "

dog ation " i a evn o itsie cend n sufd ih lo ad pcs and spices and blood with stuffed and cleaned intestines of serving a is "

(finger food) (finger

meat article - have In the same manner, stir manner, same the In meat as a delicacy a as meat , braised braised hr i aohr a t mk a atraie lgmn cntutd by constructed alignment alternative an make to way another is there cuisine claim , for example, has example, for , - nisa eating. F eating. on and other NGOs other and on

in vinegar and soy sauce, is cooked using dog using cooked is sauce, soy and vinegar in

of roasted skin and lean meat fried with onion leaves. onion with fried meat lean and skin roasted of ed ma sausage) (meat .

I quote,

regarding ood - , not only do they endeavor to endeavor they do only not , et s mi igein. o isac, th instance, For ingredient. main a as meat aestheticization aestheticization

- et ae en deplo been have meat

short the - attracted fried noodles that are traditionally prepared with with prepared traditionally are that noodles fried .

40

"

unsanitary natu unsanitary Asozena - have vilified have recipes must be understood in relation to howto relation in understood be must recipes

meat.

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till ig s o on te practice the point to is ying of -

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dog f (sic) ood deny the presumed filth presumed the deny

- to invert what animal what invert to

meat consumption meat

t s omn o see to common is it , dishes made out of out made dishes , (Ale edr while tender, filthy and violent. and filthy typically

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CEU eTD Collection discussions. in practices dog compare to interact frames local as inutile rendered is division neat the sometimes portray, to want I what than anal entitlement assemblage at attempts two these divided expression an as recognition dog treat state the and AKF how define to come countries. Asian neighboring food other with it juxtaposing by practice the from Guimbatan 2007) meat dog offers and dog a butchers man a when hospitality “… dog on ban the from communities indigenous offering Department t instance, For dimension. another to practice 4

.3 .2 aig f o ma i pr o nrhr tie clue ad oeie i i a gesture a is it sometimes and culture, tribes northern of part is meat dog of eating ytic typology to help me elucidate my arguments. arguments. my elucidate me help to typology ytic Yet, the most powerful alignment that supporters have effectively employed is to rec to is employed effectively have supporters that alignment powerful most the Yet, presenting from Aside : Internal Domestication ofFoodEntitlement andExternal with to .

smo o eoinl od I a ou t rqet h gvrmn t exclude to government the request to forum a In bond. emotional of symbol a

other countries which receive little attention of have not generated not have of attention little receive which countries other I do not want to suggest a strict empirical division between the two but largely an two betweenthe division empiricalsuggeststrict to a wantI not do in the north even extended the function of dog of function the extended even north the in discourses from outside. from discourses - aig ih cock with eating .

a layer of gastronomy, other key players tried to amplify the the amplify to tried players key other gastronomy, of layer a

of human right. human of The goal of which is to articulate the double the articulate to is which of goal The - ihig r idie utn wie h lte invokes latter the while hunting wildlife or fighting The former refers to how supporters of t of supporters how to refers former The

into into

41 To facilitate my discussion, I have prem have I discussion, my facilitate To - practic meat trade, Director Gerry Baliang claims that that claims Baliang Gerry Director trade, meat he regional head of Philippines’ Philippines’ of head regional he

internal - es within the Philippines and with and Philippines the within es aig n t rdfn te al o its for call the redefine to and eating

Nonetheless, the ground is murkier murkier is ground the Nonetheless, and - - delicacies to his visitors” (quoted (quoted visitors” his to delicacies eating outside outside eating xenl oetcto o food of domestication external

- its standard that has has that standard

role as a ritual a as role he practice he intense Agriculture aturely aturely public public

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CEU eTD Collection ( double apparent the out voiced have players Key Law. Welfare Animal the of promulgation the since debates public of contour the been cock popular more dog animal over concerns two these mind, my To welfare. as categorized be could that practices other of issue make not does imp internal within eating Isupporters of the practice. quote, Picpica Isikias welfare. animal double the portray to seeks that banter relational mo a fact, In oppositions. circumvent Yet heritage. communities indigenous of practices the by supported heritage cultural Afable - ose a foreign standard to the Philippines. the to standard foreigna ose Based from the statement, t statement, the from Based part most the For eating as animal cruelty is cruelty animal as eating that that is our culture it. do still people why behind reason a something…there’s cruelty. in engage people i when example it is barbaric, more is which but savage vendors market dog at look Baguio to visitors are who people other you can How

2004 ) butdoes not

noig heritage invoking hl i yu ev i a a el o e ese o b pol ta i really is that people by on feasted be to meal a as it serve you if While cc fgtn, r oss wthn aia kl ec ohr o ta is that now other each kill animal watching horses, or fighting, cock n - - m fighting in lowland Philippines or h or Philippines lowland in fighting a etn a ofnie Toe h cmet o eape bu the about example for comment who Those offensive. as eating eat el o Cordillerans to tell - discourses. discourses. welfare has no root in Philippine society and the proclivity to translate translate to proclivity the and society Philippine in root no has welfare , who sell meat sell who

( upres ae en ra been have supporters Isikias

consider , Picpican quotedas Buenaobra in 2009

here are two layers layers two are here ’ cmet ersns sniet ht us through runs that sentiment a represents comment n’s in itself in

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aws

layers Act Rights Peoples Indigenous oth only

, animal ,

r rcgie b te tt a pr o te country’ the of part as state the by recognized are e rnucd om f naeet s o a it a into tap to is engagement of form pronounced re er practices as of violation er practices ht dog that only ,

a i i sm Biih tabloids British some in it saw

preposterous tr y -

Second 42 standard that standard or who are who or shows one dimension of how groups try to to try groups how of dimension one shows

- o eoaie h patc by practice the delocalize to - welfare advocates are not locals and that they that and locals not are advocates welfare

aig s offensive is eating lig eid the behind llying that constitute how supporters align dog align supporters how constitute that - , this stan this , tnad neet mn avcts of advocates among inherent standard because orse visitors to the Cordiller the to visitors demonize - fighting in the South. Such has Such South. the in fighting dard They have to understand to have They

advocates do not oppose the oppose not do advocates Yu a’. ts only It’s can’t. You .

the Animal Welfare Act. , emphasis mineis is

da that idea IR) I ti lw all law, this In (IPRA).

extremely abig ie for like gambling dog

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as s a is all

it s -

CEU eTD Collection supported byforeign topursue their donors NGOs against remark scathing a written has Baguio, of mayor city former a Afable, Cecil pract animal principle. how note legal supporters international an by protected rights human of expression an as Philippines Southern t tries former the As culture. Philippine in food as standards. foreigners by barbarity of insignia an into transmogrified fighting. horse and dog policing of agenda their of selective Philippines. the dog to opposition fore 2007) dog from made delicacies served who owners restaurant against directed p Local 1970s. the in colonial igners who visited the country and started to castigate the practice. practice. the castigate to started and country the visited who igners Similarly, pr invoking in 2007 in organized was that forum public a In ices . The same frame has been articulated but not directed against a colonial master but to but master colonial a against directed not but articulated been has frame same The other people saveto dogs The them.eating viol a as Nations culture a especially anybody deli national should areas, people. areDogs Man layer, which i layer,which

within the Philippines the within

I i a is It .

The International Body Group, who are complaining against dog trade in our in trade dog against complaining are who Group, Body International The T - hi by accomplished is eating cacy go n so And acut wy acrig o Picpic to according why, accounts s 's BestFriend. 's ,

s reminiscent of how dog reminiscenthow of s the latter form of alignment expands the debate to reframe dog reframe to debate the expands alignment of form latter the oliticians oliticians ua rgt n we and right human to to ation . British u British

Eating dog meat to us is part of our of part is us to meat dog Eating Taiwan and Korea and Taiwan actices of other countries become instrumental countriesactices in ofother become . fr upres dog supporters, for ,

- oeg spotd ru t cm ad eilt aant our against legislate and come to group supported foreign Even our legislators who legislators our Even rights advocates are hypocritical by ignoring other contentious other ignoring by hypocritical are advocates rights

(Afable 2004 , they , sed their dogs to hunt and kill kill and hunt to dogs their sed organized But theyButalsocanbe raisedand forgods food the for the

too utilize contentious food practices of other countries. other of practices food contentious utilize too - meat consumption but turning a blind eye to cock to eye blind a turning but consumption meat

, where dog meat is a daily fare to them. It is a is It them. to fare daily a is meat dog where ,

a tk ti u aant hm o h United the to them against up this take can , emphasis mineis h gteig s rato t a eis f arrests of series a to reaction a as gathering the dog 43 pointing its origin from outside and not within not and outside from origin its pointing - -

saving agenda, saving eating was morphed into a nationalist a into morphedwas eating is o align the practice with with practice the align o

lcl od n h Piipns u only but Philippines the in food local a try to prohibit the eating of dogs are dogs of eating the prohibit to try Baguio City Baguio culture

n aia welfare animal an, who try to impose their selective selective their impose to try who other animalsother ) .

and we do no do we and , these frames took an anti an took frames these — Thus, realigning Thus, and they paythey and - meat repositioning dog horse t tolerate t

advocates are are advocates

(Guimbatan - fighting Also

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CEU eTD Collection how describes culture Filipino of recognition for call immediate the and law international “immediate” reason beyond goes that layer another takes culture of insignia an into it transforming thereby principles, rights. advocates, welfare dog practices food 4 (Bawang 2003 cock see to interesting This hunting). for animal how to synonymous dogs runs claims of “reversal” using (i.e. Britain in practices contentious similar as opposition Afable’sremark of dog like countries other from cases use animal how articulate rights. Rights Animal of Declaration Universal policies international employ they how and China) and (Korea region the in practices .3 dog .3 - These two forms of reversal have played critical played have reversal of forms two These Afable’s hs tep t oclae between oscillate to attempt This eating and to demonstrate the selective standard that permeates the advocacy of animal animal of advocacy the permeates that standard selective the demonstrate to and eating : Assembling

- From within the Phi the within From On meat consumption as an accepted delicacy. What is more interesting to interesting more is What delicacy. accepted an as consumption meat - the fighting as a violation of animal welfare but welfare animal of violation a as fighting

remark a ) indog and n abject n one hand, hand, one

is food

an I see a see I nml rights animal why the practice beforeigners.why must protectedfrom represents

- interesting reversal of claim in which supporters which in claim of reversalinteresting - their of selective are advocates rights meat consumption. meat and politics of culture of and politics

violation of human rights rights human of violation

strategic d to food contentious other with practice the contrast they lippines, og -

aig s a as eating how . y “loca By

re supporters - assembling - an ) eating in Korea and Korea in eating

to support what they claim they what support to

noain f right of invocation n iig ad epnig ter lis o support to claims their “expanding” and lizing”

44 entitlement

t ry to juxtapose the practice with other eating other with practice the juxtapose to ry

legal of but

role in role - dog rights advocates in the Philippines fail Philippines the in advocates rights

emphasiz right. On the other hand, invoking invoking hand, other the On right. principles

- insist on the p the on insist o od s deployed is food to eating the current debate debate current the

Taiwan to emphasize the status the emphasize to Taiwan motives ht is that ed

as an expression of human of expression an as

more more and invokes culture as as culture invokes and as a violation of human of violation a as .

do upre b lcl or local by supported In addition In

resumed “barbarity” resumed

not plainly not on

the presence of of presence the on

eid legal behind

highlight contentious , they also they ,

treat the treat ( i.e.

in in CEU eTD Collection objects. other to them bundle users when shift things of 414) (p. relevance” and utility,value, concept the introduces he history, Indonesian 4 immediate manifestation ofright culture. to Rights Human of Declaration Universal the and IPRA a practice the locates that argument an forward this, than More Philippines. the in dog of consumption the castigate only attitude att calling while permissible legally is that practice a paint to laws o discourse the diffe becausea humanright eating is iscultural. it discourse. humanitarian a to synonymous is that dimension le within interspersed is that issue an merely not becomes springb as laws This government. the for concern immediate an “forei from protection cultural when right on discourse of realm different battle legal a becomes food to entitlement an immediacy. cultural of politics as call I what levels two into bundled is rights” “human how of illustration practi the of supporters .4 : Sowhat In an article written by Webb Webb by written article an In W rent portals of meaning of portals rent hat

of animal welfare advocates who turn a blind to other contentious food practices but practices food contentious other to blind a turn who advocates welfare animal of have ?

Strategic bundlinganda f filth and violence, they have bundled up dog up bundled have they violence, and filth f ad o cam hnhmnrgt s meddi “culture”. in embedded is right human when claims for oard I argued so far? far? so argued I between Animal Welfare L Welfare Animal between e taeial dpo ter position their deploy strategically ce s tpltd in stipulated as

that straddle straddle that Supporters of the practice have have practice the of Supporters Keane (2003) on the continuing appropriation of appropriation continuing the on (2003) Keane ssemblage

the from food aesthetics to food entitlement. food to aesthetics food from

Indigenous Peoples Right Act. Act. Right Peoples Indigenous 45 On one On semiotic bundling semiotic

s an expression an s oalredge,ge beyond goes degree, large a to ,

aw and the IPRA. However, this takes to takes this However, IPRA. the and aw layer or ,

by simply foregrounding it as an as it foregrounding simply by eating dog eating - . eating to local and international and local to eating -

n short In gal frames but is taken to a a to taken is but frames gal t also It backed by legal principle and principle legal by backed

of human right human of

to explain how the “relative the how explain to aligned

nin o h selective the to ention - rsns n interesting an presents fr upres dog supporters, for , m gners” is invoked as as invoked is gners” eat is translated is eat

h debate the they seek to put put to seek they In this way, it it way, this In

ih t food to Right supported by supported the the To invert To batik u along s e of e into

in -

CEU eTD Collection absent. exact of translation the but authority state of consequence as assumed easily is Everything eating. and is it but defuse) (and fuse policies and meanings who bureaucrats state and NGOs of act creative the account given has approach bigger hoverthem discoursespre over anddeploy that proclivity analytic ta almost is class) discourse, (i.e. reality short mind, my To analysis. social of feature important an omits reality, external an to homologous is which moment, misrecognition functions in like concepts if surprising ofhowexaminations external element m ear ana of strands two first the reflects analysis either dogs, “treat” should individuals how define that codes legal influential into converted are they as coercion symbolic of level ri cultural and welfare animal as words abstract Such habit. eating “proper” “ as sa the In tra cniin f rdcin n de structures deep and production of condition aterial ir at f hs sa. ars and Harris essay. this of part lier slave” to imposing structures that serve as discursive sites to propagate certain forms of of forms certain propagate to sites discursive as serve that structures imposing to slave” But

unable to explain how and why they draw links among disease, epidemic, sanitation epidemic, disease, among links draw they why and how explain to unable me manner, this is how I view the social life of food. On one On food. of life social the view I how is this manner, me this proclivity to juxtapose juxtapose to proclivity this Animal Welfare Laws Welfare Animal ,

the contour of peoples’ reaction reaction peoples’ of contour the oefl ol o nesad dog understand to tool powerful . It . can elucidate can class social analysis. - circuiting

and structure and

in relation to the to relation in s define how peopleeating interpret how theirs define as h maig ht e att we that meaning the

how we interpret food interpret we how

the deployment of animal of deployment the aln lo fr xlntos usd fo, n the in food, outside explanations for look Sahlins pet or pet tmut o a to ntamount

yi faeok ht e ae icse i the in discussed have we that framework lytic 46

become crucial analytic tools to explain how explain to tools analytic crucial become

as as food. In the literature of food studies, such studies, food of literature the In food. - Sanitation Code Sanitation reflexive interpretations. Although this interpretations. Althoughreflexive this - to eating, it could not, in my opinion, opinion, my in not, could it eating, weak analysis or tautology or analysis weak

dog Tee prahs r critical are approaches These .

- as mirror as aig s eey elcie of reflective merely is eating iue o food to ribute - rights as a coercive frame frame coercive a as rights

and side - reflection of abstract of reflection , food can be read be can food , Anti ghts assume some assume ghts -

- habit. It isnothabit. Rabies s cultural a as . In s In frames, frames,

Act uch uch

is CEU eTD Collection ass together as ingredients are elements diverging and disparate when solidity of level certain a assumes meat. canine chara t rights. human with bundled creatively is food where bricolage interesting an present umbrell the under practice dog dog meaning associated of web a form to together pulled openly are that webs social become but food to unrelated extent, some to are, that where tog sewn are epidemic and violence filth, of discourses laws bundled strategically Anti and Code Sanitation to Law Welfare fro advocacy their bundle and decouple to advocates pushes welfare animal and tradition between relationship problematic the discussed, have we As restrictions. own their circumvent and achieve to them deploy actively can people action, discourses and contingent he expression of right becomes something that could be associated with eating or or eating with associated be could that something becomes right of expression he - - hand other the On eating into a practice that is that practice a into eating eating. space Sanitation, and oneattempt toconvert within violenceareframe taken inan cter

dog which

- on dog on et osmtos s nesod as understood is consumptions meat n h ed te a pol udrtn fo i a omes niy ht only that entity formless a is food understand people way the end, the In

constitutes food is extended to a delicious dog stew or a noodle with minced with noodle a or stew dog delicious a to extended is food constitutes an - eating are eating mret rcs. hs s atclry paet n o policies how in apparent particularly is This process. emergent for dog ,

a eating. social recipe of o entitlement of a

n meanings and created and created - eating isolated ol be could

utilized by key stake key by utilized to food and consumption. consumption. and food to

through 47 o hi advantage. their to -

Rabies Act. Undeniably, social actors have have actors social Undeniably, Act. Rabies

-

nesod s a as understood

a n anomaly. an n assemblage that sets boundaries around around boundaries sets that assemblage n

oa ad nentoa lgl principles legal international and local oe a t aohr fo Animal from another, to law one m te t mk a oia alignment logical a make to ether hy oiie aiu views various mobilize They - holders. W holders. asmlg ta is that assemblage n

Dispersed and unrelated unrelated and Dispersed Similarly, re Similarly, hile policies limit policies hile - coding the the coding

In here, here, In that the that embled embled

both and CEU eTD Collection tradi deemed is what beyond are that associations symbolic build dog understand to framework simplistic overly an becomes actors. other food rights, a human in theyengageas NGOs by togetherareaestheticswoven and entitlement violence, dirt, on discourses contradictory how unpack I thesis, this elements. social other with food associating by assemblages coherent a create they understand how themselves actors how on actions. their following refocus by practices food contentious and gear change must one that opine foo of frames. multiple with practice the bundle engagements alterna an providing cuisines. as elevated also is practice the counterclaims, stronger protected is that entitlement an dog juxtaposing by claims these invert to try practice the of supporters dog align that as such NGOs dog of sense make to discourses various assembling been have frames. different as create and meanings, fuse groups, form they how describe and landscape In phenomenon social anyunderstanding to keyThe d as inflections of deep binary deep of inflections as d analytic

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