1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7265 PETITIONS, ETC. In this our Father's world, while striv­ By Mr. DOWNEY, from the Committee on ing in the day's heat valiantly as men, Civil Service: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions S. 2083. A bill to amend section 6 of the and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk may we keep our faith simple and Classification Act of 1923, as amended; with­ and referred as follows: our hearts happy as children. In the out amendment (Rept. No. 1566); 2118. By Mr. VOORHIS of California: Redeemer's name. Amen. H. R. 3492. A bill to amend further the Petition of Mrs. Ruth Reynolds of Red Creek, THE JOURNAL Civil Service Retirement Act, approved May N. Y., and 24 others, petitioning Congress to 29, 1930, as amended; without amendment withhold all grain from distillers and brewers On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by (Rept. No. 1567); and for beverage liquor, to the Committee on unanimous consent, the reading of the H. R. 4651. A bill to amend section 6 of Agriculture. Journal of the proceedings of the cal­ the Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 2019. By Mr. HANCOCK: Petition of Floyd endar day Thursday, June 20, 1946, was 1930, as amended; without amendment E. McBride and other residents of Skaneateles, (Rept. No. 1568}. dispensed with, and the Journal was By Mr. HATCH, from the Committee on N. Y., urging legislation to prevent the use approved. of grain in the manufacture of alcoholic Public Lands and Surveys: beverages; to the Committee on Agriculture. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT S. 1602. A bill to confirm title to certain railroad-grant lands located in the county 2020. By Mr. KEARNEY: Petition contain­ Messages in writing from the President ing the signatures of 260 citizens of the of Kern. State of California; without amend­ of the United States submitting nomina­ ment (Rept. No. 1570); Thirty-first Congressional District, State of S . 1839. A bill to provide basic authority New York, protesting against the enactment tions were communicated to the Senate for the performance of certain functions and of prohibition legislation; to the Committee by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. on the Judiciary. activities of the National Park Service; with LEAVE OF ABSENCE amendments (Rept. No. 1569); and 2021. Also, petition containing the signa­ H. R. 4486. A bill to abolish the Santa Rosa tures of 366 citizens of the Thirty-first Con­ Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, on behalf of the Senator from Iowa [Mr. HICKEN­ Island National Monument and to provide for gressional District, State of New York, the conveyance to Escambia County, St ate of protesting against the enactment of prohibi­ LOOPER], I ask unanimous consent that Florida, of that portion of Santa Rosa Island tion legislation; to the Committee on the he may be excused from attendance upon which is under the jurisdiction of the Depart­ Judiciary. the sessions of the Senate while he is ment of the Interior; without amendment 2022. By Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania: serving and absent as a member of the (Rept. No. 1571) . 'Petition of Amos A. J. Myers Post, No. 28, By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado, from the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Jeannette, Pa., Special Committee on Atomic Energy. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is Committee on Public Lands and Surveys: and others protesting against 30 percent H. R. 5840. A bill to authorize an exchange reduction in grains available for the manu­ there objection? The Chair he.ars none, of land in Eagle County, 'Jolo.; without facture of beer and protesting further any and leave is granted. amendment (Rept. No. 1572). additional restrictions now under considera­ Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, I ask By Mr. CORDON, from the Committee on -tion; to the Committee on Agriculture. Public Lands and Surveys: 2023. By The SPEAKER: Petition of the unanimous consent to be absent from the Senate for such time as may be necessary H . R. 2423. A bill to authorize the exchange Geological Society of Washington, petitioning of lands acquired by the United States for consideration of their resolution with refer­ in connection with the Bikini atom-bomb the Silver Creek recreational demonstration ence to endorsement of Senate bill 1717; to test. project, Oregon, for the purpose of consolidat­ the Committee on Military Affairs. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ ing holdings therein, and for other purposes; 2024. Also, petition of the Great Lakes out objection; leave is granted. Without amendment (Rept. No. 1573}. Harbors Association, petitioning considera­ By Mr. HILL, from the Committee on Edu­ tion of their resolution with reference to en­ SENATE BILLS RETURNED BY THE HOUSE cation and Labor: dorsement of Senate Joint Resolution 48; to AND INDEFINITELY POSTPONED S.1561. A bill to amend ·the act entitled the Committee on the Judiciary. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The "Compensation for injury, death, or deten­ 2025. Also, petition of the Great Lakes tion of employees of contractors with the Harbors Association, petitioning considera­ Chair desires to state that, in compliance United States outside the United States," as tion of their resolution with reference to with a request of the Senate, the House amended, for the purpose of making the 100- postwar restoration and rehabilitation of of Representatives has returned two percent earning provisions effective as of Great Lakes shipping and of the domestic Senate bills which were passed by the January 1, 1942; with an amendment (Rept. merchant marine generally; to the Committee Senate on June 14, and on which day No. 1574}; and on Rivers and Harbors. S. 1920. A bill to provide for the demon­ the House passed identical bills, which stration of public-library service in areas were later passed by the Senate. without such service or with inadequate li­ The Senate bills areS. 2141, amending brary facilities; with amendments (Rept. No. the American Battle Monuments Com­ 1575) . . SENATE mission Act, and S. 2200, providing for By Mr. TUNNELL, from the Committee on the settlement of certain damage claims Education and Labor: FRIDAY, JUNE 21, 194-6 S. 1178. A bill providing equal pay for by the War Department. · equal work for women, and for other pur­

United States by force or violence~ Provided Johnson, Colo. Murdock Swift On the other band, for many years further, That any person who engages in a Johnston, S. C. Murray Taft torpedoes have been manufactured at strike against the Government of the United Knowland O'Daniel Taylor La Follette O'Mahoney Thomas, Okla. Newport, R.I. During the war the Navy States or who is a member of an organization Lucas Overton Tobey Department concluded that it was nec­ of Government employees that asserts the McCarran Pepper Tunnell right to strike against the Government of the McClellan Radcliffe Tydings essary to have an additional torpedo United States, or who advocates, or who is McKellar Reed Wagner plant. So a plant was constructed at a member of an organization that advocates, McMahon Revercomb Walsh Forest Park, adjoining the city of Chi­ the overthrow of the Government of the Magnuson Robertson White Mead · Russell · Wiley cago. The Forest Park plant is modern United States by force or violence and ac­ Millikin Saltonstall Willis and, according to the testimony, one of cepts employment the salary or wages for Moore Stewart Wilson which are paid from any appropriation con­ the best in the world for the manufac­ tained in this act shall be guilty of a felony Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen­ ture of torpedoes. The plant at New­ and, upon conviction, shall be fined not more ator from North Carolina [Mr. ·BAILEY] port is not so modern. It has grown than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than is absent because of illness. and expanded from time to time, but is 1 year, or both: Provided further, That the ' The · Senator from Missouri [Mr. not so modern as ~s the plant at Forest above penalty clause shall be in addition to, BRIGGS], the Senator from Utah [Mr. Park. and not in substitution for, any other pro­ The' Navy Department recommended visions of existing law. THOMAS], and the Senator from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] are absent by leave of the that the provision which was inserted on The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senate. the floor of the House be stricken from question is on agreeing to the amend­ The Senator from South Carolina [Mr. the bill, because representatives of the ment. MAYBANKJ is necessarily absent. Department said in effect that better The amendment was agreed to. The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. torpedoes and at less cost could be con­ Mr. OVERTON. Mr. President, an­ BILBO], the Senators from Pennsylvania structed and were being constructed at other amendment passed over is on page [Mr. GUFFEY and Mr. MYERS], the Sen­ Forest Park than at Newport, and that 39, lines 19 to 24, which is known as the ator from West Virginia [Mr. KILGORE], it would be in the interest of the Navy stop-watch amendment. The amend­ the Senator from Arizona [Mr. McFAR­ Department and of the Government that ment to the provision in the bill-a pro­ LAND], and the Senator from Washington the plant at Forest Park should be con­ vision which has been incorporated in [Mr. MITCHELL] are detained on public tinued in operation. The committee ap­ previous Navy Oepartment appropriation business. parently arrived at the same conclusion, bills-prohibits the use of the stop­ The Senator from Texas [Mr. CoN­ and determined that it would be to the watch-and this is the amendment- NALLY] is absent on official· business, at­ best interest of the Government that Unless representatives of the employees are tending the Paris meeting of the Council the plant at Forest Park be continued. given the opportunity to check any such time of Foreign Ministers as an adviser to the There is no necessity for both plants·. studies as may affect the amount of work Secretary of State. Therefore the manufacturing of .tor­ asked of them and to protest under the es­ Mr. WHITE. The Senator from Mich­ pedoes at Newport would be discontinued tablished grievance procedure any work re­ if quirements believed unreasonable. igan [Mr. VANDENBERG] is absent on of­ the plant at Forest Park were con­ ficial business, attending the Paris meet­ tinued. However, at the Newport plant It was thought in the committee that ing of the Council of Foreign Ministers there are two activities in connection this would make a very workable provi­ as an adviser to the Secretary of State. with torpedoes which still remain. One sion because under it the Navy Depart­ The Senator from Maine [Mr. BREW­ is designing and the other is testing. ment would have to work in cooperation STER] is necessarily absent. Therefore the continuance of the Forest with labor and its representatives. The Senator from Illinois [Mr. Park plant would not operate as a com­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The BRooKs], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. plete closure of the Newport plant. It Chair understands that the amendment CAPEHART], the Senator from North Da­ would continue in operation for the pur­ was passed over at the request of the kota [Mr. LANGER], the Senator from Ore­ pose of designing anu testing torpedoes, Senator from Louisiana [Mr. OvERTON], gon [Mr. MoRsE], the Senator from -Min­ which is a very substantial part of the Mr. OVERTON. It was. nesota [Mr. SHIPSTEAD], the Senator from activities at that plant. The PRESIDENT pro tempor-e. The New Jersey [Mr. SMITH], the Senator There is quite a controversy between question is on agreeing to the amend- from Kentucky [Mr. STANFILL], and .the Rhode Island and Illinois in connection ment. · · Senator from North Dakota [Mr. YouNG] with the matter. The details of the sit.:. The amendment was agreed to. are absent by leave of the Senate. uation will be presented to the Senate by Mr. OVERTON.· Another amendment The Senator from Iowa [Mr. HICKEN-:­ the two able Senators from Illinois [Mr. passed over-there arc two of them-are LOOPER] is absent by leave of the Senate LUCAS and Mr. BROOKS] in behalf Of the to be found on page 13, lines 18 to 21. on official business as a .member of the Forest Park plant, and the two equally I doubt if there will be any controversy Special Committee on Atomic Energy, able Senators from Rhode Island [Mr'. in respect to that amendment. The Senator from New Hampshire GREEN and Mr. GERRY] on the part of Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, the two [Mr. BRIDGES] and the Senator from Ne­ Rhode Island and Newport. amendments are related, are they not? braska [Mr. WHERRY] are absent on of­ .However, I wish to make this observa­ Mr. OVERTON. They are related. ficial business. tion: I believe that in any event the Mr. WHITE. It seems to me that The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Seven­ language inserted by the committee in there is sufficient controversy about ty-two Senators having answered to their lines 18 to 21 should be retained. The them that there cught to be a quorum names, a quorum is present. language is as follows: present. Mr. OVERTON. Mr. President, there Of which $350,000 shall be available for Mr. OVERTON. I have no ob5ection are two amendments appearing on page placing the equipment at the naval torpedo at al.l, and I was going to make that 13 of the pending bill. The first amend­ station, Newport, R. I., in condition for suggestion. ment that should be considered is the sec­ operation. Mr. WHITE. I suggest the absence of ond amendment on the page. If the provision which the House in­ a quorum. While the bill was pending in the House serted, whi-efl is destructive of the Chi­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The there was insetted on the floor of the cago plan, should be retained in con­ clerk will call the roll. House a proviso to this effect: The Chief Clerk called the roll, and ference, the Government then would the following Senators answered to their Provided, That no part of this or any other have to go to Newport to continue the names: appropriation contained in this act shall be manufacture of torpedoes. It would be available for the manufacture, assembly, re­ necessary that $350,000 be immediately Aiken Capper Gerry pair, or overhaul of torpedoes at the Naval spent at that plant in order that it might Andrews Carville Gossett Ordnance Plant, Forest Park, Ill. Austin Chavez Green properly continue in the manufacture of Ball Cordon Gurney The effect of that amendment, of torpedoes. Barkley . Donnell Hart Buck Downey Hatch course, would be to P,ispense with the Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the Burch Eastland Hawkes manufacture of torpedoes at the plant at Senator yield? Bushfield . Ellender Hayden Forest Park, Ill. That plant is built for Mr. OVERTON. I yield. Butler Ferguson Hill Byrd Fulbright Hoey that purpose, and the result would-be to Mr. LUCAS. In connection with the Capehart George Huffman put the plant in grease. last statement made by the able Senator CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE .JUNE 21 from Louisiana, I should like to pro­ they did the torpedo manufacturing port torpedo station and the Forest pound this question: In the event the plant at Newport. To quote him directly Park plant in operation. They both Senate should sustain the report of the from the hearings ori this bill at pages might be needed in time of war, and for Senate Committee on Appropriations to 227 and 228, I quote as follows: that case one of them should be placed strike out lines 2i to 24, and the bill Admiral HussEY. I would consider it cer­ in grease as a stand-by plant. should go to conference with the amend­ tainly within the Secretary's authority, re­ ·Many times, at hearings and confer­ ment containing the $350,000 available verting to the school question, to close the ences, Navy officials have led the Rhode for placing the equipment at the naval school when there was no longer any need Island congressional delegation to believe torpedo station at Hewport, R. I., in con­ for it without feeling that it had to come that the Newport plant would be kept in­ dition to operate, would the conferees to Congress and ask for authority. tact and would be used as such a stand­ Senator GREEN. Would they have authority have the right to strike out the $350 ,000 "to close Annapolis? by plant. However, within the last week in the event they should fail to sustain Admiral HussEY. If the need could be met it has been called to my attention that the position of the Senators from Rhode some other way; yes, sir. the War Assets Administration is to con­ Island? duct a sale at Newport, and that prime Mr.· OVERTON. Certainly. In the Apart from this general policy, with metals, machinery, tools, some produc­ event that the Senate should agree to the which I disagree, and which I believe tion equipmept, and some miscellaneous committee amendment striking out lines should be considered carefully by the materials are to be sold . . 21 to 24, and that were agreed to in Congress. there are other phases of the Admiral Hussey, chief of the Bureau conference, the conferees, I assume, matter which I should touch upon. ' of Ordnance, definitely assured Repre­ would strike out the $350,000 allocation What has actually happened at New­ sentative FoRAND, of Rhode Island, this to continue operations at Newport. port is that thousands of permament very week that no machinery was to be Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, when the civil service employees who have given sold at Newport. Let me read you a naval appropriation bill was under dis­ tne best years of their lives to the Gov­ letter from Mr. FoRAND I have just re­ cussion in the House of Representatives, ernment, many of whom have worked at ·ceived: Representative FoRAND, of Rhode Island, .the naval torpedo station for 20, 25, yes, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, offered an amendment to the appropria­ even 30 years, were thrown out of work, HOUSE . OF. REPRESENTATIVES, tion for the Bureau of Ordnance, as fol­ with only the short 30 days notice re­ Washington, D. C., June 20, 1946. lows: quired by law. These include men who Hon. THEODORE F. GREEN, _ have regarded their work at the torpedo Senate Office Building, Provided, That no part of th~s or ·any station as their life work, who have es­ Washington, D. C. other appropriation contained in this act tablished homes, bought and mortgaged MY DEAR SENATOR GREEN: Because I know shall be available for the manufacture, of your deep interest in our efforts to secure assembly, repair, or overhaul of torpedoes houses in Newport. These include men .resumption of torpedo work at the naval at the naval ordnance plant, Forest Park, who wanted to enter the armed services, torpedo station, Newport, R: I., I ani sure Ill. but were urged by their superiors not to you will be interested to know that after I .leave the torpedo station, on the ground learned on last Sunday of the report circu­ This amendment was adopted and is that they could render greater service to lated in Newport that the machinery at the part of the bill as it came from the their country there. They include men torpedo station was to be declared· surplus House. When the bill · was under con­ who did enter the armed service, and and sold by the War Assets Administration, ·I sideration by the Senate Committee on after years of service were honorably dis­ talked with Admiral Hussey of the Navy De­ Appropriations, the Navy Department, partment on Monday morning and told him charged, and came back to Newport and 'that word had been received in Newpor.t that in a letter to the chairman of the sub­ were told there was no more work for committee of the Senate Committee on $3,500,000 worth of torpedo manufacturing them there. It must be remembered in equipment at the station was to be declared Appropriations, suggested that this item .this connection that this torpedo sta­ surplus, that it was being cataloged, and be deleted from the bill. However, the tion is the only manufacturing establish­ scheduled to be disposed of at an on-the-spot subcommittee .voted to retain the item ment ·in or near Newport, and that all of sale beginning June 24. · in the bill. Later the full committee these men, young and old,- civilians and Admiral Hussey emphatically told me that :voted to delete it. veterans, are forced to seek work else­ the report was false, that there was no foun­ The Newport Naval Torpedo Station dation fo'r the rumor and tbat the Navy's where. These men are not covered by policy relative to the torpedo station· hap. was established in 1869 and continually present civil service retirement laws ex­ since that date, that is, for about 77 not changed. , cept in a few special instances, and they I then asked blm if I was safe to say that years, has designed, manufactured, re­ would have to forfeit the retirement the report was false and that there was no paired, overhauled, and tested torpedoes benefits to which they had been looking foundation for the rumor and he stated for the Navy with the greatest efficiency forward. "definitely so." and success. During the War the Navy In contrast to this, the Navy Depart­ In view of the persistence of the rumor a Department established a:ri additional ment recommended at the new Forest resolution was adopted by the Board of Al­ plant at Forest Park, in Illinois, and this Park establishment, which was manned dermen of the City of Newport on June 15 was op.erated by the American Can and a copy was sent to my office which I in by employees of the American Can Co., · turn transmitted on yesterday to the Sec­ Co. When hostilities ceased, the mem­ the blanketing 'in of all these American retary of the Navy with a request that· be bers of the Rhode Island congres­ Can Co. employees, designated "war serv­ furnish me promptly with the facts con­ sional delegation, because of rumors that ice employees," without any examination· cerning this reported sale of the machinery the Forest Park plant was to supplant whatever. The Civil Service Commis­ at the torpedo station as surplus equipment. the Newport plant for manufacturing sion complied with this request. I am furnishing you with this informa­ torpedoes, conferred many times with As a result, long-time employees at tion so that we may continue to work . to­ officials of the Navy Department relative gether in our efforts to restore torpedo man­ Newport with 20 or 30 years of honorable ufacturing to Newport. to this matter. At these conferences the service, are out of work, while war-serv­ Sincerely yours, Navy Department for a long time with­ ice employees at Forest Park with only 2, AIME J. FORAND, held information from us, at the same 3, or 4 years' service, have now permanent Member of Congress. time c~.rrying out a policy it-+rad ~dopted, jobs. This is most unfair; and the civil and which had not been approved by the service employees in New England, who It is difficult to reconcile this letter Congress. That policy is based on the know these facts, are coming to the con­ from Representaive FoRAND with another claim that the Navy Department has the clusion that there is no future in working letter I have also just received, dated right to abandon any naval establish­ for the Government. It is true that the June 19, from Lt. Gen. E. B. Gregory, ment-temporary or permanent, and Civil Service Commission has recom­ Administrator of the War Assets Admin­ wether or not established by or with mended the enactment of legislation istration. The letter reads as follows: the approval o.f the Congress-and to which would, in part, care for these em­ • WAR ASSETS ADMINISTRATION, establish new plants as substitutes with­ ployees. However, as yet Congress has Washington, D. C., June 19, 1946. Ollt the authority of the Congress. done nothing at all to enact-such leg­ Hon. THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, ' Admiral Hussey even went so far at , islation. Washington, D. C. a hearing of a subcommittee as to assert It may be true that in peacetime there DEAR SENATOR GREEN: The following in­ that the Navy Department could close ts not enough call for torpedoes to war­ formation is given in answer to your tele­ the Naval Academy at Annapolis just as rant the maintenance of both the New- gram of June 18. 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .7271 As of May 30, 1946, our regional office at tion to Forest Park. I wish to add fur­ seem to me, as I understand the situa­ Boston had on hand in its inventory ac­ ther that it was the skilled and trained tion, that it would cost the Government count surplus property located at the New­ experts of the Newport torpedo manu­ $350,000 to open up the plant in New­ port Naval Torpedo Station having a de­ port. clared cost of approximately $1,350,600. It facturing plant who trained the super­ consists principally of prime metals, some visors and employees at the Forest Park Mr. OVERTON. That is correct. If production equipment, and miscellaneous establishment. Those same experts are the plant at Chicago is abandoned under materials. now thrown out of work at Newport the House provision, it will cost $350,000 On March 11, 1946, Rear Adm. C. H. Cotter, while those whom they trained are op­ to equip the plant at Newport. Vice Chief of Material Division, Navy Depart­ erating at the Forest Park plant. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. TuN­ ment, transmitted to us a list of naval ac­ Furthermore, Mr. President, it might NELL in the chair). The question is on tivities by States recommended for site sales. be well to call to the attention of the agreeing to the committee amendment That list included the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport under category 2 of the priority Senate that the Navy Department offi­ on page 13, in line 18, beginning after clearance group for naval installations. cials have stated that the Newport plant the word "Maryland," and ending in line This Administration has tentatively sched­ would still be used as a research center. 21 with the word "operation." uled a site sale at the Newport Naval Tor­ In view of their previous reports it is The amendment was agreed to. pedo Station for August 12. Prepara~ions for hard for me to understand what the Mr. OVERTON. Mr. President, I sug­ the sale are scheduled to begin June 24. Navy plans to do with the naval estab­ gest the absence of a quorum. Sincerely yours, lishment at Newport. If they do use E. B. GREGORY, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Administrator. Newport as a research unit, the torpe­ clerk will call the roll. does will be designed there and the plans The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the Let me also read to you, Mr. President, and specifications shipped to Forest Park, following Senators answered to their in this connection a memorandum dated where they will be manufactured, and names: June 18 from former Representative then the torpedoes will be shipped back Aiken Green O'Daniel W. S. Jacobsen, now the Senate .liaison to Newport for testing in the salt water Andrews Gurney O'Mahoney officer for the War Assets Administra­ of Narragansett Bay, and in most cases Austin Hart Overton Ball Hatch Pepper tion. The memorandum reads as fol- loaded on ships there. This is far from Barkley Hawkes Radcliffe lows: · practical, and it is not good business. It Buck Hayden Reed WAR ASSETS ADMINISTRATION, is a costly arrangement for the Govern­ Burch Hill Revercomb Bushfield Hoey Robertson Washington, D . C., June 18, 1946. ment to adopt. Butler Huffman Russell Memorandum for Senator GREEN: I am making this statement that my Byrd Johnson, Colo. Sal tonstall This concerns your inquiry regarding the colleagues in the Senate may fully un­ Capehart Johnston, S. C. Stewart naval torpedo station at Newport, R. I. derstand the significance of this aban­ Capper Knowland Swift According to information obtained for Col. Carville La Follette · Taft Matthew Robinson, Deputy Administrator for donment by the Navy Department of this Chavez Lucas Taylor the Office of Acquk:tions, the War Assets Ad­ old naval institution established and Cordon McCarran Thomas, Okla. maintained by Congress for 77 years and Donnell McClellan Tobey ministration has received information from Downey McKellar Tunnell the Navy Department that the unremoved the substitute for it of a new establish­ Eastland McMahon Tydings equipment and material at the above sta­ ment elsewhere without the knowledge, Ellender Magnuson Wagner tion, consisting of metals, machinery and consent, or approval of the Congress. Ferguson Mead Walsh tools, was surplus as of May 31. Mr. LUCAS obtained the floor. Fulbright Mitchell White The amount declared surplus at annex George Moore Wiley Mr. OVERTON. Mr. President, will Gerry Murdock Willis No. 1 is $1,423,000; the amount at Goat Island Gossett Murray Wilson is $1 ,000,000. the Senator yield. WAA is now conducting site sales through­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. The PRESiillNG OFFICER. Sev­ out the country, .and I am advised that a Mr. OVERTON. I should like to ask enty-two Senators have answered to tentative date for the sale at Newport, R. I., a question of the Senator from Rhode their names. A quorum is present. The has been set for August 12 through Ocober 12. Island. Does the Senator have any ob­ clerk will state the pending amendment. '\/, S. JACOBSEN. jection to the committee amendment on . The CHIEF CLERK. On page 13, be­ Mr. President, in view of Admiral Hus­ page 13, allocating $35Q,OOO for the ginning in line 21, it is proposed to strike sey's statement to Representative equipment of the naval torpedo station out: "Provided, That no part of this or FoRAND, I trust that he will take steps at Newport? any other appropriation contained in to cancel the sale referred to by the War Mr. GREEN. No. this act shall be available for the manu­ Assets Administration. Mr. OVERTON. May I ask the Sena­ facture, assembly, repair, or overhaul of In this connection I present a resolu­ tor from Illinois if he has any objection torpedoes at the Naval Ordnance Plant, tion sent me by the 'board of aldermen to the amendment? Forest Park, Ill." of the city of Newport. The resolution Mr. LUCAS. I have no objection to The PRESIDING OFFICER. The is as follows: the amendment. If the Senate sustains question is on agreeing to the amend­ Resolved, That the Board of Aldermen in the position of the Appropriations Com­ ment. session assembled request that the War mittee in its amendment in line 21, the Mr. LUCAf:>. Mr. President, I listened Assets Administration, Regional Director, $350,000 item will be deleted. very attentively to the argument and dis­ Boston, Mass., and the chief of the Rhode Mr. GREEN. I do not wish that state­ cussion made by my very good friend Island office of the War Assets Administra­ ment to be misconstrued later. It seems from Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN], and tion :le requested to defer any contemplated to me that the conference committee sale of the machinery at the Naval Torpedo from that argument I reached the con­ Station at Newport, R. I., t• ·.ltil after the has the right to accept either one of clusion that the able Senators from passage of the naval appropriation bill and these proposals, or to deny either one Rhode Island want the station at New­ same is signed by the President of the United of them. port maintained primarily because it was States; and be it further Mr. OVERTON. The conference com­ established there in 1869. Everyone is Rel';olved, That a conference be arranged mittee will have the right, but I think proud of antiquities in his State, and I between the mayor of the city of Newport the logical procedure would be to delete can understand why the two distin­ and the chairman of the representative coun-. the $350,000 item. cil with the officials of the War Assets Ad­ guished Senators from Rhode Island de­ ministration so that the city of Newport may Mr. GREEN. All that is a matter for sire to keep this plant in existence in have an opportunity ·to present the reasons the conference committee to decide. Rhode Island; but, Mr. President, in this for this request. Mr. OVERTON. It is for the confer­ modern world, time does move on; change In board of aldermen, June 15, 1946. ence committee to decide, but I should takes place; nothing remains static, and A true copy. Attest: like to dispose of the first amendment when the time comes that a plant, where­ HENRY B. WHALEN, if there be no objection to it. I refer ever it may be located, is inadequate to City Clerk. to the amendment on page 13, in line do the job which is necessary from the The claim is made that the Forest Park . 18, beginning after the word "Mary­ standpoint of national defense, no argu­ plant is modern and fully equipped. This land," and ending in line 21 with the ment, either on the ground of age or is probably true, but it must be remem­ word "operation." location or anything else, can challenge bered that much machinery has been Mr. LUCAS. Before we dispose of the position that at the very least \t shipp~d from the Newport Torpedo Sta-' ·the'amendment,·I may say that it would should be-supplemented. 7272 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE It is admitted and undisputed that the been in existence since 1869, though it is the west coast. But I submit the ques­ Forest Park plant, located in Chicago, now considered out of date by the best tion of costs is only incidental. It is solely Ill., is the most modern and best equipped experts of the Navy, and who, having a question of whether or not the Senate from the standpoint of modern machine. the coUntry's interests at heart, desire and the House of Representatives want tools for the production of torpedoes of to continue the torpedo plant near to keep our war equipment up-to-date, any plant that exists in the world. Chicago, TIL, there are those who want us so far as the development of torpedoes is Furthermore, Mr. President, the tor­ to go back to the old way of doing concerned. That seems to me to be the pedo plant at Forest Park, Ill., is. now things. basic question. manufacturing an electric torpedo that I am a little surprised that my · Yet, if the Forest Park plant is dis­ cannot be manufactured anywhere else distinguished and close friend from mantled and the work is concentrated in the United States, not even at New­ Rhode Island, who is as tolerant and at Newport or elsewhere along the At­ port. possessed of such a world-wide outlook lantic coast, the plant there will be vul­ Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, will the on international and national affairs, nerable to attack. It is said that under Senator yield for a question? ~ cannot see the great advantage of keep­ modern conditions any plant anywhere Mr. LUCAS. I yield. ing this plant as it is at the present time, is just as vulnerable as at any other place, Mr. GREEN. Is it not true that some rather than putting it in grease, as the from the standpoint of an attack by an of the machinery was taken from N~w­ amendment would do. Once this plant is · enemy. That premise I seriously chal­ port and sent to Forest Park, and that put in grease, that will be the end of it; lenge. The real reason such plants were that is the reason why today the Forest it will not be a stand-by plant; it will dispersed during the war was that, scat­ Park plant is better equipped? become surplus property, and in view of tered, they would be less -rulnerable to Mr. LUCAS. I do not understand that the way the industries are now bidding destruction by the enemy. The respon­ to be the case. I understood that certain for plants, the Navy will not have any sible officials tried to decentralize our in­ tools; jigs, dies, and other facilities were trouble in disposing of that plant, with all dustries in between the Rockies and the transported from the Newport plant to its fine equipment and the tools which Alleghenies to a great extent, as a matter the Forest Park plant, but so far as the are in it. purely of safety and security of the plants electric torpedo is concerned, that is There is no proposal to take away from from attack from without. something new, something which is being the Newport plant everything that is · What happened to this question in the experimented with for the national there. The Navy proposes to leave two of House of Representatives? How does defense. the main departments, two of the im­ this amendment get before us, Mr. Presi­ Mr. President, why was the plant at portant and up-to-date departments dent? The Committee on Appropria­ Forest Park built in the first place? It which have to do with designing, re­ tions had nothing to do with the amend­ was built there during the war because search and the testing of torpedoes. ment in the House of Representatives. the Congress of the United States,. and The Senator from Rhode Island has The members of that committee did not every responsible individual who was in­ made an eloquent plea for men who have consider the amendment which would terested in national defense, felt that as worked all their lives in the plant at prohibit the spending of any money in a matter of safety and security plants Newport and who might be thrown out making torpedoes in Forest Park, Ill. At which were making weapons and instru­ of employment. Under the Navy plan, least, if the Rhode Island delegation ap­ ments of war should be scattered here the Rhode Island plant will take just peared before the committee at that cmd there throughout the United States. 600 fewer employees. Before the matter time, the committee paid no attention to So this torpedo plant, at a cost of is ended, under the Veterans' Preference their pleas. But, finally, when the ap­ $21,000,000, was placed near the city of Act which was passed in 1944 most of propriation ,bill came to the floor of the Chicago, and is still operating. those 600 will be replaced within a short House, an amendment was offered by Mr. GERRY. Mr. President, will the time by veterans of World War II if Ad­ Representative FORAND, who said: Senator yield? miral Hussey's testimony is correct. And We are simply asking that this new, tem­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. what is going on in Newport with respect porary plant out there in Forest Park be put Mr. GERRY. I call the Senator's at­ to the application of the Veterans' Pref­ in greas~ . tention to the fact that it is my under­ erence Act is going on all over the United Mr. THOMAS of Texas said: standing that parts of the torpedoes States in similar ·Plants. which are assembled at the Forest Park What about the torpedo the Navy is· The gentleman means be would close up­ plant are not manufactured there. I a $25,000,000 or $30,000,000 plant-the best making in Illinois? What about a com­ one the Bureau of Ordnance bas-and let it refer to the ·electrical parts. parison with respect to the cost, for in­ go to pot? Mr. LUCAS. All I know is what Ad­ stance? Let us consider merely one lit­ miral Hussey says, and what the testi­ tle item. The testimony shows that the Mr. President, the vote on that ques­ mony shows with respect to that. There average cost in Forest Park was $7,914.08, tion was 36 for the amendment and 27 1s no doubt that the record shows that while at Newport, with the old equip­ against the amendment. Only 63 Mem­ the electric torpedoes are being made in ment which had to be used, the torpedoes bers of the House of Representatives the Forest Park plant near the city of cost on an average $9,040 apiece. In voted on that amendment--only 63 Rep­ Chicago, and that is the only place in other words, it was not a question of the resentatives could be found to vote on America where they are being made. If skill of the men employed in the New­ such a vital amendment. I can read the English language~ I think port plant. The sole question was one When the bill came to the Appropria­ that is what Admiral Hussey said. of having up-to-date equipment with tions Committee of the Senate, that com­ Mr. President, we do not consider in which to do the work, and do it more mittee, by a vote of 14 to 5, said that the this debate the relative interest or ad-· economically and faster. Navy's position was sound, and that the vantages between Rhode Island and Mr. President, we need everything we plant should be left at Forest Park. This Illinois. It is a question which involves can get to keep this country in a strong is in accord with what Admiral Hussey the security and the safety of the entire condition, in the face of present world said in his report, and I quote from his Nation. That is all there is to the ques­ conditions. statement: tion. The Senate only last week voted Much has been said in the debate, and · The Department is of the firm belief that to continue to have boys 18 and 19 years was said before the Committee on Appro­ it is to t he best interest of nat ional defense old taken in under selective service. priations, about the cost of transporting to carry out the manufact ure, repair, and Why was that done? It was because we overhaul of torpedoes at the Forest Park the torpedoes from the plant in Chicago plant and strongly recommends that t he have commitments which we have made to the Atlantic coast. There is no tor­ proviso quoted above be deleted. in the past, growing out of the war, and pedo plant on the Pacific coast at the because of conditions now prevailing present time. A great number of the Mr. President, I submit with all the throughout the world we desire to con­ torpedoes necessarily will have to be sent sincerity I possess that the Navy Depart­ tinue to be ready for any emergency to the fleet, or to the proving grounds . ment is not attempting to discriminate which might arise. along the coast of the Pacific. If the against any section of the Nation. These I am told that today there are more question of cost should enter into the men, who have been trained for the par­ men under arms throughout the world conclusions of Senators, remember the ticular purpose of taking care 'of the than there were in 1939, when World'War savings in shipping from Chicago to the country in great emergencies, are inter­ n broke out; yet because a plant has west coast rather than from Newport to ested only itt giving to the country the 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE 7273 best that planning can give. Mr. Presi­ Mr. LUCAS. · I understand that then Mr. MAGNUSON. But I contend that dent, in my opinion, this question should the plant in Rhode Island would be put what the Navy should have done in the not have been brought here at all by an in grease. But there are three different beginning was to have enlarged the two amendment of this character upon the segments of the plant in Newport; R. I. torpedo plants at Newport and Keyport appropriation bill, in view of what the I may be wrong about this, and my instead of building a new plant inland. Navy has said in its testimony before the friends can correct me if I am. Two of There are tremendous freight costs in­ various committees. those departments are going to remain. volved, because no torpedoes are used in Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. Pr~sident, One will be used for research work and the Middle West. They are all used in will the Senator yield? the other for testing, and will employ a the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. great number of men. But the third Mr. I.,UCAS. That is correct, and that Mr. REVERCOMB. If this language, part of" the plant, which makes torpedoes, · is one of the reasons this plant should which was put in the bill by the House, will be put in grease. It is my under­ remain in Forest Park. It would cost i .:; left in the bill, does that mean the standing, however, that the third part of much less to send torpedoes from Chicago abandonment and complete uselessness the plant is so connected with the other to the Pacific coast than it would to send of this plant? two parts of it, that it woUld not be sold them fr:Jm Newport to the Pacific coast. Mr. LUCAS. I will say to my able to a private concern. It would be a While the Senator from Washington is friend from West Virginia that this plant stand-by plant for future emergency making a defense here for the plant in would immediately be placed in grease, work. · his State, he knows that if the position as it is said. That means it would be Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President­ of the Senator from Rhode Island is shut down. What would happen to that The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. sound, any torpedoes that come out to plant in the future is a serious question. HuFFMAN in the chair). Does the Sen­ the Pacific coast must come from the I undertake to say that if the Congress ator from Illinois yield to the Senator Newport plant, and that none of them tells the Navy, "We want only one tor­ from Washington? will come from his plant. So from the pedo plant in this country. to make tor­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. angle of freight costs on torpedoes pedoes in time of peace,· and we by our Mr. MAGNUSON. The Senator from shipped to the Pacific coast, it will cer­ vote say: We want that plant to go to Illinois made a statement regarding the tainly be less expensive if the plant' in Newport, R. I.," then that plant near original placing of this plant in Illi­ Chicago is retained in operation. Chicago, in which we have an investment nois. I think perhaps the record should Mr. GERRY. Mr. President, will the of some $21,000,000, will, in my judgment, be made clear on that point. I recall Senator yield? be given to the surplus-property group the time when it happened. The main Mr. LUCAS. I yield. for disposition. When that is done, out reasons for establishing the plant in Mr. GERRY. The torpedoes will have goes the finest plant that genius and Illinois, as I recall-and I opposed such to come from Newport anyhow because capacity an:d industry has ever been able action at that time because there is also they will have to be tested there. to build for making torpedoes. That is a torpedo plant at Keyport, Wash., sim­ Mr. LUCAS. Maybe so. what I am talking about. I am not ilar to the one at Newport, except that Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will making the plea for Illinois. I am the plant at Newport manufactures tor­ the Senator yield? making the plea for my country. I am pedoes-the main reason for establishing Mr. LUCAS. I yield. making the plea for national defense. If the plant in Illinois had to do with labor Mr. McMAHON. Is it not a fact that I look to our future I cannot overlook conditions surrounding both of the other if torpedoes are manufactured at New­ any element of security. plants, congestion, lack of housing, port, and if they are to be shipped to the Mr. Presidl:nt, on the question of em­ shortage of labor, and the Navy urged Pacific they will be carried on Navy ployment much can be said for both a speed-up in the building of torpedoes ships through the Panama Canal? The plants, if Senators want to argue that and gave all this as reason for moving torpedoes would not be shipped overland. point. At the present time some 500 re­ inland. I appreciate that the defense Cruisers and other Navy vessels, while turned veterans from World War II are angle, the dispersement of plants, was they are on cruise, may as well be used now working in the Illinois plant, and one factor invo~ved. But what I first to carry torpedoes through the Canal according to the telegram which I re­ stated comprises the main factor. There and up the west coast. ceived from the American Legion post is no question about the statement made Mr. LUCAS. My friend the Senator which has been organized at that plant, by the Senator from Illinois regarding from Connecticut may be a transporta­ before the end of the year some 900 of the question o: cost. tion expert. I am not. I do not know the 1,200 employees in this plant, will be What the Navy should have done was how torpedoes are shipped. veterans of World War II. . to enlarge the two existing plants on the Mr. McMAHON. The Senator seemed Mr. President, Senators may talk from east coast and on the west coast, instead to entertain the idea that the torpedoes now until doomsday about cost, and other of going inland and building this new would be shipped overland. From what minor items, but the sole question for the modern plant. The Navy did not do that, he said I thought he was an expert on Senate to determine is whether Congress however. Now a new question is pre­ that subject. is to say to the Navy, "We are going to sented here. But I think in fairness Mr. LUCAS. I am talking about how· supply our judgment for yours on the both to the Keyport and the Hewport the torpedoes are to be shipped from important question of making torpedoes." plant the Senator from Illinois should Chicago, Ill. They will certainly have I should say that perhaps there is not mention the cost of moving torpedoes· to be shipped by freight from Chicago· a Senator on the floor who knows very from Illinois to both coasts. to the Pacific coast, and they will be much about the technique, the know­ Mr. LUCAS. I do not think there is shipped by freight from Chicago to the how, or what it takes to make up-to-date any question but that the plant on the Atlantic coast. torpedoes which could be used in the west coast does not manufacture torpe- · Mr. McMAHON. According to the event we had to use them. does. Senator tram Rhode Island, they · will Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, Mr. MAGNUSON. Technically we do have to be shipped to Newport to be will the Senator again yield? not manufacture torpedoes. Techni­ tested; and when they get to Newport Mr. LUCAS. I yield. cally we assemble them there. But tech­ they will be placed on battleships and Mr. REVERCOMB. I asked the able nically the plant can manufacture tor­ cruisers and shipped through the Panama Senator from Illinois whether, in his pedoes and has done so in case of Canal to the Pacific. That will give our opinion, if the position taken by the emergency. naval vessels something to do. House is sustained by the Senate it would Mr. LUCAS. It is not the type of up­ Mr. LUCAS. If the Senator can get result in closing down the plant in Illi­ to-date plant that I am talking about. It any consolation from that argument he nois, and, as I understand, the Senator is wholly inadequate, so far as the man­ is welcome to it. I will not be diverted· said lle believed .it .would close down the ufacturing of torpedoes is concerned. by the question of a few dollars of costs. plant in Illinois. I now ask him the Mr. MAGNUSON. We do not have In connection with the question of cost, question: If the positiOI\ taken by the the facilities to do what they do at New­ if one were to figure the costs ·from all Senator from Illinois is sustained, would port and at Forest Park, Ill. angles the chances are that the torpe­ it necessarily mean the closing of the Mr. LUCAS. nat is what I am talk· does would be made for less cost in Chi­ plant in Rhode Island? ing about, cago than if they were made in Newport. · 7274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 At least, the record shows that during ties prefer to continue this plant. Civilian cause if we are going to take the step the war they were made for $2,000 less experts carefully investigated and endorsed which the Navy proposes in this case, it. Strongly urge your opposition to this at Chicago than they could be made at amendment. and if we are going to set this precedent, Newport. As I previously stated, that is LLoYD c. STARK. we can do it in other cases; and when primarily because of the up-to-date ma­ hard times come and the Congress wishes chinery and equipment. I am pleading Mr. President, in my opinion the ob­ to cut down, what will be done then? that such machinery and equipment be servations of this distinguished citizen These men will go out, and the action of not destroyed, put in grease, or sold to a of our State and of the United States are the civil service in this case will stand private concern. entitled to very careful consideration bY. out as a precedent. The Navy says emphatically, "We want the United States Senate. Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, will the the plant at Forest Park, Ill., continued." Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President,· before Senator yield to me, to permit an in­ So far as I am concerned, that should be the Senator takes his seat I should like quiry? sufficient. Were there a war in progress to obtain a little information from him. The PRESIDING OFFICER ly 5 years' service who have a mark of "good" or better who have to -replace, if re­ brought out the fact that many machines test::: can be made right at the back door. duction comes, any person in that plant, even have been_taken out of Newport. Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, is though he has had 25 or 30 years of service, Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, the plant it not a fact that four or five test runs and that has happened at Newport and is at Newport was large enough during the of each torpedo are required in order to happening at other shore stations. It is not war to employ more than 15,000 men. prove and adjust it? confined to Newport. Mr. GERRY. Yes; absolutely. . Mr. GERRY. Yes; as a general rule. Mr. GERRY. Mr. President, in reply Mr. President, to my mind, we are Some of the torpedoes which were . to the Senator, let m ~ say that is a con­ asked to set a very dangerous precedent shipped from the West required 20 to 30 fession in avoidance. It has nothing to in regard to what may be offered not only runs before they were fit to be used at do with action taken by the Navy De­ to Civil Service employees but to any sea. partment. If anything was done in con­ men who might be contemplating enter­ Mr. ROBERTSON. And the testing nection with the desire of veterans to ing the service. If this amendment is must be done in salt water, in which they return to work, it was done through an agreed to, I would not feel like saying will be used? act of Congress, which Congress enacted to any man that he could be sure of a Mr. GERRY. The testing must be because it wished to reward veterans, certain job in the Navy. I have already done in salt water, and the torpedoes above all others. If the Navy Depart­ covered that point. must be given their runs. To my mind, ment was properly carrying out the work Mr. President, let us get down to the the most stupid thing on earth would be of construction of torpedoes at Newport, hard-boiled practical side of what any to design the torpedoes originally at we would not have so much difficulty in business man would do. Torpedoes are Newport, then have them made in Chi­ the matter. The fact remains that, as . designed at Newport. The craftsmen cago, sent back to Newport, and worked the Senator from Wyoming has brought ·who design them, the men who make the over again by the same men who de­ out, the Navy Department deliberately blueprints, the men who work with the signed them. "cut off the heads" of those men, and . officers, are the skilled men who have So far as the cost is concerried, I have did so with absolutely no feeling for worked in Newport for years and years. never been able to agree with the Navy them, so far as I could see. It was The Navy realizes that they must keep Department figures. The Navy Depart­ purely a cold-blooded proposition. In all those men employed. They realize also ment charges only for shipping and the my service in the Senate I have never that they must retain the services of box in which they ship the torpedo. The seen attaching to the Navy Department those skilled men, and the facilities at Navy Department said that the cost such an autocratic attitude as I have Newport, in the planning and manufac­ would be from $25 to $35. I took the seen in this case in the Navy's attitude turing of torpedoes if the torpedoes are trouble to investigate the figures and I toward the war powers which were properly to function. came to the conclusion that it could not granted to it to build plants in order to Mr. President, I wish to emphasize 'that possibly be done under $150. The Navy meet the necessities of the times. Such our torpedoes have functioned. Their Department did not add the Qt:erhead; plants were built all through the coun­ efficiency has been outstanding. Torpe­ it did not add any check-up; i:l; did not try. But, Mr. President, it was never does have been made at Newport ever include other items which shou1d be in­ intended that those plants should ~e since 1869. In passing I might say that _cluded. ,276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, is it the this war and before. ' I know that before in Chicago, the committee amendment Senator's statement that it costs $150 to the war it was demonstrated-! recall I should not be agreed to. With atomic transport a torpedo from Illinois to made a speech on the subject for which energy, and all the other developments, Newport to .be tested? the Navy Department gave me the fig­ if any new kinds of torpedoes are built Mr. GERRY. Yes. The testing, the ures-that modern carrier planes could within a year the Forest Park plant will overhead, and the checking, for example, lie o:ff Newfoundland and easily bomb have to be retooled. were not included. Chicago by following the Arctic Circle. The whole idea is fantastic. It is not Mr. WALSH. And they would repre­ Planes :fly by the shortest route and only fantastic, but if the committee sent an additional charge? for that reason Chicago, Detroit, and amendment shall be agreed to, we will Mr. GERRY. They would represent other inland cities are just as vulnerable have established the very unsound prop­ an' additional charge. as Newport. osition that any bureaucrat in the Navy Mr. WALSH. That is due to the fact Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, Department can close up any station that the testing is at one place and the when the Senator brought that matter anywhere without consulting the Con­ manufacture at another? up, I was going to point out to him and gress of the United States. · Mr. GERRY. Yes. While the claim to the Senate that a plane with an atomic Mr. President, if there is one danger is made that the torpedoes are being bomb coming from Europe would only from which we are suffering now it is made more cheaply in Chicago in reality have to go 25 miles farther to drop a that we are delegating too much power, they are not. As a matter of fact, so far bomb on Chicago than it would to drop a we are letting this person and that per­ as I could ascertain from the civil service bomb on New York. The distance on son have powers he should not have, · wage rates, Newport was paying a lower the great circle route is only 25 miles instead of letting Congress have the con­ wage under the civil service than was farther to Chicago. I thil'lk it will be trol as it should have, and which it has being paid at Forest Park. found that Chicagoans emphasized that unfortunately so largely given away. The Forest Park plant, according to point very strongly when they were de­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The my understanding, was established by sirous of having an international air question is on agreeing to the amend­ Secretary Knox. I think the testimony base established at Chicago. ment reported by the Committee on Ap­ before the committee shows pretty clear­ Mr. GERRY. I thank the Senator; I propriations. ly that Secretary Knox put it through, think he has answered the question much Mr. LUCAS. I suggest the absence of and the Navy Department went along better than I did or could. I think that a quorum. with the Secretary. I cannot conceive what he has said is unanswerable. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The of this step after the assurances I was Mr. President, I cannot conceive of a clerk will call the call. getting from officers with whom I talked business concern splitting up its plants The Chief Clerk called the roll, and at Newport about the possibility of any in the way suggested in the case of the the following Senators answered to their other plant superseding Newport. My Government's ~ 1rpedo plants, thus giv­ names: colleague had the same assurances that ing up the advantage of trained mechan­ Aiken Hatch Overton there was no idea of taking the plant ics who have spent their lives doing a Andrews Hayde~ Radcliffe away from Newport. Austin Hill Reed particular kind of work. Every private Ball Hoey Robertson The only argument the Navy Depart­ manufacturer I know tells me that one Butler Johnson, Colo. Russell ment makes is that the range is a little of the things industry wants are people Byrd Johnston, S. C. Stewart bit shorter than they desire. Frankly, I who are trained in their own particular Capper Knowland Swift Carville La Follette Taft do not think there is much to that argu­ industry. So, I cannot imagine that any Chavez Lucas Taylor ment, because the range at Newport can business concern for one moment would Donnell McCarran Thomas, Okla. be lengthened. All that it is necessary even consider moving from Newport and , Downey McClellan Tunnell Eastland McKellar TYdings is to put the floats back a little farther establishing a plant in Illinois. Ellender McMahon Wagner and probably exercise a little greater There should also be considered the Ferguson Magnuson Walsh supervision over the warning boats and way the Forest Park plant was estab­ George Millikin W'hite Gerry Moore Wiley the signaling. lished by an order issued the mcrning Green Murdock Willis Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, the Sen­ before the Naval A:ffairs Committee met, Gurney Murray Wilson ator said that the Navy officials thought and the order was kept secret from the the range was somewhat short? members of the committee. So a pro­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fifty­ Mr. GERRY. Yes. test was sent to the Secretary in a tele­ four Senators having answered to their Mr. WHITE. It is just as long for names, a· quorum is present. gram which is incorporatd in the hear­ Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President• . I should torpedoes built at Newport as it would ings. like to ask the able Senator from Louisi­ be for torpedoes built in Illinois and sent It may be proper, more or less, to go to Newport. ana a question. As I understand, we are on the theory that there is a more mod­ about ready to vote on the amendment Mr. GERRY. The Senator is abso­ ern plant in Illinois because the can on page 13, from line 21 to line 24, in-· lutely correct. As a matter of fact, the company which operated it conducted range at Newport is being used and the it very efficiently. I am not so sure the elusive, which strikes out those four lines. whole Atlantic Ocean is .right outside Navy Department is going to run in effi­ If those four lines should be stricken from the door. Furthermore, within a short ciently. But apart .from that, I cannot the bill it would mean that the Navy distance there was a range from Block see the validity of the argument that the could continue to make torpedoes in the Island to Montauk. There has never be­ Illinois plant must be maintained, unless plant in Chicago; so if we want to sus-· fore been any question raised on that it is thought we are going to war in about tain the Navy's position, then the vote_ score. I have also been informed-the 5 years. We have not even had the would be "yea" on this amendment? admiral disagreed with me, but I think atomic bomb test; we have not the faint­ Mr. OVERTON. The Senator from he was a biased witness-that it is pos­ est idea what kind of torpedo we are illinois is correct. sible now to test torpedoes by circling, going to need or to make in the future. Mr. President, before a vote is taken so that the alleged shortness of the range Not only that, but the Forest Park plant on the amendment I think I should read would not bother them. In any event, does not manufacture all the parts re- · some excerpts from the record which I the range could be lengthened. Newport quired. It does not make electrical bat­ consider controlling, and which in­ has facilities to design torpedoes, to build tery parts. They are made by another fluenced the committee in arriving, by a torpedoes, and to test torpedoes. When corporation, and when they are put in at very large majority, at the conclusion it they are ready to be installed on naval Forest Park they have to come back to . reached. The question was asked of Ad­ vessels, they can be shipped to the Pa­ Newport, and generally we find that they miral Hussey by myself: cific coast by boat or by plane, or in any have not been installed properly, and we Senator OvERTON. I assume that the Illi­ other way that may be desired. have to do the work over again. nois plant is superior to the Rhode Island plant for the manufacture of torpedoes. The Senator from Illinois referred to - So~ Mr. President, it seems to me, the fact that Newport was a more dan­ unless we are willing to abandon all the That was suggested by his previous gerous location and for defensive rea­ advantages that Newport has and al­ testimony. sons in wartime it would be safer to have ways has had, which to my mind far Admiral HUSSEY. Yes, sir. the plant located at Chicago. Mr. Presi­ offset any temporary gain which might Senator OVERTON. Is it very much superior? dent, that idea has been exploded since be obtained from a more modern plant Admiral HUSSEY. Yes, sir. 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7277 Senator OvERTON. Would you mind elab­ Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, will the Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, in view orating on that?- Senator yield? of ·the fact that the Senator in charge .Admiral HussEY. It is a completely modern Mr. OVERTON. I yield. of the bill [Mr. OVERTON] has made a plant built and laid out for the manufacture of all types of torpedoes, including electric Mr. GREEN. In that contemplation, statement indicating that the funda­ torpedoes. It has t~e most moderri equip­ did they not include the whole overhead mental question is where torpedoes can ment with space for additional installations of all the departments at Newport? be manufactured cheapest, I desire to should they ever become necessary. The Mr. OVERTON. They included the express a different view. I believe that plant is built according to the best· present­ cost of manufacturing in the analyses the fundamental question is whether the day building standards for factories. made at both plants. Secretary of the Navy-and th-; same Further on I asked this question: Mr. GREEN. I think on examination thing would apply to the Secretary of Senator OVERTON. Now, you have shown Admiral Hussey brought out the fact that War-has the right to discontinue an what a modern plant you have in Forest the entire overhead of all the depart­ important naval establishment which Park. Let us compare that with the New­ ments, designing, testing, and so forth, has had the approval of Congress, and port plant. as well as the manufacturing of torpe­ set up something in its place. If so, we Admiral HussEY. The naval torpedo station does, was included in the cost of the recognize his right to close all the exist­ at Newport, I am speaking solely of the fac- torpedoes at Newport, which would ac­ ing establishments and start anew, ac­ tory part of the plant. . cording to his individual will. The same Senator OVERTON. That is the issue here. count for the difference, especially as I brought out in the examination that the argument would apply to Army establish­ The manufacturing part of the plant. ments. I do not believe that the Con­ Admiral HussEY. Yes, sir. It is a result of cost of labor in Chicago was higher in a growth since 1869. The factory has been every. department than it was at New­ gress should condone such action. added to year by year as new demands arose port. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I do not for torpedoes, as new demands arose for new Mr. GERRY. I see some Senators wish to prolong the debate, but in view items, particularly the matter of fuzes and have come into the Chamber who were of the fact that some question has b·een primers, tracers, and as a sufficient justifica­ not present a short while ago. ·There­ raised with respect to cost, I desire to tion to be made to Congress for additional fore !'wish again to call attention to the read into the RECORD part of a letter buildings. which was written by Admiral Hussey to The island, Goat Island- point that the real question at issue is that while the American Can Co. manu­ my colleague [Mr. BRooKs] on June 8. That is whe.re the plant is situated- factured parts of the torpedoes, they did Admiral Hussey stated as follows: is a cramped space, and it has been necessary not manufa<.:::ture all of them. . Parts The costs involved are at Forest Park, to fit the buildings in like the pieces of a were manufactured in other places. The the labor of putting the torpedo air flask and picture puzzle. The equipment in the shops afterbody into their separate boxes, closing is very crowded in a great many cases, and important point really is that after the the boxes, and loading them into freight the shops are by no means as well lighted torpedoes were manufactured in Chicago cars; en route, the freight costs; and at New­ as are the shops at Forest Park. It is not the company had to send them to New­ port, the unloading from the cars, unboxing, possible to light them as well as Forest Park port to be tested, and they were some­ assembling the afterbody and air flask, and without very extensive improvements in day times tested as many. as 20 or 30 times, ·delivering to the range. As indicated in lighting which could not be accomplished in if my recollection is correct. I do not the table, the sums Of these several items many cases, or without expensive improve· have the figures here, but I know that t~r , each. type of torpedo vary from four­ ment to the electric lighting systems,. some torpedoes were tested a great many tenths of 1 percent to fifty-five hundredths of 1 percent of the cost of producing the tor­ Further on I asked a question in ref­ times, which, of course, greatly increased pedo at Forest Park, including the overhead erence to the cost of manufacture, and the cost at Newport. of the plant. Admiral Hussey made this statement: Mr. President, I cannot see how any You may recall that during the hearing The cost of building aircraft torpedoes in business concern could justify the manu­ on Tuesday I stated that the cost of aircraft Forest Park, with 2,400 torpedoes, average facture of parts of a torpedo at one plant, torpedoes at Forest Park had averaged $7,- $7,914.08 per torpedo. The cost analysis and then send to other plants for other 914.08, while at Newport the cost analysis, made by Newport on the same type was parts, and assemble them into a torpedo, also including overhead, showed $9,040.44 for $9,040.44. • the same type of torpedo. The manufactur­ send the torpedo to another plant many ing cost at Newport is thus 14.2 percent A difference of $1,000 between the cost miles away to be tested and put into greater than at Forest Park, against which of manufacturing aircraft torpedoes in final shape, when all that could be done comparison approximately a half of 1 per­ Newport and in Forest Park. in one plant at Newport. cent for shipping is insignificant. Mr. GERRY. Mr. President, will.the Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator yield? · figures which the Senator from Louisiana gave question is on agreeing to the commit­ Mr. OVERTON. I yield. it seems to me do not represent tee amendment on page 13, line 21, after Mr. GERRY. I dispute those figures a true comparison. ·As I understand the given by Admiral Hussey. I think they situation, the torpedoes manufactured the word "operation", to strike out "Pro­ are absolutely unfair. The only thing at Newport, R. I., were manufactured vided, That no part of this or any other the admiral took into account in shipping by the Navy, whereas those mamifac­ appropriation contained in this act shall the torpedoes was making crates to put tured in Chicago were manufactured by be available for the manufacture, as­ the American Can Co. Now what will sembly, repair, or overhaul of torpedoes them in and the carriage charge. at the naval ordnance plant, Forest Mr. OVERTON. If the Senator will be the cost of those torpedoes if the Navy pardon me, what the admiral said had to takes that plant over and operates it Park, Ill." do with the cost of manufacture of tor­ itself? It is a well-known fact that the Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I ask for pedoes. There was a thousand dollar operation by a Government department, the yeas and nays. difference in the cost. The cost of trans­ such as the Navy, is very much more ex­ The yeas and nays were ordered, and portation of the torpedo after it is built penSive than the operation by a private the Chief Clerk proceeded to can the is insignificant as compared with the sav­ concern. I can illustrate that probably roll. ings made in the Chicago plant, as I un­ more fully by giving the difference in the Mr. HART (when his name was derstand the situation. cost ·of the building of two battleships, called) . Present. Mr. GERRY. I think the Senator is the Indiana and the Alabama. They Mr. SALTONSTALL (when his name mistaken in that respect, because I think were built within 20 miles of one another was called). I have a pair with the Sen­ the cost of shipping the torpedoes is about at Norfolk. The Indiana was built by ator from Illinois [Mr. BROOKS], who, $150 apiece. the Newport News Shipbuilding Co., a if present and voting, would vote "yea." Mr. OVERTON. Suppose it is; there private company, and the Alabama by If I were at liberty to vote I would vote we have $150 compared with a saving of the navy yard at Norfolk. They were "nay." $1,000 in. the cost of manufacture. I sister ships, our latest battleships. The The roll call was concluded. have no interest in the matter, but I Alabama cost $9,000,000 more than the Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen-· simply stated that that was the reason Indiana. That indicates the cost of ator from North Carolina [Mr. BAILEY] why the committee was of the opinion Nayy builc;iing as compared with private is absent because of illness. that the recommendations of the Secre­ building. I believe that the same thing The Senator ·from Missouri [Mr. tary of the Navy should be adhered to. would apply to torpe<;toes. BRIGGs], the Senator from Utah [Mr. 7278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 THoMAs], and the Senator from Mon­ McKellar Russell Tydings Prior to 1916 the Navy used in its navy Moore Stewart Wiley tana [Mr. WHEELER] are absent by leave Murdock Swift Wilson yards a system involving a so-.called time of the Senate. Overton Taft check on the workmen. The system is The Senator from South Carolina Reed Thomas, Okla. known by various names, but the most [Mr. MAYBANK] and the Senator from NAYS-26 common name is the so-called Taylor Virginia [Mr. BURcH] are necessarily Aiken Green Radcliffe time-check system. When the system is absent. Andrews Hayden Robertson abused by an employer, it can become The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. Austin Hill Taylor very vicious in practice. Most people in Byrd McCarran Tunnell BILBO], the Senators from Pennsylvania­ Carville McClellan Wagner labor oppose it. Since 1916 almost all [Mr. GUFFEY and Mr. MYERS], the Sen­ Chavez McMahon Walsh • labor-management groups have com­ ator from West Virginia [Mr. KILGORE], Eastland Magnuson White pletely abolished the so-called time­ George Millikin Willis the Senator from Arizona [Mr. McFAR­ Gerry Murray check system. It became so bad in the LAND], and the Senator from Washing­ navy yards prior to that time that the VOTING "PRESENT"-1 ton [Mr. MITCHELL] are detained on late Sena · ~or Borah, who then was chair­ public business. Hart man of the Committee on Education and_ The Senator from Kentucky [Mr. NOT VOTING-41 Labor, called for a Senate investigation BARKLEY], the Senator from Arkansas Bailey Gossett O'Mahoney of the matter. The investigation was [Mr. FuLBRIGHT], the Senator from Idaho Barkley Guffey Pepper made, and as a result a lengthy report Bilbo Hawkes Revercomb [Mr. GossETT], the Senator from Ohio Brewster Hickenlooper Sal tonstall was filed. The report pointed out the [Mr. HUFFMAN], the Senator from New Bridges Huffman Shipstead, vicious practices which had been engaged York [Mr. MEAD], the Senator from Briggs Kilgore Smith in under the system. The report was. Brooks Langer Stanfill Texas [Mr. O'DANIELJ, the Senator from Buck McFarland Thomas, Utah printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEYJ, and the Burch May bank Tobey last year, following an amendment of Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER J are Bushfield Mead Vandenberg similar import which was then proposed. Capehart Mitchell Wheeler unavoidably detaiQ.ed. Connally Morse Wherry In the report we find stated practically The Senator from Texas [Mr. CoN­ Cordon Myers Young all the reasons why the so-called time­ NALLY] is absent on official business, at­ Fulbright O'Daniel check system shoulC: be abolished in tending· the Paris meeting of the Coun­ So the committee amendment was modern industrial practice. cil of Foreign Ministers as an adviser to agreed to. The result of the so-called Borah re­ the Secretary of State. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill port-and, incidentally, it was a unani­ I also announce the following general is open to further amendment. mous report by the Committee on Educa­ pairs: The Senator from Texas [Mr. If there be no further amenqment to tion and Labor in 1916-was to place in CoNNALLY] with the Senator from Michi­ all naval appropriation bills the content be p : ~posed, the question is on the en­ gan [Mr. VANDENBERG]; and the Senator grossment of the amendments and the of section 104 of the pending bill, but from Utah [Mr. THOMAS] with the Sen­ third reading of the bill. without the committee amendment be­ ator from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES]. ginning in line 19 of this bill. This sec­ ·Mr. WHITE. The Senator from Mich­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, to­ tion has been a part of all ·naval appro­ igan [Mr. VANDENBERG] is absent on day the Senate convened at 11 o'clock. priation bills for 30 years, since 1916. official business, attending the Paris The Senator from Washington wished to At various times Senators have at­ meeting of the Council of Foreign Min­ speak in regard to one of the amend­ tempted either to strike out or t-o modify isters as an adviser to the Secretary of ments, and he arrived in the Chamber at 11:05, or shortly thereafter, but by that amendments similar to this one. Sec­ State. He has a general pair with the tion 104, which has· been a part of all Senator from Texas [Mr. CoNNALLYJ. time the amendment had already been naval appropriation bills for 30 years, The Senator · from New Hampshire considered and agreed to. provides that no time-measuring device [Mr. BRIDGES] has a general pair with I have discussed this matter with the or time-measuring system or time study the Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMASJ. Senator from Louisiana, and I now ask shall be imposed oh the workmen in the The Senator from Maine [Mr. BREW­ unanimous consent that the vote by navy yards. Last year the distinguished STER] is necessarily absent. which the committee amendment, on Senator from Minnesota sponsored in the The Senator from Illinois [Mr. page 39, in lines.19 to 24, was agreed to committee an amendment which com­ BROOKS], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. be reconsidered. pletely struck out that section, which is CAPEHART], the Senator from North Da­ Mr. OVERTON. I have no objection. a prohibition of using the time-check kota [Mr. LANGER], the Senator from The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without system. Oregon [Mr. MoRsEl, the Senator from objection, the vote by which the amend­ I understand that this year the Sen­ Minnesota [Mr\ SHIPSTEAD] , the Senator ment was agreed to is reconsidered, and ator from Minnesota and perhaps other from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH], the Sen­ the amendment is before t:re Senate. members of the committee have at­ ator from Kentucky [Mr. STANFILL], and Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, this tempted to modify that restriction:- That the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. · is tl:le committee amendment on page 39, attempt has resulted in the committee YouNG] are absent by leave of the Senate. beginning with the word "unless", in line amendment which provides, in sub­ The Senator from Iowa [Mr. HICKEN­ 19 and ending with the word "reason­ stance, that no time-check system or LOOPER] is absent by leave of Senate on able", in line 24. time-measuring device shall be used in official business as a member of the Mr. BALL. Mr. President, will the regard to the work of any employee Special Committee on Atomic Energy. Senator yield? unless representatives of the employees The Senator from Nebraska [Mr. Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield. are given an opportunity to check any WHERRY] and the Senator from Iowa ·Mr. BALL. Am I to understand that such time studies as may affect the [Mr. WILSON] are absent on official the Senator from Washington is now op­ amount of work asked of them and to business. posing the committee amendment? protest under the established griev­ The Senator from Delaware [Mr. Mr. MAGNUSON. Yes. I understand ance procedure any work requirements BucK], the Senator from Oregon [Mr. that the committee amendment has al­ believed to be unreasonable. CORDON], the Senator from New Jersey ready been adopted, and I have asked So the committee amendment would [Mr. HAWKES, the Senator from West unanimous consent for the reconsidera­ permit the Navy to use this syster:-: if it Virginia [Mr. REVERCOMB], and the Sen­ tion of the vote by which it was adopted. wishes to do so, and if the employees do ato'r from New Hampshire [Mr. ToBEY] The PRESIDING OFFICER. The vote not like it they can go to their grievance are unavoidably detained. by which the amendment was adopted committee and protest. The result will The result was announced-yeas 28, has been reconsidered, and the amend­ depend upon the person in the navy yard nays 26, as follows: ment is now before the Senate. to whom the protest is made. The Navy YEAS-28 The question now i& on the adoption of industrial management could say, "Well Ball Ellender Johnson, Colo. the committee amendment on page 39, we are still going to use the system.'' Butler Ferguson Johnston, S. C. in lines 19 to 24. Under an abuse of the wording of the Capper Gurney Knowland Donnell Hatch La Follette Mr. MAGNUSON. I wish to say some­ amendment, it would be possible to go Downey Hoey Lucas thing about this matter, Mr. President. back to where we were in 1916, when the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7279 Committee on Education and Labor ment says, "Well, that is too bad," and 1916, any examination of this system stated unanimously in the Borah report that is the end of it. In another provi­ made in industrial establishments has that no time-check system should be sion of this bill-! do not know whether proven that it should be abolished, and used. · the Senator from Minnesota had any­ was abolished in most instances. I think The committee amendment does noth­ thing to do with it or not-if the men do the Government should follow through ing to obviate the chance or the oppor­ anything about the condition with ref­ in connection with the contracts of the tunity or the temptation on the part of erence to which they have made com­ Navy Department. I hope the Senate Navy industrial management to use such plaint-that is, if they walk out, for ex­ will not agree to the amendment. a system. Labor and laboring groups, ample-they may be sent to jail because Mr. BALL. Mr. President, the Senator and also some persons in the naval shore they would be striking against the Gov­ from Washington has, throughout his establishments, have always thought that ernment. argument, referred to conditions which such a system should never again be in­ Mr. BALL. Can the Senator from prevailed back in 1916, 30 years ago. I augurated in the navy yards. It has Washington refer to any collective-bar­ hope that we are not to operate our whole been abolished in most private industries. gaining contract which contains a pro­ Navy on the basis of conditions which I do not know who in the Navy came hibition against time studies? prevailed 30 years ago. It is quite true before the committee and advocated the Mr. MAGNUSON. I understand there that the so-called Bedaux system and the amendment, but I wager that no man in are several such contracts. so-called Taylor .system which were be­ the shore establishments of the Navy De­ Mr. BALL. I have examined many ing advanced in industry at that time, partment will claim sponsorship of the union contracts, and I have never seen constituted a deliberate speed-up which amendment. Although they will testify, such a provision in any of them. I have forced workers to speed up their work "We would like to have it, to be able to seen, on the other hand, in many such and not be rewarded by additional com­ use it, if and when we may wish to use contracts provisions by which the union pensation as a result of increased pro­ it," nevertheless, the Navy Department cooperates with management in making duction. I agree with the Senator from will never come before the Congress and time studies. Washington that that system has been, actually sponsor such an amendment as Mr. MAGNUSON. ·I have seen con­ so far as I know, completely abandoned this. tracts with machinists' unions which by industry. Mr. BALL. Mr. President, will the contained prohibitions against the old­ During the 30 years since 1916 a whole Senator yield? time checking system. new profession of industrial engineering, Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield. Mr. President, last year when this without which we could not have in Mr. BALL. The amendment actually matter was brought before the Appr.opri­ America the tremendous efficiency and was proposed this year by a Reserve com­ ations Committee the Secretary of the mass production which we have, has been mander in the Navy who was an indus­ Navy testified. The Senator from Min­ developed. An essential part of en­ trial engineer in private life, and who, nesota [Mr. BALL] said: gineering and production of items in a from his experience in the Navy while My attention has been called to section 105 factory is in time operations with a stop­ engaged in production, confessed that of this bill, which is a prohibition on the watch. Generally, time studies in indus­ this method was unsound, and that the Navy Department spending any of its appro­ try are made in cooperation with the pending amendment, which conforms to priation on efficiency studies, in navy yards, union which represents the employees. the established practice in all industry, fo: example. As you know-- The employees have a right to protest if would result in great benefit to the Navy. The Senator wet, t on to say that the they believe that they are being unfairly Mr. MAGNUSON. I may say to · the Mead committee went to Norfolk and treated in connection with changes in Senator from Minnesota that I believe they were not tremendously impressed the work schedule, or in connection with the same gentleman called on me and I with the efficiency there. The Senator any particular operation which is told him that he was just about 30 years continued: changed as the result of the time studies. too late. I told him that 30 years ago Will you have any objection to striking it The policy of the Government is not to we abolished the time-check system in out of this bill? have a contract with a union, but there all private industry and in the navy Mr. FORREST,.L. None. are organizations of employees within yards. Senator BALL. Is there another statute? every naval establishment. The workers Mr. BALL. Mr. President, will the Mr. FORRESTAL .. I think that. is the case. have their regular grievance committees: As far as the question of time studies is con­ Senator yield further to me? cerned, it would be useful if we were able to On those committees are wise represen­ Mr. MAGNUSON. I know what the have them. They are not a cure-all, as you tatives of the men. The amendment Senator will say. He will say that in · appreciate, but it is one instrument that is merely provides that the employees shall some industrial establishments there available in any normal industrial operation. be given an opportunity to check any still is employed a system of time.check­ Mr. BALL. Will you Jet me know about that? time studies which the Navy decides may ing. Mr. FORRESTAL. Yes. improve the efficiency of the naval estab­ Mr. BALL. It is written into many Mr. GERRY. It was put in, Mr. Secretary, lishment and its manufacturing facili­ bargaining contracts that the manage­ according to my recollection, in order to prevent this speed-up plan for labor that was ties. The amendment is merely an at­ ment, with the union participating, shall being discussed at that time. tempt to increase production in naval have the right to make time studies in Mr. FoRRES.TAL. I was about to add that lt establishments, and to improve the order to determine how long a particu­ would be objectionable to the labor interests. techniques by which increased produc­ lar job will require, and determine other Mr. BALL. The Bedaux speed-up plan? tion may be attained. It would be a good matters as well. Mr. GERRY. It was a speed-up proposition. thing if we could get away from any kind Mr. MAGNUSON. I understand that Mr. FoRRESTAL. In the hands of an un- of incentive payments in connection with some collective bargaining contracts scrupulous man or a man with a grudge naval employment. But greater pro­ against labor it could be an unfair weapon, have been so drawn. I understand, fur­ all right. ductivity is the only proper basis on ther, that in most of such contracts which we can continue to raise our there are contained prohibitions such as That is the reason that, for 30 years, standards of living in this country. It is w.e have put into all appropriation bills the Senate has been including in bills of in that situation, Mr. President, that the for the past 30 years against the old sys­ this kind the prohibition about which we committee adopted this modification of tem of time checking. Of course, in are speaking. The amendment, al­ the language of section 104. I hope the those few contracts in which the provi­ though there may be an attempt to committee amendment will prevail. sions are contained, if the union repre­ modify it, means nothing. The Navy Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I sentatives do not like the way in which could go ahead and use the so-called think it should be pointed out that the the system is operating, they have a time-checking and speed-up system. I reason why this provision has been in right to do something about it. But in do not believe I need to tell Senators how the naval appropriation bills for all these the navy yard the only right which the .that system has been employed in the years is that if this system is abused, or men have is the right to go to the griev­ past, and how, time and time again, a used viciously against an employee and, ance committee. The grievance com­ fight has been made against the so-called his ·fellows, an employee may go to a. mittee in turn says to the management, Bedaux system and the so-called Taylor grievance committee, and if the Senator. "We do not like the way you operate this system. In times past, since the day of from Minnesota understands how . the time-check system" and the manage- Senator Borah's report to the Senate in grievance committee works, he knows the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 grievance committee will say to the navy Mr. BALL. Industry long ago aban­ woUld strike it out. I will read the lan­ yard management, "You are using this doned any thought of. the Bedaux speed.,; guage. of section 104: system in the wrong way" the manage­ up system, and it was abandoned; never .. - :sEc. 104. No part -of the appropriations ment will say, "We think we are using it theless, the time study. has come to. be made in this act shall be available for the in the right way," and the employee has an efficient part of -the· operation of in.,; sa.lary or vay of any officer, ·manager, super­ no right to do anything further about. dustrial organizations, and I do not know intengent, ;for~man, o~ other pe~son or per­ it. He bas no contract. He is there un­ why Congress should deny to naval in .. sons having charge of the work of a.ny em­ ployee of the United States Government der civil service. He bas certain rights, dustrial. establishments .the privilege of while making or causing to be made with a and if he does not like his position h.e can using modern techniques. . stop watch or other time-measuring device a quit; but he cannot well quit, because The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time study of any job of any such employee Jle has made that his life's work, and has question is on agreeing to the amend .. between tc.e starting and completion thereof, seniority rights. Often, as it is used in ment of the committee. or of the n:ovements of any such employee private industrial practice, there is op­ Mr. M:AGNUSON. I suggest the ab­ while eng11ged upon such work. portunty to misuse the system. In navy sence of a quorum·. Mr. WALSH. That is the present law. yards with the lack of opportunity on The PRESIDING . OFFICER. The the part of the navy-yard worker to do Mr. MAGNUSON. Yes, that is the clerk will call the roll. present law. Btit the committee has anything about it, the chance of it being The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the added this language: misused is even greater. · That is why this following Senators answered to their prohibition has been in all naval appro­ Unless repre~entatives of the employees are names: given the opportunity to check any such time priation bills. I do not see why we should Aiken Hill overton ·studies as may affect the amount of work go back to the conditions of 1916. The Andrews Hoey . Pepper ·asked of them and to protest under the es­ record of production in the navy yards Austin Huffman Radcliffe Ball Johnson, Colo. Reed tablished grievance procedure any work re­ can stand up with any private production Butler Johnston, S. C. Robertson quirements believed unreasonable. records during the whole war, and the Capehart Know land Russell navy yards have operated for 30 years Capper La Follette Saltonstall , In other words, by that language it is with this prohibition in the law. Carvllle Lucas · Stewart said: "You can go ahead and use the Donnell McCarran Swift time-study and time-check devices if the The modification is not of any assist­ Ellender McClellan Taft ance. It practically nullifies the prohi­ Ferguson McKellar Taylor employee is given a!l opportunity to pro­ bition. I know some industrial Navy Fulbright McMahon Tunnell test to the grievance committee.'' George Magnuson Tydings Mr. WALSH. Does the Senator from officers who would like to go back to the Gossett Mead Walsh Taylor and Bedaux vicious time-check Green Millikin White Washington believe that the amendment systems, but under the amendment, if Gurney Moore Wiley ·would nullify the existing law? . Hart Murdock W'illis Mr. MAGNUSON. . I tl,link it would they did it, and a grievance committee Hatch Murray or an employee did not like it, they could Hawkes O'Mahoney ·nullify the existing law, because the prac­ lump it; there would be nothing they tical efiect would be, as I said before, that could do about it. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fifty~ if the worker did not like what was being Mr. BALL. Mr. President, apparently five Senators having answered to their done, he would go to the grievance com­ the Senator from Washington has very names, a quorum is present. mittee, and the management would say, little confidence in the management of Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, I should "Well, we ·are sorry, but we are going the Navy in its industrial establishments. 1ike ·to make some inquiries of the dis­ to continue this. practice," and the work­ I think the industrial management of tinguished Senator from Washington. er has no redress. the Navy is as enlightened as any other Was not a somewhat similar proposal Mr. WALSH: Then, those of us who industrial.management, and knows that to this before the Senate in 1945? favor the present law should vote "nay" an absolute requisite to getting produc­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Yes, there was. 'on the amendment? · tion is getting along well with employees. Mr. WALSH. I have before me the Mr. MAGNUSON. Yes. I cannot see any danger in this proviso, RE~RD of May 15, 1945. A motion ~as Mr. BALL. Mr. President, I desire such as the Senator sees, when the em­ then made to strike out what I assume merely to say that the Senator from ployees must be consul~ed as to any great to be the same language as is contained Washington and I differ .completely as to abuse in the system. in this section, without the language whether the amendment would nullify As for efficiency in the navy yards, I added by the committee and now the the present law. I think all the amend­ have gone through several of them, and pending amendment. ment proposed· by the committee would if what I have seen of men loafing on the Mr. MAGNUSON. Yes. do would be to put navy yards in line job because the flow of materials has not Mr. WALSH. And that was defeated with the best practice -in use in efficient been organized properly is a sample of by a vote of 21 to 40. private indUstrial plants, where such Navy efficiency, I think it can stand a Mr. MAGNUSON. That is correct. studies as .these are made in cooperation great deal of improvement. Mr. WALSH. No attempt is being . with the employees. Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, it made now to strike out the language Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, a seems to me that perhaps the Senator which was retained in the bill last year? parliamentary inquiry. has not any confidence in the way the Mr. MAGNUSON. No. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen­ navy yards operate. I have a great Mr. WALSH. But a new provision, or ator will state it. deal of confidence that most of the men new language, is inserted, the purpose of Mr. MAGNUSON. I understand the who operate the navy yards would not which is either to modify or destroy or question now before the Senate is on the abuse this system, but we are thinking · limit the language which is in the present adoption of the committee amendment of the men who would abuse it, and law, and which was in the bill a year on page 39, and that a vote "yea" would that is why the time-check systems, the ago? be a vote to adopt the language in italics Be is taken, I wish to say that, this matter, but suppose-the United Mine to the fact that it refers to an adminis­ as I understand, the Chair has also ad­ Workers or some ·other union had in its trator. officer, or supervisor "having re­ vised that section 109 is a substitute for charter a provision which gave it the sponsibility for forming or carrying out a seCtion in the bill as passed by the right to strike against the Government, personnel policies and regulations who House, and that therefore the section and suppose it did strike against the does not, in good faith, attempt to adjust would be subject to consideration by the Government. Under this section, as I the grievances of -employees, or who conference committee because the pro· read it, if it were strictly enforced, if a fails to meet and negotiate in good faith . vision adopted by the Senate is substan­ man took his pay check for that month with the representatives of employee or­ tially different from that adopted by the and if he did not previously examine the ganizations." There is no provision for House. constitutions of the various organiza· anyone to pass upon the question of good The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is tions, he might be subject to being put faith, and there is no way to determine it. correct. in jail or to being fined $1,000. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, a par· Mr. MAGNUSON. I do not wish to So I think there are many questions liamentary inquiry. delay action on the bill, but I can see in to be considered in this connection, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The section 109 several practical problems I ask unanimous consent that the ques· Senator will state it. regarding this language which I think tions which I hold in my hand may be Mr. PEPPER. I invite the attention of should be answered, particularly in the printed in the RECORD at this point, and the Chair to section 109 of the bill, read­ conference committee before it is finally I ask the Senator from Louisiana that ing as follows: adopted. · they be consi.dered in the conference in SEc. 109. No part of any appropriation con­ For instance, it provides that any per­ regard to this particular language, be­ tained in tfiis act shall be used to pay the son who is a member of ~n organization cause the conference committee will have salary or wages of any person who engages of Government employees that a.sserts an opportunity to correct any practical in a strike against the Government of the the right to strike against the Govern­ abusive effects which the language might United States or who is a member of an ment of the United States shall be sub­ have. organization of Government employees that ject to punishment for the commission of There being no objection, the matter asserts the right to strike against the Gov­ a felony, by being placed in jail for 1 ernment of the United States, or who advo­ referred to was ordered to be printed in cates, or is a member of an organization that year or by being fined $1,000, and shall the RECORD, as follows: advocates, the overthrow of the Government also be subject to losing his pay. Such Those who sponsor the language of section of the United States by force or violence: a provision might be seriously abused. 109, above referred to, should be requested Provided, That for the purposes hereof an A man might belong to an organiza­ to state on the floor of the Senate how far affidavit shall be considered prima facie evi­ tion and yet not know whether it advo­ they propose a Government employee may dence that the person making the affidavit cated the right to strike against the be held liable to the inhibitions and penal­ has not contrary to the provisions of this ties of the section, if he belongs to ,an old­ section engaged in a strike against the Gov­ Government. line trade-union which is, has been, or may ernment of the United States, is not a mem­ There are several other aspects of this become affiliated with the A. F. of L. The ber of an organization of Government em­ matter. A man might have to accept clearing up of the following points would ployees that asserts the· right to strike against his pay check while he was making an be helpful. the Government of the United States, or that investigation of the organization. It A number of Government employee or­ such person does not advocate, and is not might be necessary for · him to accept ganizations which are affiliated with the A. a member of an organization that advocates, his pay check before he made such an F. of L. have provisions in their constitu­ the overthrow of the Government of the investigation, for he might need the tions and bylaws which prohibit strikes United States by force or violence: Provided against the Government. Presumably, such further, That any person who engages in a money in order to live. organizations by remaining affiliated sub­ strike r..gainst the Government of the United As I have said, this matter has_several scribe to the policies of the parent body. States or who is a member of an organization other practical aspects. Several have The United Mine Workers resumed their of Government employees that asserts the been presented to me, and I have written strike in the soft-coal mine industry after right to strike against the Government of out some of them. Although there is no the Government had taken over. Their posi­ the United States, or who advocates, or who objection to prohibiting strikes against tion was sustained by officials of the A. F. is a member of an organization that advo­ of L. Does section 109 prohibit employees cates, the overthrow of the Government of the Government of t~e United States, from belonging to organizations affiliated the United States by force or violence· and and as a matter of fact, most of the with the A. F. of L., even though the affil­ accepts employment the salary or wages for American Federation of Labor unions iated organization renounces the right to which are paid from any appropriation con­ have in their charters a prohibition strike against the Government on the part tained in this act shall be guilty of a felony against strikes again.st the Government of its own members? Are Government em- 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7_283 ployees belonging to the national · labor a right to strike against the Govern­ the United States Steel Corp., or against unions whose constitutions and bylaws are ment of the United States. any other private employer. It would silent on this subject of strikes against the Government prohibited from belonging to Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, will the apply only to members of a union of such organizations? Will it satisfy the re­ Senator yield? Government employees that asserts the quirements of section 109 1f !SUCh Govern­ Mr. BALL. I yield. right to strike against the Government ment organized groups refrain from assert­ Mr. PEPPER. Is it intended that the of the United States. The language is ing the right or renounce the right them­ provision against the right to strike not in any way applicable unless the selves to strike against the Government? against the Government of the United person affected is drawing his pay from Section 109 appears to require that em­ States, as contained in this bill, particu­ the funds provided by these appropria- ployees fill out affidavits that they are not tions. · members of organizations that assert the larly on page 44, would be sufficiently right to strike against the Government. broad to apply to an organization which Mr. MAGNUSON. Suppose there Such employees may be of the opinion that asserted that it had the right to strike, were a local union in a navy yard and their organization has not asserted such a for example, against the United States suppose every member of that local un­ right, but upon investigation, the authorities Steel Co. or· against a mine owner, ion-let us assume it is a machinists' un­ may find that at some time in the hiStory of if the steel company or the mines hap­ ion-worked in the navy yard and was a the organization, such a pronouncement has Government employee. Would that be a been made and not subsequently rescinded. pened to be in the custody and posses­ Would an employee who finds himself mis­ sion of the Government, due to an act union of Government emp~iJyees? taken in the opinion of the construing au­ of the President in taking them over, Mr. RUSSELL. I would not so con­ thorities be subject to a fine up to a thousand under the Smith-Connally Act or other­ strue it. dollars and imprisonment up to 1 year, or wise? Mr. BALL. Mr. President, if the Sen­ both? Mr. BALL. In answer to the- Senator, ator will further yield, let me say that Section 10-9 appears to be subject ,to a point I say that I cannot see how this section I think that particular local might be of order, on the ground that· it is legislation on an appropriation billi" because even could possibly apply in such a situation, a union of Government employees, but though similar language has been applied to because those employees would not be I do not know of any local of that type other appropriation bills, they do not cover paid out of this appropriation. I do which asserts the right to strike against the naval appropriation bilL Hence, it is not see how the provision referred to . the Government. In fact, all of them legislation on that bill and, under the Senate would affect such a situation. have no-strike provisions iri their con­ ·rules, can be adopted only by suspending the Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, that stitutions or bylaws. rules by a two-thirds vote. · completely answers the question. The Mr. MAGNUSON. Here is another · Section 109 also appears to be unconstitu­ tional, 1n that it compels the Government · limitations in each of these bills are con­ question which arose: Would this pro­ employee, in effect, to testify against him­ fined t9 payments to be made under the vision be interpreted as affecting a Gov­ self, and makes a felony of a mere misunder­ terms of these appropriation acts, and ernment employee who belonged to an standing which has not resulted in the in­ there is no way by the wildest flight of organization which refrained from say­ dividual either striking or personally sanc­ fancy or the most vivid imagination that ing in its constitution or bylaws any­ tioning a strike against the Government. this provision would apply to employees thing against striking against the Gov­ Mr. OVERTON.. Mr. President, so far other than employees of the United ernment? as the Senator from Louisiana is con­ States who, within Government depart­ Mr. RUSSELL. For my part, I am cerned, he has no objection to the request ments, are members of unions of other greatly attracted to the ideas expressed the Senator from Washington has made. Government employees or of unions by the A. F. of L. unions, by which they Mr. BALL. Mr. President, while this composed of Government employees that expressly renounce the right to strike matter is under discussion, let me say assert the right to strike against the against the Government. But in my that I had· something to do with the Government. Certainly none of the opinion if the constitution of the organ­ drafting of the original amendment of members of outside unions who might ization did not mention such a matter in the Senator from Louisiana and the Sen­ be brought in under any seizure under any way whatever, a negative position ator from Georgia. I know that in the the Smith-Connally Act or under the could not be considered an assertion. If minds of some employees some question exercise of any other power the Presi­ the point were not expressed at all, I do dent might have are paid under these not think the limitation would apply. has arisen, because a numb~r of AFL un- . ions, such as· machinists' unions, car­ appropriation bills, and therefore this Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, al­ penters' unions and so forth, have mem­ provision would not affect their right in low me to ask one further question. One bers who are employees of the Govern­ any way. provision of section 109 of the bill would ment. Mr. MAGNUSON. Suppose a man require the employees to make affidavits. I should like to make my interpreta­ working in a Navy yard were involved? An employee must make an affidavit that tion of the amendment clear, and I Mr. RUSSELL. The Senator means, he does not belong to an organization think it is the interpretation which is as he said a moment ago, that a man which asserts the right to strike against made by the other sponsors of the might be a member of a machinists' un­ the Government. Suppose that a person amendment. My interpretation is that ion, and yet be working for the Gov­ wanted a job and needed it immediately. the language "who is a member of an ernment of the United States. I do Suppose further that he belonged to a· organization of Government employees not think he would be bound at all. Un­ machinists' local, or to some other that asserts the right to strike against less it was a union of Government em­ group, or even to a group of Government the Government of the United States" ployees, he would· not be covered. None employees. He would first be required to means that the organization must be of those unions are unions of Govern­ make an affidavit, and after that it would primarily an organization of Govern­ ·ment employees. They are. regularly be necessary for the authorities to ascer­ ment employees. As a matter of fact, affiliated CIO unions or A. F. of L. un­ tain the nature of the organization to · I do not think there is any secret that ions, and they are not unions of Gov­ which he belonged. What would then be we were thinking primarily of the United ernment employees. the position of the prospective employee? Public Workers of America, the newly Mr. MAGNUSON. In other words, is Mr. RUSSELL. In .my judgment, the formed CIO organization, the. constitu­ it the purpose of the amendment to cover prospective employee should have made­ tion of which has been interpreted by the so-called Government employees' sure that he did not belong to a group of) the Washington newspapers as definite­ union? · employees which asserted the right to. ly asserting the right to strike against Mr. RUSSELL. I think the language strike against the Government. the Government of the United States. is about as clear as it is ordinarily pos­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Howeve:r, the em· That is the important aspect of this sible to make the English language. ployee may quit as an individual. language, as I read it. I do not think The amendment would apply to anyone Mr. RUSSELL. Oh, yes. it would affect the A. F. of L. unions, who is a memQer of an organization of Mr. MAGNUSON . . Of course, some­ which always have contended that there Government employees that asserts the times it is difficult to know what is the is no right to strike against the Gov_. right to strike against the Government background or even the constitution of ernment. Although they assert the · of the United States. The provision an organization. . I believe that the right to strike against private employ­ would not apply to an organization provision of the amendment which reads ers, of course, they have never asserted which asserts the right to strike against "or who is a member of an organiZation 7284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 that advocates the overthrow of the Gov­ felony for any· individual-person to strike Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, this ernment of the United States by force," against the Government of the United amendment has already been agreed to, and so forth, might catch many of us. States. It is obvious that there is con­ I believe, and if the vote by which it ;"Jas Jt is perhaps true that even Members of siderable question with regard to what agreed to is not reconsidered there will the Senate may, on certain occasions, constitutes a strike. Suppose that a cer­ be no opportunity to delete any of the have put their names to something which tain man quits work in protest against language. But I want to say that I be­ later turned out to be a front for some the wage scale under which he has been lieve that the men and women who work organization. I hope the language to paid. Would that be a strike within the for the Government of the United States which I have referred will not be· inter­ meaning of the language of this amend­ have, as citizens of the United States, preted to deny to Government employees ment? Suppose one man said to an­ civil rights. I do not believe that they the right to receive their pay checks.- other man who worked next to him, "Let surrendered ·their rights as citizens Mr. RUSSELL. I am glad that the us quit work because we do not acquiesce merely because they happened to become Senator has referred to the language in in the treatment which we have received employees of the Government. I be­ the bill which he just read. It relates to here, or in the wage scale which we are lieve that a Government employee has a members of organizations which seek to required to observe." Would that con­ right to cease working for the Govern­ overthrow the Government of the United stitute a strike on the part of that indi­ ment if he wishes to do so. I believe that States. Similar language has been in­ vidual? Of course, many individuals he has such right as a citizen of this corporated for many years in appropria­ would have to participate before the ac­ country. If he wishes to talk to his tions bills, and if any injustice ever grew tion could constitute a strike. I am con­ neighbor or make a speech about the sit­ out of it, I have never had it called to my cerned about how much we can allow to uation he has a right to do so as a citizen attention, and I do not know of it having the indi~dual in his right to quit work. .of the United States. been called to the attention of any other Mr. RUSSELL. I do not believe that Mr. RUSSELL. Does the Senator be­ member of the Appropriations Commit­ the language adds to or takes from the lieve that a group of Government em­ tee. Language prohibiting employees original amendment. It was my idea, ployees has the right to strike against striking against the Government of the although I did not resist the additional the Government? United States has been in appropriation language when it was presented to the Mr. PEPPER. I believe that a group bills for many years. I have never heard committee, that it did not help the of employees has the right to cease work, of any abuses having resulted. original proposition to any degree. If a and I believe such employees have a right Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I should man actually strikes he is asserting the to talk about it "mong each other before like to inquire about the following lan­ right to strike. I wanted to be sure that quitting work. I believe that as citi­ guage: there could be no organization of Gov­ zens of the United States, under the Con­ Provided further, That any person who en­ ernment employees which could strike stitution of the United States, they have gages in a strike against the Government of and render the Government impotent. a right to act in concert if they wish so the United States • • * shall be guilty Mr. MAGNUSON. In speaking of the to act. I know of nothing in the Con­ of a felony and, upon conviction, shall be affidavit, I may point out that on page stitution which justifies a deprivation of fined not more than $1,000 or imprisonment 44 the language reads, in part, as fol­ that right. for not more than 1 year, or both. · lows: Mr. RUSSELL. There is nothing in Mr. RUSSELL. The offense there Provided, That, for the purposes hereof, an the amendment which deprives anyone would be · in making a false affidavit, affidavit shall be considered prima facie evi­ of the right of free speech. The effort would it notZ dence that the person making the affidavit has been to prevent a strike against the Mr. PEPPER. No. I am reading from has not, contrary to the provisions of this Government of the United States. · For section, engaged in a strike against the Gov­ my part, I would never approve of any page 44, beginning in line 14. I shall ernment of the United States. read it again: legislative suggestion which gave to any Provided further, That any person who en­ Let us assume that at some time be­ Government employee the right or power gages in a strilce against the Government of fore a person had been a member of an to strike down and ;render impotent the the United States or who is a member of an organization but does not now belong to Government of the United States by en­ organization of Government employees that the organization. Would he be barred gaging .in· a strike against the Govern~ asserts thP. right to strike against the Gov­ from employment? ment . . ernment of the United States, or who advo­ Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I was Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, the rea­ cates, or who is a member of an organization that advocates the overthrow of the Govern­ not the author of the language. How­ son I made the inquiry which I made a ment of the United States by force or ever, I believe the Senator is splitting few moments ago with reference to what violence and accepts employment. hairs. If a strike has ever taken place constitutes a strike was that I wished to against the Federal Government up to have, if possible, some definition which Mr. RUSSELL. The offense would be the present time I have never heard of it. would give us a standard that could be in accepting employment and receiving The language could not apply retroac­ laid alongside the Constitution of the pay out of this appropriation. tively against employees, if there be any United States and enable one to know Mr. PEPPER. No. The language is, such, who have struck against the Gov­ when one was subjecting oneself to im­ "any person who engages in a strike ernment in times past. · prisonment for exercising his constitu­ against the Government of the United Mr. MAGNUSON. The United Mine tional rights. That is the reason that I States." Does that not mean what it Workers may be cited as a case in point. explained a moment ago what I regard says, namely, · any person who strikes After all, Mr. President, I believe this to as the civil rights of the citizen to cease against the Government? be a very serious amendment to the bill .. working, and to talk with · his fellows Mr. RUSSELL. I have never been par­ If the Senate agrees to it the time may about ceasing to work, or act collectively ticularly impressed with the theory that come when it will have to be construed. in the presentation of a demand for wage that language applied to a person en­ I · think we should ascertain now the increases, or improved working condi­ gaged in a strike against the Govern­ legislative intent o'f the authors. tions. If Senators call that striking, ment. What I have always been con­ Mr. BALL. Mr. President, will the that will have to be their privilege, but ·cerned with is a person belonging to an Senator yield? I call doing those things the exercise of organization which asserted the right to Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield. the privileges of citizenship in the United strike against the Government. Mr. BALL. The proviso reads, in part, States of America. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I brought beginning in line 6, "that the person I do not see how we can pass a measure up the point because I wished to invite making the affidavit has not, contrary to containing the general word "strike," the attention of the able Senator from the provisions of this section", and so without any definition of what we mean Georgia to the language of the amend­ forth. Obviously, he could not do any­ being inserted, without running the risk ment. The language would impose a thing contrary to the provisions of this of subjecting-those who happen to work penalty upon the individual, not the or­ section before the section becomes law. for the Government to loss of their civil I ganization. The penalty does not apply I believe that in the future, if any Gov­ rights to.quit work if they do not wish to to an organization which asserts the ernment employee should engage in a work for the Government, to present right to strike, and of which organiza­ strike against the Government he would their demands in concert, to talk at pub­ tion the individual is a member. The be barred from receiving Government lic meetings, and, if they desire, to quit language provides that it shall be a compensation. at the same time. I do not know whether 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7285 the authors of the provision consider against the Government of the United advise the Committee on Appropriations, that that would be a strike. I know States. I think this is a perfect example. there are many courts which are un­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will As I looked through the hearings I read friendly to labor which would call any­ the Senator yield? what the admirals said. What else would thing like it a strike. Mr. PEPPER. I gladly yield. we expect to hear from admirals except I realize the necessity of the function­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I may have mis­ demands for all the money they think ing of the Government of the United understood my distinguished colleague Congress will appropriate? I don't States, but the Constitution did not ~ay from Florida, but at least on this side of blame them-that is their business, but that the Government could make a per­ the aisle I understood him to say that it certainly is our business to double ~on work for it if he did not desire to advocating the overthrow of the Govern­ check them, and we have not the facili­ do so, except in the exercise of certain ment of the United States was almost ties for doing it. recognized authority in the Government treason. I would say it was treason. I say to Senators that they have sat provided by the Constitution. The Gov­ Mr. PEPPER. Of course. It may be here today and, by a voice vote, put ernment can draft citizens into the Army that there is some technical definition of through a $4,100,000,000 appropriation, and the Navy, it can make them defend the word "treason," but I meant sub­ and they really do not know very much the country in time of war, but I think stantially to say the same thing, that about it. They do not know whether the there is some serious question as to the anybody who proposes to overthrow the battleships which are carried in the ap­ power of the Government to draft people Government of the United States by propriation bill are worth anything or into the Government service, or to keep force, and commits an overt act in fur­ not, and they have not had any advice them in it, in violation of their will. I therance of that design, commits treason, except from the admirals. That obser­ think there is serious question as to it seems to me, against the Government vation applies from the first page of the whether the Government can subject a of the United States, and of course no bill to the last. man to punishment in the penitentiary one desires to condone that in any pos­ I hope that when a similar appropri-· if he quits, with several other people, sible way. ation bill is before us next year, we will working for the Government, in spite of Mr. President, I merely wanted to say know more about it. I think the tax­ the fact that someone might happen to that the proposed action is in a direction payers are entitled to an informed judg­ call that a strike. that 1s dangerous to the civil rights of ment when billions of dollars are in­ Yet, Mr. President, we are passing a the American people. Due to the tend­ volved for defense or anything else. bill which contains a provision that any ency toward reaction which is sweeping TREASURY AND POST OFFICE person who engages in a strike against the Congress and the Nation, I have seen APPROPRIATIONS, 1947 the Government of the United States­ a disposition to yield to an encroachment and that means quitting work, I as­ upon the civil immunities and the consti­ Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I sume-subjects himself to conviction for tutional rights of the citizenry of this move that the Senate proceed to the commission of a felony, and subjects country that strikes at the very heart of consideration of House bill 5452, the himself to punishment by a fine of not our Republic. I at least wanted to raise Treasury and Post Otfice appropriation more than a thousand dollars or impris­ my voice in warning against it. bill. onment for not more than 1 year. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The motion was agreed to: and the I am not saying anything about any question is on the engrossment of the Senate proceeded to consider the bill part of the amendment except that amendments and the third reading of uperation experts wh1> could ne amendment was agreed to. 7286 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 The next amendment was, under the ship, association, or corporati on, or any de­ hostilities in the present war, as proclaimed heading "Fiscal Service-Bureau of Ac­ partment of the Government, any nonmone­ by the President. The War Department holds tized silver held or owned by the United nearly 475,000,000 ounces under lease and the counts'', on page 6, line '1, after the word States, at a price of not less than 90.3 cents Reconstruction Finance Corporation holds "travel", to strike out "$7,100,000, of per fine troy ounce, and thereafter at a slightly more than 400,000,000 ounces. The which not to exceed $1,000,000 shall price of not less . than the legal monetary silver is used in bus bars located in alumi­ be available immediately" and insert value (of silver) per fine troy ounce: Pro­ num and magnesium plants throughout the "$6,275,000." vided, That until June 30, 1948, no such sale . country and in the War Department's atomic The amendment was agreed to. shall be made unless the purchaser has cer­ bomb plant in Tennessee. The next amendment was, under the tified in writing, and the Secretary of the For the reasons stated above, the Treasury subhead "Bureau of the Public Debt", on Treasury is satisfied, that such silver is to be Department recommends that S. 1508 be en­ page 9, line 7, after the word "charged", used in domestic industry or the arts and acted. within a period of 6 months after any such The Department has been advised by the to strike out "$64,700,000" and insert sale: Provided, further, That at all times the Bureau of the Budget that there is no ob­ "$65,600,000." ownership and the possession or control jection to the submission of this report to The amendment was agreed to. within the United States of an amount of your committee. ' The next amendment was, under the silver of a monetary value equal to the face Sincerely yours, subhead "Bureau of the Mint", on page amount of all outstanding silver certificates . FRED M. VINSON, 25, after line 7, to strike out: heretofore or hereafter issued by the Secre­ SecretaTy of the Treasury. tary of the Treasury shall be maintained by For a period of 2 years following the enact­ the Treasury: And provided further, That on DECEMBER 13, 1945. ment of this act, the Secretary of the Treas­ the consummation of such sale of silver by Han. FRED .M. VINSON, ury is authorized to sell or lease for manu­ the Treasury to any purchaser, the pur­ Secretary of the Treasury, . facturing uses, including manufacturing uses chaser shall immediately take possession of Washington, D. C. incident to reconversion and the building up the silver so sold and by him purchased and DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I have before me of employment in industry, upon such terms remove the same from the Treasury, in ac­ yours of November 27, written to Han. ROBERT as the Secretary of the Treasury shall deem F. WAGNER, chairman of the Banking and advisable, to any person, partnership, associa­ cordance with such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. Currency Committee of the Senate. Your tion, or corporation, or any department of letter indicates that you are favorable to the the Government, any silver held or owned (d) Hereafter, notwithstanding the pro­ visions of any other law, maximum prices passage of S. 1508, introduced by Senator by the United States at not less than 71.11 GREEN, of Rhode Island. This proposed legis­ cents per fine troy ounce: Provided, That shall not be established or maintained upon- lation, in brief, provides for sale of Treas­ at all times the ownership and the possession ury silver to industry a,t not less than 71.1 or control within the United States of an ( 1) standard commercial bars or other amount of silver of a monetary value equal forms of silver bullion, whether foreign, cents per ounce. I am surprised at your at­ to t!'le face amount of all outstanding silver domestic, or Treasury; titude on this bill as expressed in your letter, certificates heretofore or hereafter issued by (2) semifabricated silver articles; and I feel that I should advise you as to ~y the Secretary of the Treasury shall be main­ (3) silver scrap; or reasons. ( 4) the processing of silver or silver scrap. Under existing law our metallic monetary tained by the Treasury. reserves are to be carried by the Treasury in The amendment was agreed to. The amendment was agreed to. gold and silver at the ratio of three-fourths. The next amendment was, on page 25, Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, I ask gold and one-fourth silver. Your Treasury after line 21 , to insert: unanimous consent that following the statement of December 6, 1945, indicates that there is a great deficit in our silver ·reserves (a) Subsection (b) of section 4 of the act adoption of the amendments on page 28 of the· bill the following may be printed as compared to our gold reserves. I realize entitled "An act to extend the time within that such a deficit is the result of numerous which the powers relating to the stabilization in the RECORD: A letter dated November contributing factors and I make no complaint fund and alteration of the weight of the 27, 1945, from the Secretary of the Treas­ whatever about them, but merely point out dollar may be exercised," approved July G, ury to the chairman of the Committee on that a great quantity of silver could be added 1939, is amended to read as follows: Banking and Currency; a letter dated to our silver reserves and still not meet the "(b) (1) Until June 30, 1948, the Director December 13, 1945, from me to the Secre­ requirements of the law above mentioned. of such mint with the consent of the owner Under our so-called silver statutes, the Sec­ shall deduct and retain of such silver so tary of the Treasury in reply to the previ­ ous letter; another letter from the Secre­ retary of the Treasury was and is required received 30 percent as seigniorage for services to monetize not less than the cost value of performed by the Government of the United tary of the Treasury dated December 19, silver purchased; but under the law, the Sec­ States relative to the coinage and delivery of 1Q45, addressed to me; a letter from me retary of the Treasury could have monetized silver dollars. The balance of such silver so to the Secretary of the Treasury dated all silver in the Treasury at its monetary received, that is, 70 peJOCent, shall be coined February 11, 1946; and the statement value of $1.29 per ounce. into standard silver dollars and the same or made by me on May 9, 1946, before the I don't think that I exaggerate when I say any equal number of other standard silver that Secretary Morgenthau, your distin­ dollars shall be delivered to the owner or subcommittee consid2ring this bill. There being no objection, the matters· guished predecessor, was very pronounced in depositor of such silver. The 30 percent of his opposition to the silver statutes which such silver so deducted shall be retained as referred to were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: were placed on the statute books of the Na­ bullion by the Treasury or coined into stand­ tion during the Rooseve~t administration. ard silver dollars and held or disposed of in THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, As a result of his opposition, to these laws, the same manner as other bullion br silver Washington, D. C., November 27, 1945. up until just previous to his leaving the dollars held in or belonging to the Treasury. hon. ROBERT F. WAGNER, Treasury, he adamantly refused to monetize "(2) On and after July 1, 1948, there shall Cltairman, Committee on Banking and silver, except only the minimum required be delivered therefor in standard silver dol­ Currency, United States Senate, under the law. As I recall conferences with lars or any other coin or coinage of the Washington, D. C. him and the Special Silver Committee of the United States, the full monetary value of the MY DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Further reference Senate, he took the position that to monetize silver so delivered, less such deductions for is made to your letter of October 26, 1945, silver was inflationary and unsound, and be­ brassage, coinage, and other mint charges as requesting a report on S. 1508, a bill "to au­ cause of this, he maintained his attitude on the Secretary of 'tlfe Treasury with the ap­ thorize the use by industry of silver held or silver right up to the time of his leaving the proval of the President shall have deter­ owned by the United States." Treasury, except that just previous to this mined, not to exceed the actual cost thereof: Enactment of the bill will enable the time, and during the consideration by the Provided, That . such mint is satisfied the Treasury to continue selling silver to Ameri­ Senate Banking and Currency Committee of silver so delivered has been mined subse­ can industry for manufacturing uses. It is the Bretton Woods Agreement-after a con­ quently to June 30, 1948, from natural de­ unlikely that domestic production of silver ference with me-he did agree to monetize posits in the United States or any place and imports of silver will be sufficient to 300,000,000 ounces of what he said was free subject to the jurisdiction thereof." satisfy the demands of industry for a con­ silver in the Treasury. (b) The following statutes and portions of siderable period of time. A shortage of sil­ I haven't talked with you about monetary statutes are hereby repealed: ver for industrial use would interfere with matters since you took over the duties and ( 1) Section 1805 of the Internal Revenue reconversion and the maintenance of high responsibilities of Secretary of the Treasury, Code, as amended; levels of production and, accordingly, author­ but having in mind your attitude on this (2) Sections 6, 7, and 8, and the second ity for the Treasury to sell silver to industry subject, so ably and clearly expressed by you proviso in section 3, of the Silve Purchase would greatly assist in the adjustment from while we were both Members of the House of Act of 1934, approved June 19, 1934 (U. S. C., a wartime to a peacetime economy. Representatives, I have the hope that your title 31, sees. 316a, 316b, and 734a). With respect to leases, the bill would per­ attitude is not, and will not be, the same as (c) Until June 30, 1948, the Secretary of mit the extension, if necessary, of two leases your predecessor. Whether the silver laws the Treasury is authorized t o sell for domestic which are now outstanding and which will now on the statute books were correct or manufacturing uses, to any person, partner- terminate six months after the cessation of incorrect, wise or foolish, they are neverthe- 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7287 less the laws of the land on this subject. of the people, if they understood the situa­ This amount of interest could be s9.ved to They have not been repealed, therefore they tion, I am sure would vociferously demand the taxpayers of the Nation annually if our are valid, and entitled to the same solemn that the silver money in the Treasury be idle silver was monetized and used. The un­ respect from the executive department of fully utilized, thereby saving millions of dol­ justifiable pol~cy of Secretary Morgenthau, Government as any other laws in the books. lars in interest by substituting it for an equal during the numerous years he was Secretary The only money mentioned in the Con­ amount of interest-bearing Government se­ of the Treasury, in refusing to monetize idle stitution is gold and silver. Even the worst curities, regardless of the attitude of the silver, while at the same time he was bor­ enemies of silver as money cannot, in my silver fabricators and those who don't like rowing by the billion, cost the taxpayers of opinion, take the position that the issuance silver as money. this country hundreds of millions of dollars of a silver certificate is the least bit more The wisdom of the silver laws is 'not in in unnecessary interest payments. It is our inflationary than the creation of bookkeep-· question at this time; they constitute a part hope that the same charge cannot be brought ing dollars which are created, and have been of our statutory law. For the present this against the present Secretary of the Treas­ created for years, by the delivery by the question is behind us. ury. United States Treasury of Government se­ I respectfully request in conclusion, Mr. All the pressure now being exerted on curities to the commercial banks of the Secretary, that the Treasury's silver be used Members of Congress-and we assume the country, and the establishment of demand and utilized under the law for the whole same pressure is being exerted on the Treas­ deposits to the credit of the Government population and not to satisfy a very small ury-for passage of the Green silver bill without the requirement of a:ry reserve what­ segment of our population Who are asking could be terminated immediately if this idle soever. There is one very important distinc­ that they be granted a special privllege. silver was monetized. What reason is there tion between the issuance of a silver cer­ Respectfully and cordially yours, for not doing this? What excuse can be tificate against silver in the Treasury and ABE MURDOCK. made for holding idle money in the Treasury the exchange of Government bonds bearing instead of using it to retire interest-bearing intr est for demand deposits in our banks. DEcEMBER 19, 1945. Government securities? This item of distinction is the item of in­ Hen. ABE MURDOCK, The Senate will soon be considering the terest, so important to the banker. Senate Office Building, proposed British loan, which, without doubt, When our Government is running our Washington, D. C. will be funded through exchange of interest­ printing presses. overtime in the printing of MY DEAR ABE: This will acknowledge receipt bearing securities for demand deposits in the bonds bearing interest which are to be ex­ of your letter of December 13, 1945, concern­ Federal Reserve banks. A lot of Senator!; changed for demand deposits in the banks, ing S. 1508, a bill to extend the Green Act will, at that time, be asking the question it is inconceivable to me that the best in­ for 2 years. why our idle silver has not been put to use. terests of the taxpayer can be conserved by As I told you when I appeared before the We respectfully urge you, Mr. Secretary, to selling silver money from the Treasury, which Committee on Banking and Currency, I have forthwith monetize every ounce of idle silver belongs to the taxpayer, at 71.1 cents an not yet had an opportunity to prepare a re­ in the Treasury. Relieve yourself of criticism ounce when its monetary value is $1.29 per ply but I shall do so shortly. that can't help but come from the policy of ounce. Very truly yours, holding idle money in the Treasury instead According to the Treasury statement of FRED M. VINSON, of using it to retire interest-bearing securi­ December 6, 1945, there are in the Treasury Secretary of the Treasury. ties, and relieve yourself and Members of 449,360,347.02 ounces of silver against which Congress from the unjustifiable pressure silver certificates have not been issued. This FEBRUARY 11, 1946. now being exerted b:,· a small group of jewel­ silver money of the people and the taxpayers Hen. FRED M. VINSON, ers and fabricators in their efforts to con­ remains dormant while the people and the tinue an unconscionable policy of selling the taxpayers pay interest on billions of dollars Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C. people's money at less than its statutory in bonds which have been traded for demand DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Ever ·since you ap­ monetary value. deposit dollars. The quantity of silver above peared before the Senate Banking and Cur­ Sincerely and respectfully yours. mentioned doesn't loom large against bil­ ABE MURDOCK. lions of dollars owed on bonds, but if mon­ rency Committee in December, the silver etized for its full monetary value, at least jewelers and other fabricators of silver have it could be substituted for an identical continued to high-pressure Members of Con­ STATEMENT OF HON. ABE MURDOCK, A UNITED amount of interest-bearing bonds, and by gress for the passage of the Green silver bill. STATES SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF UTAH, such substitution would save the taxpayer To allow any group or segment of the popu­ APRIL 9, 1946 and the people millions of dollars in interest lation to purchase our metallic money from the Treasury at less than its monetary value ONLY SILVER IN TREASURY IS MONEY annually. Senator MURDOCK. It seems to me that As a Secretary of the Treasury who, I am would establish an incongruous, unjusti:(iable, unreasonable, and unbusinesslike policy. the witness certainly answered the question sure, is most interested in saving the tax­ that was propounded to him, and it seems payer every dollar possible, I can't under­ There was some little excuse for the tem­ porary allowance of the purchase of silver to me that we cannot lose sight of the fact stand why every unused ounce of silver that the only silver in the Treasury is money. should not be monetized immediately. from the Treasury during the war, but it would seem that the silver jewelers and fab­ Under the Silver Purchase Act the minute During the war, silver was needed by in­ or second that silver goes into the Treasury, dustry for war purposes and of course it was ricators, having been granted this conven­ ience as a temporary war measure, are very it becomes a part of the monetary stocks of only natural to use silver in every way pos­ this country and ceases to be a commodity sible for the winning of the war, so the law reluctant to give it up now that the war is over. In other words, the camel got his nose in the ordinary sense of the word. which was passed by Congress, on the rec­ Senator HAYDEN. Therefore you argue that ommendation of the Secretary of the Treas­ under the tent, and probably won't be satis­ ury, that the Treasury be allowed to sell some fied until his whole carcass is permanently it is improper to sell it for less than the of its silver to industry at 71.1 cents per enthroned in the Treasury. monetary value? ounce could be justified on that basis. But Would you, as Secretary of the Treasury, Senator MuRDOCK. To sell money for less now that the war is over, under what philoso­ consider at all the sale of any part of our than its fixed monetary value is not only phy should the·silver fabricating industry of gold reserve at less than its monetary value? improper but absurd and unconscionable. this country, or any other segment of our We are sure your all.swer would be emphat­ Here is my position, and I think it was well population, or group, be allowed to profit by ically and definitely "no." It is, therefore, stated by the witness: When this country is a sale by the Government of silver money impossible for us to reconcile selling eur being operated, Mr. Chairman, on borroweq below its monetary value? Of course, the silver reserve at anything less than its mone­ money, as it is today and has been for sev­ fabricator of silver who is asking for a spe­ tary value. There is a school of thought in eral years, when the Secretary of the Treas­ cial privilege may answer by saying, "The this country that considers metal reserves ury is advocating and spending thousands Treasury didn't pay any more for the silver as antiquated or anachronistic, but so far as of dollars in his advertisements for the peo­ than we are asking it to sell silver for." But the Congress is concerned, our statutes defi­ ple to buy bonds, that is, loan their money the fact that the Treasury makes a profit nitely provide for gold and silver metallic to the Treasury at a fixed interest rate, how out of the miners of silver is certainly uot reserves. can we, as Members of Congress, lose sight of a legitimate reason why this profit should be We call' your attention to the fact that on the fact that there is idle money in the passed on by the Government to another seg­ February 6, according to the Treasury state­ Treasury listed today, or on April 4, at 267,- ment of the population. The profit provided ment, there was in the Treasury 330,009,914.4 ounces of idle silver against which silver cer­ 000,000 ounces, plus, of monetary silver? for in the law was for the benefit of all the Now, the witness points out--- people, anQ. certainly not intended for some tificates could be issued on the basis of the monetary value of silver of $1.29 per ounce. Senator McCARRAN. That is money. small special group. Senator MuRDOCK. That is money and There are those in this country, including This totals $425,712,789.57. The annual in­ many big bankers, who would prefer the terest on this amount, at 2 percent per an­ made so by statute enacted by Congiess and Government to dispose of all its silver at num, is $8,514,255.79. This interest item, approved by the President. Because they whatever it could get for it, because silver compared to our vast national debt, is in­ have treated silver monetary stocks as a certificates are the only form of money now significant, but, nevertheless, in the mind of commodity instead of money, as provided by in use in the United States that do not carry our average taxpayer it is a very sizable law, and our Secretaries of the Treasury since the tribute of interest. But the great masses amount. the enactment of silver legislation in 1934, .7288 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 in my opinion, have failed to live up to at?-d ket; it is the depository of the money of the those who are using silver, the silver users­ conform to the law. people of the United States. are now paying 37 cents more per ounce, QUESTION AS TO WHAT IS FAIR AND REASONABLE Now, if that money, Mr. Chairman, can without any mark-ups. They pay that much PRICE FOR SILVER go right out into the market places and more for silver and do not get any mark-ups. purchase dollar for dollar what your bor­ Senator REED. Senator, they are not allowed I want to repeat, and I am not going to rowed money can, then what right have we any profit . . talk very much; I have not done much talk7 as Representatives of the people to sell that Senator GREEN, No; they have taken it all, ing in this committee; I have done a lot of -rooney at less than its monetary value? although the,price of silver has increased. listening, but I still think the crux of this Senator WILLIS. In other words, that 250,- Now, if they had silver at a dollar, that problem is the price which · would be a 000,000 we have there, we cannot sell at less. would mean a 200-percent increase in the fair price which the fabricators could pay, Senator MuRDOCK. That money belongs to metal price to all the silver users, and that and which the Treasury could accept with­ the people of Indiana, of Kansas, of Nevada, is ·absolutely out of the question. out injury to the silver producers in this of Rhode Island, and every other State, and country. · Senator REED. I tried to cover that point. I challenge any Senator here to go back to Senator GREEN. I· know, but I thought you PROVISION FIXES LOWEST PRICE AT WHICH SILVER his own. constituents and tell them that, "I, might like to know what the Tesult would be. COULD BE SOLD BY TREASURY as your Senator, supported legislation to sell Senator REED. What I am struggling for is Senator GREEN. I think a great deal could your silver money there in the United States a solution. I have, perhaps, as little preju- · be said in favor of that point of view, but Treasury for 71 cents an ounce that is worth dice, and can look at this thing as any man this law does not require it to stay at 71 $1.29 an ounce, and at the same time I am on this committee, which I am trying to do. cents; it simply makes it permissible for the fully aware that the Secretary of the Treas­ I have full sympathy with my friend to Treasury to sell, but not less than that, be­ ury is borrowing money and paying interest the west of me, and I have a great desire cause that was fixed, because that was the on it to carry on the Government, and that to see the silver industry have their raw amount it paid. you people as taxpayers are paying for it." materials to enable them to employ their In other words, we will say the Treasury POINT AT ISSUE IS CAMOUFLAGED people and sell their products. can, if it deems it desirable, in the interests The people would rise up, in my opinion, Senator GREEN. One more thing in this of the national economy, sell some of this Mr. Chairman, and condemn such action in discussion, which has ceased to be a hear- unused silver which it has at not less than no uncertain terms. But the trouble is, the ing-- . i't costs. As a matter of fact, on a great point that is really at issue here is cam­ Senator REED. We may make more progress. part of it, it would make a profit even at that ouflaged to the extent that the people out in Senator GREEN. That may be true. price. our States are being led to believe that the PURCHASE OF SILVER UNDER THE LAW BY That is the point which we ought to em­ only question involved is the relief of the TREASURY DEPARTMENT phasize in a discussion of this. jewelry and silver-fabricating industry with­ Neither the Secretary of the Treasury nor Senator REED. Senator, you would not ad­ out disclosing to them the unfair windfall vocate that the Treasury should sell silver the Congress itself has regarded the pur­ that they would get at the expense of all chase as it will be monetized. at a price lower than the cost at this time the taxpayers. which would have the effect of holding down Senator MuRDOCK. All you have to do is . My answer to Handy & Harman, my an­ read the law, Senator. I think probably it the price of silver in a free market? swer to the other silver fabricators and brok­ Senator GREEN. I think all those facts should be inserted. ers of this country, is this: There is a place Senator GREEN. All you have to do is see ought to be taken into consideration by the where you can get silver, just like the min­ Treasury. the way the Treasury is acting and the way ing industry of the country produces it. the Congress is acting. Senator REED. What I am trying to do is get That is out there in the hills and deserts this consideration of the committee down to Senator MuRDOCK. The Secretary of the of the West. Treasury has, in my opinion, been indifferent a realistic basis. If you need silver so badly, why do we If we can reach the solution on this price to t he law. not see a few of you out there, with your Senator GREEN. As far as this law is con­ question, I take it there is no particular ob­ burros, prospecting for the ore that is out jection to that. cerned, that criticism is not pointed at the there, and available to you if you have the law; it is pointed at the Secretary of the QUESTION AS TO RAISING PRICE OF SILVER TO fortitude and the gambling spirit that it Treasury. $1 AN OUNCE takes to go out and produce metal. It is Senator MURDOCK. Yes. Senator HAYDEN. I would like to. ask a out there if you want to go after it instead Senator GREEN. It is the same. question. You heard .the suggestion made by of siting in your fine offices hatching up Senator HAYDEN. Are there any further American Smelting & Refining Co., through schemes to make you the beneficiaries of the questions of the witnesses? Mr. Brownell, ·that the price might be raised profit the Government has made out of the Senator McCARRAN. There may be some ·on to sell at $1 an ounce. It was suggested at metal-mining industry. reconvening. $1 in the letter written to Senator McCARRAN. PROFIT TAKEN FROM MINERS TO BE GIVEN TO How does that strike you? SILVER FABRICATORS The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. SNYDER. That boils down to the matter I want to make one further observation. clerk will state the next amendment of of whether you get the values that are After the metal-mining people of the coun­ the committee. needed in these western ores to preserve that try have brought silver into the Treasury, The next amendment was, under the industry. Whether you get it in silver, gold, and have allowed the people of the United subhead "Procurement Division," on page lead, or zinc. . States to make the profit on it that is taken The r ~al?on I suggested that the. price be 33, line 7, after "correspondence models)", from the miner under the law, then I say it to strike out "$70" and insert "$7t'; in allowed to go to the monetary price was be­ is unconscionable, Mr. Chairman, for a small cause the over-all cost of consumers-get­ segment of the population, to wit, the silver­ the same line, after the word "inches", ting back on this infia tion idea-would be to strike out "$75" and insert "$82.50"; less in increasing the price of silver to $1.29 fabricating industry and silver brokers to come in and claim the profit that has been in line 8, after the word "inches" where than it would be in increasing the prices of it occurs the first time, to strike out lead and zinc, because the prices of lead taken away from the miners, the raw-material and zinc are pyramided more in fabrication producers, that bring it in. · "$77.50" and insert "$85.25"; in Hne 9, to the ultimate consumer; according to OPA. FAIR PRICE FOR SILVER after the word "inches", to strike out I do not know. Senator REED. Mr. Snyder, I take it you "$82.50" and insert "$90.75"; in the same Senator HAYDEN. I can understand that agree with Mr. Brownell, of the American line, after the word "inches", to strike point. Smelting & Refining Co., that you desire to out "$87 .50" and insert "$96.25"; in line Mr. SNYDER. It looked to me like that was retain the fabricators as a customer. 10, after the word "inches" where it oc­ the easiest and best way of doing it. Mr. SNYDER. Certainly. curs the first time, to strike out "$94" Of course, I would like to see any industry Senator REED. But the question in your and insert "$103.40"; in the same line, protected and preserved ,if it is possible, be­ mind is what would be, or could be, a fair cause we need them all. after the word "inches" where it occurs price at which they· can obtain silver? the second time, strike out "$95'' and in­ Now, the witness has pointed out here, and Mr. SNYDER. As stated previously, I think I think in a very intelligible way, that when that a fair price, and one that would not in sert "$104.50''; in line 11, after the word the Government is borrowing money every any way injure them is the monetary price "inches", to strike out "$97.50" and in­ day, as we are, how can the Representatives of at which they can buy all the silver they sert "$107.25''; in line 12, after the word the people, of the taxpayers, take the posi­ want. ''$103.50" tion, Mr. Chairman, that the money of the "inches'', to strike out and in­ people should be allowed to remain idle or SILVER FABRICATORS HAVE ABSORBED INCREASED sert "$113.85"; in the same line, after the sold at 1 cerit, or a fraction of a cent less PRICE IN SILVER word "inches"; to strike out "$104" and than its monetary value? Senator GREEN. May I bring another fact insert "$114.40"; in line 13, after the word That is the point, I think, that we, as to Senator Reed's attention because I know "inches" where it first occurs, to strike Senators, must bear in mind. The Treasury he is very sincere in his attitude and I ap­ out . "$105'' and insert "$115.50"; in the of the United States is not a commodity mar• preciate it. · That is the sllve~ industry- same line, after the word "inches"· where 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7289 it occurs the second time, strike out The next amendment was, on page in a strike against the Government of the "$107.50" and insert "$118.25"; in line 47, line 5, after "Motor Vehicle Service", United States or who is a member of an or­ 17, "$33,650,000" ganization of Government employees that after the word "inches", to strike out to strike out and insert asserts the right to strike against the Gov­ "$80" and insert "$88"; in line 18, after "$33,381,000." ernment of the United States, or who advo­ the word "inches" where it occurs the The amendment was agreed to. cates, or who is a member of an organization first time, to strike out "$85" and insert The next amendment was, under the that advocates thE! overthrow of the Govern­ "$93.50"; in the same line, after the word subhead "Public Buildings, mainte­ ment of the United States by force or violence "inches" where it occurs the second time, nance and operation," on page 48, line and accepts employment the salary or wages strike out "$90" and insert "$99"; and 3, after the word "service", to strike out for which are paid from any appropriation contained in this act shall be guilty of a in line 19, after the word "inches", to "$37,000,000" and insert "$37,310,000." felony and, upon conviction, shall be fined strike out "$95" and insert "$104.50." The amendment was agreed to. not more than $1 ,000 or imprisoned for not The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page more than 1 year, or both: Provided furt her, The next amendment was, under the 48, line 8, after the word "prevention", That the above penalty clause shall be in heading "Title II-Post Office Depart­ to strike out "$6,650,000" and insert addition to, a·nd not in substitution for, any ment-Post Office Department, Washing­ "$6,797,500." other provisions of existing law. ton, D. C.-Office of the Postmaster Gen­ The amendment was agreed to. The amendment was agreed to. eral," on page 34, line 22, after the word The next amendment was, on page 49, The PRESIDING OFFICER. That "Columbia", strike out "$319,900" and in­ after line 11, to insert: completes the committee amendments. sert "$329,900." Durinr: the fiscal year 1947, the Postmaster The bill is open to further amend­ The amendment was agreed to. General shall make quarterly reports to the ment. If there be no further amend­ The next amendment was, under the Senate and House Committees on Appropria­ ment, the question is on the engross­ subhead "Salaries in bureaus and offices," tions, showing for each quarter the amount ment of the amendments and the third on page 35, line 6, after "Office of the paid from each appropriation for overtime, reading of the bill. First Assistant Postmaster General", to the number of employees receiving such over­ The amendments .were ordered to be strike out "$940,000" and insert "$964,- time, and the number of hours of overtime worked by such employees, together with a engrossed and the bill to be read a third 600." statement as to the necessity for such over• time. The amendment was agreed to. time work. The bill ey Murdock Thomas, Okla. will lose the benefit of the income re­ Huffman Murray Tobey cease work for us. Our plant manager was sulting from this industry, and the Johnson, Colo. O'Daniel Tunnell also told today that all contractors would be Johnston, S C. O'Mahoney • Tydings forced to stop shipments to us. We are con­ armed forces will not get the material Know_and Overton Wagner tinuing under contracts to the United States for which they have contracted, all be­ La Follette Pepper Walsh Government heavy- and light-weight under­ cause a labor racketeer, Kaminsky, in Lucas Radcliffe White wear for the armed forces, and, undoubtedly, McCarran R3ed Wiley Chicago, has the power to take away McClellan Robertson Willis these contracts may also be affected if this from men the right to work. If there McKellar RusEell policy spreads further to our ot her plants. is any inherent right, it is the right of McMahon • S:iltonstall The union subordinates of Mr. s:dney Hill­ man, mainly Mr. Joe Kaminsky, of Chicago, every man to earn his own bread. The PRESIDING OFFICER. .Sixty­ are adamant and threatening in their de­ In one plant in Indiana certain Amish seven Senators having answered to their mands to force us to break the Wagner Act, people did not want to join the union n·ames, a quorum is present. which we cannot allow ourselves to do. I because it was contrary to their religion am sure Mr. Sidney Hillman would not ap­ to do so. But Kaminsky, in Chicago, said, THE INHERENT RIGHT OF THE CITIZEN prove of such action if he were aware of the "You join. Live under my dictates. Take TO WORK circumstances. As a citizen, I am appealing my orders, or you do not work"-to say Mr. WILEY. Mr ..President , a few mo­ to you to intervene to pre.vent the first labor_ nothing of the effect upon the invest­ ments ago the Senate passed two large disturbance in our 82 years in business. ment of the stQckholders, including appropriation bills. In the discussion W . F. McKEE, Secretary and TreasU?·er, Wilson Bros., widows and eleemosynary institutions relating to one of those bills the right to Sheboygan, Wis. which own the bonds of these organiza­ strike against the Goyernment was dis­ tions. cussed. That is a subject on which .J _ Mr. President, the situation portrayed Mr. President, the situation calls for have positive convictions. Definitely in the telegram presents a challenge to action. I trust' that before Congress­ there is no such right. Franklin D. Government. We have just heard a luke- · takes a recess it wm· do what I have sug- · Roosevelt said the same thing in sub­ warm argument on tha point tha..tc iUs gested on other occasions.. I ho_pe it will· stance. Another great President, Calvin not right to strike against the Govern-. have "guts" enough to write into a bill • Coolidge, when he was Governor of ment. But here ar.e American_citizens the. spirit and the letter of American. Massachusetts, said the-same thing. who do not want to joi-n unions. Here is fair play, which will protect the rights of What causes me to rise at this· time is a concern with 12 factories, which is management and labor, but, above all, a telegram which has just been handed threatened unless, contrary to the Wag­ will protect the rights of the public and to me, and which I wish to read into the ner Act, it compels certain Amish and see that they are not submerged and RECORD. It shows a situation which we Mennonite people, and a group of people neglected. have neglected very seriously. in my own State, to join a union. If AUDIT REPORT OF RECONSTRUCTION The telegram comes from W. F. Mc­ they do not join the union, all 12 fac­ FINANCE CORPORATION Kee, secretary and treasurer of Wilson tories will be shut down. Here we have Bros., Sheboygan, Wis. I ask Senators an instance of union officials telling con­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. PreSident, be­ to pay attention to this, because in tractors that they cannot work for this fore the Committee on the Judiciary this rpy humble opinion it presents the be­ concern. They would compel people to morning there came to my attention, in ginning of a new and serious situation join unions. connection with the reorganization bills, relating to strikes. If the President of the United States a letter from the Comptroller General Last week I was in conference with had not vetoed the Case bill we would of the United States, transmitting a let­ British delegates. One of the leaders of have the answer; but the Case bill was ter dated June 17, 1946, from the Corpo­ that delegation with whom I was speak­ vetoed, and so we have the beginning of ration's Audit Division of the General ing said, "We do not approve the at­ another reign of terror, because there Accounting Office to the Board of Direc­ titude of a certain group of your labor seems to be within the Government a tors of the Reconstruction Finance leaders. In England we know that there supergovernment sufficiently strong to Corporation, covering an audit made of is only one way to get out of the dilemma take from the individual the inherent the affairs of the Reconstruction Finance we are in, and that is to work and pro­ right, not to strike, but to work. I ask Corporation and its subsidiaries and af­ duce." the consideration of this body for the fliates for the year ended June 30, 1945; The telegram reads as follows: situation which I have described. under section 5 of the act of February 24, 1945. The letter and accompanying CHICAGO, Immediately upon receipt of the tele­ ILL., June 20, 1946. papers have been filed with the Senate J..:on. ALEXANDER WILEY, gram which I have read, my secretary, at and have been referred to the Committee Washington, D. C.: my instance, sought to get in contact As a citizen and resident of the State of on Expenditures in the Executive De­ with certain labor officials of the Gov­ partments. I desire to propound a Wisconsin, and as secretary and treasurer of ernment. The result was that the fol­ ./ Wilson Bros., national manufacturers of parliamentary inquiry; but prior to do­ men's wear, I am appealing for your advice lowing telegram was sent to Mr. McKee: ing so, I wish to state that upon con­ and any assistance to prevent the closing Telegram received. Howard C. Colvin, As­ sideration of the intelligence disclosed in down of our 10 factories in 6 States and loss sistant Dirctor of Conciliation, promised have the communication to which I have re­ of work to our 1,800 . employees through a their commissioner of conciliation in Chica­ technicality in the Wagner Labor Act, which go get in touch with you also with the union ferred, it was decided that it was of such ~ being imposed upon us by the CIO, Mr. to see what can be done to help. seriousness and moment that it should Sidney Hillman's Amalgamated Clothing be transmitted to the Senate as an in­ Workers Union. We have never had strikes That is using the language of . Mr. terim report, as well as taken up ad­ or labor problems and have been unionized in Colvin. ministratively with the Board of Direc­ our main plant at South Bend, Ind., for many Chapman, of National Labor Relations tors of the Reconstruction Finance Cor­ years and at '!'roy and Cohoes, N.Y. Several Board, suggests you contact their regional poration. The audit is proceeding with of our smail branch plants do not belong to director, George Batt, Midland Building, 176 the utmost diligence and dispatch; but the union. LaGrange, Ind., plant employing West Adams Street, Chicago. Telephone the conditions stated in the communica­ r.nostly Amish and Menonites who state it is Central 9660. Advise if can be of further as­ against their religion to belong to any asso­ sistance. tion to which I have just referred make it ciati.on of any kind, have refused to join the ALEXANDER WILEY, impossible for us to say when the audit union. Likewise, a newer plant at Sheboy­ United States Senator. will be completed and when our ultimate gan, Wis., 6 months in operation, have re­ report will be rendered. The letter is fused to attend any labor meetings, although A little while ago we discussed for 3 signed by the Comptroller General, Mr. we have done everything possible under the weeks or more the rights of the public. 'Wagner Act to indicate our cooperation with Lindsay C. Warren. the union. The union head in Chicago, Mr. The Government needs the material in­ The following statements appear In Joe Kaminsky, last week states that we would volved in this case. The armed forces the communication which has been either force the employees of our nonunion may be compelled to do without it. transmitted to the Senate: shops to join their union or else. Starting Why? Because labor racketeers domi­ Indeed, it has been found that a satisfac­ this week, our subcontractors and suppliers nate the situation. Are we going to sit tory audit cannot be· made and that no 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RE.CORD-SENATE. 7291 certification may be given of ·the financial 2, line 5, after the word "laws", to strike viet Socialist Republics, . , and statements of the companies at the close of out ''$17,400,000" and insert "$23.861,- The Netherlands Possessions." June 1945. It is even doubtful that a satis­ 000." The amendment was agreed to. factory audit and certification of the state­ ments of June 30, 1946, will be possible. The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 11, The next amendment was, on page 2, line 5, after "(Public Law 48) ", to strike The reason for that is stated to be as line 10, after the word "through", to in­ out "$2,900,000" and insert "$3,414,600." follows: sert "individuals, including aliens, or"; The amendment was agreed to. Specific examples of the failure of the in line 11, after the word "agencies", to The next amendment was, on page 11, accounting function in RFC are presented strike out the comma and "foreign or do­ line 8, aft~r "

Whereupon, our Chief stated, "Well, last from time to time indulge in gibes and criti­ POSITIONS AND AMOUNT REQUESTED FOR 194 ~ week a Los Angeles manufacturer applied for cisms of many of our Government agencies. Mr. GLADIEUX. We are just asking for 131 10,000 motors and we ·were able to get h ill\ I do not remove myself from this category, people, at $460,799. We are going to try t o 1,000." This St. Louis man said, "If I could for I must confess that I have been more do it with that amount, but we do not know get that proportion of the motors I need, I vociferous in this respect than many of my whether we can. would be the happiest man in the world. fellow-citizens. However, today I have been Senator McCARRAN. You just know the gen·· What can I do to get them?" "Go to your given very just cause to alter my opinion. eral reduction, rot what the House cut y01 Department of Commerce office in St. Louis, "Unfortunately, my vocabulary is too lim­ on that particular item? fill out your priority request, send it to our ited to pay proper respects to what your Mr. office in Washington, and we will get the William Seltzer, of your Miami office, did for EFFECT OF HCIUSE REDUCTION motors, "because it is necessary for you to have us. Mr. GLADIEUX. We made a corresponding those motors to operate at an economic rate "We are little businessmen who had sad­ reduction here because the Housl$ did not of production." dled ourselves with debts and obligations say specifically where it cut. It was just those types of questions that which we hoped to fulfill through the erec­ Mr. ·ARNOLD. The House did not cut our came up; and, as I say, at 5:30, when we quit, tion of three small restaurants. appropriation specifically, but we will have after 5 12 hours, at least 200 businessmen still "Our first attempt was thwarted by the to share in a pc tion of that cut. It is esti­ remained at that meeting. CPA rejecting our application. mated that perhaps we will have to give up Senator McCARRAN. I imagine that would "We were practically disheartened and dis­ 33 employees, which will bring our total be true, because it is a very interesting sub­ couraged, and having tried many ways, as a down to 98. If that occurs, we have decided ject and one that is very live right now final resort appealed to your Mr. Seltzer, that perhaps this spot assistance, which is throughout the country. chiefly because we thought we would try to a tempol'ary service to small business but is find out for ourselves just what this Depart­ very essential .-ight now, might have to be VALUE OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS OBTAINED FOR given 'lP or curtailed to a very minimum. SMALL BUSINESS IN MARCH QUARTER, 1946 ment of Commerce would do for the small businessman. Senator McCARRAN. Was all this explained Mr. ARNOLD. During the first quarter of this "Let it be here stated that Mr. Seltzer not to the House? Of course, the House did not year we helped small business to obtain Gov­ only extended to us every courtesy, not only address its cut to this. ernment contracts with a dollar value of ap­ listened to our facts very carefully, but im­ Mr. GLADIEUX. That is just the point. proximately $330,000,000. You would not mediately went into action and got us per­ Senator McCARRAN. Have you concluded, believe that there is st.ill being purchased by mission to appeal our case. Mr. Arnold? the Government those items which small "He was not oply very helpful in instruct­ Mr. ARNOLD. Yes; I believe that is all. manufacturers can produce to the amount of ing as to the proper procedure but he also Senator McCARRAN. I do not want to hurry an annual value of $1,200,000,000. We hope went to the mat for us on three different you. through our office to secure at least $1,000,- occasions at CPA meetings. AMOUNT OF HOUSE REDUCTION FOR FIELD SERVICE 000,000 worth of that business for small busi­ "The result was that today we received the ness. That leaves plenty of procurement for Mr. ARNOLD. I do want to :.. ay in conclusion 0. K. to go ahead from CPA. that it Is difficult to divorce what we do here large business. "We feel that we owe all this to your De­ Senator McCARRAN. Will you break that in Washington from what we do in the fiel

If America slumps back into a policy of manding a reduction in its expenditures the The House Foreign Relations Committee, fur­ narrow isolationism, it feeds the substance of day a war was declared. thermore, voted to prohibit State Department the enemies of democracy all over the world. The chief criticism of the State Depart­ use of news from the Associated Press, United If America turns its back to the world, it ment has always been that it has not done Press, and other news agencies. cannot expect the clock of human affairs to enough and that what it has done was not The proposed Government news broadcasts, stand still. done well enough. It has never been criti­ however, occupied but a minor place bot h · For these and other cogent reasons which cized, at least in recent years, for doing too -in the present temporary program and the you can find by consulting your own good much. Many of its mistakes in the past may permanent one planned by Assistant Secretary consciences, Members of the Congress of the be said to be due directly to lack of adequate of State William Benton. A dispute over 10 United States, we urge you with all the sin­ information, lack of adequate preparation, minutes of news daily should not determine cerity at our command, to reinstate and ap­ lack of competent trained personnel, all in the larger question of how this country shall prove the full appropriation requested by the turn partly due to a fundamental failure to systematize and enlarge informational ac­ State Department for its International In­ grasp the tremendous job that faces Ameri­ tivities which it has been carrying on in some formation Service. We believe that to reduce can in the world today. What form for years. this appropriation, particularly at this time Congress appropriates for a single battle­ Most of the program consists of such ac­ when the people of this country and indeed 'ship and a squadron of B-29s would be tivities as the exchange of students, promo­ of the whole world ardently desire peace, enough to revitalize the whole State De­ tion of cultural interchange, maintenance of would be a regrettable case of false, if not partment. inform;:ttion libraries overseas, and supplying dangerous, economy. Penny-pinching by the State Department, background material to editors and the gen­ Owen J. Roberts, former Associate Jus­ which is already operating one of the most eral public abroad. tice, United States Supreme Court; skimpily paid diplomatic staffs in the world, One typical and especially praiseworthy Frederick Lewis Allen, editor, Har­ is inexcusable today when the representa­ project developed during the war is the bril­ pers Magazine, author; W. W. tives of the United States in the capitals of liantly illustrated Russian-language magazine Chaplih, war correspondent, radio the world are carrying so huge a burden in the organization of the peace. The fre­ "Amerika," distributed exclusively in the commentator; Marquis W. Childs, Soviet Union. Moscow has just granted per­ columnist, war correspondent, quently promised reorganization of the State Department remains just another un­ mission for the circulation of 50,000 instead news analyst; George Hamilton of 25,000 copies of the magazine. It is so Combs, commentator, former filled press conference boast. The diplo­ matic service is not attracting enough really popular that copies are eagerly snatched up Member of Congress; Norman and have been known to fetch a sizable Cousins, editor, Saturday Review of competent people, nor is it likely to, unless a real change is made in its mode of opera­ .price in the black mar!ret. Literature, author; Jonathan Dan­ Can anybody give a good reason why this iels, author, former Assistant to tion. During the war many men and women, at considerable financial sacrifice, loyally ac­ project should not be continued? The fact the President of the United States; that Russians are eager to learn about this Mark Van Doren, professor, Colum­ cepted jobs in the State Department. To drive them and career employees out now country, to read of its industrial and agricul­ bia University; George Fielding tural achievements, to study its political Eliot, military analyst, writer; by the absurd rulings ..of a minor bureaucrat in Washington on what it costs to live in structure and traditions, even to follow the Mark Ethridge, editor and pub­ course of women's fashions, is an augury of lisher Louisville Courier-Journal; liberated Europe underlines another fact: Dr. Ha;rry Emerson Fosdick, pastor, that the State Department needs not only better und~rstanding and better relations. adequate financial compensation for its em­ We would be senseless not to take advantage Riverside Church, New York; of it. Thomas K. Finletter, former Spe­ ployees, but also brains to direct them. cial Assistant to the Secretary of So it goes with other projects afoot and State; Frank Gervasi, war cor­ planned. The goal, in the words of the [From the Atlanta Constitution of May 6, Bloom bill, is to promote that mutual un­ respondent and author; George 1946] Hicks, war correspondent and derstanding between peoples which is one of news analyst; Ralph McGill, edi­ A CASE IN POINT the essential foundations for durable peace. tor, Atlanta Constitution; Quentin Recently the Associated Press and United Clear around the world, people have a thirst Reynolds, author, war correspond­ Press refused to sell their news to the State -for information about the United States. ent, radio commentator; Stanley Department for factual, straight-news broad­ The thirst cannot be satisfied by private Ross, war correspondent; Wilham cast to Europe. Their contention was that agencies operating for profit. Yet the State L. Shirer, war correspondent, news American news would do the job through its Department program contemplates no real analyst, and author; Robert St. agencies and that short-wave broadcasts of interference with any· activities of such John, radio commentator, war American news and opinion was unnecessary. agencies. correspondent; Rex Stout, author; . Also recently Mark Ethridge, Louisville It would be SOUJld if the Senate should re­ Leland Stowe, war correspondent, Courier-Journal publisher, went to Bulgaria verse the House decision regarding the use author, and commentator. and Rumania as a representative of this of news service reports. The AP and UP fear country to investigate conditions there. He of propaganda in proposed news broadcasts Mr. MEAD. Mr. President; editorial reported back that freedom of the press was has not been substantiated. But even if the opinion as well as the opinion of respected not permitted. He subsequently expressed House vote on that issue stands, the broad Americans in many fields of endeavor an opinion that the State Department broad­ aims of the Bloom bill c'lhould be approved has also eloquently and sanely presented casts were vitally necessary, being the only and sufficient funds granted to make the aims source of news and opinion from this Nation. effective. the case for the continuation·of the State · An article stating these opinions was pub­ Department's International Information lished and broadcast by the American radio. [From the Birmingham Age-Herald of May and Cultural Affairs program on the basis The newspapers in Rumania, opposing the 20, 1946] that only through mutual understand­ Government, attempted to print it but were ing among the nations of the world can refused permission. . UNDERSTANDING AMONG PEOPLES we secure and maintain the peace which Rarely does an investigator's deductions Ralph McGill, editor of the Atlanta Con­ receive such immediate vindication. stitution, i~ his address in Birmingham last the American people so ardently desire. We hope Congress wlll give to the State De­ week under the sponsorship of the Men's I ask unanimous consent that a repre­ partment, as urged by Secretary Byrnes, an Club of Temple Emanu-El, stressed the sentative selection of editorials straight appropriation large enough to permit them urgent need for the promotion of under­ from the conscience of American news­ to carry on the very vital work which the standing among the peoples of the world as paperdom may be printed at this point news agencies cannot do. a major mean;:; of achieving a lasting peace. in the RECORD. Mr. McGill, who visited Russia as a member (From the Chicago Sun of May 7, 1946] of a committee on worl.t press freedom or There being no objection, the editorials the American Society of Newspaper Editors, were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, MUTUAL UNDERSTANDIN.G AS A BASIS OF PEACE was asked his opinion as to the prospect .as follows: Sub_stantial progress was made last week of achieving mutual confidence and genuine [From the New York Herald Tribune of May on the Bloom bill, setting up a permanent cooperation in relations with Russia. That 24, 1946] cultural relations and informatiot;l program hope, he replied, depends largely on increas­ in the State Department. ing understanding among the two peoples. HOW NOT TO RUN A SERVICE A high price was paid by the administra­ So few Russians, relatively, have been out­ The State Department 1n Washington has tion before the House could be persuaded to side their own country. When he was in just made a drastic cut 1n its provision for move. Representative Cox (Democrat, Geor­ Russia, crowds of people demonstrated in­ the upkeep and maintenance of its repre­ gia) was able to announce that "hundreds of tense interest in his personal appearance sentatives in Europe, as Mr. O'Reilly's re­ undesirable people" had been ousted by the and characteristics. port in this paper disclosed yesterday. At State Department--meaning, unquestionably, Of course, it is ·also true that relatively few this' moment in the history of the United that among the victims of the purge were Americans have ever been in Russia. When States and of the world, the State Depart­ patriotic, progressive citizens unjustly hound­ three Russian journalists were the guests ment's action is like a War Department de- ed by the Dies and WoOd-Rankin committees. of the American Society of Newspaper Editors 194G OON.GRESSlONAL RECORD-SENATE 7303 at its recent Washington convention, the It wouldn't even pay· for a smaller first-class [From the Christian Science Monitor of May greatest interest was shown by its members warship. It wouldn't, for all we know, buy 18, 1946] in these visitors. It was evident that a an, atomic bomb. And simply on the chance NEWS UNIT HAILED ABROAD-HAS LITl'LE sense of strangeness prevailed on both sides, that it. may help prevent another war, we HONOR AT HOME that there was the keenest mutual desire think it is worth the money for our State to become better acquainted. Department to tell all peoples who will listen (By Neal Stanford) The unknown always arouses a measure of that Americans want a peaceful, prosperous WASHINGTON, May lB.-America's interna­ uncertainty, and often of misgiving. world which will benefit others as much as tional information program lacks honor in The feeling among the American people it will themselves. its own country. The House of Representa­ that they do not really know the Russians tives has cut in half the State Department's and the feeling among the Russians that down-to-the-bone blueprint of what it needs. [From the St. Paul Pioneer Press of May 16, they do not know us constitute one of the The Senate, the Department is hoping, will major obstacles to the advancement of mu­ 1946] restore the cut. tual confidence and cooperation. EPISTLE TO THE RUSSIANS James F. Byrnes, Secretary of State, asked But it is not only among these peoples Because there is no true measure of either for $19,284,778. The House was willing_ to that greater understanding is urgently piety or sincerity the average American will advance $10,000,000. needed. Strangeness and a measure of dis- . have to take with the proverbial dusting of If viewed suspiciously at home, however, trust enter into the relations of the citizens salt the recent declaration of Ilya Ehrenburg, the Government's inform&tion program is of many nations. Russian journalist now touring this country, welcomed, used, and waited for abroad with On the other hand th~re are peoples-the that he would like to help make the emo­ unbelievable enthusiasm and fervor. Not British and Americans, for example-among tional space between Moscow and Washing­ only do the people of other nations use the whom a high degree of trust and friendship ton as little as the physical space-reduced information services offered-libraries, radio exists. That has grown out of obvious fac­ by modern modes of transportation-by programs, information offices-but the heads tors making for understanding. bringing the hearts and minds of the two of American missions abroad are genuinely It is significant that Mr. McGill, Mark peoples closer together. Certainly the treat­ appreciative of their contribution to better Ethridge, of the Louisville Courier-Journal, ment of American reporters in Russia and the understanding. and Wilbur Forres_t, of the New York Herald diplomatic maneuvers of the Soviet's repre­ Following are some of the reports from the Tribune, who recently testified before the sentatives to the United Nations have been field on how the program is received and House Foreign Affairs Committee in behalf anything but contributions_ to closer under...­ used: of the State Department's projecte" program standing. Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, in Paris (on for the advancement of understanding But some things can be said of Russia that hearing the House had cut the Department's among the peoples of the world, all have give vitality .to the common hope that some information and cultural activities in traveled widely in foreign countries within day the various political commissarS' will ): "Such a cut would·destroy effective- the last year. They have experienced at relent and one of these is the_recent relaxa­ . ness of the program and place the United first hand the need for greate::: information tion of limitations on the number of copies States in a disadvantageous position in rela­ about us in other lands. They know, too, of "Amerika," a magazine published by the tion to the needs of this area and the efforts of the need for more knowledge in this State Department, permitted to circulate in of other nations." country of the lives and conditions of other Russia. The number has been increased Ambassador Alexander Kirk, in : peoples. from 20,000 to 50,000 copies in a domain of "Such a cut would be prejudicial to the ef­ The State Department's program contem­ more than 180,000,000 people. fective and efficient operation of this mission plates short-wave radio broadcasts, the dis­ "Amerika" is tailored to the Russian taste, and detrimental to Amer:can interests in this tribution of American reports and publica­ carrying special articles on the American area." tions, the interchange of students, and other ideal of government, the theater, movies, in­ Prague, Czechoslovakia: "Reception of the measures for the betterment of cultural rela­ dustry in general, plastic developments, service in Prague has been nothing short of tions generally. United States railroads in the war and what­ fantastic. In our relatively small _reading Such a program, ~oundly conceived and not. The magazine is not devoted to propa­ room, an average of 700 to 1,000 people a executed, has so many potentialities for ganda in the usual sense but to giving cor­ day use our journals and newspapers. At good that we hope that it will go forward rect information ·about the United States. times we have had to close the door and even though the State Department is not There isn't anything very red-blooded in its put a sign on the outside saying 'closed for able to obtain the news services of the Asso­ appeal for understanding of this Nation's 1 hour' until people would move out, leaving ciated Press and the United Press. general ideology in such matters as democ­ room for the others. We could easily have racy, liberty, the priceless freedoms of the had 2,000 people if we had sufficient space. spirit and the inherent rights of the human We have had numberless requests from [F'rom the Toledo Blade of May 4, 1946] being, but any inroad thrm;gh the rigorous towns outside Prague asking that we estab­ INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION censorship exercised in Russia has its own lish branches of this service." In approv~ng a $10,000,000 appropriation to compensations. Sofia, Bulgaria: "When the American Li­ ~aintain the State Department's Interna­ No matter how fervently Ilya Ehren­ brary at Tear Osvoboditel opened last No­ tional Information Service by an almost burg may wish to bring the hearts and vember, crowds of Bulgarians who had long strictly party vote, the House refused to take minds of America and Russia together it been starved for American reading matter a oound-wise, penny-foolish stand on inter­ must be conceded that there isn't ll}Uch were at the library. During the first 14 days national affairs. he can do about it until his own country (of which 3 were holidays) more than 2,000 How much good it will do to have our Gov­ is disposed to offer Americans-especially readers were counted. The great crowds be­ ernment send information about our country newspaper correspondents and editors-the tween 5 and 7 p. m. hardly left any standing to those parts of the world which do not get same freedom of action over there that room." our normal news reports, we do not know. Ehrenburg and his companion journalists Peiping, China (Sept. 22, 1945): "Audiences How many people will listen to short-wave are enjoying over here. · at the picture exhibit are averaging 20,000 newscasts beamed abroad is even harder to Mr. MEAD. Mr. President, nationally a day. The queue is sometimes 600 io estimate than the number of persons who 700 yards long. Our reading room is so listen to regular newscasts at home. No one and internationally known news ana­ crowded that many people have to stand will ever know how much tangible benefit the lysts of unimpeachable reputation for or squat on the curbs in the two courtyards. United States will receive in the form of impartiality and objectivity in their pres­ We are constantly asked if more books and good will and better understanding from this entation of news facts have stated in magazines are en route." State Department effort to tell the American signed stories that Americans overseas, Kuibyshev, Russia (from a letter, Jury 1, st9ry to other peoples. and, indeed, all the peoples of the uni­ 1945, by an American soldier to his grand­ But the men who led the propaganda war parent in the United States): "Some months for us on the ideological front are convinced verse, eagerly use and urgently need the that there is still much work to be done in documentary, scientific, cultural, and before I arrived here the OWI started getting putting that story across to peoples who have educational information made available out an American magazine printed in ·Rus­ had little opportunity to understand it. They to them only through the good offices of sian. It is by far the best thing that ever believe that it will increase our influence with the American people and the American happened for explaini~g the American . Na­ the peace-loving people of small nations and tion to the Russian people. Up to the time Government. of the war all Russians knew was our bad large. They believe it will increase our I ask unanimous consent that a num­ chances of maintaining a durable peace. aspects." (The House killed this magazine Whether they are right or wrong, the $10,- ber of articles may be printed at this in trimming appropriations. However, since 000,000 to be spent on an International In­ point in the RECORD. Moscow has now permitted printing 50,000 formation Service is relatively a drop in the There being no objection, the articles issues a month instead of 10,000, it should bucket to be spent on a worthy cause. It were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, become self-supporting-and Congress may wouldn't meet our war costs for a single day. • as follows: · decide to continue it.) 7304 CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 Belem, Brazil (Jan. a: 1946): "The Belem This warning comes from Ainerican repre­ u rge the maintenance of government al in­ press bas published a large amount of news sentatives in Communist Moscow, in Franco's formation services, pointing out the ex­ items and background material furnished Madrid, and in democratic Brussels. In all tremely important activities of t he :l!ritish , by us. This bas been an important con­ these capitals the United States is urged to Soviet, and French Governments in t h at tribution to an informed understanding of continue its information services or to es­ field. our position in the world." tablish them where they still do not function. Nobody really acquainted wit h conditions Copenhagen (Jan. 5, 1946): "We find that Perhaps the most significant of all reports in Europe, can deny the need for informat ion texts of important speeches are warmry wel­ comes from Moscow. It describes the grow­ on America. In all Ji:urope-in the west as comed by Danish newspapers and libraries. ing interest of Russians in British broadcasts well as in the east-people are most anxious Authentic background mat erial is exceeding­ in the Russian language and deplores the to learn the truth about the intentions and ly desirable for,use in li9raries, societies, and absence of similar American broadcasts, the mood of the American people, whose at­ schools, and by authors and editors." which, it is assumed, would have even greater titude in the years to come will perhaps de­ The Hague (Jan. 6, 1946): "Many editors success because the Russians generally have a termine the very fate of our civilization. The and commentators say that they find the much greater confidence in the United States great controversy is whether the American background material distributed to them, than in Britain. Government or the American press and radio such as texts of official United States docu­ The report goes on to state further-and should give Europeans the true pictu re of ments, of particular value in clarifying their this will shock all Americans who naturally. the United States? views on American objectives and policies. dislike and resent anything which smacks of It h as been generally recognized that food In December 1945 a circular letter disti·ibuted Government propaganda-that the Russian and money-America's weapons for peace­ to 80 Dutch newspapers offering various types people have much more confidence in news can be given to European countries in ade­ of featur~ articles brought requests for 117 from American governmental sources than quate amounts only by the American Gov­ articles on American topics with illustrative from American privately owned press or ernment. But it is still felt by many that photos." radio. information on America-her long-range Managua, Nicaragua ~Jan. 2, 1946): "Arti­ This is said to be the result of Soviet weapon for peace-can be best handled by cles concerning all phases of American life propaganda. The Russians have been con­ the private press and radio. have formed a large proportion of the news tinually told by their Government-owned An objective study of European condi­ in the local papers, sometimes amounting to and directed press and radio that the Amer­ tions indicates, however, that the American almost half the news content." ican capitalists were the enemies of the press and radio unfortunately cannot pene­ Budapest (Jan. 5, 1946): "Especially use­ Soviet Union. On the other hand, the trate the countries behind the "iron cur­ ful in this crucial period of Hungarian recon­ American Government, headed by President tain." Furthermore, 49 countries, including struction is. all information on American itoosevelt, reestablished diplomatic relations genuine democracies like England, are now Government and democratic way of life. with Soviet Russia and helped Soviet Russia using government short-wave broadcasts to Continuous servicing of press, Government, during the war. So the Russians now have a carry the voice of their nations abroad. and public with background information, tendency to consider information from Amer­ Thus, if Americans believe that America's photos, and periodicals is essential." ican governmental sources as more objec­ voice shoUld be heard all over the globe, Lisbon, Portugal (January 5, 1946): "The tive than from the American privately they must accept, as much as they may press office here receives more than 1,000 let­ owned press or radio. dislike it, the Government loud-speakers for ters a month requesting information about Those Americans opposing any kind of gov­ all those countries which are beyond the life in the United States, education, science, ernmental information are not likely to be reach of the private loud-speakers. medicine, engineering, industrial, natural, convinced that in order to keep the Russians scientific, and commercial activities." informed about the American way of life the London (August 1945): "The demand for United States should use un-American [From the New York Post of May 23 , 1946] manufacturing and commercial reference methods-which they consider governmental EcONOMY MAY SILENCE UNITED STATES STORY books has been heavy. Business houses are information s.ervices to be. But the fact re­ TO THE BALKANS constantly consulting these books for a~­ mains that only American Government pub­ dresses, names of products, and standing of lications are admitted into Soviet Russia. As (By Marquis W. Childs) · Amexican concerns. Two regular visitors to to the short-wave broadcasts which can and WASHINGTON.-Back in the thirties, two the library, one connected with a large do pierce the "iron curtain" drawn around ambitious young men had an advertising firm manufacturing firm, the other a member of Soviet Russia and her orbit, it is most un­ called Benton & Bowles. They made a great the Economist staff, come in every 2 or 3 days likely that American broadcasting corpora­ financial success and, with "that security, they for business and economic material." tions will be interested in establishing and started out to explore other fields of activity. Montevideo, Uruguay (January 10, 1945) :. maintaining completely noncommercial pro­ These two men, Chester Bowles and William "The general average of publication of all grams. Indeed, no American exporter would Bent0n, are today both in the Government. types of material over the last 2 years was be willing to ~vertise products for which Bowles, of course, is the embattled Director more than 85 percent of the releases sent out. there was no market in the countries to of Economic Stabilization. From behind This high percentage of coverage is due to which the short-wave broadcasts would be that fancy title, he fights a rear-guard action confidence in the information section and beamed. for the economic principles in which he be­ to the fact that releases were factual, honest. Thus, unless American radio corporations lieves. Just now it's price control. Newspapers continually seek biographical were prepared to run their short-wave broad­ Less well known to the pbblic, Benton is data concerning American personages and ca~ts to all of eastern Europe at a constant Assistant Secretary of State for public and translation of speeches of political impor­ loss, merely in defense of the principle of ct.-tural relations. He, too, just now is tance." free enterprise, such broadcasts could func­ fighting . a battle, and f.ghting it with the Wellington, New Zealand (January 12, tion only if the men representing the Ameri­ same fervor that Benton & Bowles put in 1946): "Articles and features were widely can taxpayers would grant the State Depart­ their advertising business. used by newspapers and technical and other ment the $19,000,000 appropriation, of which With the help of an able staff, Benton put periodicals. Numerous letters of apprecia­ $8,800,000 are required for the short-wave together a program which would make the tion have been received from cabinet min­ broadcasts. world better informed about the United isters and heads of government departments Diplomatic reports from Madrid, insisting States. He proposed to use short-wave and agencies." on the necessity of having American infor­ broadcasting which would reach regions that mation services in Spain describe the in­ now get no objective news about America. .[From the New Yorl: Herald Tribune of format ion and cultural activities of the Brit­ He proposed to send able young men as in· May 19, 1946] ish and the French who maintain in the formation assistants to our embassies and UNITED STATES INFORMATION SERVICE CALLED Spanish capital staffs of 180 and 100 persons legations. respectively. The British information li­ VITAL TO DIPLOMACY IN EUROPE--PEOPLE OF GOOD INTENTIONS SoME COUNTRIES, ESPECIALLY RUSSIA, TRUST brary has 15,000 volumes, and the 2 French ONLY NEWS FROM GOVERNMENT SOURCES; libraries have 40,000 volumes. As carefully worked out, this program for SUCCESS OF BRITISH BROADCASTS CITED As to British broadcasts to Spain, it has the coming governmental year was to cost been officially admitted in London that the . $19,284,778. Those who put the information (By Andre Visson) Foreign Office is using them as a vehicle of budget together say it contained very little WASHINGTON, May 18.-Diplomatic reports British foreign policy. Those BBC broad­ water. What the House did was to whack received in Washington during the last fort­ casts, piercing the wall of Spanish censor­ this figure down to $10,000,000. night from various European capitals all ship, explain to the Spaniards the reasons Intention were good. The House Appro­ sounded the same warning: Should the why the British people and their govern­ priations Committee was in favor of the State Department, as a result of the un­ ments are opposed to the Franco regime, philosophy of the program. But as so often Willingness of Congress to grant the re­ and express the hope that the Spaniards in the past, they were not willing to give it a quested $19,000,000 appropriation, find itself will themselves find-without intervention real chance. compelled to cancel cr even cut down its in­ from abroad-a democratic solution for their. This means that, unless the Senate restores formation and cultural activities, American country. the cut, the short-wave broadcasting will diplomacy in Europe would be considerably Even In genuinely democratic Belgium, have to be eliminated. It means that the handicapped and American interests in v~ri­ where the newspapers are restricted only by voice of America will not be heard at all in ous European countries would be prejudiced. the lack of newsprint, American diplomats the Balkans and eastern Europe. 1946 CONGR·ESSION:AL R'ECORD-SENATE ·7305 It means that the Russian short-wave war. They are accomplishing these things chopped by the House from the State De­ radio, with competition from the British, :will with admirable intent and swiftness. But partment's information and culture program. dominate whole areas of the globe. Several . in respect to propaganda, it is another story. Assistant Secretary William Benton has surveys, both by the Government and by Unfortunately there is but a small force of decided to silence the Voice of America private agencies, show that the volume of Americans he!'e to protect the story of our broadcasts and retain other activities, such Russian propaganda has increased markedly part in the war we helped to win and the as foreign movies and libraries. If his pro­ since the end of the war. peace we intend to keep. gram is held to the House-approved appro­ This is particularly true in China. . After Siam is being sold the British way of life priation of $10,000,000. the Japanese capitulation, Soviet propaganda as the one most likely to succeed. Mr. Benton has urged a Senate appropria­ was resumed there on a large scale. The TORRENT OF PROPAGANDA tions subcommittee to restore the full $19,- official Soviet propaganda organization, in 248,000 item recommended by the Budget China is the Tass News Agency. Tass is In furthering her trade aspirations, I think Bureau. building up .an extensive staff in many cities, England has let her propaganda giant hit Should . the Department be forced to far beyond the needs of news reporting, which below the belt. If some of its strength lies abandon its broadcasts, Mr. Benton may • is Tass' job elsewhere. Much of this propa­ in our weakness, it is being taken advantage seek to have them taken over by a private ganda is directed against the United States of. Newspapers frequently publish stories, foundation. He is said to be studying a and its armed forces in China. · · credited to a British news agency, heralding plan under which a Government representa­ In the Balkans, under Communist-domi­ the quality of English goods as far superior . tive would assist in a privately sponsored nated governments, the official radio is usu­ to American. The words "better than U. S. undertaking. A." are resorted to, ar.d there is a marked ally critical of the United States and silent on WOULD DROP BROADCASTS any of this country's positive achievements. "always belittling campaign." In any controversy that we have with the To counteract this we maintain a smaU Officials have estimated that the short­ Soviet Union or with the local government, group in Siam, without whom this country wave broadcasts would cost from $6,000,000 the American case is simply not presented. would have no conception of the Arnerican to $7,500,000 a year, which would leave little The left-wing press supporting the Balkan viewpoint. No American news agency oper­ for other activities. Mr. Benton favors governments refers frequently to American ates into Siam, bl.~ t Britain's Reuters pours abandoning the broadcasts and retaining t_he imperialif>m. in its story of empire. others as originally planned. The whole program of the Office of Inter­ BROADCASTS NEEDED However·, the American group is in danger of having its already meager strength re­ national Information and Cultural Affairs Propaganda is a word that we as Ameri­ duced. It should be extended to the fullest, escaped discard when Secretary James F. cans shy away from-and rightly. The world to help make Siam aware of Americans. Byrnes assured the House critics that he was connotes distortion and _untruth in the serv­ Siam has a distinct craving for American weeding out undesirable employees. The ice of a political ideology. This poor old news. By conservative estimate, I've been branch has been under attack because of world has been battered by opposing propa­ stopped 50 time~ in streets, hotel lobbies, alleged leftist sympathies of certain officials. ganda for so long that truth sometimes restaurants, and stores by inquiries concern­ The House Appropriations Committee en­ seems to be the most harried of all the ing the United States of today. dorsed overseas broadcasts as an excellent refugees who flee from disaster to despair. approach to international understanding CASTE SYSTEM PREVAILS Benton has repeatedly disavowed any in­ but said the Department was overdoing the tention of propaganda in the State Depart­ I've not, however, received any inquiries entertainment features. ment information program. Despite this, the from Siamese officials. For I've overlooked WHAT WOULD GO ON threat of propaganda is intimated in another the fact that besides rice, teak,· and tin, the other major commodity of the country is Abandonment of the broadcasts would controversy in which Benton is involved. permit the Department to continue these Under a wartime arrangement, the State snobbism. To approach Siamese officials without elegant sponsorsbip is like trying activities within the $10,000,000 limit. Department obtained news free of charge Showing of movies depicting American life from the United Press and the Associated to become a life member of the Union League if you were born on the wrong side of the and history, daily radio reports to American Press for use in short-wave news broadcasts. missions abroad on official happenings, op­ They were objective broadcasts, using the railway tracks. I've been blackballed publicly by the Min­ eration of libraries and publication of the raw material furnished by the great news­ Russian magazine "Amerika." gathering agencies. istry of Propaganda, and have received no This arrangement was terminated after answer to my request for interviews with the end of the war. Benton then. asked for the Prime Minister and the Ministers of Com­ [From the Christian Science Monitor of May the right to buy AP and UP news which merce and Foreign Affairs. Apparently 15, 1946) would go into the same kind of objective they've tested my blood and found the requi­ THREE EDITORS BACK UNITED STATES PLAN TO broadcasts. That request was refused. Those site pure blue contaminated by red and "TELL WoRLD ABOUT AMERICA" who run the press associations seemed to white. This is a country with a caste system that WASHINGTON, May 15 (AP)~-Three news­ feel that any relationship with the Govern­ paper editors are on record today as endors­ ment in peacetime would endanger their includes the use of different pronouns for different social levels, · a country where the ing the State Department's proposed cul­ objectivHy. tural-relations program and urging, partic­ That seems to me a singularly short­ servant uses the same gesture of obedience toward his master as towards his Buddhas. ularly, an effort by the Government to "tell sighted point of view. Surely the independ­ the world about America." ence of our press is so strong that it cannot It's also a country in which to alleviate famine, and a country in which Americans Those who testified before the House be jeopardized merely if the Government be­ Foreign Affairs Committee yesterday were comes a cllent of the great and powerful press are failing to give a generous briefing on the high calorific value of democracy. Wilbur Forrest, assistant editor of the New services. Interestingly enough, Hearst's In­ York Herald Tribune; Ralph McGill, editor ternational News Service is providing news of the Atlanta, Ga., Constitution; and Mark to the State Department as a client. [From the New York Mirror of May 10, 1946] Ethridge, publisher of the Louisville, Ky., Objective news is essential in a world still WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND Courier-Journal and Times. half blacked-out. If no one else does the (By Drew Pearson) The legislation asked by the State De­ short-wa\e broadcasting job, the Govern­ partment would provide for radiocasts and ment m~st. WASHINGTON, May 9.-Russians beam 11 sending reports and publications to other broadcasts daily to the United States, but nations throughout the world. It also would [From the New York Post of May 20, 1946] we will have no voice to compete with the authorize interchange of students and of Kremlin, London, Paris, or Madrid-if the UNITED STATES FAILS TO SELL ITSELF I;} SIAM other projects carried on through the em­ action of the House in cutting the Interna­ bassies for the promotion of better cui tural (By Dixie Tighe) tional Information Service is upheld by the relations between the nations. BANGKOK, May 22.-In this noncolonial Senate. The budget voted by the House is The witnesses said that in recent trips country in Southeast Asia, the British lion too small, and the one effective means of get­ abroad they found a great desire for news waves it s tail with a telling wallop, trying to ting the story of America across censorship about America. They testified that partic­ brush off American influence as if it were a barriers to the rest of the world may have to ular need exists for short-wave radiocasts pestiferous fly . be ditched. by this Government. Only in this manner, In propaganda we are outweighed not only they said, can the "iron curtain" of censor­ in pure body force but by the weight of in­ [From the New York World-Telegram of ship around many countries be overcome. doctrination machinery. The only sign of May 10, 1946] The three urged Congress to establish the nonaggression exists in the Joint Rice Com­ State Department's program on a permanent mission, which moves with united purpose FUND SLASH MAY FORCE UNITED STATES TO END FOREIGN RADIOCASTS basis. The House has voted $10,000,000 of against famine conditions. the $19,000,000 the Department asked for the The avowed British reason for their pres­ (By Ned Brooks) next fiscal year for the program, but has not ence in Siam is their current priorities-(1) WASHINGTON, May 10.-0verseas broad­ acted on permanent legislation. The Senate more rice, (2) ' to return the Japs to J apan, casts will be discontinued this summer if the has not acted yet on either the funds or (3) to repatriate internees and prisoners of Senate refuses to restore the $9,248,000 the authorization. 7306 CONGRES.SIONAL RECORD-SENATE 'JUNE 21 Mr. McGill and Mr. Ethridge said the De­ He recounted how a peasant tn Transyl­ FEARS PROPAGANDA partment's program was threatened by the vania had asked him to get the State Depart­ No matter how honestly a Government em­ action of the Associated Press and United ment to change the times of its voice broad­ ployee tried to write the news for short-wave Press in withdrawing their news services casts, because the morning one came before broadcasts, he could not succeed, Mr. For­ from the Department. he got up and the evening one after he went rest said. "I can see the papers abroad say­ "The whole thing is being misunderstood to bed. ing, 'The American Government propaganda and colored by a commercial fight going on Mr. Forrest, who is president of the Ameri­ service says today'," he added. Tpis, he said between the two press services," Mr. McGill can Society of Newspaper Editors, told of would nullify the effect of the news. asserted. the compromise he had suggested to the wire "The breath of government shouldn't be Mr. Forrest recommended that in all services, under which the State Department on live news," Mr. Forrest told the commit­ State Department radiocasts of spot news would make use of their news textually, giv­ tee. "If it's independent news, People will the items be attributed to the agency re­ ing credit for each item broadcast. believe it, in my opinion." . porting them. William Benton, Assistant BENTON EXPLAINS PROPOSAL William Benton, Assistant Secretary of Secretary of State, commented he would be William Benton, Assistant Secretary of State, said he had no objection to Mr. For- • willing to do this, but that the AP and UP State, who has been pushing the program rest's suggestion, but that the Associated did not like the idea, "fearing that it would and dealing with the wire services, explained Press and the United Press had refused to identify them too closely with the Govern­ that Mr. Forrest's suggestion is not now ac­ permit continued use of their names in ment." ceptable. He conceded that he had come to broadcasts to foreign listeners. He said they see the situation as being more complicated felt J· cat they ran the risk of having their [From The New York Times of May 15, 1946} the more he became familiar with it, and names tainted as Government-propaganda EDITORS ENDORSE UNITED STATES NEWs SERV­ outlined the position of the wire services organs. ICE-MCGILL, ETHRIDGE, AND FORREST HOLD to the committee. Mr. Benton recalled that he had proposed to the AP and UP that they prepare news AP AND UP OBSTRUCT VITAL GOVERNMENT His original proposal, he said, had be~:r;1 FuNCTION-BENTON ExPLAINS STAND--HE that the wire services accept the respon­ scripts for short-wave use, which the State PLEADS FOR RESTORATION OF FuNDS TO CON­ sibility for preparing texts to be included in Department would transmit verbatim, . or TINUE BROADCAS'fS TO EUROPE ·the State Department short-wave broadcasts, that they permit attribution of news items so as to assure themselves of the objectivity to them. Because th~y objected to both sug­ (By Harold B. Hinton) gestions, he said, he proposed that they re­ WASHINGTON, May 14.-Charges of obstruct- . and accuracy of the reports. This was de­ clined because the principal wire services turn their news tickers to the State Depart­ ing a vital function of Government were ment for reference use by the department in made against two major wire news services of believed such participation would brand them irrevocably as agencies of the Govern­ preparing foreign broadcasts. the United States today by Ralph McGill, The bill on which Mr. Forrest testified has editor of the Atlanta Constitution, and Mark ment. When he understood this position, Mr. Ben­ been approved by the committee. Ethridge, editor of the Louisville Courier­ ton said that he proposed that the State De­ URGES ADEQUATE FUNDS Journal and Times. partment have access to the news reports of They testified with Wilbur Forrest, assist­ Mr_ Forrest said the ASNE committee's the United Press, the Associated Press, and world tour last year convinced him there is a ant editor of the New York Herald Tribune, the International News Service in order for before the House Committee on Foreign Af­ "great thirst" everywhere for knowledge of its writers to have quick access to accurate the United States. He said that tl:ie $10,000,- fairs in favor of the State Department's.pro­ news, but that the script would contain no gram of cultural relations. 000 voted by the House for the cultural-rela­ credit for any of the news, the Government tions program was inadequate. The House Mr. McGill told the committee that the assuming full responsibility for everything Constitution and the Congress are adequate had cut the State Department's request down broadcast. None of these three plans was from $19,00C,OOO. The appropriation is now to guard freedom of the press in the United found acceptable, he reported. States. before the Senate. He said that he was very fond of Kent He told the committee, however, that its Ralph E. McGill, editor of the Atlanta Cooper, general manager of the Associated session of this morning would be only of Constitution, testified that Congres'3 could Press, and Hugh Baillie, general manager of historic interest unless the Senate appro­ be depended upon to see that the State De­ the United Press, but addt1d that "I doubt 1f priations subcommittee restored the cut in partment kept its news output factual. I God has appointed them to protect the free­ funds it has made in the State Department could appoint a committee to "ride herd" on dom of the ,Press." bill. the Department, he said. The Foreign Affairs Committee has reported Mark Ethridge, publisher of the Louisville RETURNED FROM WORLD TOUR the bill favorably, and it is now pending be­ Courier-Journal and Times, testified it was The witness regarded it as unfortunate fore the Rules Committee for consideration not essential that outgoing Government news that the refusal of the wire services to furnish for access to the fioor. be attributed to the AP, UP, International their news to 1ille State Department for use News Service, or a particular newspaper. "The in the broadcasts in 24 languages which the [From the New York Herald Tribune of May point is that it's an American Goyernment State Department now beams toward Europe 15, 1946) broadcast," he said. had come into the consideration of the cul­ tural-relations bill. FORREST BACKS PLAN To SPREAD NEWS ABOUT He said that the attitude of the wire serv­ UNITED STATES-TELLS COMMITTEE OF HOUSE [From the New York Times of May 19, 1946] ices sprang from their competitive efforts to THAT STATE DEPARTMENT MUST AVOID PROPA­ MANY NATIONS USE BROADCASTS OF UNITED NA­ sell their reports, and that there is not an GANDA TIONs--STATE DEPARTMENT AND BRITISH LINK ounce of altruism to a ton of it. WASHINGTON, May 14.-Wilbur 1-,orrest, as­ FACILITIES TO GIVE BREADTH OF COVERAGE . Mr. McGill told the committee how he and sistant editor of the New York Herald Tribune The people of countries that cover two- Mr. Forrest, along with Carl A. Ackerman, and president of the American Society of thirds of the world are following United Na­ dean of the Columbia School of Journalism, Newspaper Editors, endorsed tcday a bill au­ tions proceedings with intense interest, re­ had traveled to Great Britain, France, Bel­ thorizing the Secretary of State to establish ports based on foreign reaction to programs gium, Italy, , Egypt, Turkey, , the "programs for the interchange of persons, broadcast by the International Broadcasting Soviet Union, India, China, and Australia in knowledge, and skills" with foreign countries. Division of the Department of State and the 1944 seeking to encourage freer exchange of He warned, however, that in disseminating European service of the British Broadcasting news between all countries. Following that news of the United States through short­ Co. revealed yesterday. journey, he took another to France and the wave broadcasts, the State Department Since March 25, when the United Nations Middle East, from which he returned only a should clearly identify the source of its items Security Council started meeting in New :few weeks ago. and avoid the risk of having its output York, the IBD has broadcast the Council's From that experience, he said, he ·consid­ labeled abroad as propaganda. sessions, news and commentaries, to 32 na­ ered the expansion of the United States Gov­ Mr. Forrest, who is chairman of the ASNE's tions with excellent results. The broadcasts, ernment's efforts to get its story befor the standing committee for world freedom of in­ which in many cases are relayed by the world of vital importance to the future of the formation, told the House Foreign Affairs BBC, have gone to Europe, the Middle East, country. Mr. Ethridge, who recently re­ Committee that the State Department should Scandinavia, Africa, and Latin America. turned from a reportorial mission to the Bal­ not write "spot news" for foreign consump­ Reports on the general success of the pro­ kans for Secretary of State Byrnes, agreed tion, but instead should distribute items grams have come from Dik Lehmkuhl, United With Mr. McGill. from news services and newspapers and credit Nations radio officer in London, and from Mr. Ethridge declared that the Associated the source in each case. He defined "spot foreign outposts of the Office of International Press and the United Press are "exceedingly news" as news which is "alive today and dead Information and Cultural Affairs, under smug in their assumption they are the sole tomorrow." which the IBD functions. possessors of purity." Mr. Forrest said it would be totally im­ He also reproached all the wire services possible . for the United States Government GREATEST IN EUROPE With lack of realism in imagining they can to establish a reputation for fairness in put­ Interest in United Nations events, the re­ penetrate into countries "where they can't ting out news if the news were written by ports show, has been greatest in Europe, but go," and found this particularly unfortunate Government employees. Sooner or later, he the BBC home service has devoted hardly at a time "when we are trying to win this cautioned, such news would become suspect any attention to the Security Council meet­ peace-now, while we are in ideological war." abroad. ings. Such former Axis partners as Hungary, 1946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7307 Rumania, and Italy are carrying as much cultural set-up abroad. I admit that some of Department's appropriation for international United Nations news as possible. the criticism is justified but on the whole I broadcasting, William L. Stone, director of At present, United Nations plans to oper- . feel that our Congressmen show a complete the Office of International Information and ate an independent radio station have not lack of comprehension on the necessity of Cultural Relations of the Department, issued been formulated, but the United States liai­ having these offices abroad. Ignorance has the following statistical summary of the son section of the Department of Public In­ been one of the greatest ills of this world short-wave-radio activities of Great Britain, formation's Radio Division intends to provide and the cause for so many of our ills. Carried Russia, and the United States: recordings of proceedings and interviews to on an international plane it has been the pri­ Great Britain: At the peak of its wartime 200 American stations, V. Duckworth Barker, mary cause for wars. The one way to elimi­ operations in 1944 it broadcast a total of 109 chief of the Division, said yesterday. nate wars is to have education for the masses hours 35 minutes daily in 39 languages. To­ Mr. Barker said that letters had been sent and free access to all news. Here was one day it broadcasts 97 hours 46 minutes in 40 to stations all over the country, pointing out concrete step toward having others see languages. the need for the American public to under­ Americans as they really are. STATISTICS FOR RUSSIA stand the United Nations and its work. The We have been represented as a material­ letters suggested that the stations broadcast istic and grasping people out for world domi­ Russia: In 1944 it was broadcasting 65 transcriptions of Security Council sessions nation. All these years Italians have associ­ hours and 12 minutes daily in 29 languages. and interviews with prominent members of ated Americans with boogie-woogie, divorces, Today it is broadcasting 56 hours and 36 min­ the Secretariat and the delegations to the Hollywood, big fortunes, bathtubs, and many utes daily in 32 languages. (These figures United Nations. Letters were also sent to superficial aspects of civilization. In a few were understood not to include extensive 29 stations operated by colleges and universi­ months in Italy, USIS has opened the eyes broadcasting by Moscow to Balkan countries.) ties. of many Italians by showing what Americans. United States: In 1944 it was broadcasting 153 hours and 20 minutes daily in 34 lan­ RESPONSE ENTHUSIASTIC have contributed in the world of art, engi­ neering, medicine, agriculture, music, and guages. Today it broadcasts 68 hours and In both cases, Mr. Barker said the re­ democracy. Tht}Y have been very much sur­ 57 · minutes daily in 24 languages. sponse has been enthusiastic. "I hope to prised. They had associated us with the "The British Broadcasting Corporation make a tour of the States soon with Chris­ lighter things in life but now they see the and Russia have reduced hours of broadcasts topher Cross, the United States liaison officer, United States as a matured Nation which but slightly and actually increased language to implement the program," he said. has contributed much to this civilization of coverage," Mr. Stone declared. "In marked Each time the Security Council convenes the twentieth century. contrast, the United States has reduced hours .now, four BD short-wave stations are de­ Anything that our friends in the newspaper of broadcasts by over 50 percent and we have tached from their regular networks to carry and radio world can do to help this program dropped 10 languages." the session abroad. Daily "Voice of America" will certainly be doing something to making Mr. Stone was the principal speaker today programs carry United Nations news round­ this a better and friendlier world. OWl con­ at the Institute for Education by Radio, ups in 13 languages to countries such as Aus­ tributed much during the war. USIS can sponsored by Ohio State University. In the tralia, Argentina, Bulgaria, Chile, Germany, do much to prevent the setting U;? of a new background of his discussion was a move in Guatemala, c-·eece, Peru, Poland, Spain, and owr in 10, 20, or 30 years. the House in Washington to cut the· annual Yugoslavia. Does this sound like preaching? Perhaps budget of the Office of International Informa­ BBC helps relay the programs principally it is, but I feel very strongly about it and I tion and Cultural Relations from $19,000,000 . to countries in Europe and North Africa. know that USIS is something that should be to $10,000,000. Thou~h IBD does not broadcast to Russia, the fought for. I'd feel the same way if I were Mr. Stone asserted that international radio BBC recently undertook to beam in Russian to leave the outfit tomorrow. was often the only means by which the general ne7ls broadcasts, including United J. D. RAVOTTE. American Gove:~;nment could get its views Nations news, to different sections of the before people in many troubled areas of the Soviet Union, several times a day. It has WASHINGTON, May 14.-Although Congress world. been impossible to measure, however, how is preparing to slash to the bone funds for An important speech by Secretary of State many of the approximately 65,000 short-wave the new State Department Foreign Informa­ Byrnes before the opening of the United receiving sets in Russia pick up the broad­ tion Service, which includes use of films, Nations Security Council in New York, he casts. British are expanding their information serv­ noted, was not carried by the press either in . ice, including the motion picture end. COVERAGE IN FRANCE Russia or in the Balkan countries. Set-up was explained here recently by "Many areas of the world present political In France, the French broadcasting system Neville Gardiner, film head of the British In­ problems which have repercussions all over devotes 15 minutes each weekday to United formation Services in this country. Gardiner the world and with which the United States Nations coverage. However, it has specified disclosed that the films division of the new must reckon," he declared. "Some of these to the IBD, that if "important United Na­ English "Central Office of Information" (suc­ areas are now shielded by the curtain of tions decisions are taken Sunday, please ca­ cessor to the British Ministry of Informa­ censorship, through which only radio can ble us early," and radio time will be allotted. tion) will be bigger than it was during the pass. In many areas the short-wave program The OIC reports note that Spain has not war. represents the only source of news which shown any desire to rebroadcast United Na­ Just back from 8 weeks in England, Gardi­ cannot be censored or controlled ·locally at tions proceedings, but that Voice of ner explained that his country has set up a the receiving location. America programs in Spanish are directed three-point postwar information program "As a means of expressing America, its there for 45 minutes daily, by six short-wave and has committed itself to: Provide infor­ culture and its ideals, short-wave radio will stations in the United States and one relay mation for its own people, continue in peace­ pay incalculable dividends to the American station in north Africa. time the wartime policy of a single informa­ taxpayers. The United States cannot afford The lowland countries, Belgium and the tion unit, and provide information for to do a second-rate job on a first-class medi­ Netherlands, and two of the Scandinavian exchange with other countries. um of information which other nations use nations, and Denmark, are on the Films play an important part in each point. so extensively and intelligently to present whole "recording as many IBD broadcasts, as The 1946 program calls for the production their views to the world." conditions permit, for inclusion in pro­ of 200 films, mostly shorts. Ninety percent grams," and scheduling portions of the of these will be made at the request of vari­ Mr. MEAD. Mr. President, in conclu­ Security• Council sessions. ous ministries, and 10 percent will be orig­ sion, as men of good will, should we not Sections of the Middle East, Turkey, Syria, ina.ted by COl. Already in production at the heed the profound admonition contained and Egypt similarly have reacted favorably request of Prime Minister Ol.ement Attlee in the first line of the new charter of to the broadcasts. The Levant radio carries are films on the subject of food, problems of as many as three programs daily. The Union international trade, military government, and the United Nations Educational, Scien­ of South Africa Broadcasting Corp. is so forth. One, on displaced persons, has tific, and Cultural Organization? The serving the southern half of that continent, already been completed. charter declares : and BBC relays programs to north Africa. Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is Eighteen programs, at varying times on [From the New York Times of May 5, 1946] in the minds of men that the defenses of weekdays and Sundays, are directed to Cen­ peace must be constructed. tral and South America. Response to these DECRIES OUR SLASH IN RADIO TO WORLD-STATE broadcasts, the ore reports, has been "very DEPARTMENT AIDE GIVES FIGURES FOR BIG In this atomic era now dawning upon good." · THREE ON WAR AND PRESENT BROADCASTING us a strong United States Office of Inter­ (By Jack Gould) national Information is one of our most [From Variety of May 15, 1946] CoLUMBUS, OHIO, May 4.-The State De­ indispensable and economic safeguards "UNITED STATES 'INFO' SERVICE TOO IMPORTANT" partment made public here today figures to against the inception of a war of annihila­ AS UNITED STATES CUTS ITS PROPAGANDA show that the United States was the only tion too terrible to contemplate. BUDGET Big Three power to curtail drastically its Thus the presentation of a fair and , May 14. radio facilities for explaining to world lis­ Editor, VARIETY: teners the country's position on international true picture of America to the peoples Am rather depressed but perhaps not too affairs. of the world is the first and most vital surprised at the great opposition growing In a direct appeal to the public for sup­ step we must take to truly sow the seeds back home against the information and port against congressional reduction of the of universal· brotherhood and peace. 7308 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there The motion was agreed to, and the It is to express this will and make it effec­ be no further amendments to be offered, Senate proceeded to consider the bill tive that we have been assembled. We must provide the mechanism to assure that atomic tlie question is on the engrossment of (H. R. 32) to amend the act entitled energy is used for peaceful purposes and pre­ the amendments and the third reading "An act to protect trade and commerce clude its use in war. To that end, we must of the bill. against interference by violence, threats, provide immediate, swift, and sure punish­ The amendments were ordered to be coercion, or intimidation," approved ment of those who violate the agreements engrossed and the bill to be read a third June 18, 1934. that are reached by the nations. Penaliza­ time. Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, at this tion is essential if peace is to be more than The bill

in the afternoon ·of m·y life, t9 add my effort hend, and therefore to detect, misuse of SPECIFIC VETO SUGGESTED to gain the world's quest, by the broad man­ ·atomic energy. To be effective, the Author­ I want to make very plain that I am con­ date under which we were created. The reso­ ity must itself be the world's leader in the cerned here with the veto power only as it lution of the General Assembly, passed Jan­ field of atomic knowledge and development affects this particular problem. There must u ary 24, 1946, in London, reads: and thus supplement its legal authority with be no veto to protect those who violate their "SECTION V. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE the great power inherent in possession of solemn agreements not to develop or use COMMISSION leadership in knowledge. atomic energy for destructive purposes. I offer this as a basis for beginning our The bomb does not wait upon debate. To "The Commission shall proceed with the discussion. · utmost dispatch and inquire into all phases delay may be to die. The time between vio­ of the problem, and make such recommenda­ . But, I think, the peoples we serve would lation and preventive action or punishment tions from time to time with respect to them not believe-and without f aith · nothing would be all too short for extended discussion as it finds possible. In particular, the Com­ counts-that a treaty merely outlawing pos­ as to the course to be followed. mission shall make specific proposals: session or use of the atomic bomb constitutes As matters now stand, several years may "A. For extending between all nations the effective fulfillment of the instructions to be necessary for another country to produce exchange of basic scientific information for this commission. Previous failurer. have a bomb de novo. However, once the basic peaceful ends; been recorded in trying the method of simple information is generally kno:wn, and the au­ "B. For control of atomic energy to the renunciation, unsupported by effective guar­ thority has established producing plants for extent necessary to insure its use only for anties of security and armament limitation. peaceful purposes in _the several countries, peaceful purposes; No one would have faith in that approach an illegal seizure of S\lCh a plant might per­ "C. For the elimination from national alone. mit a malevolent nation to produce a bomb armaments of atomic weapons and of all Now, if ever, is the time to act for the in 12 months, and, if preceded by secret prep­ · other major weapons adaptable to mass de­ common good. Public opinion supports a aration and necessary facilities, perhaps even struction; world movement toward security. If I read in a much shorter time. "D. For effective safeguards by way of in­ the signs aright, the peoples want a program, The time required-the advance warning spection and other means to protect comply­ not composed merely of pious thoughts but given of the possible use of a bomb-can only ing states against the hazards of violations of enforceable sanctions-an international be generally estimated, but obviously will de­ and evasions. law with teeth in it. pend upon many factors, including the sue- "The work of the Commission should pro­ We' of this Nation, desirous of helping to . cess with which the authority has been able ceed by separate stages, the successful com­ bring peace to the world and realizing the to introduce elements of safety in the design pletion of each of which will develop the heavy obligations upon us, arising from our of its plants and the degree to which illegal necessary confidence of the world before the possession of the means for producing the and secret preparation for the military use of next stage is undertaken." bomb and from the fact that it is part of atomic energy will have been eliminated. Our mandate rests, in text and in spirit, our armament, are prepared to make our Presumably no nation would think of start­ upon the outcome of the conference in Mos­ full contribution toward effective control of ing a war with only one bomb. atomic energy. This shows how imperative speed is in de­ cow of Messrs. Molotov of the Union of Soviet tecting and penalizing violations. Socialist RepUbliCS, Bevin Of the United King- PROPOSALS FOR REGULATION The process of prevention and penaliza­ dam, and Byrnes of the United States of When an adequate system for c~r.trol of tion-a problem of profound statecraft-is, as Amerlca. The three Foreign Ministers, on atomic energy, including the renunciation of I read it, implicit in the Moscow statement, December 27, 1945, proposed the establish- the bomb as a weapon, has been agreed upon signed by the Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ ment of this body. and put 'nto effective operation and condign publics, the United States, and the United Their action was animated by a preceding 'punishments set up for violations of the rules Kingdom a few months ago. conference in Washington, on November 15, of control, which are to be stigmatized as 1945, when the President of the United international crimes, we propose that- GUARANTEE IS ESSENTIAL States, associated with. Mr. Attlee, Prime (1) Manufacture of atomic bombs shall · But before a country is ready to relinquish Minister of the United Kingdom, and Mr. stop; any winning weapons, it must have more Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, than words to reassure it. It must have a stated that international control of the whole (2) Existing bombs shall be disposed of guaranty of safety, not only against the of- field of atomic energy was immediately es- pursuant to the terms of the treaty; and renders in the atomic area, but against the sential. They proposed the formation of (3) The Authority shall be in possession of illegal users of other weapons-bacteriologi- full information as to the know-how for the this body. In examining that source, the prod~'. ction of atomic energy.' cal, biological, gas-perhaps-why not?- agreed declaration, i~ will be found that the against war itself. fathers of the concept recognized the final Let me repeat, so as to avoid misunder- In the elimination of .war lies our solu- means of world salvation-the abolition of standing: ~"Y country is ready to make its tion, for only then will nations cease to com- war. Solemnly they wrote: full contribution toward the end we seek, pete with one another in the production "We are aware that the only complete subject, of course, to our constitutional proc- and use of dread "secret" weapons which protection for the civilized world from the de- esses, and to an adequate system of control are evaluated solely by their capacity to kill. structive use of scientific knowledge lies in becoming fully effective, as we finally work it This devilish progra.m takes us back not the prevention of war. No system of safe- out. merely to the Dark Ages, but from cosmos guards that can be devised will of itself pro- Now, as to violations: In the agreement to chaos. If we succeed in finding a suitable vide an effective guaranty against produc- penalties of as serious a nature as the na- way to control atomic weapons, it is reason- tion of atomic weapons by a nation bent on tions may wish and as immediate and certain able to hope that we may also preclude the aggression. Nor can we ignore the possibil- in their execution as possible should be fixed use of other weapons adaptable to mass de- ity of the development of other weapons, or for- struction. When a man learns to say "A" he of new methods of warfare, which may con- 1. Illegal possession or use of an atomic can, if he chooses, learn the rest of the alpha- stitute as great a threat to civilization as the bomb·. bet, too. military use of atomic energy." :.l. Illegal possession or separation of atomic Let this be anchored in our minds: Through the historical approach I have material suitable for use in an atomic bomb. Peace is never long preserved by weight outlined, we find ourselves here to test if 3. Seizure of any plant or other property· of metal or by an armament race. Peace can man can produce, through his will and faith, belonging to or licensed by the authority. be made tranquil and secure only by under- the miracle of peace, just as he has, through 4. Willful interference with the activities standing and agreement fortified by sane- science and skill, the miracle of the atom. of the authority. tions. We must embrace international co- scoPE OF PROPOSED POWER 5. Creation or operation of dangerous proj- operation or international disintegration. The. United States proposes the creation ects in a manner contrary to, or in the ab- Science has taught us how to put the atom of an International Atomic Development Au- sence of, a license granted by the interna- to work. But to make it work for good in- thority, to which should be entrusted au tional control body. stead of for evil lies in the domain dealing phases of the detrelopment and use of atomic It would be a deception, to which I am with the principles of human duty. We are energy, starting with the raw material and unwilling to lend myself, were I not to say now facing a problem more of ethics than of including: to you, and to our peoples, that tbe matter physics. (1) Managerial control or ownership of all of punishment lies at the very heart of our The solution will require apparent sacri- atomic energy activities potentially danger- present security system. It might as well be fice in pride and in position, but better pain ous to world security. admitted, here and now, that the subject as the price of peace than death as the price (2) Power to control, inspect, and license goes straight to the veto power contained in of war. all other atomic activities. th£ Charter of the United Nations so far as FUNDAMENTAL PLAN ·oUTLINED (3) The duty of fostering the beneficial it relates to the field of atomic energy. The I now submit the following measures as use~ . o~ atomic energy. Charter permits penalization only by con- representing the . fundamental features of \ '% 1 .nt:;;t!

essential principle which is at stake. The ent occupant of the Chair assumed the X a~d XIII were also enacted as per­ Army is an instrument of policy. If Army Chair, the former occupant had recog­ manent legislation by a previous Con­ officers, as such, are allowed to determine the policies they are employed to defend, nized the Senator from Montana. gress, and they required no extension. we shall have embraced the essential char­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will Title VI expires as of the 30th of June, act eristic of militarism. the Senator yield to me? 1946, and this measure contains no pro­ The Senate, •recognizing this fundamental Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I wish vision to extend it. fact, first made due provision in the legisla­ to bring up House bill 4437, a bill to pro­ So it transpires that of the original 14 tion it enacted for the Nation's defense needs vide for the return to the States of public titles in the act, only 7 remain; and of and for representation of the Army's point employment offices. While another bill those, title III is the most important. of view, then insisted wisely that the Atomic was before the Senate I gave notice that It enables the Civilian Production Ad­ Control Commission itself be made up ex­ clusively of civilians. This was an arrange­ immediately upon the conclusion of con­ ministration to continue the allocation ment which had the full approval of Secre­ sideration of that bill I wished to make of materials. tary Patterson and Secretary Forrestal, civil­ this bill the order of business. It was deemed essential by the com­ ians who, in accordance with hitherto in­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, if mittee that that power be extended, be­ violable tradition, are the heads of our the Senator will indulge me, let me say cause there still are several commodities armed forces. It was entirely satisfactory that I have had an understanding with which are in excessively short supply­ to General Eisenhower. But apparently the leadership that as soon as the ap­ for example, sugar. , The power to ration there are members of the Military Affairs sugar is contained in title III of the act. Committee more militarist than the military. propriation bills are out of the way we They have now put us right back to where would proceed to the consideration of the I think every Member of Congress knows we started-back to where it is necessary bill to extend the Second War Powers that before the war the United States to argue all over again democratic funda­ Act. The act expires at the end of the received annually from the Philippines mentals which ought never be brought into month. I feel that it probably would approximately 1,200,000 tons of sugar. question. not require much time. There was a general hope that by the We hope that the House, most democratic Mr. MURRAY. Very ·well. end of hostilities with Japan the pro­ of all· our instruments of government, will Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, duction of sugar in the Philippines might follow the lead of the Senate and set ·aside the recommendation of its Military Affairs with th.e indulgence of the Senator from be reestablished and that the United Committee. There is no time left for a Montana [Mr. MuRRAY] I move that the States would shortly obtain supplies from second protracted debate on this legislation. Senate proceed to the consideration of that source. It now appears, however, Even now the United Nations Commission Calendar No. 1441, House bill 5716. that such hopes have been completely on Atomic Energy is considering an Amer­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The disappointed. The Philippines will not ican proposal to establish a world atomic bill will be stated by title for the informa­ send to the United States, either next development authority. Establishment of tion of the Denate. year or the year after that, and probably atomic control at home is an absolute pre­ not for 3 or 4 years, anything to com­ requisite. We can no longer afford to leave The CHIEF CLERK. A bill (H. R. 5716) this most potent of the earth's forces un­ to amend the Second War Powers Act of pare with the original supplies of sugar harnessed and undirected. 1942, as amended. which we were accustomed to receive from them. For example, it is estimated ADMINISTRATION OF OATH TO HON. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the motion of that not to exceed 1,400 or ·1,500 tons of FRED M. VINSON AS CHIEF JUSTICE OF sugar can be received from the Philip­ THE UNITED STATES the Senator from Wyoming. The motion was agreed to; and the pines next year. So the rationing power The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The must be retained. Senate proceeded to consider the bill. Then let us consider the case of tin. Chair desjres to read a letter from the Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, a parlia­ secretary to the President of the United mentary inquiry. The representations made before the States: committee are to the effect that there The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The are not more than 30,000 tons of tin avail­ THE WHITE HOUSE, Senator will state it. Washington, June 21, 1946. able in the United States. Under the al­ Han. KENNETH McKELLAR, Mr. WHITE. What is the present par­ location power the Civilian Production President pro tempore of the Senate, liamentary situation? Administration distributes the tin. I may Washington, D. C. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The say to the Senator, briefly, that the Civil­ DEAR SENATOR: The President has much parliamentary situation at the present ian Production Administration has been pleasure in inviting you and, through you, time is that House bill 5716, a bill to diligent in eliminating directives and or­ the Members of the United States Senate to amend the Second War Powers Act of ders under the War Powers Act. The attend the exercises at the White House on 1942, as amended, is before the Senate. Monday, June 24, next, at 11 a. m., when Civilian Production Administration is the the oath of office will be administered to the Mr. WHITE. Let me inquire what successor, as the Senator knows, of the Honorable Fred M. Vinson as Chief Justice change is proposed in the Second War War Production Board. At VE-day there of the United States. Powers Act. were some 660 or 670 orders and direc­ Please ask the Members to enter the White Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I tives in effect. There now remain in House by the east entrance. , shall be very happy to make that ex­ effect only 66. Sincerely, planation the moment I am permitted MATTHEW J. CONNELLY, Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the Secretm·y to the President. to do so. Senator yield? The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am glad to yield EXTENSION OF SECOND WAR POWERS ACT Senator from Wyoming is recognized. to the Senator. OF 1942 Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, the Mr. AIKEN. Does the act contain the Mr. O'MAHONEY, Mr. MURRAY, and Second War Powers Act, as it was orig­ power to ration or allocate any foods Mr. BALL addressed the Chair. inally passed, consisted of 14 effective other than sugar? Is the authority to The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The titles. The House and Senate Commit­ ration contained in this act or in the · Senator from Wyoming is recognized. tees on the Judiciary have progressively Stabilization Act? Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, a cut down the act and have eliminated Mr. O'MAHONEY. It contains, for ex­ parliamentary inquiry. from its provisions about 50 percent of ample, the power under which the pur­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the titles which were originally included chase of grain was made. Senator will state it. in it. Mr. AIKEN. Yes. But does this act Mr. O'MAHONEY. What is the pres­ The bill as passed by the House extends end the power of so-called consumer ra­ ent parliamentary status? for a period of 9 months titles I, II, IV, tioning? It contains provision for the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. There V, VII, and XIV, and it repeals title XI extension of priorities and, I take it, the is nothing before the Senate. as of June 30, 1946, and extends title allocation of certain materials. Mr. O'MAHONEY. Then, Mr. Presi­ III, the priority title, until the 30th of Mr. O'MAHONEY. That is the pur­ dent, I move that the Senate proceed to June 1947. As I have said, of the 14 pose for which it has been used. No the consideration-- substantive titles contained in the act, other rationing has been put into effect, Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President-­ two have already expired, namely, title and none is contemplated. The PRESIDENT pro temppre. The VIII and title XII. Title IX has been Mr. AIKEN. But the orders as to fats Chair is informed that before the pres- replaced by permanent legislation; Titles and other foods were authorized by the · 7312 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 Price Control and Stabilization Act; were vegetable tanning materials; M-310, hides, RETURN OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OF­ skins, and leather; M-317, cotton-textile dis­ FICES 'fO STATE OPERATION they not? tribution and sale yard products; M-317A, Mr. O'MAHONEY. No. The rationing cotton fabric preference ratings and restric­ Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I under­ power was not authorized by the OPA, tions; M-317C, cotton sale yard production stand that the Senator from Montana but by the Civilian Production Adminis­ and distribution (new) ; M-328, provisions [Mr. MURRAY] desires to move that the tration. But it was enforced by the OPA. applicable to textiles, clothing, and related Senate proceed to the cohsideration of Mr. AIKEN. Then the extension of products; M-328B, special programs: textile House bill 4437, Calendar No. 1290. this act is absolutely necessary for the clothing and related products; schedule C, Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I move continuation of rationing; is it not? special program for cotton fabrics for civilian that the Senate proceed to the considera­ apparel items; schedule F , special program Mr. O'MAHONEY. That is correct. for work gloves; schedule J, special program tion of House bill 4437, providing for the Mr. President, I have before me a for rayon civilian items; schedule K, special .return to State operation of public list of various Civilian Production Ad­ program for wool civilian items; M-375, work employment offices. ministration orders which were in effect gloves; M-391, rayon fabrics (new). The motion was agreed to; and the as of May 1, 1946. It appears on page 51 Tin, Lead, and Zinc Branch: M-38, lead; Senate proceeded to consider the bill of the hearings. I ask unanimous con­ M-43, tin; M-81, cans; M-112, antimony;

Paul G.·Armstrong, ·State director, Illinois; The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ TO AIR CORPS John Van B. ·Metts, ·state director, North out objection, the nomination is con­ Maj. Donald Philip Graul, Signal Corps Carolina; fir~ed. · · (temporary colonel) , with-rank from June 13, Holmes B. Spz;ings, State director, South , 1946. ··carolina; NATIONAL LABOR .RELATIONS BOARD Maj. Harlan Clyde Parks, Coast Art illery Carleton C. Pierce, State director, West Corps (temporary colonel), with rank from Virginia; The legislative clerk read the nomina­ tion of James Joseph Reynolds, Jr., of June 13, 1943. Candler Cobb, director, New York City; Capt. Sidney Francis Giffin , Coast Artiller:v . Homer A. Higgins, State medical adviser, New Jersey, to be a · member for a term Corps (temporary colonel), with rank from Arkansas and Oklahoma; of 5 years from August 27, 1946. June 13, 1943. · Philip H. Bartholomew, State medical ad-. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ First Lt. Josephus Alan Bowman, Coast · viser, Nebraska; out objection, the nomination is con­ Artillery Corps (temporary lieutenant colo­ Troy W. Lewis, Chi~f. Legal Division, Ar­ nel), with rank from June 12, 1942. kansas; firmed. Frank D. Norton, administrative officer, Dis­ COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY PROMOTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY OF THE trict of Columbia headquarters. UNITED STATES Joseph A. Bell, administrative· officer, Re­ The legislative clerk proceeded. to read To be lieutenant colonel with rank from July search and Statistics Division, Philadelphia sundry nominations · in the Coast and 1, 1946 branch; ' · Geodetic Survey. Maj. Wayne Latta Barker, Coast Artillery Joseph Kon:nann, Assistant Chief, Research The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Corps (temporary colonel). and Statistics Division, Philadelphia branch; out objection, the nominations in the To be lieutenant colon els with rank from July Raymond V. Bowers, .Assistant Chief, Re­ Coast and Geodetic Survey will be con­ . 2, 1946 search and Statistics Division, national head­ . firmed en bloc. quarters; Maj. Carl Brown McDaniel, Air Corps (ter:p­ William Gre·en de Rosset, records analyst, Mr. BARKLEY. I ask unanimous con­ porary brigadier general) . . national headquarters; sent that the President be notified of all Maj. Carlisle Brown Irwin, Infantry (tern­ . Edmund A. Flagg, executive, Communica­ · nominations confirmed t.oday. . porary lieutenant colonel), subject to exam ­ tions and Records Division, national head­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ ination required by law. quarters; Maj. Lee Carl Vance, Cavalry (temporary out objection, the President will be noti­ colonel) . Angus J. Gallagher, Chief, Headquarters Di­ . tied forthwith. vision, national headquarters; Maj. Russell Vivian Perry, Quartermaster Ronald M. Holmes, Chief, Appointments RECESS TO MONDAY Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), sub­ ject to examination required by law. and Personnel, Division, national headquar­ Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses­ ters; Maj. Thomas Davison Drake, Infantry Colgate Hoyt, Assistant Chief, Veterans' sion, I move that the Senate take a recess (temporary colonel) , subject to examination Personnel Division, national headquarters; until next Monday at 12 o'clock noon. required by law. Austin S. Imirie, · administrative officer, The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 Maj. Granville Victor Morse, Cavalry..-(tem­ · national headquarters; porary colonel), subject to examination re­ · o'clock and 50 minutes p. m.) the Senate quired by law. Raymond M. Lancaster, fiscal accou_?tant, took a recess until Monday, June 24, 1946, national headqtiarters; • at 12 o'clock meridian. To be lieutenant colonels with rank from July Kenneth H. McGill, Chief, Research and 3, 1946 . Statistics Division, national headquarters; Maj. Herbert Spencer Jordan, Finance De­ and NOMINATIONS partment (temporary colonel). James M. Smith, Assistant Chief, Research Executive nominations received by the Maj. Dresden James Cragun, Finance De­ and Statistical Division, national headquar­ Senate June 21 (legislative day of March partment (temporary lieutenant colonel). ters. 5)' 1946: Maj. Edward Harvey Clouser, Quartermaster Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), sub­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR ject to examination required by law. there be no further repor~s of commit­ ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES Maj. Herbert Kenneth Baisley, Air Corps . tees; the clerk will state the nominations TO QUARTERMASTER CORPS (temporary colonel). on the calendar. Maj. Clyde Massey, Cavalry (temporary Maj. Thomas Robinson, Cavalry (temporary WAR MOBILIZATION AND RECONVERSION colonel), with rank from June 12, 1941. colonel). Maj. Theodore Charles Wenzlaff, Cavalry Maj. William Rush Blakely, Infantry (tem­ The legislative clerk read the nomina­ . (temporary colonel), with rank from June 12, porary colonel) . tion of John R. Steel:nan, of. Alabama, 1943. Maj. Carl Eugene Anderson, Finance De- to be Director of War Mobi'lization and Capt. David Henry Brown, Infantry (tem­ partment '(temporary colonel). · -Reconversion for a term of 2 years. -porary major), with rank from June 12, 1946. Maj. William Douglass Paschall, Field Ar­ tillery (temporary colonel), subject to exam­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ TO ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT ination required by law. out objection, the nomination fs con- . First Lt. Roland Benne.tt Anderson, Field Maj. Frederick Matt Thompson, Infantry • 1irmed. Artillery (temporary lieutenant colonel), (temporary colonel). ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL with rank from June 14, 1941. . Maj. Voris Hamilton Connor, Field Artillery REVENUE · First Lt. Charles Langworthy Beaudry, (temporary colonel), ,Coast Artillery Corps (temporary lieutenant Maj. Arthur Bordeaux Nicholson, Coast Ar­ The legislative clerk read the nomina­ colonel), with rank from June 11, 1943. tillery Corps (temporary colonel), subject to tion of Stewart Berkshire, of Texas, to · First Lt. Charles Langley Patrick Medinnis, examination required by law. be Assistant Commissioner of Internal ,Coa.st Artillery Corps (temporary lieutenant Maj. Staten Eugene Rail, Infantry (tem­ Revenue. colonel) , with rank from June 12, 1942. porary colonel) . The PRESIDENT pro tempore. .With­ ···First Lt. Eugene Joseph Sweeney, Quarter­ Maj. Don Emerson Carleton, Cavalry (tem­ out objection, the nomination is con- master Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), porary colonel), subject to examination re­ firmed. · with rank from June 14, 1941. quirfd by law. Maj. Kenneth Lafayette Johnson, Field DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TO SIGNAL CORPS Artillery (temporary colonel) . First Lt. Dennis Ladislaus Barton, Cavalry The legislative clerk read the_nomina­ Maj. Eugene Haworth Vernon, Infantry (temporary m ajor), with rank from June 11, (temporary colonel) , subject to examination tion of John W. Gibson, of Michigan, to 1943. required by law. be Assistant Secretary of Labor. TO FIELD ARTILLERY Maj. Paul Green Kendall, Cavalry (tem­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore ~ With­ First Lt. John Jay Easton, Coast Artillery porary colonel), subject to examination re­ out obj~ction, the nomination is con­ Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with quired by law. firmed. rank from June 11, 1944. Maj. .Ralph Waldo Russell, Coast Artillery The legislative clerk read the nomina­ Corps (temporary colonel). tion of Philip Hannah; of Ohio, to be TO INFANTRY Maj. Archibald Yarborough Smit h, Air Lt. Col. Bennett, Signal Corps Corps (temporary colonel). Assistant Secretary of Labor. (temporary colonel) , wlth rank from April 1, The P.RESIDENT pro tempore. With­ ·· Maj. DeWitt Ballard. Infantry (temporary 1939. lieutenant colonel), subject to examination out objection, the nomination is c;on­ First Lt. Edward Fondren Shaifer, Jr., Coast required by law. firmed. Artillery Corps, with rank from June 1, 1946. Maj. James Lendsey McKinnon, Field Ar­ The legislative clerk read the nomina­ First Lt. Alton Martin Shipstead, Coast tillery (temporary colonel). tion of David A. Morse, of New Jersey, to ..Artillery Cor.ps. (temporary captain), with Maj. Willis Glenn Cronk, Infantry (tempo­ be Assistant Secretary of Labor. rank from June 1, 1946. rary coronel) . XCII~61 . 7314 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 21 Maj. Richard Tyler ·wmson, Cavalry (tem­ Capt. Byron Glen McKibben, Medical Corps July 2, 194.6, subject to examination required porary lieutenant colonel). (temporary lieutenant colonel), with rank by law. Maj. Leslie Lee Hittle, Field Artillery (tem­ from July 2, 1946. First Lt. John Joseph Graff, Medical Corps porary lieutenant colonel). Capt. John DeWitt Morley, Medical Corps. (temporary captain), with rank from July 3, Maj. Eugene Desire Regad, Ordnance De­ (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, 1946. partment (temporary colonel). 1946, subject to examination required by law. First Lt. Graham Burton Milburn, Medical Maj. Donald Taylor Beeler, Infantry (tem­ Capt. Robert Tuthill Gants, Medical Corps Corps (temporary captain), with rank from porary colonel) . (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, July 15, 1946, subject to examination re­ Maj. Charles Creswell Blakeney, Field Ar­ 1946, subject to examination required by quired by law. tillery (temporary colonel). law. First Lt. Robert William Thometz, Medical Maj. William Mason Hoke, Infantry (tem­ Capt. George Foster Peer, Medical Corps Corps (temporary captain), with rank from porary colonel), subject to examination re­ (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, July 29, 1946. quired by law. 1946, subject to examination required by law. First Lt. Walter Frank Smejkal, Medical Maj. Willard Fromm Millice, Field Artillery Capt. Harold Everus Harrison, Medical Corps (temporary captain), with rank from (temporary colonel). July 29, 1946, subject to examination required Maj. Elvin Hamilton Burger, Adjutant Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel) , with rank from July 2, 1946. by law. General's Department (temporary colonel), DENTAL CORPS subject to examination required by law. Capt. Marshall Nelson Jensen, Medical Maj. James Freehmd McGraw, Infantry Corps (temporary colonel), with rank from To be lieutenant colonel (temporary colonel). July 8, 1946. Maj. Dale Bowlby Ridgely, Dental Corps Maj. Richard Searl Marr, Field Artillery Capt. Stephen Christopher Sitter, Medical (temporary lieutenant colonel), with rank (temporary colonel) . Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with from July 15, 1946: rank from July 9, 1946. Maj. Leonard James Greeley, Chemical VETERINARY CORPS Warfare Service (temporary colonel). Capt. Angel Antonio Cardona, Medical · :Aaj. Kingsley Sherman Andersson, Corps of Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with To be majors Engineers (temporary colonel). rank from JUly 16, 1946. · Capt. William Edwin Jennings, Veteri­ Maj. William Frishe Dean, Infantry (tem- Capt. EdwarQ.Rudolf Wernitznig, Medical nary Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), porary major general) . · Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with with rank from July 2, 1946. Maj. Ben Early Cordell, Coast Artillery rank from July 18, 1946. Capt. Curtis William Betzold, Veterinary Corps (temporary colonel). Capt. William Calaway, Medical Corps Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with Maj. Dalles Joshua Oyster, Field Artillery (temporary lieutenant colonel), with rnnk rank from July 2, 1946. (temporary lieutenant colonel). from July 18, 1946. PHARMACY CORPS Maj. George Phillips Privett, Field Artillery Capt. Lewis Ca,lvin Shellenberger, Medical To be majors (temporary colonel). Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with Maj. William Lindsay McPherson, Coast rank from July 23, 1946. Capt. Harland William Layer, Pharmacy Artillery Corps (temporary colonel). Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with Maj. Daniel Peter Norman, Infantry (tem­ T.o be captains rank from July 2, 1946. porary lieutenant colonel). First Lt. Frank Wisner Lynn, Medical Capt. Eugene Gordon Cooper, Pharmacy Maj. John Mitchell England, Coast Artil­ Corps (temporary captain), with rank from Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with lery Corps (temporary colonel). July 1, 1946. rank from July 2, 1946. Maj. Floyd Cornelius Devenbeck, Ordnance First Lt. Avery Parsons King, Medical Capt. Arthur Melville Henderson, Phar­ Department (temporary colonel). Corps (temporary captain), with rank from . macy Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), Maj. William Black Forse, Infantry (tem­ July 1, 1946. with rank from July 2, 1946. porary colonel) . First Lt. Raymond Joseph Getz, Medical CHAPLAINS Corps (temporary major), with rank from Maj John Wallace Homewood, Infantry To be majors (temporary lieutenant colonel) . July 1, 1946, subject to examination required Maj. James Vestie Collier, Field Artillery by law. Chaplain (Capt.) John Simeon Kelly, (temporary colonel). First Lt. James Archibald Bell, Medical United States Army (temporary colonel), Maj. Edwin Kennedy Wright, Infantry Corps (temporary captain), with rank from with rank from July 6, 1946. (temporary colonel), subject to examination July 1, 1946, subject to examination required Chaplain (Capt.) Joseph Calvin Sides, required by law. by law. United States Army (temporary lieutenant colo~el), with rank from July 12, 1946. Maj. Philip Mape~ Shockley, Quarter­ First Lt. Milton Boyd Brandon, Medical master Corps (temporary colonel). Corps (temporary captain), with rank from July 1, 1946. Maj; Charles Goodwin Pearcy, Air Corps · CONFIRMATIONS (temporary colonel), subJect to examination First Lt. Harry Aloysius Horstman, Jr., required by law. Medical Corps (temporary major), with rank Executive nominations confirmed by · from July 1, 1946. the Senate June 21 (legislative day of MEDICAL CORPS First Lt. Robert Samuel Jordan, Jr., Med­ To be lieutenant colonels ical Corps (temporary captain), with rank March 5), 1946: Maj. Clifford Andrew Gray, Medical Corps from July 1, 1946. WAR MOBILIZATION AND RECONVERSION (temporary colonel), with r~nk from July 5, First Lt. Charles John Hornisher, Medical John R. Steelman to be Director of War 1946. Corps (temporary captain), with rank from Mobilization and Reconversion for a term Maj. Arthur John Redland, Medical Corps July 1, 1946. · of 2 years. (temporary colonel), with rank from July First Lt. Arthur Bernard Tarrow, Medical AssiSTANT CoMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL 16, 1946. Corps (temporary major), with rank from REVENUE Maj. William Lenoir Wilson, Medical Corps July 1, 1946. First Lt. Philip Baker Watkins, Medical Stuart Berkshire to be Assistant Commis­ (temporary colonel), with rank from July 16, sioner of Internal Revenue. 1946, subject to examination required by law. Corps (temporary major), with rank from Maj. Carlton Duncan Goodie!, Medical July 1, 1946. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Corps (temporary lieutenant colonel), with First Lt. Urban Linus Throm 2d, Medical TO BE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF LABOR Corps (temporary major), with rank from rank from July 16, 1946, subject to examina­ John W. Gibson tion required by law. July 1, 1946. First Lt. Frank Bradway Rogers, Medical Philip Hannah To be majors Corps (temporary major), with rank from David A. Morse Capt. Angvald Vickoren, Medical Corps July 1, 1946. · NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD (temporary colonel), with rank from July First Lt. Raoul Constantine Psaki, Jr., James Joseph Reynolds, Jr., to be a mem­ 1, 1946. Medical Corps (temporary major), with rank ber of the National Labor Relations Board Capt. William Earl Barry, Medical Corps from July 1, 1946. for a term of 5 years from August 27, 1946. (temporary major), with rank from July 1, First Lt. John McReynolds Jackson, Medi­ 1946. cal Corps (temporary captain), with rank COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Capt. Emmert Ca,rl Lentz, Medical Corps from July 1, 1946. APPOINTMENTS (temporary lieutenant colonel), with rank First Lt. Christian Gronbeck, Jr., Medi­ To be hydrographic and geodetic engineers from July 1, 1946. cal Corps (temporary major), with rank from with rank of commander from the date indi­ Capt. James Leslie Snyder, Medical Corps July 1, 1946. cated: (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, First Lt. Frank Edward Harrigan, Jr., casper M. Durgin, June 1, 1946. 1946. Medical Corps (temporary captain), with William D. Patterson, July 1, 194ft Capt. Thair Cozzens Rich, Medical Corps rank from July 1, 1946. To be hydrographic and geodetic engineers (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, First Lt. Robert Cantrell Feamster, Medi­ with rank of lieutenant commander from the 1946. cal Corps (temporary captain), with rank date indicated: Capt. Frank Hugh Lane, Medical Corps from July 1, 1946. Clarence A. Burmister, April 1, 1946. (temporary colonel), with rank from July 2, First Lt. Robert Edmund Lau, Medical Percy L. Bernstein, June 1, 1946. 1946. Corps (temporary major), with rank from James D. Thurmond, July 1, 1946. 1946 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7315 To be junior hydrographic and geodetic with the House on the disagreeing votes the daintiness and delicacy that he and engineers with · rank of lieutenant (junior of the two Houses thereon, and appoints his mob possess, he charged me with hav­ grade) from the date indicated: Mr. HAYDEN, Mr. McKELLAR, Mr. THOMAS ing endeavored to "knock him off for two A. Gordon Anderson, December 24, 1945. John 0. Boyer, December 24, 1945. of Oklahoma, Mr. O'MAHONEY, Mr. tickets., Coming from this guttersnipe, Wilbert M. Hellman, December 24, 1945. GREEN, Mr. GURNEY, Mr. BALL, and Mr. I would not utter a denial. It -is not en­ Gerald L. Short, January 18, 1946. CoRDON to be the conferees on the part titled to that much respect. I have in­ John 0. Phillips, January 18, 1946. of the Senate. structed my attorneys in New York to sue Robert D. Singel, February 11, 1946. STUDIES AND EXAMINATIONS BY COM­ Jacobs for $100,000, as he has accused me John E. Schultz, April 7, 1946. MITTEE ON .4\PPROPRIATIONS of extortion. Edwin A. Dorner, April 7, 1946. Boxing is one of the most deservedly Robert C. Darling, June 10, 1946. Mr. ELLIOTT. Mr. Speaker, I offer a popular of all sports in the United States resolution