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Philadelphia-Positive Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: a Rare Entity Definition Genetics Mechanism Epidemiology Clinical Features Im

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Philadelphia-Positive Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: a Rare Entity Definition Genetics Mechanism Epidemiology Clinical Features Im Commentary iMedPub Journals Journal of Neoplasm 2016 http://www.imedpub.com/ ISSN 2576-3903 Vol.1 No.1:2 DOI: 10.217672576-3903.100002 Philadelphia-Positive Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: A Rare Entity Smeeta Gajendra1 and Sahoo MK2 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gurgaon, Haryana, India 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India Corresponding author: Smeeta Gajendra, Associate Consultant, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medanta-The Medicity, Sector - 38, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 001, India, Tel: 09013590875, Fax: +91- 124 4834 111; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: March 13, 2016; Accepted date: April 06, 2016; Published date: April 12, 2016 Citation: Gajendra S, Sahoo MK. Philadelphia-Positive Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: A Rare Entity. J Neoplasm 2016, 1:1 Definition transformation. In the ABL portion, these domains are the SH1 (tyrosine kinase), SH2 and actin-binding domains and in the Philadelphia positive (Ph+) Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia BCR portion, they are the coiled-coil oligomerization domain (AML) is an acute onset neoplasm of myeloblasts in which the comprised between amino acids (aa) 1-63, the tyrosine at blasts harbor BCR/ABL translocation in the absence of a clinical position 177 (GRB-2 binding site) and the phosphor serine/ history of chronic phase or accelerated phase chronic myeloid threonine rich SH2 binding domain. The increased tyrosine leukemia (CML) and a lack of clinical and laboratory features of kinase activity of BCR-ABL fusion protein results in CML, such as splenomegaly and basophilia. phosphorylation of several cellular substrates and auto- phosphorylation of BCR-ABL, which in turn induces Keywords: Philadelphia chromosome; BCR/ABL; Acute recruitment and binding of a number of adaptor molecules myeloid leukemia and proteins. BCR-ABL activates signal transduction pathways such as RAS/MAPK, PI-3 kinase, c-CBL and CRKL pathways, JAK- STAT and the SRC pathway. The major role in transformation Genetics and proliferation is played by the RAS, JUN-kinase, and PI-3 The Philadelphia chromosome was first discovered in kinase pathways. Inhibition of apoptosis is thought to result Philadelphia in 1960. It corresponds to shortened from activation of the PI-3 kinase and RAS pathways, with chromosome 22 resulting from reciprocal translocation induction through AKT of C-MYC and BCL-2. Unregulated cell between long arm of chromosome 9 and short arm of proliferation with inhibition of apoptosis pays a major role in chromosome 22, which is designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). This oncogenesis in Ph+ leukemias [3,4]. gives rise to a BCR/ABL fusion gene, that juxtaposes the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 (region q34) to a part of the BCR Epidemiology ("Breakpoint Cluster Region") gene on chromosome 22 (region q11). There are two major forms of the BCR/ABL fusion gene The p210 fusion protein is characteristic of CML, occurring of different sizes involving ABL exon 2 with different exons of in about 95% of the cases and in 20% of Ph+ ALL, in which the BCR gene. Major BCR (M-BCR) resulting in b2a2 and b3a2 p190 fusion protein is more frequent. The p230 is usually mRNA transcripts, p210 chimeric protein, are most commonly associated with chronic neutrophilic leukemia. The incidence involved in CML patients. Minor BCR (m-BCR), e1a2 mRNA of Philadelphia chromosome in Ph+ AML is approximately transcripts and p190 chimeric protein, are most frequently 0.5-3% as reported by various groups [2]. An incidence of <1% associated with Ph positive Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was reported in the studies where the biphenotypic and (ALL) and in many patients with CML. Third less common bilineal AML were excluded and only pure de novo cases of fusion gene involving breakpoint in micro BCR (µ-BCR), e19a2 AML were considered. A higher incidence of 3% was reported and result in p230 chimeric protein, may demonstrate when biphenotypic or bilineal cases were included in the prominent neutrophilic leukocytosis; these should be studies [5]. Most of the Ph+ AML cases expressed the p210 diagnosed as chronic neutrophilic leukaemia [1,2]. BCR-ABL transcript which is typical of CML-MBC and few Ph+ AML cases expressed a p190 BCR-ABL transcript, which is only Mechanism rarely expressed in CML-MBC. The ABL gene expresses a membrane associated protein, a Clinical Features tyrosine kinase, and the BCR-ABL transcript is also translated into a tyrosine kinase. The mutant tyrosine kinase of the BCR- Clinical presentations are similar to that of acute myeloid ABL transcript codes for a protein that is continuously leukemia. However, Ph positivity in AML is more common in activated and subsequently activates a number of cell cycle adult than children. controlling proteins and enzymes resulting in unregulated cell division. Several functional domains have been identified in the BCR-ABL protein that may contribute to cellular © Copyright iMedPub | This article is available from: http://neoplasm.imedpub.com/archive.php 1 Journal of Neoplasm 2016 ISSN 2576-3903 Vol.1 No.1:2 Diagnosis of Ph chromosome (BCR/ABL also no difference in the number of megakaryocytes or in translocation) erythroid, myeloid, or megakaryocyte dysplasia [6-8]. There is also no difference in percentage and immune-phenotyping of Cytogenetic and molecular analysis plays important role in blasts between the two groups. Cytogenetic and molecular the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease to assess features can be useful in distinguishing this pathology. In CML- complete cytogenetic and molecular response. Peripheral MBC, clonal evolution, which is defined as additional blood and bone marrow samples are examined for Ph chromosomal abnormalities, occurs in 60% to 80%. The most chromosome. Conventional G banding karyotyping is the most common additional abnormalities are extra Ph chromosome, simple and cost-effective technique and can be able to trisomy 8, trisomy 19 or isochromosome 17q. However, an demonstrate Ph chromosome in approximately 95% of cases; additional chromosomal abnormality in Ph+ AML occurs in however, rest of the cases require more sensitive molecular 25% to 55% cases. Few studies Deletion 7q (-7q) abnormalities methods. In conventional karyotyping, Ph chromosome were present in case of Ph positive AML, as demonstated by positivity is expressed as percentage of Ph+ metaphases out of few series. Association of mutations suppressing cell all metaphases analyzed. A minimum of 20 metaphases were differentiation (Core Binding Factor AML) and mutations analyzed routinely according to ISCN guidelines. Fluorescence increasing cell proliferation (as FLT3 gene, KIT gene) is more in situ hybridization (FISH) can be performed on metaphase frequent in Ph+ AML than in CML-MBC. Two recent studies spreads and interphase nuclei, using locus specific probes for have shown that Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is commonly BCR-ABL gene. In normal interphase nuclei four separate mutated in AML and absent in CML-MBC, whereas ABL1 fluorescent signals i.e., two green and two red are seen. In Ph mutations are common in CML [9,10]. Another differential +ve nuclei, however, there are two separate signals which diagnosis is mixed phenotypic acute leukemia with t(9;22) represent the two normal chromosomes and an orange-green (q34;q11.2) which can be differentiated by having dimorphic doublet or a yellow signal corresponding to BCR-ABL fusion blast population as demonstrated by immune-phenotyping gene on chromosome 22. The more advance molecular [myeloid as by myeloperoxidase or monocytic differentiation technique as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (any 2 of CD14, CD64, CD11c, NSE, lysozyme) with B lymphoid (RT-PCR), total RNA was extracted and is reverse transcribed to (CD19 with 1 of CD79a, CD10, CD22) or T lymphoid (surface/ make complimentary DNA (cDNA). PCR primers specific to the cytoplasmic CD3)] [11]. DNA sequences of portions of BCR/ABL were used to amplify the cDNA. The PCR products were separated by agarose gel Treatment electrophoresis and visualized by UV transillumination. The real time PCR (RQ-PCR) assay detects e1a2, e13a2, and e14a2 This disease shows resistance to conventional transcripts in a single tube and is normalized to ABL1, with chemotherapy protocols. Imatinib mesylate is a selective BCR- BCR-ABL transcript type(s) determined by subsequent capillary ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown significant electrophoretic separation of the fluorochrome labeled antileukemic activity in patients with Ph+ leukemia. Imatinib as products. This RQ-PCR can detect residual disease in a very low monotherapy failed to show efficacy as induction therapy. level [5]. However, when Imatinib is started after achieving complete response with AML chemotherapy, it allows in achieving a Morphology, cytochemistry and immune- complete cytogenetic and molecular response. The doses of phenotyping Imatinib reported in the literature are 400 mg and 600 mg/day. Some authors suggested as the patients are at considerable There is no difference in morphology, cytochemistry and risk of meningeal leukemia during monotherapy, they should immunophenotyping features that differentiate it from other routinely receive CNS prophylaxis, cranial irradiation or intra- type of AML. thecal chemotherapy [12]. A combination of AML chemotherapy with maintenance of Imatinib can provides Differential diagnoses remission and a subsequent allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the best consolidation therapy for the patients with The most important
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