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, " e UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB " ,Roll No. in Fig . Seventh Semester - 2019 , " ,Roll No. in Words . Examination: B.S. 4 Years Program ,, PAPER: Palaeontology Course Code: ZOOL-403 Part-I (Compulsory) Attempt this Paper on this Question Sheet only. Please encircle the correct option. Division of marks is given in front of each question. This Paper will be collected back after expiry of time limit mentioned above. Q.1. Encircle the right answer, cutting and overwriting is not allowed. (lxl0=10) (i) SLATE is the metamorphic form of a. Shale b. Quartz c. Mudstone d. Sandstone (ii) The conversion of plant fossilized material into coal is called 8. Strati fication b. Impression c. Sedimentation d. Fossilization (iii) Mammals are index fossils of Era a Paleozoic b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Archaeozoic (iv) The IGNEOUS rocks produced by LAVA called a. Plutonic b. Volcanic c. Contact d. Regional (v) The geological changes underwent on earth are documented as a. Era b. Period c. Eon d. Epoch (vi) The four glaciation events are reported in the Epoch a. Pleistocene b. Holocene c. Miocene d. Pliocene (vi i) First record of Proboscidea is known as a. Protylopus b. Protomeryx c ..Mammuthus d. Moeritherium (viii) The basal type in Horse Evolution is k.nown as a. Hip parion b. Hyracoth erium c. Pliohippus d. Sivalhippus (j x ) l'he fossils are mostly found in the ----------.--------- rocks ,1. Sedimentary b. Plutonic c. Metamorphic d. Volcanic ex) The crust and upper most part of the mantle constitutes the ------------- a. 1-1ydrosphere b. Biosphere c. Li thosphere d. Atmosphere UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB ~ ..•..•...........•••.. ~ Seventh Semester - 2019 • • • • Examination: B.S. 4 Years Program : Roll No. : ~ .......••••........... ~ PAPER: Palaeontology MAX. TIME: 2 Hrs. 45 Min. Course Code: ZOOL-403 Part - II MAX. MARKS: 50 ATTEMPT THIS (SUBJECTIVE) ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED Q.2. Define the Following Terms: [10 x 2 = 20J I M incral ization 2. Pliohippus J. EohipjJus 4. Geosphere S. Silurian Period 6. Azoic Era 7. G astra liths 8. Paleomagnetism 9. STRATI FICA TION 10. Moeritherium Q. 3. \VRITE NOTES ON THE FOLLOW1NGS: [301 ,I. PRECAMBRIAN life [ 10 l b Evolutionary history of J-IUMAN {LO} c. CARBON Dating {lO}.

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Linnean 20-4 Web.P65
THE LINNEAN Newsletter and Proceedings of THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON Bur lington House , Piccadill y, London W1J 0BF VOLUME 20 • NUMBER 4 • OCTOBER 2004 THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BF Tel. (+44) (0)20 7434 4479; Fax: (+44) (0)20 7287 9364 e-mail: [email protected]; internet: www.linnean.org President Secretaries Council Professor G McG Reid BOTANICAL The Officers and Dr J R Edmondson Dr L Allcock Vice-Presidents Prof J R Barnett Dr R M Bateman ZOOLOGICAL Prof S Blackmore Professor D F Cutler Dr V R Southgate Prof J Browne Dr J M Edmonds Dr J S Churchfield Dr V R Southgate EDITORIAL Dr J C David Professor D F Cutler Dr A Farjon Treasurer Dr M F Fay Professor G Ll Lucas OBE COLLECTIONS Dr P Kenrick Mrs S Gove Dr K N Maybury Executive Secretary Dr A D Rogers Mr Adrian Thomas OBE Librarian & Archivist Dr B R Rosen Miss Gina Douglas Dr D A Simpson Office/Facilities Manager Dr R A Sweeting Mr Dominic Clark Assistant Librarian Ms Cathy Broad Library Assistant Finance (on secondment to NHM) Mr Matthew Derrick Mr Priya Nithianandan Catalogue Coordinator Conservator Ms Lynn Crothall Ms Janet Ashdown THE LINNEAN Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London Edited by B. G. Gardiner Editorial .............................................................................................................. 1 Society News ............................................................................................................ 2 Library .............................................................................................................
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Hipparion” Cf
©Verein zur Förderung der Paläontologie am Institut für Paläontologie, Geozentrum Wien Beitr. Paläont., 30:15-24, Wien 2006 Hooijer’s Hypodigm for “ Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum (Equidae, Hipparioninae) from Olduvai, Tanzania and comparative Material from the East African Plio-Pleistocene by Miranda A rmour -Chelu 1}, Raymond L. Bernor 1} & Hans-Walter Mittmann * 2) A rmour -C helu , M., Bernor , R.L. & M ittmann , H.-W., 2006. Hooijer’s Hypodigm for “ Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum (Equidae, Hipparioninae) from Olduvai, Tanzania and comparative Material from the East African Plio-Pleistocene. — Beitr. Palaont., 30:15-24, Wien. Abstract cranialen Elemente die Hooijer zu diesem Taxon gestellt hat, auf die er sich bezogen hat oder die in irgendeiner We review here the problematic history of the nomen Beziehung dazu stehen, haben wir wiedergefunden. Selbst “Hipparion”cf. ethiopicum and Hooijer’s efforts to bring zusätzliche Fundstücke aus zeitgleichen Horizonten haben some taxonomic sense to the later Pliocene - Pleistocene wir miteinbezogen, in der Absicht, die Gültigkeit von Eu hipparion record. We review his reasoning, and the shifts rygnathohippus cf.“ethiopicum" und seines Verwandten in taxonomic allocation made by him and other equid Eurygnathohippus cornelianus und weiterer Formen, von researchers during the 1970’s. We have relocated many denen Hooijer geglaubt hat, dass sie in einem evolutionären of the postcranial specimens attributed by Hooijer to Zusammenhang mit „ Hipparion“ cf. ethiopicum stehen, “Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum, as well as other specimens zu testen. Wir machen statistische und vergleichende which he referred to, or related to this species. We have Analysen um dieses Hypodigma zu klären. also considered additional specimens from contempo raneous horizons, in order to reevaluate the efficacy of Eurygnathohippus cf “ethiopicum” and its apparent rela 1.
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A New Collection of Hipparionine from the Type Locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks
Khan et al. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 21(1): 2011, Page:J. Anim.83-89 Plant Sci. 21(1):2011 ISSN: 1018-7081 A NEW COLLECTION OF HIPPARIONINE FROM THE TYPE LOCALITY OF THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION OF THE MIDDLE SIWALIKS M. A. Khan, F. Manzoor, M. Ali**, Z. H. Bhatti**, and M. Akhtar** Zoology Department, GC University, Faisalabad *Zoology Department, Government College Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore **Zoology Department, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Punjab University, Lahore Corresponding author e-mail: ABSTRACT The new discovered material found from the Dhok Pathan type locality identifies two species of Hipparionine, Sivalhippus cf. theobaldi and Hipparion sp. The described material consists of the isolated upper cheek teeth and reflects all morphological features of Sivalhippus cf. theobaldi and Hipparion sp. Sivalhippus cf. theobaldi comprises two well preserved specimens and Hipparion sp. comprises four well preserved specimens. Sivalhippus cf. theobaldi is a large species with less complicated enamel plications whereas Hipparion sp. is moderate in size with more complicated enamel plications. Key words: Hipparion, Middle Siwaliks, Mammals, Dhok Pathan Formation. INTRODUCTION the late Miocene to Pliocene in age (Fig. 1). The Dhok Pathan Formation is composed of sand stones with In the Siwaliks, Hipparion first appeared by a alternate clay and minor layers of conglomerate in lower single migration, recorded in lithologic boundary of the part and more conglomerates with sandstone and clay in Nagri Formation (Pilbeam et al., 1997). Hipparion sp. upper part. The clays are orange brown in colour (Barry was found abundantly in the Middle Siwaliks and et al., 2002). considered to be as one of the faunal members of the Siwalik Late Miocene sediments (Hussain, 1971; Naseem MATERIALS AND METHODS et al., 2009).
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The First Occurrence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) Outside Africa and Its Biogeograph
TO L O N O G E I L C A A P I ' T A A T L E I I A Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 58 (2), 2019, 171-179. Modena C N O A S S. P. I. The frst occurrence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) outside Africa and its biogeographic signifcance Advait Mahesh Jukar, Boyang Sun, Avinash C. Nanda & Raymond L. Bernor A.M. Jukar, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA; [email protected] B. Sun, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059, USA; [email protected] A.C. Nanda, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun 248001, India; [email protected] R.L. Bernor, College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059, USA; [email protected] KEY WORDS - South Asia, Pliocene, Biogeography, Dispersal, Siwalik, Hipparionine horses. ABSTRACT - The Pliocene fossil record of hipparionine horses in the Indian Subcontinent is poorly known. Historically, only one species, “Hippotherium” antelopinum Falconer & Cautley, 1849, was described from the Upper Siwaliks. Here, we present the frst evidence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930, a lineage hitherto only known from Africa, in the Upper Siwaliks during the late Pliocene. Morphologically, the South Asian Eurygnathohippus is most similar to Eurygnathohippus hasumense (Eisenmann, 1983) from Afar, Ethiopia, a species with a similar temporal range.
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Hipparion Datum Implies Miocene Palaeoecological Pattern
Hipparion Datum Implies Miocene Palaeoecological Pattern Boyang Sun Chinese Academy of Sciences Yan Liu Chinese Academy of Sciences Wen He Hezheng Paleozoological Museum Shanqin Chen Hezheng Paleozoological Museum Tao Deng ( [email protected] ) Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Article Keywords: Hipparion Datum, systematic paleontology, locomotive ability, paleoecology Posted Date: May 20th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-489238/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/18 Abstract Here, we report well–preserved skulls and postcranial specimens of the subgenus Hippotherium from the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China. Based on morphological comparison, the species of subgenus Hippotherium in China, Hipparion weihoense and Hipparion chiai, should be ascribed to the same species, H. weihoense. The species Hipparion prostylum (later Hipparion aff. brachypus) from Maragheh, Iran should also be ascribed to H. weihoense. Phylogenetic analysis shows the subgenus Hippotherium derived from the North American genus Cormohipparion, and as a basal group of Hipparion in Eurasia, representing the Hipparion Datum. Analysis on locomotive ability indicates that H. weihoense likely lived in an open habitat, whereas other species of subgenus Hippotherium likely lived in closed habitats. This result indicates a palaeoecological pattern in the early Late Miocene in Eurasia: inuenced by a series of geological events, aridication of mid–latitude Asia progressed, whereas Europe and North Africa remained relatively humid; as the genus originated from East Asia, Hipparion divided rapidly into different groups with differing functional morphology to occupy diverse niches. Introduction The dispersal of Hipparion into the Old World, recognised as the Hipparion Datum, is one of the most signicant palaeobiological events in the Late Miocene1-4.
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Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 124(2): 361-386. July 2018 SHANXIHIPPUS DERMATORHINUS COMB. NOV. WITH COMPARISONS TO OLD WORLD HIPPARIONS WITH SPECIALIZED NASAL APPARATI RAYMOND L. BERNOR1, SHIQI WANG 2,3, YAN LIU2, YU CHEN2 & BOYANG SUN1,2,4 1College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059. 2Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044. 3CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101. 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039. To cite this article: Bernor R.L, Wang S., Liu Y., Chen Y. & Sun B. (2018) - Shanxihippus dermatorhinus comb. nov. with comparisons to Old World hipparions with specialized nasal apparati. Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 124(2): 361-386. Keywords: Shanxihippus dermatorhinus; late Miocene; Phylogeny; Biogeography. Abstract. Skulls, mandibles and dentitions of a new, monospecific lineage of late Miocene Chinese hipparioni- ne horse, Shanxihippus dermatorhinus comb. nov are reported. We frame our description of this newly recognized genus with a comparison to primitive North American hipparion, Cormohipparion occidentale and Central European Hippothe- rium primigenium from the Vienna Basin and Hoewenegg, Germany. We recognize, for the first time that the Chinese early late Miocene hipparion
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Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 124(1): 1-22. March 2018 SIVALHIPPUS PTYCHODUS AND SIVALHIPPUS PLATYODUS (PERISSODACTYLA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE LATE MIOCENE OF CHINA BOYANG SUN1,2,4, XIAOXIAO ZHANG1,2,3, YAN LIU1 & RAYMOND L. BERNOR⁴ 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044. 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039. 3Tianjin Natural History Museum, Tianjin 300201. 4Corresponding Author. College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059. E-mail: [email protected]. To cite this article: Sun B., Zhang X., Liu Y. & Bernor R.L. (2018) - Sivalhippus ptychodus and Sivalhippus platyodus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China. Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 124(1): 1-22. Keywords: Sivalhippus ptychodus; Sivalhippus platyodus; late Miocene; Evolution; Biogeography. Abstract. Herein, the authors report on skulls, mandibles and postcranial specimens of two species of Chinese Sivalhippus, S. ptychodus and S. platyodus. We frame our description and analyses within the context of newly described characters of the cheek teeth of Hippotherium from the Pannonian C of the Vienna Basin, the oldest and most primitive Old World hipparions. Our report includes original skull, mandibular and limited postcranial ma- terial of Sivalhippus ptychodus and skulls and dentitions of Sivalhippus platyodus from the Paleontological Museum of Uppsala (PMU, Uppsala, Sweden), the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH, New York, USA) and the Licent Collection in Tianjin Natural History Museum (Tianjin, China). The skull, maxillary and mandibular material we attribute to Sivalhippus ptychodus and Sivalhippus platyodus exhibit some primitive features for Old World hipparions and synapamorphies of the face and dentition that unite it with the Sivalhippus clade.
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The Early Pliocene Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, C
The Early Pliocene Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, c. 4.0 Ma) Raymond L. BERNOR College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington DC (United States) [email protected] Sevket SEN CR2P UMR 7207 (MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités), Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Published on 30 June 2017 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A5BBD346-1C3A-426C-BC40-B75C49C6315E Bernor R. L. & Sen S. 2017. — The Early Pliocene Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, c. 4.0 Ma). Geodiversitas 39 (2): 285-314. https://doi.org/10.5252/g2017n2a7 ABSTRACT Th e Early Pliocene locality of Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, c. 4.0 Ma) has two species of advanced hipparionine horses that we refer to Plesiohipparion cf. longipes (Gromova, 1952) and Proboscidippa- rion heintzi (Eisenmann & Sondaar, 1998). Our study follows an extensive treatment of the entire mammalian fauna in 1998 and in particular an important and comprehensive work on the hippa- rions by Eisenmann & Sondaar in 1998. We undertake herein a morphologic and metric analysis of skulls, mandibles, dentitions and postcranial elements to segregate all elements into these two taxa. Our analysis follows and concurs with Eisenmann & Sondaar’s work except for the generic attribu- tions here which are original. Beyond the basic empirical work here, we strike comparisons to other Old World hipparion lineages and ﬁ nd that these two hipparion taxa compare closely, at the genus level, to Asian Plesiohipparion Qiu, Huang & Guo, 1987 and Proboscidipparion Sefve, 1927.
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Life History and Ecology of Late Miocene Hipparionins from the Circum-Mediterranean Area
ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en PhD Thesis Doctorate in Biodiversity Life History and Ecology of Late Miocene Hipparionins from the Circum-Mediterranean Area Guillermo Orlandi Oliveras Supervisor Dra. Meike Köhler Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2019 PhD Thesis – 2019 Life History and Ecology of Late Miocene Hipparionins from the Circum-Mediterranean Area Guillermo Orlandi Oliveras Dissertation presented by Guillermo Orlandi Oliveras in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, doctorate program in Biodiversity of the Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia. Under the supervision of: - Dra. Meike Köhler, ICREA at Institut Català de Palaeontologia Miquel Crusafont and teacher of the Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Doctoral candidate Guillermo Orlandi Oliveras Supervisor Dra. Meike Köhler Abstract Hipparionins are a clade of tridactyl equids that greatly diversified during the late Miocene throughout the circum-Mediterranean area, with some taxa undergoing dwarfing. Due to their abundance, they have been the subject of several paleoecological studies and constitute a key mammalian group for exploring evolutionary patterns, although more research is necessary to better understand their ecology.
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(Mammalia, Equidae) from the Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan
Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(3),2629-2632 ,2016 ISSN 1013-6315; CODEN: SINTE 8 2629 ADDITIONAL FOSSILS OF SIVILHIPPUS THEOBALDI (MAMMALIA, EQUIDAE) FROM THE MIDDLE SIWALIKS OF PAKISTAN Tasneem Ikram1, Rabia Ansari2, Muhammad Akbar Khan3, Muhammad Adeeb Babar4, Rabia Shahid5, Khalid Mahmood6* & Muhammad Akhtar7 1 Government College for Woman, Farooq Colony, Sargodha, Pakistan 2,3,4,5,6,7 Dr. Abu Bakr Fossil Display and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Khalid Mahmood, E-mail: [[email protected]]; Contact # +92343-8472919 ABSTRACT: New dental material is recovered from the Dhok Pathan type locality from the Siwaliks of northern Pakistan. The collection consists of isolated premolars and molars dental remains. The samples reflect the morphological features of Sivalhippus theobaldi, a hipparionine species of the Siwaliks. The study contributes new material for the Siwalik hipparionine, Sivalhippus theobaldi. Keywords: Perrisodactyla, Hipparionine, Miocene, Pliocene, Siwaliks. 1.0 INTRODUCTION elongated, isolated, sub ovate and is pillar like in shape. The dental remains are recovered from the area located near Posteriorly located hypoconal groove is strongly developed. the village Dhok Pathan (Lat. 33° 07' N: Long. 72° 14' E) and The metacone and paracone are clearly visible and almost this area is in the type locality of Dhok Pathan Formation equal in size. The styles are well preserved. The prefossette from Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The type and postfossette are furnished with plications. The pre-fosette locality of Dhok Pathan is situated at 65 km NE of the is more complicated and highly plicated than post-fossette.
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Mitteilungen Der Bayerischen Staatssammlung Für Paläontologie Und Histor. Geologie
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Histor. Geologie Jahr/Year: 1989 Band/Volume: 29 Autor(en)/Author(s): Bernor Raymond L., Tobien Heinz Artikel/Article: Two Small Species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mamm.) from Samos, Greece 207-226 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at P Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Paläont. hist. Geol. ^ 29 j~ 207—226 ^ München, 29,12, 1989 Two Small Species ofCremohipparion (Equidae, Mamm.) from Samos, Greece B y R aymond L. Bernor and H einz T obien ::') With 3 figures Kurzfassung Zwei kleinwüchsige Arten von Cremohipparion aus Samos, Griechenland (spätes Miozän, Turolium), werden beschrieben. Diese Arten sind Cremohipparion matthewi und Cremohip parion nikosi n. sp. Bei Cremohipparion matthewi reicht die Incisura nasalis bis zum Vorder ende des P2 zurück, bei Cremohipparion nikosi reicht sie weiter — bis zum Mesostyl der P4 — zurück. Neben diesem Unterschied zeigt sich erstens: Zwei, wahrscheinlich mehr Taxa wurden bisher irrtümlich unter dem herkömmlichen Speziesnamen „Hipparion“ matthewi beschrie ben; zweitens: die beiden hier behandelten Arten sind Schwester-Taxa einer neuen, altweltli chen hipparionen Gattung Cremohipparion Qiu et al. und drittens: die Evolution hipparioner Zwergformen ist polyphyletisch. Abstract Evidence is cited here for two small species of Cremohipparion from Samos, Greece (Late Miocene, Turolian age). These species, Cremohipparion matthewi and Cremohipparion nikosi n. sp. are distinguished from one another by the former’s rather shallow nasal notch incisure (to anteriormost P2 only) and the other’s sharply contrasting deeper nasal notch incisure (to me sostyle of P4).
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New interpretations of the systematics, biogeography and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene) (Libya) Raymond L. BERNOR College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, 520 W St. N.W., Washington DC 20059 (USA) [email protected] Robert S. SCOTT Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 (USA) [email protected] Bernor R. L. & Scott R. S. 2003. — New interpretations of the systematics, biogeography and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene) (Libya). Geodiversitas 25 (2) : 297-319. ABSTRACT Sahabi is a latest Miocene/earliest Pliocene vertebrate fauna from Libya. It includes a mixture of Eurasian and African vertebrates, and as such is important for biogeographic reconstruction and paleoecologic comparisons. We undertake a morphometric analysis of Sahabi hipparion metacarpal 3s, metatarsal 3s and 1st phalanges 3 in order to reevaluate and revise this assem- blages’ systematics, biogeographic relationships and paleoecologic setting. In so doing we recognize two hipparion taxa at Sahabi: a slender-limbed form adapted for open country cursoriality, “Cremohipparion” aff. matthewi; and a robust-limbed form, a likely woodland denizen with likely less cursorial capa- bility, “Hipparion” sp. (Sivalhippus Complex). “Cremohipparion” aff. matthewi exhibits its closest affinity with the Samos and Maramena slender- limbed hipparions of the Cremohipparion matthewi/nikosi lineage. We believe that this lineage also likely includes the Indo-Pakistan hipparion, “Cremohipparion” antelopinum. This lineage provides evidence for a late Miocene hipparion biogeographic connection between Indo-Pakistan, Southwest Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. The large KEY WORDS Sahabi form “Hipparion” sp. (Sivalhippus Complex) would appear to belong Mammalia, to a lineage whose late Miocene distribution was between Indo-Pakistan, Equidae, hipparion, North Africa and East Africa.
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