Human Three Germ Layer 3-Color Immunocytochemistry Kit
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Pluripotency Factors Regulate Definitive Endoderm Specification Through Eomesodermin
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 23, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Pluripotency factors regulate definitive endoderm specification through eomesodermin Adrian Kee Keong Teo,1,2 Sebastian J. Arnold,3 Matthew W.B. Trotter,1 Stephanie Brown,1 Lay Teng Ang,1 Zhenzhi Chng,1,2 Elizabeth J. Robertson,4 N. Ray Dunn,2,5 and Ludovic Vallier1,5,6 1Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; 2Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138648; 3Renal Department, Centre for Clinical Research, University Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; 4Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling early cell fate decisions in mammals is a major objective toward the development of robust methods for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into clinically relevant cell types. Here, we used human embryonic stem cells and mouse epiblast stem cells to study specification of definitive endoderm in vitro. Using a combination of whole-genome expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses, we established an hierarchy of transcription factors regulating endoderm specification. Importantly, the pluripotency factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 have an essential function in this network by actively directing differentiation. Indeed, these transcription factors control the expression of EOMESODERMIN (EOMES), which marks the onset of endoderm specification. In turn, EOMES interacts with SMAD2/3 to initiate the transcriptional network governing endoderm formation. Together, these results provide for the first time a comprehensive molecular model connecting the transition from pluripotency to endoderm specification during mammalian development. -
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm. -
Understanding Paraxial Mesoderm Development and Sclerotome Specification for Skeletal Repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-Il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3
Tani et al. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:1166–1177 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1 Experimental & Molecular Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3 Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications. -
Sonic Hedgehog a Neural Tube Anti-Apoptotic Factor 4013 Other Side of the Neural Plate, Remaining in Contact with Midline Cells, RESULTS Was Used As a Control
Development 128, 4011-4020 (2001) 4011 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV2740 Anti-apoptotic role of Sonic hedgehog protein at the early stages of nervous system organogenesis Jean-Baptiste Charrier, Françoise Lapointe, Nicole M. Le Douarin and Marie-Aimée Teillet* Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS FRE2160, 49bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 19 July 2001 SUMMARY In vertebrates the neural tube, like most of the embryonic notochord or a floor plate fragment in its vicinity. The organs, shows discreet areas of programmed cell death at neural tube can also be recovered by transplanting it into several stages during development. In the chick embryo, a stage-matched chick embryo having one of these cell death is dramatically increased in the developing structures. In addition, cells engineered to produce Sonic nervous system and other tissues when the midline cells, hedgehog protein (SHH) can mimic the effect of the notochord and floor plate, are prevented from forming by notochord and floor plate cells in in situ grafts and excision of the axial-paraxial hinge (APH), i.e. caudal transplantation experiments. SHH can thus counteract a Hensen’s node and rostral primitive streak, at the 6-somite built-in cell death program and thereby contribute to organ stage (Charrier, J. B., Teillet, M.-A., Lapointe, F. and Le morphogenesis, in particular in the central nervous system. Douarin, N. M. (1999). Development 126, 4771-4783). In this paper we demonstrate that one day after APH excision, Key words: Apoptosis, Avian embryo, Cell death, Cell survival, when dramatic apoptosis is already present in the neural Floor plate, Notochord, Quail/chick, Shh, Somite, Neural tube, tube, the latter can be rescued from death by grafting a Spinal cord INTRODUCTION generally induces an inflammatory response. -
The Derivatives of Three-Layered Embryo (Germ Layers)
HUMANHUMAN EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY Department of Histology and Embryology Jilin University ChapterChapter 22 GeneralGeneral EmbryologyEmbryology FourthFourth week:week: TheThe derivativesderivatives ofof trilaminartrilaminar germgerm discdisc Dorsal side of the germ disc. At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ layer has the shape of a disc that is broader in the cephalic than the caudal region. Cross section shows formation of trilaminar germ disc Primitive pit Drawing of a sagittal section through a 17-day embryo. The most cranial portion of the definitive notochord has formed. ectoderm Schematic view showing the definitive notochord. horizon =ectoderm hillside fields =neural plate mountain peaks =neural folds Cave sinks into mountain =neural tube valley =neural groove 7.1 Derivatives of the Ectodermal Germ Layer 1) Formation of neural tube Notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate. Cross section Animation of formation of neural plate When notochord is forming, primitive streak is shorten. At meanwhile, neural plate is induced to form cephalic to caudal end, following formation of notochord. By the end of 3rd week, neural folds and neural groove are formed. Neural folds fuse in the midline, beginning in cervical region and Cross section proceeding cranially and caudally. Neural tube is formed & invade into the embryo body. A. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 22. B. Dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 23. The nervous system is in connection with the amniotic cavity through the cranial and caudal neuropores. Cranial/anterior neuropore Neural fold heart Neural groove endoderm caudal/posterior neuropore A. -
Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (Et Al)
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 20: Development http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 [email protected] From fertilized egg to... All multicellular organisms start out as a single cell: a fertilized egg, or zygote. – Between fertilization and birth, developing multicellular organisms are called embryos. This process of progressive change is called development. Various aspects: – Differentiation: how a single cell gives rise to all the many cell types found in adult organisms – Morphogenesis: how is the spatial ordering of tissues into organs and a body plan realized? – Growth: how is proliferation (and cell death) regulated? How do cells know when to divide and when not to? The life cycle Although there are tremendous differences in the path of development among organisms, there is a remarkable unity in the stages of animal development, called the life cycle. Fertilization to birth is embryogenesis 1 Cleavage Immediately following fertilization, there is a period of very rapid cell division called cleavage. – There is very little new cytoplasm made. The relatively large zygote divides into numerous, much smaller cells. – The resulting ball of cells is a blastula. The cells in it are blastomeres. Gastrulation After a while, the rate of mitoses slows, and the blastomeres dramatically rearrange themselves, forming three (or sometimes two) germ layers. This is gastrolation. – The layers are Endoderm, (Mesoderm) and Ectoderm. – At this point cellular differentiation is well along. E.g. nervous system cells will all come from ectoderm Germ layer cell fates Cells from each germ layer have specific fates Ectoderm: – Epidermis, hair, nails, etc. -
Programmed Cell Death in the Developing Limb
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 46: 871-876 (2002) Programmed cell death in the developing limb VANESSA ZUZARTE-LUÍS and JUAN M. HURLÉ* Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain ABSTRACT The sculpturing of shape in the developing limb together with the regression of the tail in anuran tadpoles constitute, perhaps, the most paradigmatic processes of programmed cell death. The study of these model systems has been of fundamental importance to support the idea that cell death is a physiological behavior of cells in multicellular organisms. Furthermore, different experimental approaches, including comparative analyses of the pattern of cell death in different avian species (i.e. chick interdigits versus duck interdigital webs) and in chick mutants with different limb phenotypes, provided the first evidence for the occurrence of a genetic program underlying the control of cell death. Two well known research groups in the field of limb development, the USA group headed first by John Saunders and next by John Fallon and the group of Donald Ede and Richard Hinchliffe in the U.K. provided a remarkable contribution to this topic. In spite of the historical importance of the developing limb in establishing the concept of programmed cell death, this model system of tissue regression has been largely neglected in recent studies devoted to the analysis of the molecular control of self-induced cell death (apoptosis). However, a considerable amount of information concerning this topic has been obtained in the last few years. Here we will review current information on the control of limb programmed cell death in an attempt to stimulate further molecular studies of this process of tissue regression. -
Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives
Development of the skin and its derivatives Resources: http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/ Larsen’s Human Embryology – Chapter 7 The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology Dr Annemiek Beverdam – School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Wallace Wurth Building Room 234 – [email protected] Lecture overview Skin function and anatomy Skin origins Development of the overlying epidermis Development of epidermal appendages: Hair follicles Glands Nails Teeth Development of melanocytes Development of the Dermis Resources: http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/ Larsen’s Human Embryology – Chapter 7 The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology Dr Annemiek Beverdam – School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Wallace Wurth Building Room 234 – [email protected] Skin Function and Anatomy Largest organ of our body Protects inner body from outside world (pathogens, water, sun) Thermoregulation Diverse: thick vs thin skin, scalp skin vs face skin, etc Consists of: - Overlying epidermis - Epidermal appendages: - Hair follicles, - Glands: sebaceous, sweat, apocrine, mammary - Nails - Teeth - Melanocytes - (Merkel Cells - Langerhans cells) - Dermis - Hypodermis Skin origins Trilaminar embryo Ectoderm (Neural crest) brain, spinal cord, eyes, peripheral nervous system epidermis of skin and associated structures, melanocytes, cranial connective tissues (dermis) Mesoderm musculo-skeletal system, limbs connective tissue of skin and organs urogenital system, heart, blood cells Endoderm epithelial linings of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts Ectoderm -
Specification and Formation of the Neural Crest: Perspectives on Lineage Segregation
Received: 3 November 2018 Revised: 17 December 2018 Accepted: 18 December 2018 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23276 REVIEW Specification and formation of the neural crest: Perspectives on lineage segregation Maneeshi S. Prasad1 | Rebekah M. Charney1 | Martín I. García-Castro Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Summary California The neural crest is a fascinating embryonic population unique to vertebrates that is endowed Correspondence with remarkable differentiation capacity. Thought to originate from ectodermal tissue, neural Martín I. García-Castro, Division of Biomedical crest cells generate neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, and melanocytes Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA. throughout the body. However, the neural crest also generates many ectomesenchymal deriva- Email: [email protected] tives in the cranial region, including cell types considered to be of mesodermal origin such as Funding information cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue. These ectomesenchymal derivatives play a critical role in the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial formation of the vertebrate head, and are thought to be a key attribute at the center of verte- Research, Grant/Award Numbers: brate evolution and diversity. Further, aberrant neural crest cell development and differentiation R01DE017914, F32DE027862 is the root cause of many human pathologies, including cancers, rare syndromes, and birth mal- formations. In this review, we discuss the current -
Presenting Human Embryology in an International Open-Access Reference Centre (HERC)
2 Presenting Human Embryology in an International Open-Access Reference Centre (HERC) Beate Brand-Saberi1, Edgar Wingender2, Otto Rienhoff2 and Christoph Viebahn2 1Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany 1. Introduction Specimens from early human embryonic development largely originate from chance findings in material collected for pathological analysis following spontaneous or induced abortions, and minimally invasive gynecological surgery for termination of pregnancy (suction curettage) emerging in the early 1990s has now made it almost impossible to procure new intact specimens. Although the absolute number of specimens collected world-wide may be quite high due to the intrinsic fascination held by human embryos, few concerted long-term projects have managed to organise the complex and labour-intensive logistics of acquiring, processing and safely storing specimens for morphological (i.e. histological) analysis. As a result, only four centres world-wide house collections with an appreciable number of scientifically useful specimens. 2. Major embryo collections of the world 2.1 Washington D.C. (USA) The Carnegie Collection of Human Embryos in Washington D.C. (USA) is the largest collection of embryos (some 10 000) cut into serial histological sections. Because many of these specimens stem from the time before optimal histological fixation protocols were available, only relatively few of them are suitable for high-resolution histological analysis. Nevertheless, this collection formed the basis for the definition of the 23 stages of human development during the first 8 weeks (O’Rahilly and Müller, 1987), which serves as the international standard. For further information on the Carnegie Collection see http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/hdac/index.htm in this book. -
Cell Fate, Morphogenetic Movement and Population Kinetics of Embryonic Endoderm at the Time of Germ Layer Formation in the Mouse
Development 101, 627-652 (1987) 627 Printed in Great Britain (G) The Company of Biologists Lunited 1987 Cell fate, morphogenetic movement and population kinetics of embryonic endoderm at the time of germ layer formation in the mouse KIRSTIE A. LAWSON1 and ROGER A. PEDERSEN23 with an appendix by SARA VAN DE GEER4 lHubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2Laboratory of Radiobtology and Environmental Health and ^Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ^Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Knuslaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Summary The fate of the embryonic endoderm (generally called and early-streak-stage embryos is heterogeneous in its visceral embryonic endoderm) of prestreak and early germ layer fate. Whereas the germ layer location of primitive streak stages of the mouse embryo was descendants from anterior sites did not differ after 1 studied in vitro by microinjecting horseradish peroxi- day from that expected from the initial controls dase into single axial endoderm cells of 6 7-day-old (approx. 90 % exclusively in endoderm), only 62 % of embryos and tracing the labelled descendants either the successfully injected posterior sites resulted in through gastrulation (1 day of culture) or to early labelled cells exclusively in endoderm; the remainder somite stages (2 days of culture). contributed partially or entirely to ectoderm and Descendants of endoderm cells from the anterior mesoderm. This loss from the endoderm layer was half of the axis were found at the extreme cranial end compensated by posterior-derived cells that remained of the embryo after 1 day and in the visceral yolk sac in endoderm having more surviving descendants (8-4 h endoderm after 2 days, i.e. -
Cell Mechanics in Embryoid Bodies
cells Review Cell Mechanics in Embryoid Bodies Kira Zeevaert 1,2, Mohamed H. Elsafi Mabrouk 1,2 , Wolfgang Wagner 1,2,* and Roman Goetzke 1,2,* 1 Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (M.H.E.M.) 2 Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (R.G.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88611 (W.W.); +49-241-80-80268 (R.G.) Received: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: Embryoid bodies (EBs) resemble self-organizing aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of early embryogenesis. Within few days, the cells undergo a transition from rather homogeneous epithelial-like pluripotent stem cell colonies into a three-dimensional organization of various cell types with multifaceted cell–cell interactions and lumen formation—a process associated with repetitive epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. In the last few years, culture methods have further evolved to better control EB size, growth, cellular composition, and organization—e.g., by the addition of morphogens or different extracellular matrix molecules. There is a growing perception that the mechanical properties, cell mechanics, and cell signaling during EB development are also influenced by physical cues to better guide lineage specification; substrate elasticity and topography are relevant, as well as shear stress and mechanical strain. Epithelial structures outside and inside EBs support the integrity of the cell aggregates and counteract mechanical stress.