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Étude Originale Étude originale Diversité et évolution des caféiers à la lumière de la génomique Philippe Lashermes Résumé Marie-Christine Combes Les cafe´iers pre´sentent une diversite´ conside´rable en termes de morphologie, de Alexis Dereeper phe´nologie et d’adaptation e´cologique. Diffe´rentes e´tudes mole´culaires ont e´te´ entreprises Alberto Cenci afin de pre´ciser l’histoire e´volutive du ge´nome des cafe´iers ainsi que la phyloge´nie et les IRD modalite´s de diversification du genre Coffea. Ainsi, il apparaıˆt que les espe`ces de cafe´iers UMR RPB re´sultent d’une explosion radiative re´cente. Une faible divergence nucle´ique ainsi qu’une (Cirad, IRD, universite Montpellier II) quasi parfaite coline´arite´ au niveau des ge`nes sont observe´es entre espe`ces. Les modalite´s BP 64501 de re´gulation de l’expression des ge`nes joueraient un roˆle central dans la diversification 34394 Montpellier cedex 5 des cafe´iers. Des analyses sugge`rent que les Aste´ride´es (par exemple les cafe´iers) et les France ´ ´ ˆ ´ ´ ¨ <[email protected]> Rosidees (par exemple la vigne) derivent d’un meme genome ancestral paleohexaploıde, <[email protected]> et qu’aucun e´ve´nement de duplication globale n’aurait eu lieu ulte´rieurement au cours de <[email protected]> la ligne´ee´volutive conduisant aux cafe´iers. Ces nouvelles connaissances permettent de <[email protected]> nouvelles strate´gies pour l’identification de ge`nes d’importance agroe´conomique, et devraient conduire a` une plus grande efficacite´ des programmes d’ame´lioration. Mots cle´s:biodiversite´ ;e´volution ; ge´nome ; polyploı¨die ; se´quence nucle´otidique. The`mes : ame´lioration ge´ne´tique ; productions ve´ge´tales. Abstract Diversity and evolution of coffee trees in light of genomics Coffee trees exhibit considerable diversity in terms of morphology, phenology and ecological adaptation. Several molecular studies have been undertaken in order to specify the evolutionary history of the coffee genome as well as the phylogeny and the diversification of the Coffea genus. The coffee tree species appear to result from a rapid and radial mode of speciation. Both a low sequence divergence and an almost perfect collinearity are observed between species. The gene expression regulatory mechanisms played a key role in the diversification and adaptive capacity of the coffee tree. Furthermore, comparative sequence analyses suggest that asterids (e.g. coffee trees) and rosids (e.g. grapevine) derive from the same paleo-hexaploid ancestral genome. No additional polyploidization events were detected in the Coffea lineage. This new knowledge on the coffee genome results in the possibility of improved strategies towards identifying and analysing agro-economically important genes, and should lead to a higher efficiency in plant breeding programmes. Key words: biodiversity; evolution; genome; nucleotide sequence; polyploidy. Subjects: genetic improvement; vegetal productions. es cafe´iers appartiennent a` la (Davis et al., 2006). Ils pre´sentent famille des Rubiaceae et consti- une diversite´ conside´rable en termes doi: 10.1684/agr.2012.0555 L tuent la tribu des Coffeeae de morphologie, de phe´nologie et Pour citer cet article : Lashermes P, Combes MC, Dereeper A, Cenci A, 2012. Diversité et évolution des caféiers à la lumière de la génomique. Cah Agric 21 : 134-42. doi : 10.1684/ agr.2012.0555 Tirés à part : Ph. Lashermes 134 Cah Agric, vol. 21, n8 2–3, mars-avril – mai-juin 2012 d’adaptation e´cologique. Sur la base C. arabica qui est te´traploı¨de principaux re´sultats obtenus re´cem- de caracte´ristiques florales, on distin- (2n = 4X = 44). ment par des e´quipes du Centre de gue deux genres, Coffea (112 espe`ces) La biodiversite´ des cafe´iers aujourd’hui coope´ration internationale en recher- et Psilanthus (22 espe`ces). Toutefois, menace´e par la de´forestation constitue che agronomique pour le de´veloppe- une inte´gration des espe`ces du genre une ressource pre´cieuse pour les ment (Cirad) et de l’Institut de Psilanthus au sein du genre Coffea a programmes d’ame´lioration ge´ne´tique recherche pour le de´veloppement e´te´ re´cemment propose´e (Davis et al., (Labouisse et Adolphe, 2012). Dans le (IRD) sur l’origine, la diversite´ et 2011). Les deux genres sont ende´mi- cadre du de´veloppement d’une agri- l’e´volution ge´nomique des cafe´iers. ques de la zone intertropicale culture e´cologiquement intensive, d’Afrique. Par ailleurs, des espe`ces l’e´tude, la pre´servation et l’utilisation du genre Coffea sont aussi pre´sentes a` raisonne´e des ressources ge´ne´tiques Une histoire récente Madagascar, dans l’archipel des des cafe´iers apparaissent comme des Comores et lesˆ ıles Mascareignes, enjeux majeurs, et pour cela une bonne De nombreuses analyses mole´culaires tandis que des espe`ces du genre connaissance du ge´nome des cafe´iers ont e´te´ entreprises afin de pre´ciser la Psilanthus se retrouvent en Asie du est essentielle. Au cours des dernie`res phyloge´nie et les modalite´s de diversi- Sud-Est et Oce´anie. Les recherches anne´es, les techniques de se´quenc¸age fication du genre Coffea. En particulier, se sont principalement focalise´es sur des ge´nomes et d’analyse de l’expres- l’ADN chloroplastique a e´te´ utilise´ afin les espe`ces du genre Coffea sous sion des ge`nes se sont conside´rable- de pre´ciser la syste´matique et la genre Coffea qui englobe la majorite´ ment ame´liore´es (Delseny, 2009a ; position des cafe´iers au sein des des espe`ces de cafe´ier (c’est-a`-dire 95) Que´tier et al., 2006). Bien que le cafe´ier Rubiace´es (Maurin et al., 2007 ; dont les deux espe`ces d’importance n’ait pas encore totalement be´ne´ficie´ Anthony et al., 2010 ; Davis et al., e´conomique, C. arabica et C. cane- de l’apport de ces progre`s technologi- 2011). La tribu des Coffeae appartient phora. Les espe`ces appartenant au ques, notre connaissance de son a` la sous-famille des Ixoroideae genre Coffea sont toutes diploı¨des ge´nome a notablement progresse´.Le (figure 1). Alors que des hybrides (2n = 22) a` l’exception de l’espe`ce pre´sent article vise a` pre´senter les interspe´cifiques relativement fertiles 75 Asperula cynanchica 100 Asperula tinctoria RUBIOIDEAE Rubia horrida Exostema purpureum Guettarda speciosa 100 61 Chione venosa CINCHONOIDEAE Cinchona pitayensis Cosmibuena grandiflora 73 Pavetta barbertoniana 56 Gardenia jasminoides 69 100 Gardenia volkensii Ixora coccinea Tricalysia cryptocalyx 62 IXOROIDEAE Coffea clade A-IO 66 53 taxa 51 Coffea clade G-C 10 changes 16 taxa Figure 1. Phylogénie moléculaire des caféiers sur la base de l'analyse de l'ADN chloroplastique. Figure 1. Coffee tree molecular phylogeny based on the plastid DNA. Au sein de la sous-famille des Ixoroideae (rubiacees), les espèces du genre Coffea se regroupent en deux clades qui se distinguent par leur distribution biogeographique (d'après Anthony et al., 2010). Cah Agric, vol. 21, n8 2–3, mars-avril – mai-juin 2012 135 peuvent eˆtre obtenus entre les diffe´- rentes espe`ces de cafe´ier, aucun hybride intertribu n’a e´te´ rapporte´ a` ce jour. Une origine Est africaine et une diversification tre`s ancienne (> 100 millions d’anne´es) associe´ea` la dis- location du supercontinent Gondwana ont e´te´ longtemps sugge´re´es pour les cafe´iers (Leroy, 1980). Toutefois ce sce´nario apparaıˆt aujourd’hui en totale contradiction avec les donne´es mole´- culaires. En effet, les espe`ces du genre Coffea semblent re´sulter d’une explo- sion radiative relativement re´cente. Sur la base des variations de l’ADN chloro- plastique, la diversification des cafe´iers ae´te´ estime´e avoir de´bute´ il y a moins de 0,5 million d’anne´es (Anthony et al., 2010). Toutefois, les datations mole´cu- laires et notamment l’e´tape de calibra- tion sont des analyses particulie`rement de´licates et des e´tudes comple´men- taires sont ne´cessaires afin de confir- mer cette estimation. Les analyses phyloge´ne´tiques sugge`- rent l’existence de plusieurs groupes d’espe`ces relativement peu diffe´ren- cie´s correspondant globalement a` des ensembles bioge´ographiques, et dont la distribution actuelle serait fortement lie´e aux fluctuations climatiques du quaternaire. Toutefois deux ligne´es e´volutives ont e´te´ mises en e´vidence, Figure 2. Représentation schématique de la colonisation de l'Afrique et de la région malgache du genre l’une limite´ea` l’Afrique centrale atlan- Coffea à partir d'une origine en Basse Guinée (d'après Anthony et al., 2010). tique et l’autre re´pandue sur toute l’aire de distribution, en Afrique et dans la Figure 2. Schematic representation of the dispersal of Coffea species in Africa and the Madagascan region re´gion malgache (figure 1). Une origine from its centre of origin in Lower Guinea (from Anthony et al., 2010). L'aire de distribution actuelle des cafeiers et les zones putatives de refuges forestiers durant la dernière periode glacière du genre Coffea en Afrique centrale (- 18000 ans) sont indiquees respectivement en gris et en noir. atlantique (c’est-a`-dire Basse Guine´e) a e´te´ propose´e (Anthony et al., 2010). A` partir de ce centre d’origine, les cafe´iers (figure 3). Son ge´nome est ainsi cons- est primordiale tant pour sa conserva- auraient colonise´, en moins de titue´ de deux sous-ge´nomes de´nom- tion que pour son utilisation raisonne´e 500 000 ans, les foreˆts de toute me´sEa et Ca, proches des ge´nomes dans les programmes d’ame´lioration l’Afrique e´quatoriale puis de Madagas- actuels de ces deux espe`ces (Cenci ge´ne´tique.
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