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I TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT of the HARMFUL CULTURAL i TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE HARMFUL CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF RURAL WOMEN: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY BASED WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN EBONYI STATE BY MBAGWU, FELICIA ONYEJIUWA (Mrs.) PG/Ph.D/00/27897 BEING A Ph.D THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION AND EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SUPERVISOR: PROF. (MRS.) C. I. OREH MARCH, 2009 ii CERTIFICATION MBAGWU, FELICIA ONYEJIUWANAKA, a postgraduate student in the Department of Adult Education And Extra-mural Studies with Registration number PG/Ph.D/00/27897, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the course work and research for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Community Development Studies. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this university or any other university. ---------------------------- ---------------------- Supervisor Candidate iii APPROVAL PAGE This thesis has been approved for the Department of Adult Education And Extra-mural Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. BY -------------------------- ---------------------------------- Supervisor’s Name Internal Examiner’s Name ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- External Examiner’s Name Head of Department’s Name -------------------------------- Dean of Faculty’s Name iv DEDICATION This thesis is first dedicated to Almighty God for His enablement from the beginning to the completion of this work. It is also dedicated to my wonderful companion, late Prof J.S.C. Mbagwu who was always there for us, especially his uncompromised interest in our academics.To my first supervisor late Prof.(Mrs.) JDC Osuala, who assisted the researcher in laying the foundation of this work and all the women who have been traumatized by Harsh Cultural Practices meted out on them. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher wishes to acknowledge all those who contributed in various ways to the successful completion of this work. First, she is sincerely grateful to her lecturer and supervisor Prof. (Mrs.) C. I. Oreh for her patience, guidance, moral support and interest in supervising all aspects of this work. The researcher’s thanks go to her family, my Children Obinna, Ikenna, Ezenwa, Chidera Uchechukwu and Ukamaka for their prayers and commitment to this work. She also wishes to express her appreciation to Prof. E. C. Osuala and Dr C. Eze for providing some materials to assist the researcher, in this work..To Prof.C.E.zedum, Dr S.C.Nwizu. Dr S,N.Obasi ,Dr U.Eze and Dr.R.E.Ozioko, the researcher is sincerely grateful to you for accepting to read this work and the useful contributions made at various stages. The researcher says a big thanks again to Prof.C.Ezedum, Dr.B.C.Madu, Dr P.Onwuasanya, and Dr K.O.Usman for validating the instruments used for this study.She expresses her profound appreciation to.Prof. (Mrs.) D. U. Egonu, Prof. T. A. Ume, Rev Canon C. A. Onyechi,and Prof. P. N. C. Ngwu, her lecturers,who nurtured her academically and supported her morally during this study. Similar thanks must go to Dr. (Mrs.) T Ogbuanya, who inspite of her thight schedule,contributed in no small measure to the success of this work. She read through this work with sustained interest and patience. To a host of others too numerous to mention here, she appreciates them for their encouragements. The researcher must thank the staff of the Ministry of Information and state orientation Ebonyi State for their various assistance which included providing the statistical data on the distribution of Community Based Organizations. A big thank you is extended to all the staff of U.N.N. Cyber café and the Nnamdi Azikiwe library U. N. N. especially to Mr. Vincent Ekwelem for the various literature materials that were made available to assist in this work. Similar thanks go to my field research assistants – Felicia Njoku, Uzorna Nwamini, Otah Chinyere and Uche Jasper. To the various community leaders and women executives, she says thank you.The researcher sends a warm thanks to Mr. Okoye of Ogueri Cyber café and Mr. Oruade for handling the statistical aspects of this work. The researcher also acknowledges Miss Chikaodili Nnamani and Helen Anazodo for typing this manuscript. Again, the researcher thanks the Almighty God for His infinite mercy wisdom, abundant grace, provisions, protection and many other blessings throughout the the duration of this work. I say thank you Daddy. Mbagwu, Felicia Onyejiuwa vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Certification Page - - - - - - - - - ii Approval Page - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vi List of Tables - - - - - - - - - viii Abstract - - - - - - - - - - x Chapter one: INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - 1 Background to the study - - - - - - - - 1 Statement of the study - - - - - - - - 5 Purpose of the study - - - - - - - - 7 Significance of the study - - - - - - - - 8 Research Questions -- - - - - - - - - 9 Hypotheses - - - - - - - - - - 10 Scope of the study - - - - - - - - - 10 Chapter two: REVIEW OF LITERATURE - - - - 11 A.Conceptual/theoretical background - 1.The concept of culture and women’s health- - - - - - - - 11 2Harmful cultural practices and women’s health- - - - - - 18 3.Manifestations of Harmful Cultural Practices - - - - - 26 4.Types of Harmful Cultural Practices that may Affect Women’s Health - 33 5.Why Harmful Cultural Practices Resist Change in Cotemporary Times - 62 6.Intervention Strategies to Eliminate Harmful Cultural Practices. - - - 67 7.Psychologically related theories- - - - - - - - 79 B. Review of Emperically Related Studies- - - - - - 81 C. Summary of Related Literature - - - - - 89 vii Chapter Three: RESEARCH METHOD - - - - - - 91 Research Design - - - - - - - - - 91 Area of study - - - - - - - - - - 91 Population of the study - - - - - - - - 92 Sample and Sampling Techniques - - - - - - 92 Instrument for Data Collection - - - - - - - 93 Validity of the Instrument - - - - - - - - 94 Reliability of the Instrument - - - - - - - 95 Procedure for Data Collection - - - - - - - 95 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - - - 96 Chapter Four: RESULTS - - - - - - - - 97 Findings from the Focus Group Discussion - - - - - 105 Summary and Findings - - - - - - - 110 Chapter Five: DISCUSSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, CONCLUSION and SUMMARY - - - - - -111 Discussion of findings - - - - - - - -111 Implication of the Study for Adult Education/Community Development -120 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -121 Recommendations - - - - - - - - -122 Suggestions for Further Research - - - - - -123 References - - - - - - - - - -124 viii Appendix A - - - - - - - - -142 143 Frequency table of Respondent’s Bio-Data Appendix B - - - - - - - - - 144-147 Distribution of the Randomly Sampled Local Governments and Community Based Organizations using 40% Sample Interval. Appendix C - - - - - - - - - 148-158 Letter of Introduction from the Researcher and Questionnaire on the Assessment of Harmful Cultural Practices that May Affect the Health of Women in the Local Government Areas in Ebonyi State, used for the study. Appendix D - - - - - - - - - 159-161 Letter of Introduction from the Researcher and Focus Group Discussion Schedule. Appendix E - - - - - - - - - -162 A Letter for Validator (s) of Research Instrument. Appendix F - - - - - - - - - - 163 Modifications on Questionnaire and Observation made on FGD Instrument. Appendix G - - - - - - - - - - 164 - 168 Reliability of Instrument. Appendix H - - - - - - - - - - 169 Mean and Standard Deviation of the reason for the existence of HCPs practices in the communities according to the respondents Appendix I - - - - - - - - - 170-172 ANOVA Summary for mean ratings of respondents on HCPs based on location Appendix J - - - - - - - - - 173-175 T-test analysis of the mean ratings of single and married parent on why the HCP exist in communities Appendix K - - - - - - - - - 176 Names of Primary Schools and Volunteered Teachers ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Distribution of Community Based Women Organization in the thirteen Local Government Area of Ebonyi State - - - - - 92 2. Distribution of the radomlysampled local governments and Community Based Organizations using the 40% sample interval propounded by Osuala (2005) - - - - - - - - 93 3. Mean and Standard deviation of the harmful cultural practices in the communities of the respondents - - - - - 97 4. Mean and Standard Deviation of the reason for the existence of HCPs practices in the communities according to the respondents - 98 5. Mean and Standard Deviation of the consequences of the HCPs on women’s health according to the respondents - - - - 99 6. Mean and Standard deviation of the reason why HCPs are resistant - 100 7. Mean and Standard deviation of the intervention strategies for eliminating HCPs - - - - - - - - 101 8. ANOVA Summary for mean ratings of respondents on HCPs based on location - - - - - - - - - 102 9. t-test analysis of the mean ratings of single and married parent on why the HCP exist in communities- - - - - - 103 10. t-test analysis of mean ratings of educated and non-educated respondents on why HCPs resist change in contemporary times - - - 105 x ABSTRACT Harmful cultural practices have been identified as significant causes of disability and deaths particularly among women of reproductive age in developing countries. Hence, the researcher conducted this study on the assessment of harmful cultural practices
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