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In North American Ducks ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY jiUll&TVtl Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois Sex Ratios and Age Ratios in North American Ducks FRANK C. BELLROSE THOMAS G. SCOTT ARTHUR S. HAWKINS JESSOP B. LOW STATE OF ILLINOIS Otto Kerner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION William Sylvester White, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Harlow B. Mills, Chief NAIUKAL ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Bulletin Volume 27, Article 6 Printed by Authority of August, 1961 the State of Illinois Sex Ratios and Age Ratios in North American Ducks FRANK C. BELL ROSE THOMAS G. SCOTT ARTHUR S. HAWKINS JESSOP B. LOW STATE OF ILLINOIS Otto Kerner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION William Sylvester White, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Harlow B. Mills, Chief Urbana, Illinois i STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Otto Kerner, Governor William Sylvester White, Dirtctor BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION William Sylvester White, Chairman; A. E. Emerson, Ph.D.. Biology; Walter H. Newhouse, Ph.D., Geology; Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry; Robert H. Anderson, B.S.C.E., Etigineering; W. L. Everitt, E.E., Ph.D., Southern Illtnois Representing the President oj the University oj Illinois; Delyte W. Morris, Ph.D., President oj University NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION, Urbona, Illinois SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF Harlow B. Mills, Ph.D., Chief Bessie B. East, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Biology continued Section of Economic Entomology Section of Aquatic — Thoits, A.B., Field Assistant* Geor<;e C. Decker, Ph.D., Principal Scientist and Head Charles F. 111, J. H. Bigger, M.S., Entomologist Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology L. L. English, Ph.D., Entomologist W. H. Llckmann, Ph.D., Entomologist J. Cedric Carter, Pli.D., Plant Pathologist and Head Willis N. Bruce, Ph.D., Entomologist J. L. Forsberg, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist John P. Kramer, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist G. H. BoEWE, M.S., Associate Plant Pathologist Entomologist Robert A. Evers, Ph.D., Associate Botanist Richard J. Dysart, Ph.D., Associate Ronald H. Meyer, M.S., Assistant Entomologist Robert Dan Neely, Ph.D., Associate Plant Pathologist Reginald Roberts, M.S., Technical Assistant E. B. Himelick, Ph.D., Associate Plant Pathologist Pathologist Ja.mes W. Sanford, B.S., Technical Assistant Walter Hartstirn, Ph.D., Assistant Plant Pathologist Earl Stadelbacher, B.S., Technical Assistant D. F. Schoeneweiss, Ph.D., Assistant Plant William C. Moye, M.S., Technical Assistant Anne Robinson, M.A., Technical Assistant Sue E. Watkins, Technical Assistant H. B. Petty, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Entomology* Section of Wildlife Research Stevenson Moore, III, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Thomas G. Scott, Ph.D., Wildlije Specialist and Head Entomology* Ralph E. Yeatter, Ph.D., Wildlije Specialist Zenas B. Noon, Jr., M.S., Research Assistant* F. C. Bellrose, B.S., Wildlije Specialist Clarence E. White, B.S., Instructor in Entomology H. C. Hanson, Ph.D., Associate Wildlije Specialist Extension* Richard R. Graber, Ph.D., Associate Wildlije Specialist CosTAS Kouskolekas, M.S., Research Assistant* Ronald F. Labisky, M.S., Associate Wildlije Specialiit Amal Chandra Banerjee, M.S., Research Assistant* Glen C. Sanderson, M.A., Associate Wildlife Specialiil Victor T. Williams, B.S., Research Assistant* Marjorie J. Schlatter, Technical Assistant D. G. Rose, B.S., Technical Assistant Howard Crum, Jr., Field Assistant Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification Rexford D. Lord, D.Sc, Project Leader* Scientist and Head H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Principal Jack A. Ellis, M.S., Project Leader* Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D., Taxonomist Bobbie Joe Verts, M.S., Project Leader* Ph.D., Taxonomist Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., Ralph J. Ellis, M.S., Project Leader* Philip W. Smith, Ph.D., Associate Taxonomist William L. Anderson, B.S., Assistant Project Leadei* Leonora K. Gloyd, M.S., Assistant Taxonomist James A. Harper, M.S., Assistant Project Leader* H. B. Cunningham, M.S., Assistant Taxonomist David A. Casteel, B.S., Assistant Project Leader* Ruth P. Cash, Technical Assistant Gerald G. Montgomery, M.S., Research Associate* Kingsolver, Ph.D., Research Associate John M. P. J. Rao, B.V.Sc, M.A., Research Assistant* Edward O. Moll. Research Assistant Ann C. V. Holmes, B.S.. Research Assistant* John D. Unzicker, Research Assistant T. U. Meyers, Research Assistant* Talaat K. Mitri, M.S., Research Assistant* Stuart H. Mann, B.S., Research Assistant* Richard W. Lutz, M.W.M., Research Assistant* Section of Aquatic Biology Richard D. Andrews. M.S., Field Mammalogist* George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and Head Keith P. Dauphin, Assistant Laboratory Attendant* William C. Starrett. Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist Section of Publications and Public Relations R. W. Larimore, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist David H. Buck. Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist James S. Ayars, B.S., Technical Editor and Head Robert C. Hiltibran. Ph.D.. Associate Biochemist Blanche P. Young, B.A.. Assistant Technical Editor Donald F. Hansen, Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist Edward C. Visnow, M.A., Assistant Technical Editor William F. Childers, M.S., Assistant Aquatic Biologist Wilmer D. Zehr, Assistant Technical Photographer Marifran Martin, Technical Assistant Robert D. Crompton, Field Assistant Technical Library RoLLiN D. Andrews. Ill, B.S., Field Assistant Ruth R. Warrick, B.S., B.S.L.S., Technical Librarian Larry S. Goodwin, Laboratory Assistant Nell Miles, M.S., B.S.L.S., Assistant Technical David J. McGinty. Field Assistant* Librarian CONSULTANTS; Herpetolocy, Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology. University of ///inou; Parasitology, Norman D. Levine, Ph.D., Professor of Veterinary Parasitology and of Veterinary Research, University of Illinois; Wildlife Research, Willard D. Klimstra, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology and Director of Co-operative Wildlife Research, Southern Illinois University. •Employed on co-operative projects with one of several agencies: University of Illinois, Illinois Agricultural Extension Service, Illinois Department of Conservation, National Science Foundation, United States Department <if Agriculture, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Public Health Service, and others. This paper is a contribution from the Section of Wildlife Research. (08324—6M— 10-60) o^^^a \ FOREWORD THE present publication illustrates aging techniques were still to be perfected. again the importance of continuing When Mr. Hawkins entered the armed certain types of research over a long period forces in 1941, Mr. Bellrose took over the of time in order to get data which allow for study. Dr. Low contributed to the project significant deductions to be made. Further, in Illinois from 1941 to 1943 and furnished as the investigation reported here is in a Utah data after he left Illinois. sense pioneering work, much thought has Through the last 20 years, Mr. Bellrose had to go into data analysis, into weighing has carried the brunt of the load, and in re- the importance of data, and into attempts to cent years Dr. Scott has contributed im- find the significance and relative importance measurably to data analysis and the prepara- of the many facts discovered. These opera- tion of the study for publication, as well as tions have necessitated the delay of publica- arranging with the National Science Foun- tion until it was felt that the data and con- dation for the financing of publication costs. clusions could withstand the inspection of Others, mentioned in the text, have given waterfowl scientists and other biologists unselfishly of their time and talents. and, more importantly, contribute signifi- Last, but by no means least, we should cantly to our understanding of North Ameri- mention the long hours—often extending into can waterfowl. the night—spent by James S. Ayars, Tech- Certainly, the analysis of the data and the nical Editor, in working with the authors developing of the philosophy of the place of and the data. His was, as usual, a heavy sex ratios and age ratios in population me- and significant contribution. chanics was not an easy task; the data have It is my hope, as well as that of the au- been about as abstruse as any collected in thors, that this contribution will be of value waterfowl research. in the understanding and the management The project was conceived by Arthur S. of waterfowl populations over a wide area Hawkins in 1938, while he was employed by and for a long time to come. the Illinois Natural History Survey, and Harlow B. Mills, Chief great credit for far-sightedness must go to him. It must be remembered that, at the Illinois Natural History Survey time of the project's initiation, even good Urbana, Illinois Trapping and banding ducics at the Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge near Havana, Illinois, November, 1939. 111 CONTENTS Acknowledgments and Sources of Data 391 Sex Ratios 392 Previous Sex Ratio Studies 393 Sex Criteria 394 Sampling Populations for Sex Ratios 396 Examination of Trapped Ducks 396 Inspection of Hunters' Bags 400 Field Observations 401 Examination of Disease Victims 402 Sex Ratios in Different Age Classes 402 Primary Sex Ratios 402 Secondary Sex Ratios 403 Tertiary Sex Ratios 403 Quaternary Sex Ratios. 405 Seasonal Variations in Sex Ratios 408 Sex Ratios in Fall and Winter 408 Sex Ratios in Early Spring 411 Sex Ratios in the Breeding Season 416 Regional Variations in Sex Ratios 419 Mortality Factors Affecting Sex Ratios 420 Hunting and Sex Ratios 421 Disease and Sex Ratios 42 Predators and Sex Ratios 424
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