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ABSTRACT MOUAT CROXATTO, CECILIA. the Discourse of the City in American and British Films Between the 1930S and 1960S

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ABSTRACT MOUAT CROXATTO, CECILIA. the Discourse of the City in American and British Films Between the 1930S and 1960S ABSTRACT MOUAT CROXATTO, CECILIA. The Discourse of the City in American and British Films between the 1930s and 1960s. (Under the direction of Haig Khachatoorian). Traditional forms to research history of architecture have been focused on influential architects, built projects and architectonic movements. On the other hand, scholars who explore films to approach architecture have analyzed set designs, architects who collaborate with the film industry, or specific films, cities or specific architectonic projects that appear in films. This dissertation is focused on discourses of the city and explores (1) dominant discourses that helped to the popularity of certain urban and architectonic solutions, (2) conditions that helped that city's authorities promoted certain urban solutions over others, and (3) how cinema and film genres contributed to these solutions were so popular. This interdisciplinary project understands discourses as systems of thought and practices that construct conceptual categories. Discourses work as cultural frameworks within larger systems of power, whereby truth and knowledge are produced. On the other hand, films strongly influence the construction of spatial meanings, and their analysis opens up new approaches to understanding architectonic spaces not only in terms of physical and perceptual features, but also in terms of social constructions. The objective of this project is to understand how America and Britain have represented and commented upon the city space between the 1930s and 1960s. To achieve this goal, the study analyzes 87 films thant belong to diverse genres, in order to illuminate on the one hand, the main urban and architectonic models represented on screen and the discourses associated with these models; and on the other hand, to analyze the relationship between urban discourses and film genres. The theoretical framework is based upon the discourse analysis proposed by Michel Foucault and genre theory. The final products will be: a framework for future inquiries that combines architectonic and film approaches to understanding how both disciplines interact in the distribution of city’s discourses, and the analysis of a body of films according to their spatial models, in order to demonstrate that film genres distribute dominant discourses and function as frames that shape taken-for-granted assumptions of city’s spaces. © Copyright 2011 by Cecilia Mouat Croxatto All Rights Reserved The Discourse of the City in American and British Films between the 1930s and 1960s by Cecilia Mouat Croxatto A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Design Raleigh, North Carolina 2012 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Haig Khachatoorian Maria Pramaggiore Committee Chair ________________________________ ________________________________ Carolyn Miller Arthur Rice ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my sister Catalina, my husband Hernan Marchant and my son Nicolas Kliwadenko, who encouraged me to realize this project. iii BIOGRAPHY Cecilia Mouat has a professional degree in Architecture and a MA in Documentary Films, both from the Universidad de Chile. In August 2009, she initiated a PhD in Design at the College of Design/ North Carolina State University. Her experience in Chile includes: 20 years of professional practice on housing and corporate building design; heading positions in private sectors of banking, architecture and real estate development; and advisory service industries; as well as 5 years a professor in three Chilean universities in the fields of architecture and documentary film, and the realization of several experimental films on topics related to the city, the artistic creation and construction of identity, as a mediated construction that is in a permanent process of reinvention. Her interests are focused on the relationship between the spatially vivid experience of the city and its representation through audiovisual media, or how the body’s experience is always mediated through the things “we see on a screen.” In 2008, Cecilia Mouat obtained a grant from Finis Terrae University (Chile) for a one-year research project about the body’s experience of architecture and its representation through video, as a way to illustrate that the audiovisual media is the most vivid form of architectural representation, emphasizing the body’s motion and the experience of space- time. Cecilia Mouat’s publications include the articles “The Design Process and its Genre System, as a Way to Recognize, Evaluate and Promote Innovation,” published in EAAE Transactions on Architectural Education 50, Constantin Spiridonidis and Maria Voyatzaki iv (Ed) 2010, pp 297-305; the chapter “Los Espacios de Trabajo” (The Spaces of Work) published in the Yearbook of the Chilean University Finis Terrae N. 16 (December 2008) pp.37-44; and the article co-written with Hernan Marchant “Teaching and Experimenting with Architectural Design: Advances in Technology and Changes in Pedagogy” published in EAAE Transactions on Architectural Education 35, Constantin Spiridonidis and Maria Voyatzaki (Ed) 2007, pp 117- 125. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank my mentor and advisor Haig Khachatoorian, for his unconditional support; he believed from the beginning that the idea of combining architecture and film to analyze the city was a promising project, and helped me during the whole process to find the best way to carry it out. I want to thank my Advisory Committee that was always open and interested in my work, especially Dr. Maria Pramaggiore for her dedication and for having guided the film analysis; and Dr. Carolyn Miller for having guided and encouraged the development of the theoretical framework. They also helped me to improve my English writing skills that were, especially the first year, a major obstacle. I want to thank my friends and family, who supported me in the process, especially my husband Hernan, my son Nicolas, my parents, Victor and Amalia, my aunt Maria Angelica, and my friends Marcela Bravo and Jean François Mabardi. Finally, I thank the director of the PhD Design program, Arthur Rice, and the dean of the College of Design, Marvin Malecha, for all their support. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. IX INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1 RESEARCHING THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE ERA OF COMMUNICATIONS ................... 1 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURE.......................................................... 5 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 11 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH ...................................................................................................... 12 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 14 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ........... 14 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 14 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 16 GENRE THEORY ........................................................................................................................................ 26 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDIUM IN GENRE THEORY ................................................................. 28 FILM GENRES AS CULTURAL CATEGORIES ...................................................................................... 29 FILM GENRE THEORY AND ITS RELATION TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ............................................ 30 CITY FILM .................................................................................................................................................... 33 CITY FILMS IN THIS PROJECT ............................................................................................................ 38 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 39 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE STUDY................................................... 40 THE CHOICE OF STUDY PERIOD ........................................................................................................ 40 STEPS OF RESEARCH PROJECT .......................................................................................................... 40 DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH PROJECT / PART ONE ......................................................................... 41 DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH PROJECT / PART TWO ........................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 44 URBAN DISCOURSES ..............................................................................................................................
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