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Relevance and Challenges of the Agenda-Setting Theory in the Changed Media Landscape

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Relevance and Challenges of the Agenda-Setting Theory in the Changed Media Landscape American Communication Journal Spring 2020 Volume 22, Issue 1 http://www.ac-journal.org/ Relevance and Challenges of the Agenda-Setting Theory in the Changed Media Landscape MD ABU NASER California State University, Bakersfield ABSTRACT: Is traditional agenda-setting theory still relevant in a converged media environment? Scholars’ opinion vary. However, many concede that changed media landscape has dramatically affected the dynamic of agenda setting, and the original theory that the news media sets the public agenda needs to be reevaluated. Some scholars are now questioning whether the Internet media are changing the dynamic of agenda-setting theory and whether a new model of agenda setting is required in the digital age. This study attempts to answer this fundamental question and argues that intermedia agenda setting―how one medium influences Keywords: Agenda-setting; convergence; Internet media. Perhaps agenda-setting theory (McCombs & Shaw, the notion of a shared public agenda, should be 1972) is the most dominant theory in mass reevaluated. communication research, as thousands of academic articles have been published since the hallmark 1968 For decades, it has been a given in scholarly research study of Max McCombs and Donald Shaw arguing that into the agenda-setting effects of the media that news media set the public agenda. There has been a traditional media—newspapers, magazines, radio and renewed interest in the theory after the College of television news, primarily—have played a major role in Media, Communication and Information at University setting the public agenda (McCombs, 2004). Now, of Colorado Boulder organized a three-day conference however, with the revenue, audience and other to commemorate the 50 year anniversary of the Chapel struggles of the traditional media industry, its needs and Hill study. (Vargo, 2018). McCombs and Shaw efforts to adapt to a changing media landscape as it attended the conference along with David Weaver, strives to maintain its relevance and, more significantly, another phenomenal figure in agenda-setting research. the explosion of the Internet media, may be changing Scholars from many different universities around the that role. Some media scholars are now questioning globe presented 27 papers past, present and future of whether the Internet media are changing the dynamic agenda-setting research. While some argued expansion of agenda-setting and whether a new model of agenda of the theory, majority of them “validated the theory in setting is required in the digital age. This study attempts the current digital and political” (Vargo, 2018). to answer this fundamental question. However, this article proposes that while it is still a very important theory to analyze the relationship between Even though the emergence and influence of Internet media and public agenda, the agenda-setting theory media have brought about a new phase of agenda- shall be revisited in the current media landscape, which setting, the traditional agenda-setting proposition largely is undergoing a rapid and unpredictable changes in the remains stuck in its earlier conclusions, due to its wake of Web 3.O revolution. This changed media typically late move to add the Internet to its theoretical landscape, where Internet based publications, blogs and structure, and the role of Internet media in influencing social media have enormous influences, challenges the the public agenda is not well comprehended. This fundamental assumptions of agenda-setting theory to study represents an attempt to overcome these the extent that the nearly 52-year-old model, including shortcomings and to understand the most recent incarnations of Internet media. Md Abu Naser is an Assistant Professor of Communications at California State University, Bakersfield. Please address all communication to the author Dr. Md Abu Naser, Assistant Professor of Communications, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311. Email: [email protected]. Vol 22, Issue 1 1 Ó2020 American Communication Association American Communication Journal Vol. 22, Issue 1 Md Abu Naser Does the traditional agenda-setting approach still apply of 38,000 (Johnstone, Slawski, & Bowman, 1976), with in a fragmented media environment (Takeshita, 2005)? newsroom employment in 2010 at 41,600 (American Scholars disagree, but many concede that changes in Society of News Editors, 2011). These numbers show the media landscape have at the very least dramatically newspapers employing approximately the same number affected the dynamic of agenda setting, and the original of journalists today as before Watergate, some 40 years theory that the news media sets the public agenda ago, even though the population of the US has grown needs to be revisited. Even McCombs (2005) argued by more than half since then. that with a host of potential influences on the media agenda not well apprehended, intermedia agenda Notwithstanding the precipitous drop-off in newsroom setting―how one medium influences investment in recent years, The Pew Research Center’s another―remains an area of agenda-setting research Project for Excellence in Journalism, in its 2011 report that demands increased attention. analyzing and reporting on the state of the news media in the U.S., has found that people are more interested The Changing Media Landscape in news than ever before. As for the platform of preference, the Web is moving up quickly while other The extent of change in how information is assembled sectors—print, primarily—are losing, with digital media and disseminated is much discussed but perhaps little being the lone sector seeing audience growth, while appreciated, at least in a quantitative sense. Consider cable news joined the ranks of traditional media the following: Eric Schmidt, former CEO and current suffering audience losses (Project for Excellence in executive chairman of Google, estimated that humans Journalism, 2011) now create as much information in two days as we did from the appearance of Homo sapiens through 2003 As surveys show, Americans are increasingly turning to (Siegler, 2010). Or that Facebook did not exist in the Internet for their news and information. In 2003—yet now reaches more people than all other December 2010, 41% of respondents named the major U.S. media outlets combined (FCC, 2011). As Internet as their source for “most of their news about these observations demonstrate, the digital revolution national and international issues,” up 17% from has completely changed the ways and extent to which December 2009. For any kind of news, 46% of people information is created, distributed, shared and now say they search out news online three times a week displayed. or more, trumping newspapers (40% for the first time), with only local TV news providing a more attractive By most measures, today’s media environment is more platform in America (50%). vigorous than ever.Consumers of news and information can avail themselves of faster and cheaper distribution With one exception, every sector of the news media networks, purveyors of information face fewer barriers Pew studied in 2010 saw revenues grow above the levels to entry, and there are more ways to consume of (an admittedly dismal) 2009. That exception was information than ever (FCC, 2011). The same digital newspapers, where revenues fell once more, in a sign means that have recently helped overthrow that the industry’s organic problems are more severe governments abroad (Tunisia and Egypt, for example) than those of any other media category. According to are providing Americans dynamic and inventive Pew, newspaper advertising revenues dropped by 6.4% opportunities to consume, share, and chronicle the in 2010 compared to 2009, adding to a frightening drop news. But the changes brought by technology have not of 26% in 2009. Over four years, newspaper revenue all been sanguine. Even as technology has offered from advertising is down a calamitous 48%. Adding to people new opportunities, it has turned traditional the woes of the newspaper industry, while circulation news-industry business paradigms upside down, leading revenue in 2010 was expected to be flat or down only to enormous job cuts— 13,400 newspaper newsroom marginally, it fell a painful 10% from 2003 to 2009. positions alone in just the past four years (FCC, 2011). Even as print advertising was in serious doldrums, the Not only that, from 2006 to 2009, daily newspapers cut Web hit a milestone in 2010, as, for the first time, their annual editorial (i.e., news) spending by $1.6 more money was spent on advertising there than in billion a year, or more than a 25% (Project for newspapers. Overall, online advertising grew an Excellence in Journalism, 2011). Industry-wide, staffing impressive 13.9% to $25.8 billion in 2010, according to at daily newspapers has been trimmed by more than data from eMarketer. 25% since 2006, with several big-city newspapers seeing fully 50% of their staff vanish in that period of time. Even though most traditional American newsrooms are According to industry figures, the newsroom workforce considerably smaller than they were 10 years ago, for daily newspapers in 1971 was in the neighborhood investment in other news sectors is growing. Online Vol. 22, Issue 1 2 Ó2020 American Communication Association American Communication Journal Vol. 22, Issue 1 Md Abu Naser “publications” such as AOL’s Patch and Yahoo are sources and, in a separate analysis of 120 blogs, seeing growth, as is Bloomberg Government, a new determined that
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