Filter Testing and Specifications

presented by the

National Air Filtration Association

Promoting the Clean Air Industry – Worldwide Alan C. Veeck, CAFS Executive Director

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Understand Air Filtration Principles  Learn About Air Filter Testing Methods • ASHRAE 52.1 • ASHRAE 52.2 – MERV • DOP for HEPA Filters

 Sustainability and Energy Savings-LEED

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Straining  Impingement  Interception  Diffusion  Electrostatic Attraction

Particle Airstream Fiber

Airflow

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Larger particles Particle do not move around Airflow the fiber with the airstream and are Airstream Fiber carried into the fiber due to their momentum. Airflow

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Midsize particles Airflow move along with airstream lines Particle and contact a Airstream Fiber Fiber. Fiber and Particle size dependent Airflow

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Smaller particles Airflow move randomly across airstream lines and contact Fiber Airstream Particle fibers by Brownian Motion. Optimum Airflow at lower airflows.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Particles are pulled Airflow to the fiber due to electrostatic + Particle - attraction (charge) Airstream Fiber of the fiber, that is opposite of the particle charge. Airflow

100.00 59.2 feet per minute 50.0 14.8 feet per minute 10.0 7.1 inches per minute 5.0 2.5 inches per minute 1.0 5.1 inches per hour 0.5 1.4 inches per hour 0.1 1.13 inches per day <0.1 negligible

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Aerodynamic Diameter Likely Region of Deposit (micrometer) > 9.0 Filtered by nose 6.0 to 9.0 Pharynx 4.6 to 6.0 Trachea / Primary Bronchi 3.3 to 4.6 Secondary Bronchi 2.15 to 3.3 Terminal Bronchi 0.41 to 2.15 Alveoli < 0.41 May be exhaled *

* Ultrafine particles may be removed by diffusion mechanism Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Sizes of Specific Indoor Contaminants

Electron Microscope Microscope Naked Eye

0.001 µ 0.01 µ 0.1 µ 0.5 µ 1.0 µ 10 µ 100 µ

Bacteria

Viruses Plant Spores

Tobacco Smoke

Cooking Smoke / Grease

Dander Hair

Dust

Fertilizer

Insecticide Dust

Coal Dust

 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2

 HEPA/ULPA

• Dioctylphthalate (DOP) MIL STD 282

• Poly-alpha olefins (PAO) Institute of Environmental Sciences & Technology

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 ASHRAE 52.1 was retired in January of 2009, and is no longer recognized an ASHRAE Test Standard. It joins all other 52 Standards that have been retired including: ASHRAE 52-68 ASHRAE 52-76 ASHRAE 52-91

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 A destructive test to measure minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)

 Efficiency test aerosol is Potassium Chloride (KCl) particles, 0.3 to 10 micrometers

 Dust loading aerosol is ASHRAE Standard Test Dust:  Size classified Arizona Road Dust  Cotton linters  Carbon black

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Initial Resistance Pressure required to move air through filter at a certain air flow written in inches water, Pascal or millimeters water

 Final Resistance Pressure at which the filter would be considered fully loaded

Outlet ASME Filters Nozzle Downstream Mixer Exhaust

Room Air OPC Inlet Aerosol Filters Generator

Upstream Device Blower Flow Mixer Section Control Backup Filter Valve Holder (Used Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 When Dust loading) Size Range Fractional Efficiency (%) at Resistance (in H20) Composite Composite (micrometers) 0.28 0.32 0.46 0.64 0.82 1.00 Minimum Average 0.3 to 0.4 2.7 6.7 17.2 29.4 37.1 37.9 2.7 0.4 to 0.55 7.8 15.9 27.7 43.3 53.2 54.6 7.8 E1 = 9.8 0.55 to 0.7 11.2 30.2 46.0 60.7 70.5 71.6 11.2 0.7 to 1.0 17.6 42.6 59.3 73.7 81.3 81.8 17.6 1.0 to 1.3 20.4 51.6 70.3 80.8 83.7 85.2 20.4 1.3 to 1.6 23.9 58.2 76.5 84.7 86.1 87.2 23.9 E2 = 27.2 1.6 to 2.2 28.3 69.6 84.1 89.1 90.2 91.0 28.3 2.2 to 3.0 36.3 83.9 91.9 94.2 94.4 93.2 36.3 3.0 to 4.0 39.4 89.4 93.7 95.8 96.4 94.9 39.4 4.0 to 5.5 42.8 90.6 95.3 96.5 97.9 95.6 42.8 E3 = 44.8 5.5 to 7.0 46.5 92.3 97.1 98.0 98.4 97.9 46.5 7.0 to 10.0 50.4 94.8 97.5 98.3 100 99.2 50.4

Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value is 6 at 492 fpm Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Minimum Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%) Average Minimum Final Resistance Efficiency 0.3 to 1.0 1.0 to 3.0 3.0 to 10 Arrestance by Reporting Value ASHRAE 52.1 Pa In Water E1 E2 E3

1 n/a n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3

2 n/a n/a E3 < 20 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 75 0.3

3 n/a n/a E3 < 20 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 75 0.3

4 n/a n/a E3 < 20 75 ≤ Aavg 75 0.3

5 n/a n/a 20 ≤ E3 < 35 n/a 150 0.6

6 n/a n/a 35 ≤ E3 < 50 n/a 150 0.6

7 n/a n/a 50 ≤ E3 < 70 n/a 150 0.6

8 n/a n/a 70 ≤ E3 < 85 n/a 150 0.6

9 n/a E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

10 n/a 50 ≤ E2 < 65 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

11 n/a 65 ≤ E2 < 80 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

12 n/a E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 250 1.0

13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

16 E1 ≥ 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4 Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Minimum Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%) Average Minimum Final Resistance Efficiency 0.3 to 1.0 1.0 to 3.0 3.0 to 10 Arrestance by Reporting Value ASHRAE 52.1 Pa In Water E1 E2 E3

1 n/a n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3

2 n/a n/a E3 < 20 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 75 0.3

3 n/a n/a E3 < 20 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 75 0.3

4 n/a n/a E3 < 20 75 ≤ Aavg 75 0.3

5 n/a n/a 20 ≤ E3 < 35 n/a 150 0.6

6 n/a n/a 35 ≤ E3 < 50 n/a 150 0.6

7 n/a n/a 50 ≤ E3 < 70 n/a 150 0.6 8 n/a n/a 70 ≤ E3 < 85 n/a E1 = 9.8%150 0.6 9 n/a E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0 10 n/a 50 ≤ E < 65 E ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0 2 3 E2 = 27.2% 11 n/a 65 ≤ E2 < 80 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0 12 n/a E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 n/a E = 44.8%250 1.0 13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 3 350 1.4

14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a MERV350 6 1.4

16 E1 ≥ 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4 Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Added for ability to test lower efficiency filters (MERV 1-4) with an arrestance and dust holding capacity percentage.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Arrestance – ability of an air cleaning device with efficiencies less than 20% in the size range of 3.0 to 10.0 micrometers to remove loading dust from test air. Average Arrestance - Difference between the weight of the dust fed versus dust passing through the device to final filter calculated as dust captured by test device.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 Dust Holding Capacity – total weight of the synthetic loading dust captured by the air cleaning device over all of the incremental dust loading steps tested to a final resistance of 1.4” wg or specified final resistance.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Optional method of Conditioning a filter using fine KCl particles (0.04 to 0.08 micrometers) on electrically charged (electret) media

Minimum efficiency in some types of may be less than the initial efficiency

ASHRAE Dust 80

Filtration Efficiency (%) 10 wks. Ambient 20 Initial

0 0.1 1 10 Particle Diameter (micrometers)

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  MERV –A - Added to determine the amount of the efficiency loss a filter may realize in field application

 Depending on the critical nature of the application, owner may want to ask for optional Appendix J testing

 Dioctylphthalate (DOP) or poly-alpha olephins (PAO) aerosolized to 0.3 micrometers

• Instrument measures overall intensity of light scattered by aerosol both upstream and downstream

 Polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) – fractional efficiency measured with particle counter Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Physical – Adsorption • Activated carbons

 Chemical - Chemisorption • Chemically treated activated carbons • Potassium permanganate impregnated media

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Adsorption - The process by which one substance is attracted and held onto the surface of another. • It is a surface phenomena. • Capacity is independent of particle size • Adsorption rate is inversely proportional to particle size.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V 2010  Chemisorption - The result of chemical reactions on and in the surface of the adsorbent. • Fairly specific and depends upon chemical nature of media and the contaminant • Irreversible and essentially instantaneous

• Gaseous contaminant standard developed by ASHRAE

• Standard 62 includes recommendations for particle and molecular contaminant removal – especially Ozone O3

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 • Outdoor Air – too many to list • Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide • Vehicle Exhaust • Same as above • Office Equipment • VOC’s, Formaldehyde, Carbon Black, Ammonia, Ozone • People

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010 • Building Materials and Furnishings • VOC's, Formaldehyde • Cleaning Agents • VOC's, • Environmental Tobacco Smoke • Hundreds

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  Particles captured by Straining, Impingement Interception, Diffusion, and Electrostatic Attraction

 ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2 Test Standard is Fractional Efficiency test

 MERV and composite curve provides particle size removal efficiencies

 Gaseous contaminants removed with Activated Carbon and/or Potassium Permanganate Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010

“Looking beyond initial cost factors towards the total cost throughout life of operation”

Benefits to the Facility:  Lower energy use  Lessen impact on the environment  Lower use of resources – raw materials and human  Increases Productivity and Improves Environment Impacting Health and Productivity of Building Occupants 0.5% 18.5%

Inv. + Mant. Energy Disposal 81% Carlsson, Thomas; “Indoor Air Filtration: Why Use Polymer Based Filter Media”, Filtration+Separation, Volume 38 #2, March 2001, pp 30-32. Energy required to overcome filter system resistance Energy Q x ΔP x t Consumption = (kWh) η x 1000

Q = Air Flow (m3/sec) t = Time in Operation (hrs) ΔP = Avg. Pressure Loss (Pa) η = Fan/Motor/ Drive Efficiency Typical versus Fictitious Curves

1.00000 0.90000 0.80000

0.70000 Series1 0.60000 Series2

Pressure Drop 0.50000

0.40000 0.30000 1 334 667 1000 1333 1666 1999 2332 2665 2998 3331 3664 3997 4330 Time Life Cycle Cost Analysis INPUT DATA

Energy Energy Initial Final Energy Cost Cost per Resistance Resistance Hours of Consumption This 1000 Segment # ("WG) ("WG) Operation (kWh) Period hours 1 0.35 0.40 1000 152.20858 $12.18 $12.18 2 0.40 0.50 1250 228.31287 $18.27 $14.61 3 0.50 0.60 750 167.42944 $13.39 $17.86 4 0.60 0.70 550 145.10551 $11.61 $21.11 5 0.70 0.80 450 136.98772 $10.96 $24.35 6 0.80 0.90 350 120.75214 $9.66 $27.60 7 0.90 1.00 250 96.39877 $7.71 $30.85 $83.78

Current 0.35 1.00 4600 1260.28705 $100.82 $21.92 INPUT DATA Option 1 Option 2 Filter Type Pleat Pleat Filter Model XXXXX XXXXX Model # Std Cap Hi Cap Filter Price ($ per filter) $3.25 $4.00 Number of Filters Per Case 12 12 Shipping Cost Per Case ($) $5.00 $5.50 Estimated Damage Loss (%) 5% 5% Number of Filters in Bank 30 30 Estimated Filter Life (months) 3 4 Changeout time required - full bank (min) 60 60 Changeout Labor Cost ($/hour fully loaded) $25.00 $25.00 Disposal Cost ($/filter) $0.50 $0.50 Initial Resistance ("WG) 0.34 0.28 Recommended Final Resistance ("WG) 1.2 1.2 System Airflow Rate (cfm) 60,000 60,000 Days in Operation 365 365 Hours in Operation Per Day 24 24 Energy Cost ($/kWH) $0.080 $0.080 Fan/Blower/Drive Efficiency (%) 80% 80% OUTPUT DATA Initial Investment Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Number of Filters 30 30 Filter Price $3.25 $4.00 Estimated Filter Life (months) 3 4 Number of Changeouts/Year 4 3 Subtotal Annual Filter Costs $390.00 $360.00

Inventory Costs Std Cap Hi Cap # Filters Used/Year 120 90 # Filters/Case 12 12 Number of Cases Used/Year 10.00 7.50 Actual # Cases Purchased 10.00 8.00 "Extra" Filters Purchased/Year 0 6 Filter Cost $3.25 $4.00 Subtotal Annual Inventory Cost $0.00 $24.00 Shipping Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Shipping Cost/Case $5.00 $5.50 # cases Purchased/Year $10.00 $8.00 Subtotal Annual Shipping/Storage costs $50.00 $44.00

Damage/Storage Loss Std Cap Hi Cap Estimated % Damage Loss 5% 5% # filters Used/Year 120 90 Cost/Filter $3.25 $4.00 Subtotal Annual Damage/Storage Loss $19.50 $18.00 Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle Std Cap Hi Cap Time Required/Changeout (minutes) 60 60 Time Required/Changeout (hours) 1 1 # Changeouts/Year 4 3 Fully Loaded Labor Cost $25.00 $25.00 Subtotal Annual Installation/Removal Costs $100.00 $75.00

Disposa l Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Disposal Cost/Filter $0.50 $0.50 # Filters Disposed/Year 120 90 Subtotal Annual Disposal Costs $60.00 $45.00 Energy Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Initial Resistance (Pa) 85 70 Recommended Final Resistance (Pa) 299 299 Average Resistance (Pa) 192 184 System Airflow (m3/sec) 28.30 28.30 Filter Airflow (m3/sec) 0.94 0.94 Filter Life 2190 2920 Energy Consumption (kwh) 495 635 Energy Cost Per Filter ($) $39.63 $50.78 Energy Cost Per Changeout ($) $1,188.79 $1,523.30 Subtotal Annual Energy Cost ($) $4,755.18 $4,569.91 Initial Investment Costs $390.00 $360.00 Inventory Costs $0.00 $24.00 Shipping Costs $50.00 $44.00 Damage/Storage Loss $19.50 $18.00 Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle $100.00 $75.00 Disposal Costs $60.00 $45.00 Energy Costs $4,755.18 $4,569.91 Total Life Cycle Cost $5,374.68 $5,135.91

Savings $238.77

Overall Cost is Reduced with Life Cycle Costing Cleaner Equipment and Indoor Environment with Higher MERV Filter Savings in Shipping, Storage, Labor, and Disposal Costs  EA Credit 6 - 1 point - Document sustainable building cost impacts.

 NAFA Life Cycle Costing Formula can document sustainable impact on existing building www.nafahq.org  Energy & Atmosphere • Preq.-Existing Building Commissioning  Prepare a commissioning plan for carrying out the testing of all building systems to verify that they are working according to the specifications of the building operation plan. “Verify and ensure that fundamental building elements and systems are installed, calibrated and operating as intended so they can deliver functional and efficient performance. “

ASHRAE Guideline 26-2007 – “Guideline for Field Testing of General Ventilation Filtration Devices and Systems for Removal Efficiency In-situ by Particle Size and Resistance to Airflow “  EA Credit 3.1 - Staff Education – 1 point “Support appropriate operations and maintenance of buildings and building systems so that they continue to deliver target building performance goals over the long term.”  NAFA Certified Technician (NCT) certifies individuals who study the text, “Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Air Filtration Systems,” and pass the national exam  Preq. - Establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in buildings, thus contributing to the health and well-being of the occupants.

 Increased Ventilation - + 30% over ASHRAE 62.1…??  IEQ Credit 3 – 1 Point – MERV 8 at each return grill  Possible use of carbon filtration after construction during “bakeout” phase

 IEQ 4.1 – Absenteeism and Healthcare Costs – 1 point Document decrease in absenteeism by increasing efficiency of air filtration system  IEQ 4.2 Other Improvements 1 Point – “Documentation of the other productivity impacts (beyond those identified in IEQ Credit 4.1) of sustainable building performance improvements.  IEQ Credit 5.1 – 1 point – “Reduce exposure of building occupants and maintenance personnel to potentially hazardous particle contaminants, which adversely impact air quality, health, building finishes, building systems and the environment. Establish and follow a regular schedule for maintenance and replacement of these filters. ”  MERV 13 filters on occupancy  IEQ Credit 10.6 – 1 point “Reduce exposure of building occupants and maintenance personnel to potentially hazardous chemical, biological and particle contaminants, which adversely impact air quality, health, building finishes, building systems and the environment.”

 HEPA filtered cleaning equipment  IUOM Credit 1 – 1 point “To provide building operation and upgrade teams with the opportunity to be awarded points for additional environmental benefits achieved beyond those already addressed by LEED for Existing Buildings Rating System.”  Clean and re-circulate bathroom exhaust air  Clean outdoor air of ozone (prevalent during “rush- hour” traffic, temperature inversions, etc. with bypass OA ducting  Source removal of copying and printing equipment through HEPA & HEGA filters  Energy & Atmosphere – 2 Point • Staff Education • Sustainable impact  Indoor Environmental Quality – 4 points • MERV 8 during construction • Molecular filtration instead of “bakeout” • MERV 13 filters after construction • HEPA filtered cleaning equipment  Innovations in Upgrade, Operations & Maintenance - >? limited only by your mechanical creativity  Sustainability is a combination of savings of many items & many efforts  Air filters can be part of your overall sustainability directive  Using life cycle costing is Green - Conserving energy, resources and the environment  Less Ventilation?  Life Cycle Costing gets the highest efficiency filter for $$ The mission of NAFA is to conduct education and certification programs for members and end-user personnel; To provide forums for the exchange of information about technical standards, government regulations, and product information; To educate consumers about the importance of air filtration and NAFA's certifications; to certify air filtration products; to set field performance standards for products.

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010  NAFA Certified Air Filter Specialist - CAFS  NAFA Certified Technician – NCT  NAFA Certified Technician – Level II  NAFA Product Certification  NAFA “Best Practice” Guidelines

• Over 200 air filtration manufacturers and distributors

• United States and 14 foreign countries

• www.nafahq.org