1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15059. tiona.1 amendment. 'The b:asic principle @! a Adence In the joint judgment of the com­ The 25th Anniverury of Shimahon, Youth federated. .Republic would be destroyed. The missioners •and cHrectora of the 50 States. States would loose a.u oi their meaning. They The :activities Qf the Committee on Un­ Organization of Congregation Ahnath would become mere ministerial performer.a of authorized Insurance of the past couple of local duties. years .or so .could be w.ell·.revl:ewed. Certainly, Achim in Fairfield, Conn. But. it is protested, the TNEC report was the present concept of a "Nonadmitted :In­ made 20 years ,ago. So it was, 'but its dev­ surers' Information Office" has merit, as lt EXTENSION OF REMARKS otees are stlU active. The citation of ·the includes all nonadmitted insurers. There 07 10 points in the 1960 report brlngs us evi­ are other avenues and approaches which dence of this. .And there a;x,e -several current should be explored if it is found that the HON. ABNER W. SIBAL examples of this disturbing trend. One ex­ situation calls for additional measures. . I, ample was the original proposal for the drug for one, have complete confidence in an as­ OF CONNECTICUT reform bi11 of last year. The bill required sociation as imaginative, aggressive, and re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that all manufacturers .of pharmaceutic,als sourceful as yours, to find even more and Wednesday, August 14, 1963 must be licensed by the Federal Government. better alternatives. We must bear in mind Not registered but licensed by it, with the that your industry is a dynamic industry Mr. SIBAL. Mr. Speaker, I am de­ power held by the Federal Government -to To put such an industry into the inflexible lighted today to call the attention of the summarily and instantly terminate their strictures of the Federal Government and House to the 25th anniversary of Shim­ license. its bureaucracy would .be an unpardonable shon, the splendid youth organization of That proposal was flatly rejected, and sin. rlghtly so. In all of these -and similar situations, the Congregation Ahavath Achim in Fair­ Now comes another proposal in S. 1705 central, Immediate theme .should never de­ field, Conn. Members irom the age of along with a deelara tion o! more problem part from the counsel of one of America's 8 to 14 have, during this period, par­ areas to be dealt with in the scope of the insurance authorities when he wrote: ticipated in an inspiring program of McOaITan-Ferguson Act, itself described as . "Administration and supervision of insur­ patriotic and civic activities. This won­ being "by no means sacrosanct." ance at the national level would never ap­ derful group has helped to shape young The proponents of this concept are shrewd proach the equitable .solution of problems lives and direct them along the :finest enough to recognize thai; a .frontal attack is which wm inevitably arise, with variation, obviously foredoomed to failure. Hence, by States, districts, .and areas ... , paths of Jewish tradition, teaching love their ·skillful resort to an approach by seg­ With such thinking, solid contribution of family, love of country, and love of ments so the tall will be severed inch by would be made to the cause of those who God. Shimshon deserves the .highest inch untU, behold-no more dog. firmly and deeply !believe that this country praise and congratulation for its work in No w.ell-established coacept of freedom does not belong to the Gov.ernment. This the formation of strong character and can be destroyed by a.n open, all-inclusive country belongs to the people. Le-t's keep good citizenship. I am proud to offer attack. Ra.ther, it is eroded and eventually it that way. my congratulations and heartiest good lost by a series .of movements, no single one I want to thank you for inviting me here. wishes for its continued success. In par­ of which seems of sufficient size to warrant I hope that you now better understand some resistance or to raise any suspicion. of the thinking that exists in the Sen.ate ticular, I want to salute the newly elected The unwary will be caught by surprise and in the Congress of the United States. president, Jerry Busker, son of Mr~ and and .soon dismayed at the tardiness of their There is ·substantial feeling in · agreement Mrs. Bernard Busker, of 114 Poplar attempts to preserve their liberties. with you; and l! by ·my appearance I have Street. Bridgeport; Mrs. Sylvia Kaplan, But what are the non-Federal alternatives served in some small way to bring new heart of 1585 Melville Avenue, Fairfield, the to S. 1705? Are there any? The members to your cause, -my journey across the con­ of the National Association of .Insuran-ce tinent has been not only a very pleasant one president of the mothers council; and the Commissioners have an accumulated experi­ but one that has been more than worth­ Honorable Samuel Mellitz who, as hon­ ence and store of wisdom which wlll serve while. Thank you very much for your atten­ orary president of the synagogue, has in­ well in this regard. We·ca.n have every con.- tion. stalled the youth officers for 25 years.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Mr. ARENDS. .I yield to the gentle­ A message irom the Senate by Mr. man from Oklahoma. T HURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1963 McGown, one of its c1erks. announced Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, in re­ that the Senate had passed a bill of the sponse to the gentleman's request, the The House met at 12 o'clock noon. following title, in which the .concur­ program for next week is as follows: 'The Chaplaln,Rev. Bernard Braskamp, rence of the House is requested: Monday, Consent Calendar day. D.D., offered the followlng prayer: There are five bills to come up under S. 1321. An act to provide for a National suspension of the rules. iI Thessalonfans 5,: 21: Prove all things: Service Corps to strengthen community hold fast that which "is good. service programs in the Unlted States. .First, H.R. 7405, increase in authorized capital stock of International Bank for Most merciful and gracious God, may The message also announced that Thy servants daily sense Thy presence Reconstruction and Development. the Senate agrees to the report of the Second, H.R. 7406, increased U.S. par­ and power in this Chamber, as they seek committee of conference on the dis­ to discharge the'ir duties and responsibil­ ticipation in the Inter-American Bank. agreeing votes of the two Houses on the Third, H.R. 5250, to provide increased ities with wisdom and understanding, amendments of the Senate to the bUI with :fidelity and fortitude. payments for widows of veterans dying (H.R. 6177) entitled "An act to amend from service-connected disabilities. We humbly beseech Thee that when section 2(a) of article VI of the District moods of doubt and anxiety lay hold of Columbia Revenue Act of 1.947 relat­ Fourth, H.R. 221, to provide educa­ upon us we may be assured that Thou ing to the annual payment to the Dis­ tional assistance to children of veterans will strengthen. and guide us in ·our ef­ trict of Columbia by the United States." permanently and totally disabled from forts and endeavors to safeguard our wartime service-connected disability. heritage of freedom and share it with all Fifth, House Joint Resolution 220 mankind. PROGRAM FOR NEXT WEEK consenting to an extension and renewai Show us how we may be channels· of of the interstate compact to conserve inspiration and instruments of help and Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, I ask oil and gas, hop_e to :aU who are longing and laboring unanimous consent to address the House For Tuesday and the balance of the for the dawning of that brighter and f Qr 1 minute. week: better day when a nobler and more mag­ The SPEAKER. Is there oqjection 'Tuesday is Private Calendar day. nanimous spirit shail rule the mind of to the request of the _gentleman from Then H.R. 17885, the Foreign Assist­ man and all nations sball foHow the ways Illinois? ance Act of 1963, which will come in un­ of reason and righteousness. ' There was no objection. der an open rule .with 5 hours of general ·_Hear us in Christ's name. Ameri. Mr. ARENDS. "Mr. Speaker, I ask for debate. this time in order tio inquire of the .ma­ This announcement is made, of .course, jority leader if he will kindly inform us THE JOURNAL subject to the usual reservations that as to the program for next week. conference reports mat be brought up The Journal of the '})l'oceedings ·of Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the at any time and that any further pro- yesterday was r.ead and approved. gentleman yield? gram may be announced later. · 15060 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 Mr. Speaker, I would like to advise ride in the matter of spending, I wonder considerable, and it has not been limited that we will doubtless have at least two if tlie gentleman would join with me in to commodities and equipment purchased conference reports next week. a modest contribution toward those dec- with dollars. Thousands of American I would like to state also that the sus­ orations? · personnel are providing military instruc­ pensions announced may not necessarily Mr. ALBERT. I might be willing to tion, logistic support, and technical as­ be brought up ih the- order in which do that. sistance to the free Vietnamese. Many they were announced. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to of these men have given their lives in Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, will the the request of the gentleman from Okla­ the discharge of their duties. It is no gentleman yield? homa? wonder, therefore, that the people of the Mr. ARENDS. I yield to the gentle­ There was no objection. United States are deeply concerned about man from Mississippi. developments in Vietnam. Our people Mr. COLMER. I should like to in­ want to know what is happening there, quire of the majority leader concern­ DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR how our help is being used, what progress ing the so-called cotton resolution. I WEDNESDAY BUSINESS NEXT is being made in the struggle with the heard no reference to it. That resolu­ WEEK Communists, and when will our boys be tion was reported out of the Rules Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask able to return home to the United States. Committee some 2 weeks or more ago. unanimous consent that the business in The American press is fully aware of Since I was instructed by the committee order under the Calendar Wednesday this public interest. There is hardly a to handle that rule, the time having now rule may be dispensed with on Wednes­ day that we do not find an article on expired-7 legislative days as well as the day next. Vietnam in our newspapers and our mag­ 3 days for filing-I was wondering if the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to azines. Unfortunately, the impression distinguished majority leader could give the request of the gentleman from Okla­ conveyed by most of those articles serves us some idea when this matter may be homa? only to deepen our concern. We are programed. Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, given to understand that our assistance Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, if the reserving the right to object, I do so in is paorly used, and little appreciated, by gentleman will yield, I am not able to ad­ an inept, dictatorial government of Pres­ vise when this matter will be programed. order to make a small comment. If I may, Mr. Speaker, I want to express the ident Diem which thrives on nepotism, The gentleman will have observed practices religious intolerance, and ig­ from the announcement of the program hope that if we do have a.Christmas party here that the leadership of the House will nores our best advice on the conduct of that the Foreign Assistance Act with 5 not arrange matters so that my good the war with the Communist guerrillas. hours of general debate, under an open friend and colleague from Iowa will be This is the picture conveyed by most rule, will be before the House next week. Santa Claus. Knowing how closely he of the articles in our press. Every :flaw It is a matter of major importance and of the Diem government, every incident will, of course, consume a major portion holds onto the taxpayers' dollars I am afraid we would have a very skimpy involving members of his family, every of the week. criticism or protest-no matter how Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I just Christmas. Therefore, I hope the lead­ ership will select some other person to be :flimsy or unsubstantiated it may be-is want to say to the distinguished majority seemingly seized upon, magnified, and leader that I like to cooperate; and, of Santa Claus. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ used to discredit that government, to course, I feel some responsibility for that shake the American public's confidence resolution. tion of objection. Mr. ALBERT. If the gentleman will The SPEAKER. Is there objection to in the course which we are pursuing with yield further, I should like to respond by the request of the gentleman from respect to Vietnam. saying that I am certainly a ware of the Oklahoma? Almost no one bothers to point out importance of the cotton bill. I am not Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Re­ that, faced with insurmountable ob­ only interested in programing it, I am serving the right to object, you know stacles, with his country torn apart and interested in passing it when it is pro­ when some of us here find that Christ­ overrun by Communists, bandits and gramed. mas is being made partisan, a few of us warring sects, President Diem has not Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I hope hope that Santa Claus just comes down only managed to survive for 9 years but that it may be programed very shortly. as usual, down the center of the aisle and has made considerable progress in bring­ there are no politics. ing order, freedom, justice, and oppor­ Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ tunity for a better life to most of his ADJOURNMENT OVER UNTIL tion. nation. No one also bothers to point out MONDAY, AUGUST 19 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to that without him, the one element of Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask the request of the gentleman from Okla­ stability present in Vietnam could dis­ unanimous consent that when the House homa? appear, plunging Vietnam and all of In­ adjourns today it adjourn to meet on There was no objection. dochina into chaos, completely under­ Monday next. mining the position of the free world in The SPEAKER. Is there objection to that strategic part of the globe. the request of the gentleman from THE WAR IN VIETNAM: TRUTH This truth, these facts, are constantly Oklahoma? VERSUS MISREPRESENTATION ignored. Like a swann of horseflies, the Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, reserving Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, I ask reporters seem more interested in pester­ the right to object, in view of the snail's unanimous consent to extend my remarks ing the Diem government than in help­ pace with which this Congress is pro­ at this point ln the RECORD and include ing to defeat the Communist menace. In ceeding, I wonder if any attention or extraneous matter. so doing, they give poor service to the thought has been given to Christmas The SPEAKER. Is there objection cause of freedom for which our own decorations for the House of Representa­ to the request of the gentlewoman from boys, and the free Vietnamese, are dying tives. New York? each day. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I would There was no objection. Most recently, our newspapers have say to the gentleman that, of course, the Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, for 9 been full of stories about the alleged snail's pace is something that he has years, since the partition of Vietnam at persecution of Buddhists by the Diem manufactured, that I know nothing the conference table in Geneva, the gov- government. The demands of certain about. But if we are here at Christmas­ errunent of that country has been en- Buddhist spokesmen, and the charges time I would be willing to join in desig­ gaged in a deadly struggle with the Com- which they have levelled at the Diem nating the gentleman to be in charge of munist Vietcong guerrillas. For 9 years, · government, received considerable pub­ decorating the House of Representatives. the United States has shown concern for licity. Buddhist demonstrations have The gentleman gives so much attention the survival of freedom and independence been covered in detail. The picture of to everything else I know that he could of Vietnam-and, in a larger sense, for a Buddhist monk who set himself on .fire do that job well, too. the survival of the rest of Indochina and was printed by many newspapers. The Mr. GROSS. Since even at a snail's the total Far East-by providing assist- grievances of certain Buddhist spokes­ pace we are dealing pretty roughly with ance to the government of President men relating to the display of their :flag the taxpayers, giving them a pretty good Diem. The volume of this assistance is 1·eceived prominent mention. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 1506l The articles that I have seen said little ordinance No. 10, and seek the enact­ sons interested in finding out the truth 1f anything about the position of Presi­ . ment by national assembly of separate about what goes on in Vietnam . dent Diem's government in this matter. legislation defining their status. The letter follows: It was repeatedly pointed out, of course, · Fact No. 3 1s that the Diem govern­ OPEN LETTER TO MINISTERS' VIETNAM that Diem is a Catholic, that his brother ment has not been promulgating laws or COMMITTEE is a Roman Catholic archbishop, and decrees which deny the Buddhists the MAJESTIC HOTEL, that there are other Catholics in Diem's right to exercise their religious convic­ SAIGON, VIETNAM, government and among the high com­ tions. Neither has that government July 15, 1963. mand of the Vietnamese Army. The engaged in the persecution of Buddhists Rev. Dr. DONALD s. HARRINGTON, reader was left, therefore, with the dis­ for being Buddhists. Ambassador Nolt­ Secretary, Ministers' Vietnam Committee, New York, N.Y. tinct impression that the vast majority ing's blunt statement on this subject cer­ DEAR DR. HARRINGTON: I was shocked and of the people of Vietnam belong to the tainly deserves our consideration. The dismayed by your full-page advertisement Buddhist religion; that this majority has composition of Diem's government fur­ headed, "We, Too, Protest," in the New York serious grievances against the Diem gov­ nishes another assurance that religious Times international edition of June 28, 1963. ernment; and that the Diem govern­ discrimination would not be tolerated I have ·been in Vietnam for 4 months, work~ ment, being Catholic dominated, is by that government. ing as a technical writer on a private research showing callous disregard for the rights Finally, there are several other facts institute contract with a U.S. Army unit whose function is to observe, interpret, and of the majority of the Vietnamese by which seldom receive press coverage report on military operations in Vietnam. preventing them from exercising their here, but which have a bearing on this Since the military and political aspects of religious convictions. issue. For instance: the counterinsurgency war being fought here I know something about Vietnam and One, out of 4,766 pagodas now existing cannot be separated, I find that I deal with about its President. And I can state here in Vietnam, 1,275 were constructed, and as much information of a political nature as that the articles I just mentioned convey an additional 1,295 restored, during the I do that of a military nature. an entirely erroneous picture of the sit­ last 8 years under the Diem administra­ The sources of the information I receive uation in Vietnam. By presenting only are in Saigon, in the strategic hamlets, and tion; in the countryside where the war is being part of the facts, but making the pres­ Two, in spite of governmental policy fought. They are military and civilian; entation seem like it covers the whole, which prohibits subsidies to religious Vietnamese and American; Catholic, Prot­ our journalists contribute to a distortion groups, the government contributed ·over estant, and Buddhist. I have been with the of the truth. 9 million piasters to these projects, in­ operating forces in the field, have visited the We have been told, for instance, that cluding 5 million piasters for pagodas residents of the strategic hamlets, and have the Diem government will not permit interviewed many informed people in Saigon. in the Hue area; For the most part, these sources are reliable. Buddhists to display their flag, that it Three, less than one-fourth of the They are, at least, on the scene. discriminates against them by according ministers in Diem's government are I can honestly, and with the authority special status in ordinance No. 10, to Catholics; based on factual evidence, state that all four Catholic missions, that it interferes with Four, only one-sixth of the generals in enumerated points in your protest are gross their religious exercises and persecutes the Vietnamese Army are Catholics. misrepresentations, tantamount to unjust the followers of Buddha. and inflammatory propaganda that can bene­ What are the facts? It galls me to see these facts omitted fit only the cause of communism. from press reports on the Buddhist prob­ Your first protest: "Our country's military Fact No. 1 is that in Vietnam-like in lem in Vietnam. Such omissions repre­ aid to those who denied him (the Buddhist many other countries of the world, in­ sent very poor reporting at best, or at monk who set himself on fire) religious free­ cluding the United States-the emblems worst, a deliberate attempt to discredit dom" indicates a simple unawareness of the of . religious organizations must yield a and undercut the Diem government. facts of the case. The self-immolation of legitimate precedence to the national Everything that I have said about the the Venerable Thich Quang Due did indeed flag in public places. As early as 1957, take place, and photographs of the burning two Government orders were promul­ lack of persecution of the Buddhists by monk had an electrifying effect on world gated on this subject in Vietnam. Fur­ the Diem government has been fully opinion. But the motives behind the act supported by Ambassador Nolting and are obscure. The tragedy was heightened by thermore, Government regulations per­ other observers. Ambassador Nolting, in the fact that the sacrifice was needless. taining to flag displays were first invoked There ls not now, nor has there ever been, not against the Buddhists but against a recent statement said: I myself-I say this after almost 2½ any denial of religious freedom to Buddhists Catholics. At the dedication of a new years--have never seen any evidence of reli­ in Vietnam. Catholic church in Hue early this year, gious persecution. The first demand by the General Associa­ some papal flags were flown in contra­ tion of Buddhists (the organization that vention of governmental regulations. This is not the only time that Ambas­ staged the recent Saigon demonstrations) sador Nolting made this statement. He was that the Buddhists be permitted to fly They were ordered removed and replaced their own flag. In the first place, there is' with national flags. The Catholics, ac­ was questioned recently at length on this no recognized flag of Buddhism, as such; the cording to all reports, complied. The subject during his appearance before the flag in question is that of the General Asso­ same cannot be said for the Buddhists Committee on Foreign Affairs. He firm­ ciation of Buddhists, an organization that who, instead charged the Government ly stated that, to the best of his knowl­ by no means represents Buddhism in general, with discrimination and persecution. edge, the Diem government had not or Vietnamese Buddhism in particular. Fact No. 2 is that ordinance No. 10, engaged in any persecution of the Bud­ Since 1957 there has been a Government or­ dhists or of any other religious group. der with respect to the precedence of the defining the legal status of private asso­ national flag over all other flags (similar to ciations, religious and other, with re­ An even more.flagrant example of dis­ the traditional, formal treatment of the spect to the acquisition, holding, use, tortion was contained in a full-page ad­ American flag). This order was first invoked and disposal of real property, was pro­ vertisement which appeared recently in against Catholics in Vietnam. At the dedi­ mulgated under Bao Dai on August 6, some of our newspapers. Some of the cation of a new Catholic church in Hue 1950. A reserve clause in that ordi­ language used in that advertisement was early this year, papal flags were fl.own. They nance announced that special status reminiscent of the type one would expect were ordered to be hauled down and replaced by national flags. The Catholics acquiesced. would be prescribed later for Catholic to find in a piece of Communist propa­ Another of the General Association of and Protestant missions, as well as for ganda-not in an advertisement signed Buddhists' demands was "freedom of wor­ Chinese congregations and other bodies by respectable, thoughtful members of a ship." There has, in fact, been no suppres­ having an international character. This free society. The type of reaction this sion of Buddhist services or observances, reserve clause was never implemented misguided advertisement ev.oked from private or public. It is also interesting to and in the 13 years which have elapsed people conversant with the facts in Viet­ note that one-fourth of all the existing since ordinance 10 was promulgated, it nam is exemplified by the open letter Buddhist pagodas in Vietnam have been had not aroused any controversy until built since the Diem government ca:me to written to the Ministers' Vietnam Com­ power; another fourth have been rehabili­ it was seized upon by some Buddhist mittee by Mr. Harold P. Erickson, who tated during this time; and the Diem gov­ leaders this summer. In an effort to is currently living and working in Viet­ ernment has granted 9 million piastres· preserve peace, the Diem government nam. I would like to place this letter ($125,000 U.S.) tor these project.a. The recently agreed to remove all religious in the RECORD at this point, and express President himsel! donated 600,000 piastres organizations from the Jurisdiction of my hope that it will be read by all per- ($8,SOO U.S.) toward construction of the Xa. 15062 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15

Loi Pagoda in Saigon ( the very pagoda. to tion in Vietnam to the Diem government. (H.R. '1500). ~11 act to authorize appro­ which the charred body of the Venerable But my experience and observations have Thich Quang Due was taken) .- This ts in­ been that this opposition 1s by no means priations to the National Aeronautics deed a strange way to "deny religious free­ :universal here, where it matters most. And and Space Administration for research dom." what of the attitude of our own Government? and development, construction of facili­ Religious freedom also presumably implies If opposition to the Government of Vietnam ties, and administrative operations; and the absence of discrimination in political were truly universal, it. seems 1llogical that for other purposes. with a Senate amend­ and military appointments. A footnote to the representative Government of the United ment thereto. disagree to the Senate your advertisment, taken from a New York States would "bolster" it. And certainly your amendment, and agree to the conference Times editorial of June 17, 1963, states that committee would be the first to admit that asked by the Senate. most high government officials and military the Diem government is at least tolerated officers are Catholics. Another error in fact. by the Catholic Church, the most numerous The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The majority of high government officials, o! Christian denominations. the request of the gentleman from including the Vice President and Secretary Then we should examine the words "un­ California? of State, a.re Buddhists, not Catholics; of the just." "undemocratic," and "unstable." Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. 19 generals in the Vietnamese Army, only 3 Most certainly we could find examples of Speaker, reserving the right to object, are Catholic. gross injustice in the Diem government-or the question is on sending to conference Your second protest: "The immoral spray­ any other government; or any other human the space authorization bill for 1964. ing of parts of South Vietnam with crop­ institution, for that matter. We can also A question has come up a.s to whether destroying chemicals and the herding of ~d examples of Justice and wisdom and a many of its people into concentration camps dozen other virtues. It is useless to debate some Members of the House would like called 'strategic hamlets' •• shows a callous the point here. a further opportunity to emphasize and disregard for the true significance of these As for "undemocratic," the Government of state the position of the House. projects. The crop-de-straying chemicals are Vietnam is quite definitely not a democratic Under those circumstances, I see noth­ used for two purposes: ( 1) selective de­ form of government as we know it, but it ing really wrong in referring the mat­ struction of crops in areas known to be oc­ does not pretend to be. It is known as ter to the Committee on Rules first, with cupied only by Vietcong guerrillas, and (2) "persona.Usm"-a term little known or un­ a resolution by the chairman of the com­ of greater importance, as a means of clearing derstood by Americans. A personalistic 1 dense vegetation from either side of" arterial government is to the right of center po­ mittee which would permit hour of roads in Vietnam in order to cut down the litically and to the left of center economi­ debate on the floor of the House which opportunities for Vietcong guerrillas to hide cally. It might well be the most effective time could be used by Members of the and ambush highway traffic. and most desirable form of government for House who would like to go into this I'm sure you a.re a ware of the high inci­ this new nation at this particular stage of legislative authorization further for the dence and brutality of these ambushes. In­ tts development. In any event, personalism Space Administration request for ap­ nocent civilians (including Protestant mis­ is compatible with the basic tenets o! de­ propriations for fiscal year 1964. sionaries, Catholic priests and nuns, and mocracy, of Christianity, of Buddhism, and Does the gentleman from California, schoolchildren) as well as military personnel o! Judaism. It 1s not compatible, however, in convoys have been killed on the roads with atheistic communism. chairman of the Committee on Science leading to and from Saigon. Thanks to the "Unstable?" The Diem government has and Astronautics, see any real funda­ crop destroying chemicals, these same roads be-en In power for 9 years-since Vietnam was mental objection to that course of now are relatively safe. It is indeed unfortu­ divided by the Geneva Accord in 1954. There action? nate that such a measure must be taken. but is no sign, in Vietnam at least, that the Gov­ Mr. MILLER of California. If the without any doubt it has saved hundreds of ernment is on the verge of collapse. Describ­ gentleman, as stated, merely wants this lives, and at the expense of a band of vegeta­ ing a government as unstable, when it has time in order to make a reco:rd, I think '!;ion 100 yards or so deep on either side of been in power the equivalent of more than some roads. (Our own freeway projects do two of our own presidential 'j;erms, seems there are-other ways in which this could infinitely more damage to the landscape. irrationa?. It might be of interest to point be put into the RECORD, through exten­ crops, and roadside businesses.) out here that early this year (February) the sions of remarks or other avenues. As for the-strategic hamlets, your statement Diem government. proclaimed a national I can only say to the gentleman that that they are concentration camps is absurd. policy of "open arms" ( chleu hoi) to induce the fiscal year has passed and that the The strategic hamlet program is a truly in­ defections from the ranks of the Vietcong. gentleman knows that this committee spiring patriotic effort on the part of· au who In less than 6 months more than 7,300 peo­ very thoroughly went into all of these are involved in their construction, and they ple have returned from the Communist fold. things and also that any further de­ may well be the deciding factor in this very Defections in the opposite direction during real war against communism. For the first the same period have been negligible. Quite lays affect the space program. time, the people of rural Vietnam have some an accomplishment for a tottering govern­ If the gentleman wants to take that security against the Vietcong terrorists who; ment. responsibility, I cannot help the gen­ before the stra.tegic ham.lets came into being~ Your fourth protest: "The fiction that this tleman further. roamed the countryside at will, living off the is 'fighting for freedom'," ls morally repre­ Mr. of hensible. If the fight against communism­ FULTON Pennsylvania. My. defenseless farme1·s. The hamlets deny the 1n t.o Vietcong access to one of its primary sources and, therefore, for freedom-is going on any­ comment answer that would be that of food supply. place 1n the world today, that place 1s Viet- I believe we .could get a resolution_ Apparently it must be pointed out that the nam, through the Committee on Rules at a strategic hamlets. are built and fortified by Mr. Roger Hllsman, Assistant Secretary of hearing sometime next week and it the people who live in them; no one is forced State for Far Eastern Affairs, has said: "Viet­ could be scheduled with the legislative to move into these villages; and the inhabit­ nam ls the testing ground for Communist session of the coming week. So, I, there­ ants a.re free to come and go as they please. guerrilla strategy. • • • Vietnam's twilight fore, object. . war may rank as one of the decisive battles Typically, ihe farmers who live in the ham­ Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the lets tend their fields or rice paddies outside of world history. • • • An effective counter the hamlets in the daytime, and retire at against these guerrilla tactics could be quite gentleman yield before he objects? night to the hamlets, with their harvested decisive to Western strategy in southeast .Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. crops, for security. Asia. and eventually in Africa and Latin Speaker, I withhold my objection. 1 Other benefits accrue~ Because of the com­ America." Mr. ALBERT. Does the gentleman munity life to which some of these agrarian It is apparent to those of us living in Viet­ also realize that a major appropriation people have, for the first time, be.en exposed, nam that the American troops who- a.re risk­ ing their lives In support of this counter­ bill is. involved in this matter and that a real grassroots democracy 1s being formed. ~ppropriation bills certainly rank very The residents of the hamlets are electing their insurgency war realize, quite literally, that own officials and making their own laws. they ~ "fighting for freedom." high on tQe list of items that. are es­ Public we-Iiare projects are being given a. Sincerely yours, sential to the expeditious disposition of practical focus formerly impossible for the (Signed) HAROLD F. ERICKSON. the business of the House? scattered rural population. With American Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. I be­ material aid and technical assistance, wells l_ieve, sir, Qased ~n the schedule which are being dug, bridges built, and dispensaries NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND and schools constructed. These are concen­ has been announced for next week, we SPACE ADMINISTRATION ·APPRO­ will be able during the coming week to tration camps? PRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1964 Your third protest= "The loss of American dispose o_f this matter during the first lives and billions of dollars to bolster a re­ Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. part of the week. .· gime universally regarded as unjust, un-· Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to . Mr. Speaker. we have already had democratic, and unstable" is fatuous. What, take from the Speaker's table the bill some meetings among Members and var­ precisely, does the term "universally re­ ious others have various views that they garded." mean? ObViously, there is opposi- 1 Washington, June 28 (UPI). want to express and emphasize. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ·15063 Under the circumstances, Mr. Speaker, ST. STEPHEN'S DAY who, at this very hour, are planning or, I believe I am constrained to object, and Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, perhaps it would be better to say, plot­ I do. . I ask unanimous consent to address the ting disaster for this demonstration. The SPEAKER. Objection is heard. I really believe this . demonstration is House for 1 minute and to revise and fraught with danger. Although I recog­ extend my remarks. nize the right of peaceful assembly, when PERMISSION TO FILE CONFERENCE The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there that peaceful assembly threatens the REPORT ON EXPORT-IMPORT objection to the request of the gentleman peace and quiet of a neighborhood or a from Illinois? BANK city or when it causes emotions to be There was no objection. aroused and when lawlessness can use Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, unanimous consent that the conferees in the annals of history a king who com­ such an assembly for its own cause then have until midnight tonight to file a bined the qualities of statesman and reasonable restraint must be the order report and statement on the Export­ saint is a rarity. such a king was St. of the day. Import Bank legislation. Stephen I, the founder and architect of I believe in the cause of civil rights. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the Christian kingdom of Hungary. It is my present intention to vote for the the request of the gentleman from Stephen was the first true Christian in civil rights legislation. I feel that this Texas? the dynasty which ruled the Hungarian demonstration is hurting the very cause There was no objection. tribal confederacy, and when he suc­ it seeks to promote. ceeded his father he set about to build an independent Christian state. He EXEMPTION FROM THE BONDING WHY A TEST BAN TREATY WITH overcome the opposition of the pagan THE GANGSTER KHRUSHCHEV? REQUIREMENTS OF SUBSECTION tribal leaders, and in A.D. 1000 the Pope 13(a) OF THE WELFARE AND PEN­ Mr. DORN. - Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ ,conferred upon him the title of king, imous consent to address .the House for st. Stephen's long reign was devoted SION PLANS DISCLOSURE ACT 1 minute and to revise and extend my to the political and religious consolida­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I ask remarks. tion of his kingdom. He transformed the unanimous consent to extend my remarks The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there tribal land holdings into a semifeudal at this point in the RECORD and include objection to the request of the gentleman system in which the nobles administered a letter from the Secretary of Labor and from South Carolina? their "counties" but were not powerful material from the Federal Register. · There was no objection. enough to challenge the authority of the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, the Com­ king. He gradually established episcopal objection to the request of the gentleman munists, a generation ago, are reported sees and built churches and monasteries. from California? as having said, "The road to Paris is the Despite his elevated rank Stephen was There was no objection. road through Peiping." The only full always close to the people of his realm, Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I am scale war the United States has fought and listened to their complaints, espe­ in receipt of a letter from the Secretary with Red communism was with Red cially those of the poor. It is said that of Labor, the Honorable W. Willard China in Korea. The Communists won ·he was distributing alms in disguise one Wirtz, announcing the granting of an the war in Korea, consolidated their day when a troop of beggars crowded exemption from th~ oonding require­ shaky position in China, and secured the around him, knocked him dowp, pulled ments of subsection 13(a) of the Welfare -Peiping leg of the road to Paris. at his hair and beard, and took away his and Pension Plans Disclosure Act where­ - Now it will further.the cause of world purse, seizing for themselves what he in­ by arrangements with the underwriters communism to develop a nuclear arsenal tended for the relief of many others. at Lloyd's, London, will satisfy the bond­ in Red China. A Khrushchev test ban Stephen took this indignity humbly and ing requirements of the act. treaty with the United States will greatly with good humor, happy to suffer in the This exemption, a copy of which I am help Red China in its bid to become a service of his Savior. Despite the con­ placing in the RECORD for the acquaint­ nuclear power. This test ban treaty will cern of his nobles, he renewed his resolu­ ance of my colleagues, received the most definitely aid the cause of world com­ tion never to refuse alms to any poor careful consideration of the Department munism or else Khrushchev would never person who asked him. of Labor. The issue had been under have signed it. A Russian-United States Stephen was canonized 45 years after advisement since February 9 of this year test ban treaty will handicap American his death, and he has become patron when notice was first published in the nuclear scientists while enabling Red saint of the Magyars. On the occasion of Federal Register that a petition for ex­ China to step up her program and on his feast day I join with all Hungarian­ emption was under consideration. All the side use Communist scientists from Americans in commemorating this great interested persons were invited to com­ Russia. Many American scientists will Christian monarch and saint. ment upon the petition. simply be idle while Russian and Chinese In addition to the letter from the scientists work overtime. Then, when CIVIL RIGHTS DEMONSTRATION Secretary I would also like to include a Red China launches her attack, as she copy of the document published in the has sworn to do against Singapore, Hong Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, I ask Federal Register on August 14 of this Kong, Formosa, and India, Russia will unanimous consent to address the House year granting such exemption. simply remain neutral or attack Western for 1 minute and to revise and extend Europe. If Russia remains neutral, the my remarks. I have had a particular interest in this United States will be hopelessly involved The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there matter, believing that the Congress in­ with China. On the other hand, if Rus­ objection to the request of the gentleman tended the powers of section 13(e) be sia should move into Western Europe, the from Indiana? used for this purpose, and have intro­ United States will be caught in a two­ There was no objection. duced a bill which would accomplish front nuclear war which would be suicide. Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, I suppose this same result. The only hope for the United States it a little unusual for a northern Demo­ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, to retain its position of leadership is crat to speak out against something Washington, August 13, 1963. through its science and technology, We which is designed to aid the cause of Hon, JAMES ROOSEVELT, are outnumbered; therefore, we must civil rights. However, I must say I am House of Representatives, rely upon nuclear superiority and con­ opposed to the demonstration that is Washington, D.C. quest of space. planned for August 28. . DEAR CONGRESSMAN ROOSEVELT: Last April Though vastly outnumbered, England Mr. Speaker, I am opposed to the dem­ you wrote to me concerning the position of survived for centuries through science onstration planned for August 28. I have the National Association of Insurance Agent.s, Inc., and giving me your opinion that the and technology. The United States is no argument with the intentions and Congress intended that the Secretary's pow­ vastly outnumbered and, therefore, must sincerity of most of those who are pro­ ers under section 13 ( e) of the Welfare and rely upon our scientific advantages for moting this demonstration; however, Pension Plans Disclosure Act should be exer­ survival. A test ban treaty with Russia their best intentions cannot control an cised to permit the use of underwriters at is ·the road to slavery, liquidation, and emotion-filled atmosphere. These same Lloyd's, London, as a surety on bonds re­ national disaster. intentions cannot control the extremists quired by that statute. 15064 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 After the most careful consideration of the - (2) Underwriters at Lloyd's, London, shall Rustin ~poke on world peace before the problem and all the comments filed with file with the Office of Welfare and Pension American Society of Umveritty -Women at respect to this pet-itfon we ha.ve granted an ·Plans two copies of' each annual statement the Pasadena Athletic Club." exemption which permits the use of under­ required to be made to the commissioner . _ During; the ·same 1.1:!cture tour', Rustin was writers at Lloyd's. Enclosed 1s a, copy ol a of Insurance ·of those States in which under­ booked in Los Angeles on a charge of sex docwnent scheduled for publication in the writers at Lloyd's, London, are licensed. perversion and again, on a charge of vagrancy Federal Register on August 14, 1963, which Copies of annual statements shall be filed and lewdness. grants such exen1ptio11. with the Office of Welfare and Pension Plans Apparently, Rustin believ:es life begins at Yours sincerely, within the same period required by the re­ 40. When, at the request of the Nashville w. WILLARD WIRTZ, spective States. Banner, Rustin was recently qutzzed in Secretary of Labor. (3) All bonding arrangements entered into Washington about the· Pasadena sex convic­ (Enclosure.) by underwriters at Lloyd's, London, under tion, the Negro leader explained: "I was a section 13 of the act shall contain a "servtce very young man at the time and I do not TITLE 29-LABOR of suit clause" in substantial conformity care to elaborate on it." that for CHAPTER X:t-Oll'FICJ: 01' WELFARE AND PENSION With lfet forth in the petition More menacing, 1! no1; as repulsive, are PLANS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR exemption. Rustin's leftist leaning!f. He is a professional Signed at Washington, D.C. pacifist, and ban-the-bontber'. Files of the Part 1307-Exemptio'Tt from bonding Th.ls 9th day of August 1963. requirements Daily Worker1 the Communist orgitb, list FRANK M. KLEILER, a "Bayard Rustin" as having attended the Bonds Placed With Underwriters at Lloyd's, Director, 1957 convention of the Communist Party, London Offi.ce of Welfare a11.d Pension Plans. U.S.A., and he was further identified as a On February 9, 196:3, the Office of Welfare member of the "American Forum for Social­ and Pension Plans Of the Department of ist Education," cited b1 the Senate Internal Labor published notice in the Federal Regis­ WE SHALL OVERTIIROW Security Subcommittee on December 19, 1957, ter (28 F.R. 1322) that it had under consid­ Mr. HUDDLESTON. Mr. Speaker, I as a Communist front. eration a petition !or exemption from the re­ Rustin was also one of five Americans who quirements of subsection 13(a) of th~ Wel­ ask unanimous consent to address the went to Russia in 1958 under the sponsor­ fare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act (76 House for 1 minute, to revise and extend ship of a pacifist group known all the Non­ Stat. 39) (hereinafter·referred to as the act) my r~marks, and to include extraneous violent Action Committee Againsi Nuclear which would permit the placing of bonds matter. Weapons. for administrators, officers, and employees of The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Such is the record of the man who will welfare or pension benefit plans covered by objection to the request of the gentleman lead and shape the march in Washington, the act with underwtiters at Lloyd's, London. from Alabama? D.C., this month-the> marcli of which Presi­ All interested persons were invited t<, com­ There was no objection. dent Kennedy said on July 11; ment upon the petition fdr' exerhption. Up-­ "I think that is in the great tradition. I on consideration of the comments received Mr. HUDDLESTON. Mr. Speaker, in shall look forward to being there." from such persons and for the reasons stated the August 13', 1963, issue of the Mont­ in the petition, I find that bonds placed gomery (Ala.) Advertiser there· appears ·w1th underwriters at Lloyd's, London, which an editorial entitled "We Shall Over­ TAX REFORM: A NEW DIMENSION otherwise satisfy the tequiretnents of section throw," which deats with the leadership IN FOREIGN' AID 13 of the act and regulations thereunder being pr(lvided for the so-called march­ Mr. CAMERON. Mr. Speaker, I ask (29 CFR 1306), would provide adequat~ pro­ ers who will descend on Washington on tection for the participants and beneficiaries unanimous consent to address the House of welfare and pension plans covered by the August 28. for l minute, to revise and extend my re­ act. This editorial follows: marks, and to include extraneous matter. Therefore, pursuant to the authority of WE SHALL OVERTHROW The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there section 13(e) of the Wel!are and Pension Bayard Rustin, deputy director of the objection to the request of the gentleman Plans Disclosure Act (76 Stat. 39), Secre­ civil rights demonstrations to be held in from California.? tary's Order No. 15-62 (27 F.R. 4.977) and Washington August 28, has been glorified by There was no objection. 29 CFR 1307.1 to 1307.11, the requested ex­ associates as "Mr. March on Washington." emption is granted, effective on publication The 63-year-old Negro, a former secretary Mr. CAMERON. Mr. Speaker, it gets in the Federal_Register, title 29 CFR, chap­ to Dr. Martin Luther King, has been arrested, pretty cold in the high mountain ranges ter XI, part 1307, is hereby amended by add­ by his own admission, more than 20 times of Chile and Peru, and the United States, ing a new subpart C to read as follows= and his police record is as loathsome as it with its wealth of material resources, SUBPART C-BONDS PLACED WITH UNDERWRITERS .is long. Furthermore, despite Attorney Gen­ might be able to reduce hardships con­ AT LLOYD-'S, LONDON ,eral Kennedy's assurance that his office has siderably by sending shipments of fuel Sec. found no inkling of Communist influence in 'to the people of the Andes, The great 1307.31 EXEMPTION. the leadership of the planned demonstra­ problem is, though, that, what with the 1307 .32 CONDITIONS OF EXEMPTION. tions, Rustin has displayed a remarkable affinity for Communist causes. extremities of the weather, the require­ Authority: Sections 1307.31 and 1307.32 During World War II, while millions of ments for adequate heating, and the bar­ issued under section 13(e), 76 Stat. 39; 29 Americans of both races fought the enemy, renness of the terrain, a cord of :firewood U.S.C. 308 D~ Secretary's Order No. 15-62, Rustin occupied a safe, dry cell at the Fed­ would probably get burned up pretty 27 F.R. 4977; 29 CFR 1307.1-1307.11. eral prison at Lewisburg, Pa.-a convicted quickly in the Andes. In fact, we could § 1307.31 EXEMPTION. draft dodger. keep sending shipments of fuel indefi­ An exemption from the bonding require­ On January 21, 1953, he pleaded guilty in nitely~ and a week after the last shipment ments of subsection 13(a) of the Welfare and Pasadena, Calif., to a charge of sex perversion and was sentenced to 60 days. The story the people would be just as cold as they Pension Plans Disclosure Act is granted by were before the first. this section whereby arrangements (which of his arrest and conviction was carried in otherwise comply with the requirements of the Los Angeles Times on January 23; The dilemma, of foreign aid has always section 13 of the act and the regulations "Pasadena. Municipal Judge Burton Noble been this: How can the United States live issued thereunder), with the underwriters yesterday sentenced Bayard Rustin, 40-year­ up to its tradition of humanitarian ideals at Lloyd's, London, will satisfy the bonding old Negro lecturer, to 60 days in the county and its world leadership in the cause of requirements of the act. jail on a morals charge. freedom-freedom from hunger, disease, "Rustin's attorney, Charles Halloper, as § 1307 .32 CoNDITIONS OF ExEMPTION. failed in an appeal to free his client on the and ignorance as well from political (a) This exemption obtains only with re­ promise that he would leave this State and oppression-without casting itself as the spect to the requirements of section 13(a) return to his home in New York. mere administrator of a. vast welfare of the act that all bonds required there­ "Rustin pleaded guilty to the charge. He program, pouring endlessly from the under shall have as surety thereon, a cor­ had been arrested by Pasadena police early American cornucopia into the bottom~ porate surety company, which is an accept­ Thursday in company with two men in an less gulf of world needs? able surety on Federal bonds under authority automobile parked near the Green Hotel. The question, although not an easy granted by the Secretary of the Treasury, "The other men, Marvin W. Long, 23, of one to answer, is by no means too tough pursuant to the act of July 30, 194'1 (6 Monterey Park, and Louie Buono, 23, of Rose­ u.s.c. &-13) •. :rnead, were given similar. sentences. a. nut for American resourcefulness to (b) This exemption is granted on the fol­ "A delegation of three members of the crack. It has taken some years of ex­ lowing conditions~ American Friends Society appeared in court, perimentation, some :ffounderlng, and (1) Underwriters at Lloyd's, Lond9n, shall but did not testify in Rustin's behalf. some mistakes-after all. the principle continue to be licensed in a State of the "Rustin had been scheduled to address the of foreign aid as initiated by this country "United states to enter into bonding arrange­ latter group at the Pasadena Methodis.t after· World War II is entirely without ments of the type required by the act. Cllurch yesterday. Shortly before his arrest, precedent in the history of nations. 1963 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15065 But we have succeeded in molding a · The Charter of Punta del Este specifi­ _enue agents have been employed and a definition which is - the only possible cally requires self-help in the field of genuine esprit de corps is growing daily solution to the aid dilemma: -a definition taxation by "more effective, rational, and "throughout Chile's- tax administration in which the concept of foregn aid is in­ equitable mobilization and use of finan­ system. extricably interwoven with the concept cial resources through the reform of tax This is not an isolated success- story, of self-help. . structures, including fair and adequate by any means. The Government of Ar­ What if, instead of i-eporting how taxation of large incomes and real estate, gentina has added 215,000 new income much American flrew·ood had been and the strict application of measures taxpayers to its rolls during this last year, burned up by the Chileans this year, our to improve :fl.seal administration/' and introduced further revenue meas­ foreign aid administrators came back This new emphasis on tax reform is ures and rate increases estimated to with a report that Chile had increased now being intplemented by a. program of yield about $100 million. In Bolivia, in­ its income $80 million from purely in­ U.S. technical assistance, directed pri­ ternal revenue collection was up 15 per­ ternal sources in the last 2 years, a.s a ma1ily at La.tin America, inaugurated by cent in 1962 over .1961, and customs rev­ result of American advice? AID in cooperation with the Treasury enues were up 35 percent in the same That picture is not the fabrication of Department. period. In Brazil, recent tax reforms a starry-eyed zealot of foreign aid. It AID Administrator :Bell, and Secretary and improved collection methods are ex­ is in fact what has happened in Chile of the Treasury Dillon, recent!~ an­ pected to result in a $300 million increase since U.S. Internal Revenue men, in con­ nounced an interagency agreement in government revenues in 1963. There nection With the Alliance for Progress, which plaees the technical resources of has been an 18-percent increase in the arrived in Santiago 2, years ago to spur the Internal Revenue Service at the dts­ number Of tax declarations in Colombia programs of tax refornt. Posal of the roreign aid program. IRS during 1961 and 1962. ln Mexico, an im­ One of the most widely known cliches personnel and, wherever necessary, tax portant series of tax reforms- \Vent Into about Latin America is. that it is a con­ consultants from State and local gov­ effect last year which raised an addi­ tinent, of economic extremes. It, is a ernments, universities, a:rtd private busi­ tional $50 million in 1962. Income tax continent where for cent'tiries the very nesses will be made available both in rates have been made more progressive rich have lived alongside of the destitute. this country and overseas for three broitd and new taxes have been imposed on And, because the ruling power is almost categories of assistance: rental income from real estate, on capi­ invariably in the hands of the moneyed First, on-the-sPot help and advice tal gains, and on interest income from aristocracy, Latin America ha.s long been will be provided to countries desiring to bonds. a land where the rich get richer and the modernize, strengthen, and otherwise Encouraging progress is now being paor get poorer. improve their tax administration; made toward stimulating and assisting Tax reform is one of the most difficult Second, IRS will plan and conduct tax reforms in the developing countries. but important questions facing these training programs for foreign tax offi­ Basic cLanges will come slowly, and will less-developed countries. It is a diffi­ cials and other government personnel come onlY' 1f countries are determined to cult question because taxes represent both here and abroad; and, help themselves. But at least there are decisions about the distribution of wealth Third, IRS will serve as a general re­ some signs of improvement and it 1s among various income groups in the source office for special studies, technical gratifying to know that our own foreign population. In a country run by a rul­ assistance, and progress appraisals in aid officials ar~ now taking steps to make ing class, where political decisions are the tax administration field. available U.S.-knowledge and experience made by and for the benefit of an oli­ This agreement continues and gl'eatly to those countries which want to move garchy~ there is very little interest ifi expands tax assistance programs Which ahead. changing the existing system of taxa­ have been carried out on an informal rt has become clear from this short tion. Tax reforms, in the sense of de­ basis. Since late 1961, for example, more but enormously profitable venture into cisions to change the amount of taxes than 200 foreign tax officials have visited the field that tax reform represents a levied on various income groups, occur the United States for study and observa­ whole new dimension in foreign aid. And only when competing political groups tion of Federal, State, and municipal the new dimension may become the are able to bring enough pressure to taxation systems. greatest dimension, the link that brings bear on the oligarchy, This is happen­ Latin America is one of the areas of together the two most important teams ing in many less-developed countries, bu·t greatest need for tax reform, and also in the developing world: on the giving the situation probably will not improve the region where the most progress has end, the team of American altruism very rapidly~ One only has to examine been made. Major tax reform programs and economic astuteness; on the receiv­ the long and bitter history of major tax are underway in 11 countries: Argen­ ing end, the team of foreign aid benefits changes in the United States to realize tina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and self-help. that even under the best of circum­ Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Sal­ stances this kind of tax reform will be vador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. PROGRESS IN EDUCATION a slow process. Seven other countries have improved More limited tax reforms can some·­ their tax systems and administration or Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I times be achieved, however, in countries have :fiscal reform legislation pending. ask unanimous consent to address the run by ruling elites. These reforms, such Accomplishments in Chile are an ex­ House for I minute and to revise and as more modern methods of tax admin­ cellent illustration of how much can be extend my remarks'. istration, can play a vital part in the achieved through U.S. technical aid. For The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there development of the country, Not only the last 2 years, nine U.S. Internal Reve­ objection to the request of the gentleman can they enable a government to collect nue men have been working out of San­ from Oklahoma? additional revenue for essential develop­ tiago, Since they arrived, tax collections There was no objection. ment projects, but they can also help in Chile have increased between $30 and Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, strengthen public support for the coun­ $50 million a year. Tax collections are since there has been some comment here try's political institutions. Lack of pub­ expected to jump twice that next year. today about the snail's pace at which this lic confidence in' institutions of govern­ Before our men arrived, hardly anyone Congress 1s said to be proceeding, I think ment is a fundamental problem in devel­ had ever been tried in Chile-or all Latin it is in order to take note of the fact oping nations. America for that matter-for tax fraud. today that this House of Representatives One of the most promising changes in In whole regions of Chile, not a single has already passed in this session more our foreign aid program since the estab­ person ever had filed an income tax re­ important and far-reaching legislation in lishment of the Agency for International turn. Now, with American assistance the field of education than any House in Development is the emphasis now being the Chileans have closed loopholes, mod­ the past decade. We have seen action al­ placed on tax reform. This is reflected ernized procedures, and cracked down ready ranging across the field from voca­ in the Act of Bogota and the Charter on chiselers. They have taken 2 per­ tional education to medical education of Punta del Este, the founding agree­ sons to court, have 2 others await­ and medical training to the bill which ments of the Alliance for Progress, which ing trial, and are investigating an ad­ was acted on yesterday to advance the emphasize the imPortance of self-help ditional 50. Auditing has increased :five­ cause of higher education. This House through tax reform. fold. Two thousand eight hundred rev- of Representatives has moved in a more CIX--9j8 15066 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 constructive way in the field of educa­ pot only yield high revenues but also the governments in question came to al­ tion than any House in the memory of help eliminate undeworld problems. In most $659 million which was used for most of us who serve today in this body. all of these 77 countries, the gambling public and medical programs, hospitals, This is at least a partial answer to those spirit of the people 1s legally recognized schools, housing, welfare, charity, cul­ who say that nothing constructive is be­ and capitalized on by their governments. ture, science and other worthwhile ing accomplished by this Congress. Unfortunately, we in the United States projects. Of course, Mr. Speaker, there are oth­ stand virtually alone among the nations Mr. Speaker, is it not time that we er bills involving education on which we of the world in our hypocrisy in refusing demonstrated similar wisdom and cour­ are still working, and it is far too early to establish a national lottery in the age here in this country? Is it not time to claim that the job has been com­ United States. that we removed the blinders and recog­ pleted. Mr. Speaker, it is difficult for our tax­ nized the obvious fact that the urge At the same time, no honest critic can payers to understand our Government's to gamble is a universal human trait support the charge of a snail's pace in sanctimonious attitude about gambling, which should be regulated and controlled the field of education, on the record of especially when we know that gambling for our own welfare and benefit? When this House. in this country is a $50 billion a year are we going to be sensible and realistic business which is the chief source of reve­ about our gambling problems and tie it nue to the underworld crime syndicates. in with our need for additional revenue? A GOVERNMENT-RUN LOTTERY IN A Government-run lottery in the Why can we not profit from the ex­ THE UNITED STATES United States, like in Puerto Rico, Ire­ periences of all of these 77 foreign coun­ land, Australia, France, Italy, and the tries? Why can we not grasp this finan­ Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ other foreign countries, would not only mous consent to address the House for 1 cial wisdom of our friends? When are satisfy the American thirst to gamble but we going to face up to the fiscal facts minute and to revise and extend my would shut off the flow of b11lions of remarks. dollars now siphoned off by the under­ of life and capitalize on the natural The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there world and by many of these foreign-run gambling spirit of our American people? objection to the request of the gentleman lotteries. More importantly, it would Why can we not follow the lead taken by from New York? produce over $10 billion a year in new New Hampshire? Let us stop being reck­ There was no objection. revenue which could be used for needed less with the tax and revenue advantages Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, for the past tax cuts and reduction of our national offered by a national lottery. several months, I have brought to the debt. Mr. Speaker, I am happy to list the attention of the Members of this Con­ In 1962, the 77 foreign countries listed 77 foreign countries which recognize that gress the government-run lotteries con­ below took in gross receipts o! over $1,- gambling is a fact of life and channel ducted in 77 foreign nations. All of 900 million from the government-run these gambling moneys to work for the these countries have found that lotteries lotteries. The total profits accruing to public good rather than against it:

Country Gross receipts Net income Purposes used Country Gross receipts Net income Purposes used

1. Argentina ______$39,063,000 $17,000,000 Public and medical programs. 39. Iraq______$1,700,000 $800,000 Hospitals and philanthropic pur- 2. Australia______88,657,000 27,255,000 Construction of Sydney Opera poses. House, hospitals, welfare, mental 40. Ireland ______45,566,000 8,354,000 Hospitals. institutions. 41. IsraeL. ______16,000,000 5,000,000 Hospitals and schools. 3. Austria ______13,800,000 4,500,000 General purposes. 42. Italy______79,491,000 43,698,000 Education, charity, and treasury...... 4. Belgium ______43. Jamaica ______17,454,000 6,000,000 Belgia_n Social Welfare Fund. 44. Japan ______851,200 180,000 Hospitals. · 5. Bolivia______870,000 128,000 Red Cross, public health, and welfare 12, 147, .000 4,497,000 Schools, hospitalsi roads, and bridges. programs. 45. Lebanon ••••••• 3,000,000 250,000 Red Cross, schoo s and libraries. 6. Brazil ______5,356,000 536,000 Schoolsf hospitals. housing. 46. Luxembourg ___ 1,480,000 372,000 Charity, welfare and medicare. 7. Bulgaria ______7,700,000 S-,860,000 Genera purposes. · 47. Malaya ______11, 200,000 3,820,000 Social welfare purposes. 8. Burma ______6,947,000 2,550,000 Social welfare, housing. 48. Malta ______1,317,000 200,000 General purposes. 9. Cambodia______13,700,000 4,100,000 Social and economic projects. 49. Mexico , ______56,000,000 15,000,000 10. Ceylon ______1,448,000 464,000 Health services. 50. Morocco $______2,000,000 500,000 Charitable purposes. 11. Chile ______20,275,000 3,166,000 Colleges, public health, and hospital 51. NepaL ______53,288 20,000 TB & Funeral Association. construction. 52. New Zealand ••• 13,300,000 3,808,000 Youth, community, and charitable 12. China 3,689,000 1,916,000 General fiscal purposes. projects. tNationalist). 53. Nicaragua ______4,239,000 779,000 Hospitals and social assistance. 13. Colombia ______33, 360,000 11,416,000 Blind, hospitals poor, and aged. 54. Nigeria& ______140,000 Treasury. 14. Costa Rica _____ 9,948,000 3,243,000 Mental institutions and hospitals. 55. Norway ______17,300,000 5,400,000 General purposes. 15. Cyprus ______1,988,000 894,000 Development purposes. 56. Panama ______38,754,000 6,156,000 Hospital~ orphanages, and welfare. 57. Paraguay ______16. Czechoslovakia_ 8,367,000 2,500,000 Factories, hospitals, and culture. 58. Peru ______900,000 187,000. Mother- ild care program. 17. Denmark______7,812,000 652,000 General fund of treasury. 2,506,000 406,000 Hospital and medical services. 18. Dominican 34,258,000 6,367,000 General fund. 12,113,000 4,231,000 Hospitals and health centers. Republic. :: i::iri~~~::::: 53,378,000 18,138,000 Housing and cultural activities. 19. Ecuador ______2,897,000 906,000 Charitable organizations. 61. Portugal ______25,507,000 6,565,000 Public assistance. 20. El Salvador ____ 5,900,000 936,000 Social and welfare purposes. 62. Puerto Rico ____ 51,825,000 11,000,000 Public health program, 21. England 1 ______111,000,000 68,000,000 63. Republic of 22. Ethiopia ______800,000 138,000 5t«:,;!?;ie projects. Congo,7 ------23. Finland ______6,153,000 2,175,000 Science, arts, opera, and national 64. Romania 8 ______.. Government Treasury. theater. 65. Russia 8 ______------Do. 24. France ______66. Sierra Leone G__ ------1, 500,00Q 144,000,000 46,000,000 General purposes. 67. Spain ______6,000,000 Schools and hospitals. 25. Germany ______395, 000, 000 160,000,000 Youth activities, sports, and health. 112, 098, 000 32,380,000 General purposes. 26. Ghana ______756,000 311,000 General revem,1e. 68. Sweden ______52,000,000 31,000,000 Cultural activities. 27. Gibraltar ______69. Switzerland __ ._ 6,240,000 1,719,000 Public buildings and transportation, 1,776,000 417,000 Homes for people. 70. Syria ______28. Greece ______17,932,000 3,828,000 1,050,000 655,000 Damascus International Fair. 29. Guatemala _____ 2,633,000 681,000 ~~¥i;~!~11i:a~~:~~JCJ~Y:re. 71. Thailand ______34,286,000 9,238,000 Charity, housing, and welfare, 30. Hait!______3,000,000 600,000 Social welfare and assistance. 72. Trinidad ______1,000,000 200,000 General revenue and charity, 31. Holland ______9,800,000 1,100,000 General revenue. 73. Turkey______8,900,000 3,800,000 General treasury, 32. Honduras ______15,000,000 2,500,000 Health centers and clinics. 74. Upper Volta 10 __ Charity work. 33. Hong Kong _____ 1,195,000 479,000 Social welfare. 75. Uruguay______18,000,000 5,000,000 General purposes. 34. Hungary ______73,365,000 40,000,000 Housing and sports. · 76. Venezuela ______28,000,000 2,500,000 Charities. 77. Yugoslavia _____ 35. Iceland'------950, 000 283,000 University Research Institute. 7, 408,000 2,223,000 Orphanages, hospitals, etc. 36. India s______6,600,000 Treasury. TotaL ______37. Indonesia ______8,000,000 2,000,000 Social welfare projects. 1,905,198,288 658, 468, 000 . 38. Iran ______8,000,000 2,000,000 Hospitals and schools.

1 Premium bond lottery used. e Premium bond lottery used. Figures reflect 1st 3 months of 196.1, 2 Privately sponsored. T Plans underway for a national lottery, a Prize bond lottery used. a Figures are not available, Considered confl.dential, t 1962 figures unavailable; 1960 figures used. Government holds figures confidential. • Just started. Figures are Government estimates. ' Lotteries are foreign owned and operated but Government collects 25 percent of 1• Lions Club conducts lottery once a year. total sales. 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- HOUSE 15067 SCHQOL DROPOUTS integrated program or subj'ecta that seem t.o projects and a. number of other programs be best for him is carefully worked. out for that were Dia.1icfously libeled in the Life Mr. GOODLING. Mr. Speaker, I ask each pupil and ·is frequently reviewed in unanimous consent to extend my remarks -later conferences about bia progress. magazine article to which reference has at this point 1n the REcoRD, and include But the greatly increasec:I course otrerinp been made will be discussed. I hope the extraneous matter. and the continuing efforts. of the staff would gentleman from Colorado will be here to The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there probably still be not enough to reduce the participate in that discussion which is objection to the request of the gentleman dropout rate to 3 percent. The Red Lion to take place on Monday next. from Pennsylvania? Area School plays it safe by maintaining- an Mr. CHENOWETH. I thank the gen­ administrative policy that pupils not yet tleman from Oklahoma. I include in my There was no objection. 17 years. of age wlll not be allowed to quit Mr. GOODLING. Mr. Speaker, too unless extraordinary conditions (usually of remarks a copy of my letter to Mr. White, often in Government we ignore the cause an emergency or near-emergency nature) as follows: and concentrate on an inadequate,. un­ make the pupil's continuation in school CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, satisfactory, and costly cure. virtually impossible for him or her. HOUSE OF R.EPRESENTATYVES, Suggestions have come to this Congress lt has been by these devices that, in the Washington, D.C., August 15, 1963. face of a continually increasing total pupil Mr. MORTON B. WHITE, which are not designed to determine the enrollment, this primarily residential, rural Assistant to the Publisher, cause but rather attempt a cure at a school system has, during the past 7 years, Life, Time and- Life Building, cost of more bureaucracy with an accel­ achieved these remarkable results in lower­ New York,N.Y. erated expanding Federal payroll. ing its dropout rate. DEAR MR. WHITE: I have your letter of the The following report is concrete evi­ 9th in which you call attention to the- pork dence that there are communities which barrel article in your Issue of August 16. I recognize a problem and do something FRYINGPAN-ARKANSAS PROJECT appreciate yoW' invitation to comment on the same. I have some observations. which about its solution. There is no sensible Mr. CHENOWETH. Mr. Speaker, I I am pleased to submit herewith. or logical reason why this experience ask unanimous consent to address the In the first place, it is unfortunate that could not and should not be duplicated House for 1 minute, to revise and extend you have characterized the projects men­ in every school district of our 50 States. my remarks, and to include extraneous tioned in the article as belonging 1n the Do-good programs at the Federal level matter. . porl: barrel category. I refer particularly to too often result in costly nightmares. the irrigation, reclamation, and :flood control The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there projects. J will confine my remarks to the Can the dropout rate of high school pu­ objection to the request of the gentleman Fryingpan-Arkansas project in Colorado, as pils be reduced in any important degree? from Colorado? · I sponsored this project from its inception, The Red Lion Area School of York County, and am familiar with its history. Pa., has reduced its dropout rate from 15 There was no objection. percent of the student body in the 1955-56 Mr. CHENOWETH. Mr. Speaker, I The article is unfair and misleading. It ls term to 3 percent of a larger student body received a letter from Mr. Morton B. obvious that many of your readers will be during the 1962-63 school term. White, assistant to the publisher of Life deceived by the pork barrel charges which are Individual scheduling of a greatly in­ magazine, under date of August 6, calling manifestly unfcunded so far as these proj­ creased variety of subjects following count­ ects are concerned. my attention oo an article which ap­ It is obvious that those who wrote the less individual conferences with pupils and in parents by a team of genuinely interested peared the August. 16 issue of Life article are either completely unfamiliar with guidance counselors, and an overall policy relative to "pork barreling." Mr. White the history of reclamation in our Western that pupils will not be allowed to quit ex­ invited me to comment on this article States, or have deliberately refused to recog­ cept for at least near-emergency reasons, are which lam happy to do. I am writing nize the many benefits which this program the administrative tools by which this note­ to Mr. White and I call his attention to has brought, not alone to the West, but to worthy result has been accomplished. some incorrect statements and misrep­ the entire Nation. The original Reclama­ During the 1955-66 school term, with an tion Act was passed in 1902, since which time resentations in the article on the Frying­ the importance ·of reclamation has been enrollment in grades 7 through 12 of not in quite 1,400. more than 200 boys and girls pan-Arkansas project Colorado. I recognized by every administration, and by quit school, a loss of about. 16 percent. had the pleasure of sponsoring this proj­ every Congress. (Records from those earliest days imme­ ect which was authorized by the House The development of our water resources diately after the formation of this school last year. is most essential. to the economy of our Na­ system do not provide full details~) I feel it is very unfortunate that this tion. The threats of water shortage con­ During the just-ended 1962-63 school attack should be made upon the irriga­ stantly loom in many parts of our Nation, term, with an enrollment in grad.es 7 through tion and reclamation and flood control and every effort is being made to find and 12 of 1,731 pupils, only 59 boys and girls programs of this country, which have develop additional supplies of water. I can­ (29 boys and 30 girls) quit school, a loss of not agree that the development of our water less than 3 percent. And 27 of the 69 (13 had the support of Congress. I do not ·resources is pol'k barrel politics. boys and 14 girls) were at least 17 years of believe that these projects should be in­ Some of the statements on the Fryingpan- age, beyond Pennsylvania's high legal re­ cluded in the category of "pork barrel." . Arkansas project are misleading and others quirements for school attendance. And these In my letter to Mr. White I confine my are entirely false. The writers state '"water figures include all who quit during the sum­ remarks to the Fryingpan-Arkansas that now :flows west will :flow east and $170 mer, not just those who dropped out during project, as I am personally familiar with million will flow out of U.S. taxpayers pock­ the school term. the details of this project. I do discuss ets." They fail to tell the readers of Life Unquestionably, much of thi& greatly in­ if in­ that all of this money will be returned to creased holding power has been generated the other projects, but the same the taxpayers, with the exception of about by the development of a greatly expanded accuracies occur in the statements on the $11}; million which ls allocated to :flood con­ program of studies which offers work suited other projects, then no credence should trol and fish and wildlife, which are non­ to the capacities and interests of nearly be given to any portion of the article. reimbursable items. The balance will be every type of teenage personality. The labels The article is very misleading and decep­ paid back to '!;he U.S. Treasury, with inter­ of "academic," "college preparatory," "com­ tive in its approach, and very unfair in est, except about $66 m1lllon allocated to mercial," "vocational," "industrial," "agri­ its attack on programs which are so im­ irrigation, which will be repaid in full, but cultural," etc., have been abandoned. The portant to the growth and development without interest as provided by the Reclama­ school now o1Iers individual pupil schedul­ tion Act. ing of individual subjects instead of of our country. I want to make it crystal clear that this is "courses" or «curriculums" for arbitrarily Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will not a handout from the Federal Government, formed groups. the gentleman yield? but is a good investment for the American However, this greatly expanded work pro­ Mr. CHENOWETH. I yield ·to the taxpayer. Most of this money will be repaid, gram could not. be translated into individual gentleman. as I have indicated, to say nothing of the pupil scheduling of individual subjects with­ Mr. EDMONDSON. I am very happy additional Federal income taxes which will out a forward-looking and truly interested that the gentleman brought up this sub- be paid because of the stabilized crops made group of teachers and guid'ance counselors. ject because on Monday next the gen- possible by this project. This has been the These men and women spend many hours, . '. . history of all re~lamation projects, and the often working evenings and weekends, with tlem~n f~m Mmnesota [Mr. BLATNIK] Fryingpan-Arkansas ·will be no exception. each pupil and with many parents in a con­ who IS chairman of the Rivers and Har- The article states "there is serious doubt tinuing effort to convince families of the bors Subcommittee has a 2-hour special the benefits will equal iiie cost." This proj­ great, need for more schooling. A carefully order in which a number of public works ect received the most careful study of the 15068 ·CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD - HOUSE August 15 Bureau of Reclamation and independent home-nation program equivalent to U.S. military· service rendered in the past. water engtl'leers over a period of many years. social security. Such appropriations to the railroad re:. There was never any doubt about the project The proposed blll -makes participation tirement account would net the railroad being feastble. The project has a cost bene­ fit ratio of 1.65 to 1. In other words, for in the U.S. social security program by retirement system about $5 million a every $1 spent on this project there will be these employees nonmandatory. This is year on a level basis. This would reduce a return of $1.66 in benefits from this project. done by amending the operating defini­ the deficit further by $5 million a year­ The statement that the "House Rules Com­ tions for self-employment to add an ex­ $46 million minus $5 million-to $41 mittee three times refused to clear the bill" emption clause for U.S. citizens employed million. · is absolutely untrue. As a matter of fact, in the United States by certain interna­ Finally, the bill would retain as a the Rules Committee cleared this project four tional organizations. Under the pro­ minimum guarantee the present 3-per-· times. The committee never at any time re­ fused to approve the bill for consideration posed amendment these employees may cent interest rate on special obligations by the House. opt out of the U.S. tax. Their election issued to the railroad retirement account The writers also state that the "Reclama­ to file a certificate of withdrawal from and provide a new formula for determin:. tion Bureau altered its estimate of benefits." the U.S. social security program extends ing the interest rates on such special There is no foundation for this statement, 1 earning year after this bill comes into obligations. This formula would provide as the Bureau of Reclamation at no time effect. a yield in line with current market yields made any substantial change in its estimate I urge the Congress to support this on marketable obligations of the United of benefits which woUld accrue under this project. bill. States which do not mature before 3 The article also comments on the fact that years. In addition, the bill would require the production of alfalfa in Colorado will be PROVIDING MORE ADEQUATE FI­ the Secretary of the Treasury to convert, increased, and mentions that there is now NANCING OF RAILROAD RETIRE­ upon the enactment of the bill, the pres­ "a million acres of alfalfa in the soil bank ent 3 percent special obligations into that no one is allowed to cut." This is not MENT SYSTEM AND RAILROAD special obligations bearing interest rates true, as there is now a shortage of alfalfa UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE determined under the new formula. This in Colorado, due to severe drought conditions SYSTEM formula is substantially the same as is in our State. Hay has been selling at an unusually high price, and in many cases is Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask provided for other trust funds. not available at any price. unanimous consent to address the House These amendments would result in the I want to again emphatically protest for 1 minute and to revise and extend my railroad retirement account receiving an against this article as being completely mis­ remarks. additional $25 million a year on a level leading and unfair so far as the Fryingpan­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there basis. This would further reduce the Arkansas project in Colorado is concerned. objection to the request of the gentleman deficit from $77 million a year to---$77 I thank you for the opportunity to express million minus $31 million minus $5 mil­ these comments. and I hope that in a future from Arkansas? issue of Life your readers will be given the There was no objection. lion minus $25 million-$16 million a true facts on this project. Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, I have in­ year on a level basis. With every good wish, I remain, troduced today a bill to amend the Rail­ Upon the enactment of the bill it will Cordially, road Retirement Act of 1937, the Rail­ be appropriate for the Railroad Retire­ J. EDGAR CHENOWETH, road Retirement Tax Act, the Railroad ment Board to assume that the special Member of Congress. Unemployment Insurance Act, and the Treasury obligations in the railroad re­ Temporary Extended Railroad Unem­ tirement account would earn interest at U.S. INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYEES ployment Insurance Benefits Act of 1961 the rate of 3.43 percent on a level basis. to increase the creditable and taxable This 3.43-percent rate includes 0.05 per­ SOCIAL SECURITY OPTION BILL compensation, and for other purposes. cent from the retention of the 3-percent Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker. I ask It is the purpose of this bill to provide minimum guarantee and 0.07 percent unanimous consent to address the House more adequate financing of the railroad from the immediate conversion of the for 1 minute and to revise and extend my retirement system which has an actuarial present 3-percent special obligations into 1·emarks. deficit of $77 million a year or 1.79 per­ special obligations bearing interest rates The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there cent of taxable payroll, and the railroad determined under the new formula. objection to the request of the gentleman unemployment insurance system which Were it not for these two provisions, the from New York? has an actual accounting deficiency of board would have to assume an interest There was no objection. more than $300 million. rate on such special obligations of 3.31 Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I intro­ The bill would improve the :financial percent instead of 3.43; and this would duce today for appropriate reference a condition of the railroad retirement sys­ result in a projected loss to the railroad bill to make social security coverage for tem by amending the Railroad Retire­ retirement account of $8 million a year. U.S. citizens employed by certain inter­ ment Act and the Railroad Retirement The proposal in the bill to provide the national organizations who are serving Tax Act to increase the maximum railroad retirement system with a guar­ in the United States optional instead of monthly creditable and taxable com­ anteed rate of 3 percent on interest compulsory. I want to explain the rea­ pensation with respect to the railroad earned by its special obligations is clear­ son for the bill and the solution pre­ retirement system from $400 to $450 for ly in accordance with a congressional sented by the bill. each employee. This amendment would policy of long standing. Such minimum The United Nations has its own social net the railroad retirement account guarantee has been in the Railroad Re­ security system. It is mandatory. Some about $31 million a year on a level basis. tirement Act since 1937 when the pre­ 676 U.S. citizens, three-quarters of the The additional revenue to the system vailing investment yield on general Gov­ U.S. citizens employed by the U.N., are would amount to about $71 million a year ernment obligations was well below this compelled against their preference to set on a level basis, and the cost of addi­ rate. The railroad retirement system aside more than 12 percent-in the near tional benefits resulting from the in­ has reduced considerably the cost of the future it will be more than 15 percent­ crease in the compensation base would Government's relief program, during the of their net income for both U.N. and be about $40 million a .year on a level depression years 1937-40, by paying U.S. social security purposes. These basis. The difference between the two--­ then in benefits to railroad employees people are being required to pay for $71 million, $40 million, or $31 million­ $282 million more than was paid by the more protection than they need. would reduce the deficit from $77 million social security system. The 3-percent These employees object to being sub­ to $46 million a year on a level basis. floor on the interest rates to be earned ject to two mandatory security programs, The bill would revise the provisions by the special obligations in the railroad U.S. social security and the U.N. pro­ of the Railroad Retirement Act with re­ retirement account was apparently the gram. Coordination of the two retire­ spect to the crediting of military service congressional recognition of this bur­ ment plans is impossible, as long as both toward benefits under the Railroad Re­ den-through high taxes-on railroad of them provide for •mandatory coverage. tirement Act. These amendments will employers and employees, which, in tui:n, The U.N. cannot alter its social se­ remove the objections of the Bureau of . reduced the cost of the Federal relief curity program without adverse effect on the Budget to appropriations of amounts program. .This longstanding congres­ the many non-U.S. staff members serv­ totaling about $160 million now due the sional policy of providing a 3-percent ing that multinational body with no railroad retirement system for credits for floor on the interest to be earned by the 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ·15069 special obligations in the railroad re­ prove the :financial condition of the rail­ Private :firms in 47 of the 50 States tirement account, should not be nullified road unemployment insurance system shared in $175,398,616 worth of orders simply because the Congress would now by-$10.8 million plus $6 million plus recorded during the period from Janu­ provide the special obligations in the $3.5 million-about $20.3 million a year. ary through July 1963. The total rep­ railroad retirement account with the It is expected that these improvements resents procurement directly traceable same formula for earning interest rates will make unnecessary further borrow­ to the State of production. For this as it provided for other trust funds. ing of funds from the railroad retire­ reason and for the further reason that The provision in the bill for immedi­ ment account for the payment of reporting is based on letter-of-credit ate conversion of the special 3-percent benefits under the Railroad Unemploy­ transactions exceeding $10,000, the :fig­ obligations now in the railroad retire­ ment Insurance Act, and will leave some ure is far less than the full national total ment account into special obligations excess of funds to begin a gradual re­ of AID-financed business. The geo­ bearing interest rates determined under payment of the more than $300 million graphic impact of such purchases are, the new formula is reasonable and equi­ the system owes the railroad retirement however, indicated. table. The rates of interest earned by account. It is highly important that the The orders cover a wide variety of in­ obligations newly issued to the social need for borrowing funds from the dustrial and ag1icultural products and security system and the civil service re­ railroad retirement account be brought materials purchased in developing coun­ tirement system are determined from to an end. In addition, these amend­ tries for use in particular projects or obligations having 4 or more years to ments will make available sufficient funds promoting economic growth. Purchases run, while the rates provided in the bill for administration of the Railroad Un­ are :financed by U.S. development loans for the special obligations in the railroad employment Insurance Act. or grants, terms of which direct most retirement account would be determined Mr. Speaker, I am happy to say that from obligations having 3 or more years procurement to American suppliers. this bill is of, for, and by the railroad Value of orders recorded during the to run. This places the railroad retire­ industry. It has been carefully worked ment funds at a disadvantage in com­ out as the result of an agreement be­ month of July was $28,852,373. Leading parison with the other funds. Moreover, tween the Association of American Rail­ States last month were Maryland with for the past 7 or 8 years the Federal roads, representing substantially all class a $3.9 million total consisting largely of Government has gained at the expense 1 railroads in the United States, and the iron and steel orders, New York with $3.2 of the railroad retirement system from American Short Line Railroad Associa­ million total from a wide range of indus­ paying only 3 percent on the special ob­ tion, representing approximately 250 trial orders, and Mississippi whose $2.9 ligations in the railroad retirement ac­ common carriers by railroad, on the one million total involves a large order for count when it paid more than that on hand, and the Railway Labor Executives' fertilizer material. funds borrowed through general obliga­ Association, representing substantially Amounts for all States in July and tions. all railroad employees in the United the :first 7 months of this year are pre­ The equities are clearly in favor of re­ States, on the other. It is indeed grati­ sented in the table below: taining in the bill the provisions for the fying that in the midst of the current U.S. commodity procurement under foreign 3-percent minimum guarantee and for disagreements between representatives of aid program the immediate conversion of the 3-per­ railroad labor and railroad management, [Detailed listing or cities and individual firms not cent special obligations now in the rail­ they are in complete agreement on this available] road retirement account into special ob­ bill to improve the :financial condition ligations bearing interest determined un- of the railroad retirement system and Cumulative der the new formula. . the railroad unemployment insurance State or production July 1963 Janu~July The· bill would improve the financial system. condition of the railroad unemployment I was very pleased when by a joint let­ Alabama______$1,841,704.40 $5,365,706.95 insurance system by increasing the maxi­ ter of a few days ago these three railroad Alaska______41,505.15 294,247.20 mum contribution rate for the system Arizona______11,890.38 37,317.82 organizations requested me to introduce Arkansas ______------6,799.55 from 3¾ to 4 percent, effective with this bill and I am indeed very glad to California______731,298.94 5,534,672.74 respect to compensation paid after De­ do so. Colorado______16, 708. 43 1,248,670.53 cember 31, 1963. The additional revenue Connecticut______376,189.15 2,034,015. 41 Delaware_ ------104,816. 50 335,929. 75 to the system from this amendment Florida______3,477.39 3,278, 15.5. 02 would be $10.8 million a year. TWENTY-FIVE STATES RECEIVE HawaiiGeorgia______46,720.00______2,309,553.03 _ Next, the bill would amend section 3 of FOREIGN AID ORDERS IN EXCESS Idaho ______------16,460.64 the Railroad Unemployment Insurance OF $1 MILLION IN 7 MONTHS Illinois______1,475,163. 75 9,672, 173. 61 Indiana------279, 994. 96 4,394, 737. 71 Act to increase the amount of compen­ Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, I Iowa______41,193. 63 561,536.89 sation for a base year required for an ask unanimous consent to address the Kansas______6,867.34 105,863. 78 employee to qualify for benefits from Kentucky______61,447.48 926, ffl>. 31 House tor 1 minute, to revise and extend Louisiana______1,653, 727 .42 5,234,426.48 $600 to $750 and, if the employee is a my remarks, and to include extraneous Maine_------8,410.00 new entrant into the system, such com­ Maryland______3,957,500.39 8,650,436.39 matter. Massachusetts______474,513.75 14,721,157.15 pensation must be paid with respect to The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Michigan______1,892,950.77 8,762,063.74 not less than 7 months in the base year. Minnesota______31,520.97 698,876.92 objection to the request of the gentleman Mississippi______2,904,265.00 3,173,985.81 The savings to the system from this from Hawaii? Missouri______146,257 .92 1,224,918.01 amendment would amount to about $6 There was no objection. Montana ______------124,000.00 million a year. NevadaNebraska ______------8,988.00 _ Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, yes­ The bill would amend section New Hampshire______2,040.00 4 (a-2) (i) of the Railroad Unemployment terday I called to the attention of the NewJersey______1,450,057.16 9,416,635.33 House the fact that 80 percent of foreign New Mexico ______------183,079.51 Insurance Act to revise the provisions New York______3,287,577.06 35,472,001.13 aid dollars is spent right here in our own North Carolina_ ------______1,050,099.14 of the act with respect to disqualifica­ United States. The Agency for Inter­ North Dakota ______tion for days of unemployment of em­ national Development has reported that Ohio______2,500,707.73 10,476,854.84 ployees who voluntarily leave work. The Oklahoma______330, 104 .21 954,016.46 effect of this would be to disqualify em­ during the :first 7 months of this year, 25 Oregon______43,714.25 646,111.67 States received procurement orders in ex­ Pennsylvania______722, 217 .23 14, 110,798.57 ployees for more days which would Rhode Island______35,500.34 187,443.20 cess of $1 million each under the U.S. South Carolina______147,043.31 1, 241, 477 .80 otherwise be days of unemployment for South Dakota______15,439.80 which benefits would be payable. The foreign aid program. These States are: Tennessee______623,212.10 savings to the system from this amend­ New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Texas______2, 158,983.92 10, 474,212.57 Ohio, Texas, Illinois, New Jersey, Michi­ Utah______6,600.00 120,506.68 ment would amount to about $3.5 million Vermont______45,659.32 a year. gan, Maryland. California, Alabama, Louisiana, Colorado, Connecticut, Flor­ ~~~agton::::::::::: ~:: !; ~: l: :: Finally, the bill would provide suffi­ West Virginia______683,637m :~.83 3,271,825.57 cient funds for administration of the ida, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Mis­ Wisconsin______171,027.42 1,990,340.37 Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. souri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Wyomm,______3,641.95 11,121.79 The amendments to the Railroad Un­ Virginla, Washington, West Vb·ginta, and Total______.28, 852,873.60 175,398,616.86 employment Insurance Act would im- Wisconsin. . 15070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 F-OREIGN AID BILL ..analysis ,of :ou,; foreign. aid program. I The ~ommunist guerriUa wpetlority in 'The SPEAKER. ·under :previous order think ,he is rendering, '8S .he .has done 'w:ea])Ons was lost. American military -of the Hause, the gent1eman from Min­ since he joined this group.., a real iServi-ce :advisers. headed .by Gen. Ja1111~s 'A.. ;van not o~y the Congress but the Na:­ Fleet, :soon arrived to help in the Greek nesota [Mr. FRASER] ~ts recognized for 60 to to m1nutes. · tion as well I lihlnk that ~e gentleman na/tion81l army's training ll)rogram. .As has been :very timely m bringing this .in _Vietnam today., American troops Mr.FRASER. Mr. Speal{er, yesterday problem ,of forejgn_aid to our -attention worked closely with national f orees both the House was privileged.to hea-r a num­ when we consider that the f or~ign aid in training camps '8J1d in the :field, _shar­ ber 'Of our eo1lea:gues discuss the foreign bill will be before us next week. ing the hardship Billd, on many occa­ aid bill.. They discussed 'at length cer­ Mr. Speaker, ist ,has been.said that suc­ sions, exposing t hemseives to enemy gun­ tain questions which have been raised cess has a thousanC!i fathers ·and failure about the program, and demonstrated fire. tbat we are making progress in achieving is an orphan. 'Tito's break with Moscow closed the Annually, the foreign aid bill is given border to insurgents .and speeded the our objectives. orphan treatment by the U.S. Congress. tipping of the scales. The r.est was Mr. 'Speaker, we in Congress are con­ .Is this because the program has :been largely a moppin-g.;up ·operation. sidering rth1s year appropriations total­ a failure or .is it because jts recipients The guerrilla war had taken a heavy ing $51> billion to .secure the defense ef are not voting constituents? economie and human toll, and the ·ask nur Nation. There is no higher nor more As we -consider theioreignaid bill next of rebuilding was greater in 1949 than tpressing ,coneem for this Congress than week and consider whether or not it is a at the end of World War II. to .provide the military 'Strength neces­ successful weapon in the cold war, let us Economic aid took over where military sary to deter aggression against us. We not look exclusively .to the turmoil of the aid left off'. With U.S. help, a broad have met and are continuing to meet present but with the perspective of his­ program of economic rehabilitation .:and this challenge successfully. tory. Let us see where foreign aid made deve1opment .began. The results speak Nevertheless, the requirements for an the vital difference. f@r themselves. adequate military establishment are con­ .Japan, Israel, and many countries in Over tbe past 10 year.s the gross na­ tinually ,changing as the :world changes,. Eurepe can be pointed out as success­ tional product in Greeece has risen at an Counta:les rise and fall in their capacity fully completed ioreign aid _programs. annual r.ate 10f 6 pereent. Per capita 'to make war. alliances shift and .the bal­ Howev-er, the most dramatic analGgy to income has grown more than i percent ance of :power 1s constantly in ilux. Tbe today's troubled situations is the nation a y.ear. Between 1950 and 1.961, agrlcul­ number of natlons which today .are capa­ of Greece in 1946. tuml output rose 73 percent '8.nd indus­ ble of engaging in modern wariar.e ls In the fall of 1946,, Greeee, a small trial production 150 percent. limited. There are only two major nation with limited resources, but a love -1n 1961, Greec.e was 'Still Importing nuc1ear powers, and we have, for the time of freedom that has stretched across more than she exported, but the $195 being, struck an uneasy·balance of power. 2,000 years ,and more, was in desp~ate million trade deficit was more than Mr. Speaker, the wor1d is changing straits. She had been at w:a.r almost cov,ered by remlttances from emigrants every day, Before too many years there continuously since 1·94'J. She had al­ and the inflow of private capital and in­ will be more natiens -capable of engaging most no funds to maintain her Govern­ tergovernment loans. I -would say here in modern warfare. The newly inde­ ment, feed her people, and fight the that no group has been more helpful to pendent and underdeveloped countries of thrieat-of a Communist-directed guerrilla their loved ones 1eft behind than our this world will be growing stronger. war. All of her major ports were de­ 18,000 Greek ·people m the city of Pitts­ Thus -we must think. about our Nation's stroyed, as were -90 percent of her rail­ burgh. Their leaders have also been security, not just in the context of the roads. Only 138 ships of all kinds were very active in civic and conuµun~ty military and ,economic power which -ex­ left in the Greek commercial fleet, which enterprises. ists today, but also in the .context of the before the war numbered 10 times th-at To .continue, Mr. Speaker, total U.S. emerging patterns whiclil will result from many. National income was 41 percent aid to Greece bas equaled 18 percent of a changing wor1d. We have only 6 per­ and industrial production 35 percent of gross investment for the period 1950-61 cent of the world'.s population. We can­ prewar rates. The country's economy and accounts for 37 percent of the net not liv.e -and smwive alone in a hostile was being engulf-ed by inflation. inflow of foreign ,capital during the world. The independence and freedom Communist _guerrillas had started an period. Aid fr-0m the United States was of other nations must be of direct con­ a11-out civil war as 1>art of a drive to highest between 1949 -and 1953, averag­ cern to us~ take Greece, Turkey, and Iran. Neigh­ ing roughly $140 million a year. Since Our .national security, therefore, -re­ boring Communist nations gave them then tt has dropped steadily; both devel­ quires that we .seek to .influence tme heavy 'SUPPort.. Guerrillas moved freely opment grants '8.nd technical asslstance changing patterns -so as to create a fa­ over the borders into Yugoslavia, Al­ programs were ended as of June 1962. vorable environment in the wor1d-an bania., and Bulg·ari-a. At the height of Military a1d from the United States environment which is not hostile but the eonfflct, Communist guerrillas pene­ has equaled economic assistance in friendly to the concepts of freedom and trated to within 20 miles of Athens and amount, and released Greek resources for independence. raided the outskirts of Salonika. deve1opment rather than defense sup­ This js one of the princi_pal reasons As Greece's .situation became more port. · why the United States must continue in desperate, her means for handling it A steady increase, slnce 19-56, in do­ partnership with its allies to provide were diminishing. The relief provided mestic savings and the opening of new assistance to other nations of the world. b.Y UNRRA ended in December 194_6. sources of external financing and re­ This is why I strongly ·support the For­ The military and economic assistance duced Greek d-ependenc·e on V.S. assist­ eign Assistance Act oI 1963.. .I ,believe provided by the British was inadequate ance to finance its continued growth. If that this program together with the food­ and the British bad advised us they the Greek economy can continue Its past f or-peace -program and the Peace Corps would not be able to continue their aid rate of growth, the ·ratio of domestic and related progr.ams provide the 1on1y any longer. The rlecision to aid Greece saving-s to total Investment should also tools with which the Executive can seek was ,squarely up to the United States. improve and the country should continue to influence and shape events ,abroad. It Fortunately, those in power knew what to attraet foreign capital. would ·be tragic for us to abandon ·this the collapse of Greece :would mean to It is to the advantage of Amerl~a~ effort and thus default to the Commu­ the -free world. On March 12, 1947, business to help these nations strengthen nist efforts to spread their system President Truman .came before the-Con­ their economy. For example, the Ex­ thrQugbout the world. gress to rally the country bebind what port-Import Bank has approved, .sinc_e Mr. Speaker, I yleld to the gentleman came to be called the "Truman doc­ the war, a total of $33.3 million of loans from Pennsylvania TMr. MOORHEAD]. trine.'' Congress responded to the call in Greece. Of that amount $16.8 million Mr. 'MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker,, I by approving $4:00 million in aid to have actually been disbursed with the thank the gentleman for yielding to me. Greece· and Turkey and the 1irst ship­ provision that only American equipmelj.t First I would like to commend the gentle­ ments ,of military ·and civilian supplies and g oods may be :purchased with this man !or his·very careful and penetrating anived ln Greece in August of that year. money. Six million dollars have already 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15071 been paid back in hard currency and, There are those who counsel nuclear Anglo-Saxon concept of individual here is the kicker, $5.8 million has been war to solve our problems, but f ortu­ rights; there are not many nations in repaid in the form of interest and com­ nately they are few and beyond the Asia, or in the world for that matter, missions. This $5.8 million is a very fringe; there are those who counsel sur­ about whicli the same can be said. healthy sign for our balance-of-pay­ render, and happily they are of little The democratic trend in Indian poli­ ments situation for we may expect to importance. The only alternative we tics has been strong from the begin­ see this continued in a positive way as have is active and effective competition ning. The dominant Congress Party, in more and more of our loans come due. with the Communist bloc, largely on the the :first general election in 1952, won Greece by now will receive no more world economic front. This economic 362 out of 489 seats in the lower House grants but will enable us to continue in warfare, if you will, would have to be car­ of Parliament; the Communists won 16 our position as banker of the world by ried on in some form regardless of seats and a variety of parties the bal­ applying for hard loans. whether we have an AID program or not. ance. In the second election in 1957 U.S. aid was the prelude to the closer It so happens that AID is our weapon at the picture was similar: The Congress identification of Greece with the free the moment. Let us use it sensibly and Party took 371 out of 494 seats, the world and with Western Europe. As the well. First, let us try to understand it. Communists took 27, and the balance Greek Government said in memorandum Now to specifics. I hope to spend the went to other minor groups. In the last to the U.S. Government, "without your next few minutes exploring in more de­ or 1962 election the picture was roughly assistance, the maintenance and inde­ tail aid to India-one of the largest and similar with the Congress Party taking pendence of the country would have been most important of our AID programs. almost three-!ourths of the seats and problematic." Greece has been a mem­ We may expect that the attack on the Communist Party taking only 29. ber of NATO since the fall of 1951. She foreign aid as such will center on India. The attitude of the Indian Govern­ was also admitted to the Common Mar­ Why? India is an easy mark. We know ment toward the Communist Party of ket in January 1963, as an associate little about this country, There are few India is instructive. In 1948 to 1950, member, and plans are being laid for a voters of Indian extraction. India's when the "line" of the Indian Commu­ Greek aid consortium. foreign policy, at least until very re­ nist was armed violence, the Nehru gov­ Greece today has not changed its place cently, has made us extremely uneasy. ernment suppressed the violence with on the map. It is still an outpost of Many have neither understood nor ap­ determination and, at one time, had be­ freedom. It is meeting its NATO obliga­ proved their neutralism. It was easy to tween 4,000 and 5,000 Communist lead­ tions. It spends, for a small country, an use the black or white approach in for­ ers in jail. In 1957 when the Commu­ unusually large part of its budget for eign relations and say, "If they are not nists, though they had only 35 percent defense. Yet its cost per man is only for us they must be against us." It is of the vote, split the opposition and one-tenth that of what it would take also possible that some of us subcon­ gained control of the state government the United States to station a man there. sciously recoil from the thought of a of the State of Kerala, the efforts of It maintains a well-trained army and nation of hundreds of millions of dark­ Nehru and the citizens of the State led air force and a small but capable navy. skinned people. Of course, there are to the collapse and dismissal of the Com­ The percentage of their country's man­ others whose adverse reactions are munist State government in 1959 and power in uniform is the highest in NATO sparked by an Indian government that their subsequent defeat at the polls the and even tops the United States. There often speaks in the vernacular of the following year. was no question of her absolute and Fabian Socialists. Of course it is common knowledge now complete support during the Cuban While aid to Indian is easy to attack­ that the Communist Party of India is and such attacks may even be worth not only in disrepute because of the Chi­ crisis. votes at home-we cannot overlook the nese invasion but badly split because of Greece -is a good example of the re­ vital importance of this treinendous the current ideological dispute between sults which can be achieved by foreign nation in the world and particularly in China and Russia. They will continue aid. We sometimes despair about the Asia. Here is a subcontinent with 450 to be a threat, but their main hopes of seeming lack of progress in helping coun­ million souls, whose numbers are grow­ success lie in either a Chinese mllitary tries to become self-supporting. Yet ing at the rate of 9.5 million people per victory or in internal economic collapse who would have thought that within the year. Here is 15 percent of the world's of India. If the present Government of span of 15 years, Greece not only would people; here are half of the people in India, hopefully with our help, main­ have escaped the yoke of communism non-Communist Asia. tains its present vigor, the chances of but made such remarkable strides in India is destined to become a massive either occurrence are limited. economic development. Foreign aid economic pivot between the West and It seems obvious to me that the pres­ made the vital difference. Communist China. It has a mixed ervation and development of this new Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, I want economy. Private production is 85 per­ nation, in its present pattern, is one of to thank the gentleman from Pennsyl­ cent of its total production. Those who the most important tasks in the free vania for his excellent presentation of repeat the cant of private enterprise world today. You may choose the hu­ one of the real success stories of our should note that only 84.2 percent of our manitarian reason that we should raise foreign-aid policy. I know that the country's total production is private. the hopes and the lives of 450 million gentleman has recognized the value of Taiwan, often the darling of those who people from the slough of poverty, fam­ this program by his actions in the past. disapprove of socialist inclined foreign ine and disease; you may choose the I think that this story he has told us countries, has, according to Fortune selfish national reason that we cannot today adds to the record. magazine, only about 60 percent of its afford to allow almost half a billion peo­ Mr. Speaker, at this time I should like total investment in the private sector. ple to slip behind the Communist cur­ to yield to the gentleman from Hawaii However, today the economy of India is tain. You may choose what reason you [Mr.GILL]. tiny by our standards. Her gross na­ will, but the answer is still the same: Mr. GILL. Mr. Speaker, next week tional product was only $36 billion in we must participate in the development we are scheduled to consider foreign aid. 1960-about 7 percent of our GNP that of India. This is a bad year for the foreign aid year. What are we being asked to do? Sim­ program. It has no constituents as Politically, India is a democracy in the ply put, we are being asked to contribute such; its effect is indirect and little Western sense. Perhaps its greatest to the building of India's basic tools so understood; it is an easy :first victim of legacy from the British has been a dem­ that she may stand :firmly on her own any economy drive. ocratic political structure and a work­ economic feet; we are being asked to The purpose of these remarks is to able civil service. Over half of India's insure against her possible collapse as a demonstrate in a small way that foreign eligible voters cast their ballot in the nation in the face of serious Chinese aid is not only a humanitarian effort, but 1962 election-a tremendous achieve­ pressure; we are being asked to promote also an essential tool of our foreign ment considering India's 24-percent level her political independence so that she policy. If you disregard human values, of literacy and her diversity. India's will not fall under the domination of the this is the way we wage a cold war. judicial system, like ours, draws from the Soviet bloc. If we fail in any respect, 15072 ~ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 we will incur, inevitably, iar greater eco­ in both the free :world .and the Soviet and now runs at the r.ate. of over. $550 nomic burdens than we , now . contem- "t:>loc: billion a year, what we may contribute p1ate. . , , TABLE A.--Tota.l free JOMZ4 -and Soviet bloc to the price of the long r.ange develop­ We are _asked to hell> "India., but ls . assistance ,to 1.iuiia a:uri.11,!I fir,1;t a.nd .second ment ,pf . . India is .a _relatively small India· helplng herself? The !ollowing 5-31ear pZans t.eoo.ing Mar • .31, .1961) amount...... chart 1ndlcates dearly that -In.dia has [Millions of--dollars equivalent] · .Ther.e .is one particu1ar point in our done, 1s doing, and plans to do most of F'ree world: a;1d to .India whic~ bears special con­ her development out of her own Te­ United States______,______3,308.2 sideration, if for no other reason that it sources. , IBRD ------68·2. 0 may be the focal point of attack. This India ls financing its development_:pro­ . IDA______60. 0 is the so-called Bokaro steel mill project. gram large1y 'from domestic resources, as · "United Kingdom______425. 6 This proposal, which has been under shown tn the follow1ng table: W-est Germany______339. 6 Canada______·226. 0 study by the United States Steel Corp. ., ·at JJ3illions .of dollars] .Japan______79.0 the behest of the U.S. Government, may Switzetla.nd...______"22. 9 be the working bar by which some hope 1st _plan, 2d plan, 3d plan, Austria.______14. O fo tear down aid to India in particu1ar .1951-56 11.956---61 1961-66 Yugoslav.la.______40. O and the AID program ln general. ------1------'Norway______3.5 What is this suggested project all Total investment______7 .l H.2 2Ul Colombo plan______34. 6 Finance from: about? _ Domestic.sources ___ t6.7 11.9 17.2 First., let us look at the need. At pres­ Foreign -aid ______A 2.3 '4:6 Sub'totaL ____ ·______5,235.4 Percent financed fr_om: ent, India has two :private steel mills Domestic souroes ___ 94.0 81.0 79.0 Sovfot bloc: and three Government steel mills. .Both Foreign.aid ______6.0 16.0 '21.0 U S.R&. ______809- 5 the J)l'ivate and the Government sector Cl!!ioohosl(!)valtia ______7.3.1 have about equal shares of the present . In summary, this clla.rt shows that East Germany ______3.0 approximately 6 million metric ton steel 11. 7 during.India's first 5-:Ye&r.P1an from W51 .RumanlaPoland ______------_ capacity. By 1976 the 'Indians plan to 30. 0 to 1956. out of a total investment .of $7 1 Hungary ______increase their present plant to pToduce billio~ India supplied 94 percent; in her 16.5 around 11 million metric tons annually. second 5-year plan of dev.elopment, from Subtotal ______Even so, they expect to have a deficit of 1956 to 1961. out .of a total inve.stment 948.8 a1most 6 million tons. Obviously, they of $14.2 billion, India :financed B4 per­ Ckand totaL ______6,179.2 need new plants with new capacity. cent; in her projected third -5-year plan, The estimate is that l3okaro can pro­ from 19.61 t.o 1.966, India proposes to in­ What do we expect todo in the future? duce about 4 million metric tons by 1976 vest $2L8 billion -and to contribute 79 In the third 5-year plan now underway, and thus cure more than half of the an­ percent of this herself. it is anticipated that the free world will ticipated deficit. India has done w.ell to this point. Con­ contribute more than $5 billion in de­ How much will Bokaro cost? The sidering her great difficulties, she has velopment money. This will include more total cost, based on U.S. steel figures., 1s done amazingly well. -Sh-e has managed than $2 billion from the United States, about '$1.5 billion. The :proposal calls to keep ber rate of national growtJ::i a not counting .surplus .farm commodities. :(or .almost $900 million ·from Indian modest steP ahead of her population The Soviet bloc is expected to contribute sources. It is proposed that the United growth. To ,continue to do this, and to about $900 million. The table, wh1ch I States will loan about $512 million to reach the modest goals she has set., she now include, shows this picture in great­ cover the foreign share of the first stage. needs the help of other countries. We er detail for the first .2 years: The proposal further states that the a.re aeing ask-ed to1>articipate. TABLE B.-Free world and Soviet bloc com­ p1ant will be built by U.S. firms, using Mr. CONTE. MT. Speaker, will the mitments to the first 2 J!ears of India's our materials, and will be managed by gentlem-a.n yield? third 5-year plan., ,starting April 1961 U.S. technicians for about 10 years. I .Mr. GILL. .I yield to the gentleman !Millions of dollars equivalent] think we can all see the advantage to us Free world: of having our people using our tools in from .Massachusetts. United :States ______980. 0 .Mr. CONTE. Could the gen.tleman 1 the largest · steel plant in India during giv.e me that figure of what the United IBRD and IDA______1 4:50. 0 this formative industrial period. · United Kingdom ______1 266. 0 states contributed. to India dur,ing this West Germany ______1 "364. 0 The specter of socialism has been Canada ______58.0 period of time? 1 raised. It will be raised many times to Mr. GILL. During the period of the J ·a,pan ------1 105. o defeat this project. However, the facts fir.st two 5-year plans from 1951 to 1961 .li'rance ------1 60. O are that the responsible leaders of India's the United states ,contributed $3.a bil­ . Switzerland______23.0 private steel industry have expressed lion in development money. Of course, .Austria______14.0 their support for Bokaro as a project run there was .food in addition to that. Yugoslavia______40. O by the Government of India; I am in­

Mr. CONTE. .I think the gentleman SubtotaL ______~ 3 2, 442. 0 formed they have also made 'Clear their will find, if you go back to 1946 .and in­ inability to handle a project of this mag­ spect all of these spigots oi foreign aid, Soviet bloc: nitude ,on a private basis without eutting for example, Public Law 480., develop­ U.S'SR______500. 0 back on their own planned expansion. ment k>am;, specia:l assistance, technical Czechoslovakia______48.5 In all the ideological confusion, one assistance and so forth, the United States Pola,nd ------30. 0 thing is clear: India needs the steel that has contributed about $11 billion to Hungar_y______16. 5 Bokaro wi.11 produce to build her indus­ India. Total ______595.0 trial base and to give life to the many Mr. GILL. The 'figures I gave were private firms in the Indian economy that for development money for the two 5- GTand totaL ______S, 037. o need steel to grow. If 'In summary, we are being asked to in­ year plans from 1951 to 1961. the 1 gentleman has other supplemental "fig­ Committed by members of India con­ vest in our own future as well as the sortium. future of the almost half a billion people ures "I will be glad to look at them. 2 In addition to the above commltments, What part have we in the free world the United States has already undertaken of the Indian subcontinent. India is a played in the .dev.elopment of India to to assist India's third plan by making avail­ vital key to the future of Asia. India is date'? In the ·first two 5-year plans, fr-0m able surplus commodities in the amount of a proud nation of proud people. Their 1951 to 1"961, tne free world contributed roughly $300million annually. inclination is to the West; many of their $5.'2 blllion, of which '$3.3 bi1lion came 3 Excludes $200 million D4F drawing right traditions are . our traditions. It be­ United The bloc extended . F;ebruary .19.57 and $250 mil,11on hooves us to move f orwa.rd with them from the States. Soviet drawing right extended .July 1961. contributed less than $1 ·billion ln thls toward a more peaceful and stable world. same l)eriod. · :I include at this point a This is -a lot ·of money. 'However, . Mr. FRASER. I thank the gentleman table which gives th-e ind1v!dual-contrlbu­ when you ,consider that our gross na­ fr.om. Hawaii for h1s excellent presenta­ tions of the various countries involved tional product is increasing every year, tion concerning India. I think the gen- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15073 tleman has brought out very forcefully gree of selectivity: 50 countries will re­ very little intensive and systematic anal­ why we cannot abandon this country ceive more than 80 percent of all aid ysis of the situation in each country, to­ and leave it to its fate without aid from funds, military and economic: 20 coun­ gether with analysis of ways in which the United States and its allies, this tries have been selected to receive 80 per­ the United States could most effectively country which occupies such a strategic cent of our total economic assistance for assist with development of the country. position in the subcontinent and which 1964; 10 countries wlll receive 80 percent The procedure now being used by our has a total population larger than the of our total military assistance; 6 coun­ aid officials is a great improvement over combined populations of the continents _tries .will receive 80 percent of our de­ the old system. Careful studies are made of South America and Africa. velopment loan funds; 6 countries in of each country, and comprehensive Mr. Speaker, I now yield to the gentle­ Latin America will receive 80 percent of plans are set forth to maximize the effec­ man from Michigan [Mr. O'HARA]. our Alliance for Progress loans; and 7 tiveness of U.S. assistance. Except where Mr. O'HARA of Michigan. Mr. Speak­ countries will receive 80 percent of our urgent political considerations are in­ er, a major criticism of our foreign aid supporting assistance. volved, aid is given according to develop­ program is its alleged lack of selectivity. These statistics, which illustrate the ment priorities established for each It is said that the program is not se­ very high degree of concentration of country. Careful studies are made of a lective enough in its choice of programs U.S.-aid funds in a relatively small nutn­ country's progress in order to make sure and projects; that the requirements ber of nations, provide one of the best in­ that U.S. aid is achieving maximum re­ which aid l'ecipients must meet are not dicators of the degree of selectivity now sults, and that the country is undertak­ extensive or strict enough; that the pro­ being applied in our foreign aid program. ing satisfactory self-help measures. gram 1$ w~teful and inefficient by the What, then, accounts for the large We are now also encouraging and very, fact that it aids so many coun­ number of countries receiving aid? helping countries to study their prob­ tries; that it has spread itself too thin What is the answer to the allegations lems and to formulate their own devel­ to be ef(ective. These criticisms are that we are giving foreign aid to 107 opment plans. usually backed up with the single sta­ countries? The answer is that 79 coun­ In the case of the Alliance for Progress, tistic that the United Staites iij giving tries and 7 territories, a total of 86, re­ every Latin American country is required foreign aid to about 107 nations of the ceived economic aid in 1.962-this is the to submit development plans to an expert free world. total number of countries and territories committee of the Organization of Ameri­ Some of the criticism is justified, par­ which received U.S. foreign aid from the can States for review and recommenda­ ticularly in hindsight. The aid program State Department. In addition, 5 coun­ tion. has been handicapped because of a lack tries received only Public Law 480 and A third way in which greater selec­ of proper planning and programing. military assistance, 7 countries received tivity has recently been introduced into Recently, however, th~ picture appears only military assistance; 9 countries re­ our foreign aid program is through to have improved consideral:)ly. Great­ ceived only Public Law 480 assistance, agreements on conditions or require­ er selectivity is now being introduced in making 107 countries and territories ments which must be met before aid is the foreign aid program through the use which received, during 1962, some form forthcoming. We labored for many of three major criteria in determining of assistance. years under the mistaken assumption the form and amount of assistance the A large number of the 86 countries that such conditions or strings on aid United States should furnish a given getting economic aid receive only very constituted interference in the domestic country. limited assistance, however. affairs of other countries, and, there!ore, The :first of these is self-help-the ex­ Forty-five nations will receive 10 per­ were wrong. By contrast, it is now rec­ tent to which a country is using its own cent of our total economic assistance ognized that in order for U.S. assistance resources for development. Experience and 7 percent of our military assistance to be effective, agreement has to be over the past 15 years has demonstrated in fiscal year 1964. These 45 countries effective, agreement has to be reached that outside assistance can be effective are for the most part newly independent between the United States and the re­ only if recipient countries provide local countries where our aid consisted chiefly cipient country on conditions which must energy, initiative, and leadership, as well of technical assistance or limited capital be met before aid can be made available. as capital and technical skills. Accord­ loans; 27 of these 45 nations are in This is one of the most hopeful and out­ ingly, the extent of self-help on the part Africa. standing improvements made 1n the for­ of the recipient country is now a , pri­ Although the amount of aid we are eign aid program since the Agency for mary factor in the allocation of U.S.-ajd supplying to these nations is small, it International Development was estab­ funds. serves highly important ends. And the lished in 1961. The second selective criterion is other returns we reap for our small invest­ These, then, are the three means possible sources of aid. The United ments are considerable. Limited aid to through which foreign aid has now been State& 1s not alone in providing capital these 45 nations serves to demonstrate made more selective: First, use of most and technical assistance. our interest in their progress. Small aid money for the concentrated number The success of past aid programs in amounts of aid also help to counter of nations showing the greatest Potential Europe and Japan now enables those na­ Soviet bloc influences or to maintain a for development; second, a more compre­ tions to provide more than 40 percent of U.S. presence pending changes favorable hensive approach to the development of the world's total aid to less-developed to free world interests. a country, including the establishment countries. European nations, for exam­ It is these, 45 nations-receiving less of priorities, through better United States ple, contribute 73 percent of all aid to than 10 percent of our total aid effort-­ and local development planning; and Africa. The availability of aid from out­ which swell the total number of nations third, agreement on conditions which a side the United States-from other na­ receiving economic aid. To stop limited country must meet in order to receive tions or from International organiza­ aid to these nations would sacrifice the aid. tions-is a major determinant in the al­ vital interests of the United States and Selectivity will remain a problem in location of U.S.-aid funds. the free world without producing any the administration of foreign aid. The The third selective criterion is that of substantial savings in the total cost of aid program still serves a number of dif­ U.S. interests. The overriding objective the program. ferent and sometimes conflicting pur­ of all U.S. assistance is to strengthen the Foreign aid is also more selective as poses. This fact, together with the com­ security of the free world. The na­ a result of better planning and program­ tions which are to receive U.S. aid, and ing, both by our Government and by plexities of development and the difficul­ the form and amounts they will receive, recipient governments. For years, one ties inherent in a human undertaking are selected and determined, to a large of the greatest weaknesses of the aid of this magnitude, will continue to make extent, on the basis of the relationship program has been the lack of a compre­ foreign aid less selective than we might of such assistance to the security of the hensive U.S. approach to the problems like. But great enterprises are not al­ United States and the free world. of a country, as well as the lack of plan­ ways tidy and efficient, and although The strict use of these selective criteria ning by the countries being aided. Until greater selectivity is important, with for­ has resulted In a proposed foreign aid recently, most aid has been given on a eign aid as with war, it is the :final result program for 1964 whch shows a high de- project-by-project basis. There was that counts. 15074 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 Mr. FRASER. I thank the gentleman quality merchandise,- is ~o important. natives in approaching our _continuing from Michigan for his ex_cellent state­ 'I'he intrinsic quality of most U.S. prod­ ~truggle with .the U.S.S.R. The first, of ment on the technique of admi:pistering ucts is second to none. But it is not c;ourse, is surrender, which, is totally un­ our foreign aid program. enough for a product to be intrinsically acceptable to us. Mr. SICKLES. Mr. Speaker, will the sound. . It must also meet the particular The second would be to engage in a gentleman yield? requirements for which it is . intended, nuclear holocaust. In light of the gen­ Mr. FRASER. I yield to the gentle­ and these may be quite different in some eral world acceptance of the limited test man from Maryland. countries than in the United States. And ban agreement that has recently been Mr. SICKLES. Mr. Speaker, at this once sold, products must be satisfactorily negotiated, it seems obvious that nearly time I would like to address a few re­ serviced. the entire world joins with us in reject­ marks with respect to the subject of We have proven we can be a great ing a confrontation in nuclear war.fare foreign aid, particularly as it affects for­ producing nation. Our challenge now is as a solution. eign trade. Although the foreign aid to apply our zeal and inventiveness to The third alternative, which is the one program is not directly responsible for becoming better traders-and show our we have chosen to adopt, is that of wag­ promoting U.S. exports, there is, of willingness to adapt to the varying con­ ing an economic offensive in competition course, a direct tie-in between foreign aid ditions that must often be met in new with the U.S.S.R. and foreign trade. markets. The necessity for the United States to The greatest potential for expanding Foreign aid also helps to promote the pursue a direct economic oft'ensive, is a · our markets in today's world is within export of goods from the most productive result of World War II drastically the very countries we are now helping of all our industries-the American changing the balance-of-power situation with foreign aid. These countries con­ farm. in world politics. Power vacuums were tain more than 50 percent of the popula­ Under Public Law 480, which is closely created in most of Asia, Africa, and the tion of the free world. As they achieve tied into the foreign aid program, a key Middle East by the withdrawal of Brit­ stability and economic growth, a vast purpose is the expansion of international ish and French influence and military market will be created for our industrial trade aniong the United states and strength; Europe, devastated by war, was and agricultural products. friendly nations and the stimulation of not even capable of defending itself. We have just barely scratched the the expansion of foreign trade in agri­ Russian troops had over.run all of East­ surface of the world's demand for u.s~ cultural commodities produced in the ern Europe, and were drawn up on the goods and services. United States. Surplus agricultural com­ line dividing Germany and Austria into What are some of the specific oppor­ modities serve this purpose through the East and West. tunities which our foreign aid program use of local currency proceeds of Public In the several years immediately after offers to U.S. business aside from the Law 480 sales for agricultural market de­ the war, the power balance was in grave obvious opportunity to sell to countries velopment. Other proceeds may be danger of shifting to the Communists. which would lack the necessary foreign loaned or granted for economic develop­ The loss of China to the Communists exchange if they did not have U.S. aid? ment, which in turn is related to the made the situation· even more perilous. Any real expansion of U.S. exports expansion of our export market. Besides the danger of Soviet Russia in depends upon :five conditions. These Europe and the Middle East, there was are: consumer demand, purchasing The aim of foreign aid is to succeed also increasing Communist pressure on power, access to markets, competitive in developing other countries to the point free countries of Asia. prices, and quality merchandise. that it can · eventually be replaced by · In this situation, the United States, Right from the start, the foreign as­ foreign trade. This happened in Europe, which had emerged -from World War II sistance program creates new purchasing where the Marshall plan sparked the as the leader of the free world, was faced power and, in turn, greater consumer de­ economic boom that has once again made either with moving into the power vacu­ mand, by :financing development projects Europe our most important market. It um left by the war, or leaving these areas requiring the importation of goods and also happened in Japan, which is now exposed to Communist attack. services. our second largest customer. It can 'The decision was made to throw U.S. Foreign aid also helps to open up for­ happen, and will happen in other parts power into the breach, not only in Eu­ eign markets to U.S. business. In many of the world if we continue along our rope through NATO and the Marshall of the newly emerging countries the present course. As the world's greatest plan, but in the Middle East through United States has largely been excluded economic power, the United States has the Greek-Turkish aid program, and in from access to markets because of tariff a vital stake in bringing this prospect Asia. The Korean war, which, besides barriers, quota restriction against dollar into full reality. the Berlin blockade, was the major at­ imports, bilateral trading arrangements, I commend the gentleman for. securing tempt made by the Communists to test or existing relationships with European this special order on this timely subject U.S. determination and power, strength­ colonial powers. By requiring U.S. pro­ and I th~nk him for yielding to me. ened our resolve and capacity to stand curement, the foreign aid program can Mr. FRASER. Mr. SpPaker, I want to up to the Communists. open some of these doors. Once U.S. thank the gentleman for that very ex­ More recently, the United States has goods and services have begun to flow cellent and penetrating analysis. I had to come to the defense of nations into these markets, continuing demands think that this statement which the gen­ such as Vietnam, where Communist ter­ will be created for U.S. products. Hav­ tleman has just given us is further proof rorism and subversion are a major threat ing been started through aid, trade will of the need to continue with a strong to security and progress. then be able to continue in the normal and adequate foreign aid program. · Vietnam has its problems. But today commercial manner after the end of the At this time I would like to yield to the in Vietnam the rice:fields are controlled aid program. gentleman from California [Mr. CAM­ by the Government, and the people of Price competition ·is the fourth condi­ ERON]. the villages are beginning to think about tion. Again, foreign aid helps U.S. busi­ Mr. CAMERON. Mr. Speaker, I want increasing their rice yields and sending ness in several ways. By concentrating to thank the gentleman for yielding to their children to school. A year ago on financing project needs or commodi­ me at this time and to join with the sev­ those ricefields were controlled by the ties which U.S. industry can supply on a eral others here in congratulating him Vietcong, and the chief government of­ competitive basis, the foreign aid pro­ on having made arrangements for this ficial in the area could not venture a mile gram, through the requirement of U .s. special order today. Certainly as the outside town unless escorted by troops. procurement, helps to open markets for foreign aid bill will be coming before The Vietcong are still in the hills, but U.S. industry where we can compete on the House next week, this is a timely and they come down only at night, to shout equal terms with other countries. Once necessary thing that Mr. FRASER has done propaganda into the now protected vil­ the quality of U.S. goods and services for the benefit of the membership. lages. has been established, price also may be I plan to address my remarks to the U.S. foreign aid, both material and less of a factor than before. aspects of foreign aid as an antidote · to technical assistance, has been a key fac­ This-is why the fifth of the conditions communism. I have long held the posi­ ·tor in bringing about this change. The essential to market expansion; namely, tion that we really have but three alter- Vietnamese Army, advi_sed by American 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15075 officers, has conducted vigorous offensive spent for development purposes rather threat of communism and the conflicts operations against Vietcong jungle than for security or recovery. This was that have been breaking out lend urgency camps, destroying much of their food only a small percentage of the total aid to the foreign aid program as one of the stocks and other supplies. program. The amount spent for develop­ means available to us with which to com­ With U.S. help, villages have been or­ ment increased steadily, until by 1962 bat this threat. ganized into what are called strategic over $4 billion, which is a high percent­ Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, will the hamlets. Bamboo stakes or barbed wire age of the total aid program, was spent gentleman yield? were established around each village. for development purposes. Mr. FRASER. I yield to the gentle­ Y'>ung men were given arms and enough Because communism is bred by pov­ man from New York. military training to serve as village erty, hunger, sickness, and lack of hope, Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I thank guards. A radio was placed in each the development side of foreign aid is the gentleman from Minnesota for yield­ village so that army troops could be just as important in fighting communism ing to me. I want to say just a few called if the Vietcong attacked. Mili­ as the security part of the program. words in support of the foreign aid pro.­ tary patrols protect the riceflelds at Stopping the Communists militarily· or gram and in support of the foreign aid harvest time. through internal security measures, is bill and almost all of its provisions as it The strategic hamlet system is proving essential. But it does little good to block will come to the :floor of the House at very effective. Vietcong attacks on the Communist aggression and subversion this session of Congress. defended villages have been beaten off unless steps also are taken to develop . Mr. Speaker, I had intended to speak by villagers themselves with the help of among threatened peoples a spirit of in this fashion during the general de­ army units. And without access to the freedom and resistance to totalitarian­ bate on the :floor of the House on this villages the Vietcong have lost their ism. subject matter and indicate my support sources of food, supplies, and recruits. The determination of a nation to de­ for this program which I think is needed. U.S. foreign aid has provided the f end its independence is the indispensa­ However, I am happy to say a few words barbed wii-e, the weEtpons, and th~ radios. ble ingredient. And nations possess the now at this stage in this special order. The villagers have provided the man­ determination to defend themselves only In view of the fact that special orders power, organization, the energy, and, where there is basic acceptance of things have gone forward today and yesterday, above all, the will to defend themselves. as they are-of the system of life as it it is important that there be some The strategic hamlet program in Viet­ stands. When there is such despair, such minority party statements in support of rejection of the existing system that the foreign aid bill in order to make the nam is going well. It is far too soon to there is no will to defend it, totalitarian­ claim decisive results, but the combina­ ism, and especially communism, is an RECORD absolutely clear that this pro­ tion of aggressive army attacks on the ever-present danger. gram has bipartisan support as it had Vietcong, protected village defense This is the reason the social progress in the past. against Vietcong attack, and a strong trust fund was established in 1961 to I have been a Member of this body for village uplift program to give the vil­ spearhead the new foreign aid program 5 years, and I have consistently sup­ lagers an increasing stake in the prog­ in Latin America. Mass dissatisfaction ported the program. Indeed, in the past ress and independence of their country and unrest had increased to the danger I have voted against amendments which looks like a winning combination. If the point. Immediate and tangible social were designed to cut it back or to so Vietnamese Government continues to and economic progress was essential 1n hamstring the executive branch in the work strongly in this direction, and if order to stave off revolution and totali­ program's administration as to go over the United States continues to provide tarian takeover of vital areas. the borderline into that area of foreign support, Vietnam, which 2 years ago The situation is still critical in Latin policy where the Congress should hesi­ seemed to be ripe for plucking by the America, as well as in other less-devel­ tate to tread. Communists, will be on the way to be­ oped areas of the world. Progress is so In speaking today on behalf of the coming a securely free nation with early slow, and the problems of development program I not only wish to reflect the prospects for achieving economic in­ are so difficult and so vast that the future importance of bipartisan support for dependence. course of events is uncertain. Mean­ the program in general but also I wish In each of these cases, the United while, the gap between the developing to indicate that my own support of the states, as the leader of the free world, world and the developed world continues bill is not doctrinaire, it is not inflexible, was faced with having to use sizable re­ to increase. it may not be permanent, and is done sources to combat communism. We We have been very successful, partly with a high degree of awareness of the would have preferred not to worry about through our foreign aid program, in pre­ weaknesses of the program and its short­ the Communists. There was and is so venting the Communists from taking comings. We know that administration much positive, constructive work to t>e over vulnerable areas of the less-devel­ has been faulty from year to year. We done. But lf we had not grasped the oped world. Now the challenge, while know that the best men have not always nettle, vast areas of the world, now free, continuing to prevent Communist ag­ been recruited, both at home and over­ would be under Communist domination. gression and subversion, is to move ahead seas, especially overseas. We know there If our foreign aid program had accom­ fast enough with a positive and construc­ a.re difficulties with the balance-of-pay­ plished nothing, by way of helping the tive program of development to preyent ments problem that the country is faced developing nations to move ahead, we the Communists from taking over by de­ with. We do not kid ourselves in taking could still look back with deep satisfac­ fault. Foreign aid has been an effective note of the fact that the foreign a.id bill tion on the contribution made by foreign preventative in maintaining security to some extent contributes to the diffi­ aid toward stopping the Communists. against the Communists. Now we must culties of balance of payments. We This was done at no small cost. Few redouble our efforts to use foreign aid as know there- has been a tendency not to people realize that more than a third of an antidote to communism, by counter­ select areas of great priority and to dis­ the $100 billion of foreign aid since World acting the evils of communism through card low priority areas. But we know War II has been direct military assist­ positive good. too that efforts have been and are being ance. Mr. Speaker, I again want to thank ma.de to strengthen and correct each of By helping to preserve the security of and congratulate the gentleman from these deficiencies. the free world, foreign aid has made pos­ Minnesota for the service he has per­ I think some of the criticisms that have sible the positive and constructive steps formed for the House today. · been made of the foreign a.id program, now being taken toward development. Mr. FRASER. I want to thank the which have been valid ones, have been Having helped to secure certain areas, gentleman from California for his excel­ met with sincere and effective attempts we have been able in the past several lent analysis of the role played by foreign on the part of the Administrators of the years to shift from spending foreign aid aid in combating the threat of commu­ program to bring about reforms. I am primarily for security purposes, as we nism. It has been said that even were happy to report that in my judgment, did in the years of the Korean war, to the communist threat to disappear from Mr. Bell, Administrator of the program primarily development purposes. the face of this earth, we would still have under this administration, is doing an rn 1949, only one-tenth of $1 billion a moral obligation to help our brethren excellent job. · I" commend him for con­ of U.S. economic and military aid was around the world. But, certainly, the tinuing the improvements that were 15076 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 begun under the Eisenhower administra­ country, it seems clear that we can point World Bank first in order to see whether tion in all three of the areas I men­ to this country as an example of the or not the same kind of thing can be tioned-selectivity, administration, and practical value of foreign aid in the cold­ done by an established international the problem of balance of payments. war context. It can be substantiated lending agency before the United States Generally speaking, all of the top men that but for the effort made by the U.S. moves in on the project on a bilateral in the aid program over the past 10 years Government and voluntary groups in or unilateral basis. Nowhere in the act have been high-caliber men who know Guinea to help this young, French­ has there been an additional criteria, what they were doing and who knew the speaking country, a former French which is to canvass the possibilities that weaknesses of the program as well as colony, to establish itself in the com­ the same development loan could be done we, in fact, better. I have been per­ munity of nations, that country may well by private sources within the United suaded in my meetings with Mr. David have gone under and become a Com­ States before committing the U.S. Gov­ Bell, that every effort is being made to munist country. The Soviet Union made ernment to a governmental loan. That see to it that the program is made more a major effort in that part of the world, was the amendment which I offered to selective, that the balance-of-payments and largely through our efforts in the the main body of the Development Loan problem is pinpointed and corrected area of agriculture, education, and Fund section and also to the Alliance wherever possible by seeing to it that health, contrasted with the rather for Progress. buy-American rules are enforced and clumsy Soviet efforts to build a few As I said a moment ago, I was deeply that greater emphasis is placed on loans large and expensive showplaces which gratified that the committee accepted rather than grants. Again, this is a con­ were apparently useless to the people of the amendment and, apparently, at least tinuation of reforms begun under the Guinea, the United States eventually I must assume that, the administration Eisenhower administration. Phaseouts emerged as the country to which the has also agreed that this is a reasonable were then started, personnel was cut le9:dership of Guinea turns for advice, and fair precondition to the granting of down and caliber improved, development gmdance, and council. Soviet interfer­ development loans. loans were emphasized as being far more ence was rejected out of hand. This amendment, I may say very effective than grants-in-aid. We know, too, that in the Sudan frankly, is designed, over a long period I think, too, that the Clay Committee 325,000 people, it is estimated, are being of time-and I suppose it will be a very has performed a most useful service. reached by agricultural programs spon­ long period of time-to phase the for­ From a tactical point of view, the speed sored by the aid program. eign aid program into the nongovern­ with which the Clay Committee report In Ghana several thousand farm fam­ mental arena of the American economy. was adopted by the White House and ilies have been reached directly by agri­ It is designed to gear in the free enter­ made administration policy may possibly cultural programs. In Morocco exten­ prise system to aid objectives. It is de­ result in greater damage to the bill on sive agricultural programs, largely in the signed to bring private, nongovernmen­ the floor of the House by its opponents field of irrigation, have done a good deal tal, managerial, administrative, and than General Clay or anyone else ex­ toward settling several thousand fam­ technical talent to aid objectives as well pected, or wants. That is one reason why ilies on new farms which had never been as nongovernmental resources. I am speaking now. As time goes on we tillable before. You cannot reverse these things over.:. find fewer and fewer friends for the This kind of thing has gone on in night. I am satisfied that adjustments foreign aid program. It is very easy to other countries in the continent of have been made and are being made that speak against it. Africa. If it is pinpointed, if it is man­ will strengthen and pinpoint this pro­ Indeed, it is increasingly popular to aged by people who know what they are gram. Brit, even if I thought it were speak against it. One reason I am con­ doing, technical assistance programs can time to bring the foreign aid program to strained to speak now is that those few be of enormous strength and value in a grinding halt, it cannot be done and people who will speak for the program any country where poverty is a way of should not be done-because any sudderi really have to be heard from because if life and where just a little bit more food, change of that kind in our relations with those few are not heard from there will basics in education, and decent shelter these newly emerging countries, and be nobody to speak for it. over one's head will make the difference combines holding on by their teeth on I am particularly interested in those between a country moving as a respon­ the edge of tyranny, as in southeast aspects of the program that work directly sible member into the community of na­ Asia, would, in my judgment, result in with people; not the great, massive tions and a country which might slip into disaster. That is why I think the pro­ projects which are vastly expensive and the ways of "puppetdom''-if I may coin gram is deserving of support in the which consist of concrete and steel and a phrase-and domination from the House of Representatives this year. which sometimes result in showplaces. Soviet Union. I think there will be a very vigorous I am delighted to be told that those kinds I should like to say in closing, Mr. effort made on the floor and certainly by of projects are being given lower and Speaker, that during the course of the the appropriations route to cut the pro­ lower priority as we move along. hearings on the foreign aid bill the gram down to proportions which are I think it is understood that the most chairman of the committee and the probably unwise. These efforts should useful area of commitment for the United members were gracious enough to listen be examined with great care and, if States is in those areas that deal in the to me for over an hour of testimony. I overdone, they should be resisted. Those basic commodities of life: health, hous­ appeared before the committee in order of us on the minority side of the aisle ing, education, and agriculture. I have to ask for a rather simple amendment in who have watched and followed this seen health being tackled in the subcon­ the foreign aid bill, and I am gratified program with interest over the years and tinent-India and Pakistan-on a per­ to say that the amendment was later who have seen its benefits as well as its sonal visit, and I was impressed with adopted by the ~ommittee, thanks largely shortcomings will be prepared to assist what was being done. The same in the through the efforts of our colleague, the in a bipartisan way to see to it that the Middle East. I have studied a good deal gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. program goes forward for the benefit of the work in Africa, and one day I hope MoasEl, who saw to it that the amend­ of the United States and of the entire I may be privileged to take a long and, ment was incorporated in the bill. It is free world. I hope, constructive and not too hasty quite a simple amendment, Mr. Speaker, · The SPEAKER pro tempore Mongolia, and North Vietnam about lion people working primarily on the Dodge is building a $2 million copper which no information is available. Of large fincas of the great landlords. and aluminum wire and cable plant. these, 329 million-22.4 percent-now El Salvador began immediately to im­ The Phillips Co. of the Netherlands 1s live in areas already freed of the disease plement the Charter of Punta del Este; constructing a $600,000 electric light and another 243 million-16.5 percent-­ which established the Alliance for Prog­ bulb and appliance plant. Italian and in areas where spray operations have ress. In early 1961, steps were taken U.S. interests are establishing a $300,000 been withdrawn and eradication is ex­ to halt the :flight of capital. A stabili­ pencil and office supply plant. pected to be confirmed soon. An addi­ zation program was developed in coop­ Under the able hand of President Julio tional 461 million-31.3 percent-people eration with the International Monetary Rivera, and with the cooperation of Alli­ are being protected by insecticides and Fund in order t:o correct the balance-of­ ance for Progress officials, El Salvador other antimalaria measures. Plans are payments deficit and strengthen the is demonstrating to Latin America and developing for including 33 million more country's currency. As a result of these to the world the effectiveness of the people under protection in the near controls, El Salvador now has a favor­ Alliance for Progress. El Salvador is future. However, there are still 405,- able balance of payments. not the only Alliance success story. 800,000 people-27.5 percent-exposed to El Salvador continued its economic Venezuela, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia malaria who are not yet included in the reform program by raising, in September are all moving ahead of the anticipated program. This unprotected population 1961, the progressive income tax rates. schedule for the Alliance for Progress. is largely in Africa--45 percent-where 15080 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD - HOUSE August 15 the administrative, financial, and man­ These are a few examples of the eco­ this had dropped to 1 percent. The ef­ power resources necessary for eradica­ nomic benefits already reaped as a result fect is most noticeable in increased out­ tion have not yet been .adequately of the malaria eradication program: put from Indian coal mines, where ma- developed. . CSYLOM .laria incidence and absenteeism were In the 18 countries throughout the · For the 9-year period 1939-47, it was always high; in the completion of rail­ world receiving bilateral assistance from possible to develop a total of 146,773 road and irrigation construction pr-0jects the United States through the foreign acres at an annual average of 16,306 delayed for decades in malarious areas, aid program, 805 million people live in acres. During the period 1948-56, after and in the rich, tea-growing areas of areas recently malarious. Included malaria was brought under control, the Assam and West Bengal where as late as among these countries are some of the total acreage development was 467,268, 1947, 20 to 25 percent of the total popu­ most difficult problem areas from the for an annual average of .63,032. Three­ lation reported sick with malaria each point of view of malaria eradication­ quarters of the most productive portions month during the height of the tea­ for example, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, of the country are now habitable and packing season. Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam. Ap­ producing crops-an impossibility 10 Until 1949, malaria prevented the de­ proximately 624 million people in AID years before because of the heavy inci­ ·Velopment of a rich region in northern project countries are being protected at dence of malaria. India. As malaria disappeared in the present. Approximately 148,800,000 IRAN area cultivated land increased by 400 people-18.4 percent are living in malar­ The Ministry of Agriculture reports percent; production of food grains rose ious sections of these countries where no that wheat cultivation between 1945 and by 130 percent; industrial enterprises. program is yet underway. Most of these 1949 increased 8,000 hectares. Between rose in number from 11 to 29; construc­ live in Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan 1949 and 1953 after malaria control be­ tion of a hydroelectric plant brought where the size of the areas involved 1·e­ gan, the wheat acreage went up 758,000 .electric power to villages; and many new quires development of the program by hectares, an increase of 27 .3 percent. homes and schools were built. stages over several years. By comparison to other foreign-aid ac­ The United States contributes men, NEPAL tivities, the amount of money spent on money, and materials to the campaign In the Rapti Valley area an estimated malaria control has not been large. But against malaria. American scientists 50,000 acres of new land has been put it has been well spent and effectively are employed to give technical and ad- · into cultivation since the malaria eradi­ .used, and the program is proving to be ministrative guidance to other countries. cation program began. Whereas before one of our best investments in the im­ There are some 80 located in the 18 families were ekeing out a subsistence proving of life for the millions of less countries receiving U.S. assistance. living on 2 to 4 acres of land, the average fortunate peoples in the less developed Training of national government per­ farm has now grown to some 10 to 14 nations. sonnel is an important aspect of the U.S. acres, and rice, sesame, and mustard oil Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, I ask program. The principal U.S.-supported are being exported for the first time. unanimous consent that the gentleman training program is the Malaria Eradi­ CAMBODIA from Oregon [Mr. DUNCAN] may extend cation Training Center in Kingston, · In one Province in 1953 there were ap­ his remarks at this point in the RECORD Jamaica, with another international proximately 15,000 people farming in a and include extraneous matter. training center being established in rich area of 210,000 acres. This land was The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Manila, Philippines. In Jamaica, 280 capable of several crops annually, but objection to the request of the gentleman persons from 57 countries have been because of malaria it was only producing from Minnesota? trained in malaria eradication tech­ one; some of the land was not even being There was no objection. niques since 1958. This cooperative cultivated. By 1957, following malaria FOREIGN AID AND EDUCATION venture between AID, the Pan American control activities, the population had in­ Mr. DUNCAN. Mr. Speaker, the edu­ Health Organization and the Govern­ creased to 45,000 and the land was in full cational challenge posed by the develop­ ment of Jamaica has done much to alle­ use. ing nations presently receiving U.S. as­ viate the world shortage of both senior PHILIPPINES ~istance is 4Dmense. In these nations and junior malaria experts. Twenty-one new land districts have The greatest part of U.S. malaria live about 1.2 billion people-nearly 40 been opened for agricultural purposes as percent of the total world population. funds is spent for commodities. Al­ a result of malaria eradication. In seven though sprayers, vehicles, laboratory Only about 25 percent of them are liter­ of these the area planted with rice in­ ate. Less than a fourth of the children equipment and drugs are purchased in creased 20.53 percent and the area plant­ sizable quantities, insecticides are the of school age are in school, and less than ed with maize jumped by 27 .95 percent, 2 percent ever complete secondary major item. More than 70 million raising production of these two crops for pounds of DDT were purchased by AID education. Pupil-teacher ratios of 100 all of the Philippines by more than 30 to 1 are -common, compared to about 25 during fiscal year 1962, nearly one-third percent each. of all the DDT manufactured in this to 1 in the developed countries. INDONESIA To help meet this challenge, the country and 70 percent of U.S. DDT In one area of Indonesia production of exports. United States, through the Agency for rice increased 50 percent because of ma­ :International Development has estab­ Research and development studies laria control. This increase alone have been an important aspect of our lished cooperative educational programs amounted to the equivalent of 9 million in 58 nations. In eaeh the goal is the malaria eradicating program. Most of Indonesian rupees per year, in contrast this work is done by the Communicable same: To train people who in tum can to the 350,000 rupees spent on controlling train teachers, prepare suitable texts Disease Center of the Public Health malaria in the area. Service by contract with AID. and teaching aids, and themselves devel­ The U.S. role in this historic campaign DmIA op a strong educational program in their against one of mankind's greatest natu­ Independent studies have estimated respective countries. Assistance ls pro­ ral enemies has already become one of that in several areas of India the return vided for all levels of education-pri­ the greatest of all foreign aid success on money invested in spraying operations mary, secondary, and higher education;· stories. is about 50 to 1 in industrial production for all age groups and types of schools­ Within the next few years, malaria will increases. The studies estimated that vocational and technical as well as gen­ be almost completely wiped out. Even this would increase the Indian gross na­ eral ,education; and for construction and at this stage, remarkable economic re­ tional product by some $500 million each equipment as well as for technical assist- sults have been achieved in many areas year. ance. . apart from the humanitarian and other In 1953, India recorded 1 million In 1962, AID obligated $93 million in benefits of the program. In countries deaths from malaria, and more than 75 U.S. funds plus an additional $98 mlllion where eradication has been most success­ million cases. At the most conservative In U.S.-owned local currencies to assist ful, such as Venezuela, Sardinia, and estimate, these 75 m1111on cases meant a the developing nations in meeting acute Taiwan, there have been striking in­ loss of more than 1 billion man-days of educational problems. creases in cultivation, productivity, in­ work. In Bolivia, AID projects are being car­ dustrialization, tourism, and the utiliza­ Malaria cases accounted for nearly 11 ried out to improve commercial educa­ tion of natural resources. percent of all diseases m. 1953: by 1961, tion. Libya, a program In vocational 1983 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15081 training for farmers, tradesmen, and 200 elementary school teachers. An­ Because English has become the near­ handicraft artisans 1s 1n progress. In other similar institution is now. being est thing to an international language in Iran, U.S. aid helped to establish an en.. established with AID assistance to train many underdeveloped nations, AID has tire vocational education system for the secondary school teachers. been providing technical assistance for Iranian armed forces. · Television 'represents a Potentially the teaching of English in 14 Asian and In Pakistan, an AID team taught valuable educational medium for·the de­ African countries. Pakistani railwaymen-!ew of whom veloping nations. In Nigeria, for ex­ Finally, ·75 American universities and spoke the same language or dialech ample, AID has provided an experienced colleges are working under AID contracts how to operate diesel locomotives. American educational television execu­ in the establishment and improvement With independence approaching in tive as an adviser to the Nigerian staff of facilities for higher education in more Kenya, an AID-assisted special project of a new educational television station. than 26 Asian, African, and South Amer­ has begun to train 47 local government From 1960 to 1962 the station has tele­ ican countries. officials for positions of high responsi­ cast more than 700 different programs Of the many needs of the developing bility in the government when independ­ for a total of 350 hours of instruction to countries none is more critical than the ence is granted. 100 village schools equipped with tele­ need for education, in the broadest sense A fascinating example of an AID proj­ vision sets supplied by 'the Nigerian of the word. And of the many .parts of ect covering several levels of education Ministry of Education. our foreign aid program none is more in is the program in Nepal. Not only teachers, but also classrooms keeping with American ideals, and the Nepal's first teacher..:training center are in short supply in most underdevel­ aspirations of Americans for their fellow was established in 1954 under the direc­ oped nations. AID has encouraged the men around the world, than educational tion of the University of Oregon. In building of new schools and classrooms assistance. 1956 mobile teaching teams were orga­ in many countries by providing techni­ nized to carry teacher training to the cal help and materials while local resi­ INTRODUCTION OF RESOLUTION dents provide the construction labor on remote provinces. FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A A college of education was established a volunteer basis. and a staff trained to educate up to 2,000 The Guatemalan Government JOINT COMMITTEE ON FOR­ teachers a year. A bureau of textbook launched a self-help school construction EIGN INFORMATION AND INTEL­ publication was established and several program in partnership with AID in 1960. LIGENCE of its Nepalese staff members were sent AID and the Guatemalan Government The SPEAKER, pro tempore (Mr. ROY­ to the United States for special training. agreed to share equally any costs not BAL) • Under previous order of the House, The bureau printed 55 different titles absorbed by the local communities. At the gentleman from New York [Mr. and 225,000 pieces of educational litera­ the beginning of the project, it was ex­ LINDSAY] is recognized for 60 minutes, ture in its first 5 years of operation. pected that volunteer labor w.ould cover 10 minutes of which have already been More than 2,400 part-time teachers about one-third of the cost of construc­ consumed by the previous presentation were trained for literacy education, and tion. In fact, it has accounted for of the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. they in turn taught mpre than 1,000 nearly 44 percent of construction costs. FRASER]. adults to read and write in their first During the 3 years since the pilot project Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I rise year in the field. began, self-help schools have been built today to introduce a resolution for the Nepal's first national university .was and are now operating in every province establishment of a Joint Committee on established with colleges of liberal arts of Guatemala. More than 1,100 class­ Foreign Information and Intelligence. and sciences, agriculture and forestry, rooms in 300 schools have been· com­ I propose that the committee be con­ education, law, nursing, and medicine. pleted. The enthusiastic turnout of vil­ stituted roughly along the lines of the lagers for each school dedication symbol­ Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and Before the AID program began, Nepal izes the impact of such AID assisted proj­ had no national university, no teacher­ that it have its own funds and staff re­ ects on the lives of the people. sources. I propose also that it make training institutions. Only 1 child in · Self.:.help school construction programs 200 was in school, and only 2 p_ercent of continuing studies in the whole area of like the one in Guatemala are now un­ our foreign information and intelligence the Nepalese people could read and write. derway in Chile, Liberia, El Salvador, At the end of the first 5 years of the· programs. Haiti, and Honduras. In my remarks this afternoon, how­ education project, more than 1,500 new Another serious educational problem primary classrooms had trained teach­ facing many developing nations is that ever, Mr. Speaker, I do not intend to ers, 200 new schools were receiving fi­ of adult literacy. In Turkey a unique dwell at great length on the precise terms nancial aid, and 20 new prin;lary texts approach to the problem has been insti­ of this particular resolution. I think it had been published. Nearly 200 second-· tuted with U.S. aid. Literacy training is a good resolution but I am perfectly ary teachers had received bachelor of has been given to more than 150,000 ready to be persuaded that a better one education degrees and 45 high school Turkish soldiers and an additional might be devised. The question of the teachers had undergone a 1-year course 120,000 are expected to complete train­ exact structure and composition of this for the improvement of English instruc­ ing each year. committee seems to me significantly less tion. In addition, Nepal's entire second­ imPortant than the more general ques­ In addition, more than 3,000 primary tions of principle involved. I rise today, ary school curriculum had been re­ school teachers have gained literacy vamped to include vocational instruction not to make propaganda on behalf of a teaching experience at the military cen­ particular proposal of mine, but rather urgently required in agriculture, home ters. This group will form the teaching economics, commercial education, and· nucleus of a planned civilian literacy to raise a matter which I think is in need industrial arts. of the widest possible and most intelli­ program. The goal is to reduce illiter­ gent public discussion. A program similar to the one in Nepal. ~cy in Turkey from 70 to 30 percent by is now being carried out in India with 1975. As most Members are aware, the pro­ the assistance of U.S.-AID education In the Turkish project, as in most lit­ posal of a Joint Committee on Foreign teams from Ohio State University and eracy projects, U.S. experts help local Intelligence is not a new one. In one the Teachers College of Columbia Uni­ educators prepare training materials, form or another it has been introduced versity. texts, and f ollowup reading materials for into this House in each of the last 10 -In Cambodia a teacher-training pro­ use by the newly literate. sessions; in 1955 it was the subject of a gram has been under way for 5 years. As of 1962, the Agency for Interna­ 2-day hearing by the Rules Committee. Prior to 1958 Cambodian students with' tional Development had undertaken In the Senate the Committee on Rules a sixth-grade education were given a projects to increase the supply and im­ and Administration reported on it favor­ summer of training and then pressed p;rove the quality of primary and sec­ ably 1n 1956, and for 2 days it was de­ into service as elementary school teach­ ondary school teachers in 33 Latin bated on the floor of that body. Nor is ers. Under the AID contract Cambodia's American, African, and Asian nations. it partisan in nature. Back in 1959 res­ first teacher preparation center was In Afghanistan, U.S. aid is the only bi­ olutions similar to mine were sponsored established and has already become the lateral assistance permitted by _the· Gov­ 1n the House by eight Democrats and largest educational institution in the ernment in the sensitive area of educa­ four Republicans. Earlier this yea:r: the country. Eac~ year the center trains tion. matter was brought to our attention by CDC--949 15082 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 a member of the other party, the dis- · cern, but I hope to show later in my In both the House and Senate the tinguished gentleman from Florida [Mr. speech that there are many important bodies responsible for overseeing the in­ ROGERS]. Moreover, when Mr. MANS­ aspects of intelligence work which could telligence community are small subcom­ FIELD'S resolution came to a vote in the usefully be studied without any need to mittees of the Appropriations and Armed Senate in 1956, the minority in favor inquire in detail into the activities of Services Committees. Neither the House included many Members on both sides particular persons and units in the field. Foreign Affairs Committee nor the Sen­ of the aisle. On that occasion one of So much for the moment for secrecy. ate Foreign Relations Committee has those who voted in favor was the then I find myself in even less sympathy with jurisdiction in this area despite their junior Senator from Massachusetts, now another argument that has also been ad­ obvious interest in intelligence matters. the President of the United States. vanced frequently in discussions of this This might not matter were it not for the If the proposal for a Joint Committee question-namely, that the intelligence fact that the surveillance exercised by on Foreign Intelligence has come up so community exists solely to serve the the four existing subcommittees is almost often and been supported by so many President and the National Security certainly both cursory and sporadic. For Members, why has it never been Council, and that therefore we in the example, last year during a debate in the adopted? Frankly I do not find that Congress have no right to seek a juris­ Senate the distinguished senior Senator question easy to answer, particularly dictional position. This doctrine was from Massachusetts, my friend, Mr. since some of the arguments against it stated in an extreme form in 1956 by SALTONSTALL, was asked how much time seem to me so feeble. Take, to begin Mr. HAYDEN in the Senate. He said at the Armed Services Subcommittee de­ with, the argument about secrecy. It is that time: voted to the CIA affairs. Mr. SALTON­ an argument that has been advanced The Central Intelligence Agency is an arm STALL was perfectly frank. He said: every time the proposal has been dis­ of the President. Under the Constitution, I I say on the floor of the Senate that we cussed. During the Senate debate in feel we have no right to attempt to regulate spend several hours and go into many details 1956 the chairman of the Senate an agency which is desi,gned solely to pro­ of operations, of expenses, of administration, Armed Services Committee, Mr. Rus­ vide the President, who, under the Consti­ and so on. tution, is responsible for our foreign rela­ SELL, went so far as to say that, rather tions, with information to enable him to I ask Members to note the phrase than have a committee set up and in­ make decisions. "several hours"-not weeks or even days, formation made available to Members of I, for one, cannot accept that doctrine. but hours. The members of one of the Congress, "it would be better to abolish most important committees in the other the Central Intelligence Agency and, by As every Member knows, these two doing so, to save the money appropriated branches of our Government, the execu­ House devote only hours to the affairs and the lives of American citizens." A tive and the legislative, are not water­ of one of the most important agencies of former Vice President, Mr. Barkley, took tight compartments separated by steel our Government. The reasons for this the same view in the same debate. bulkheads· the material between them is are surely clear. The members of the :flexible and porous. There are any num­ four subcommittees lack any staff spe­ Now no one denies that CIA and other cialized in these matters; they them­ intelligence agencies must conduct a very ber of congressional committees which keep a watch over the executive agencies. selves can have little time or thought to high proportion of their operations in devote to them. But even if these sub­ secret. Secrecy is of the essence of their In this House we have, to name only two, the Foreign Affairs Committee which in­ committees do have more time for intel­ work; without it they could not function, ligence, nevertheless the disadvantages and the security of our country would quires constantly into the policies and actions of the President and his agents, of having responsibility for the intelli­ be jeopardized. No one denies that. But gence community divided up among four what is true of the intelligence commu­ and the Government Operations Com­ mittee which closely scrutinizes the en­ different subcommittees would, I think, nity is also true in many other areas of be obvious to everyone. I maintain that government: in the fields of atomic en­ tire organization of the executive ergy, weapons development, and foreign branch. The Senate has a subcommittee congressional surveillance of the intelli­ policy, for example. But does this mean whose area of operations borders on the gence community is not now adequate, that Congress is to have no effective au­ very area I am discussing: the Subcom­ and cannot be adequate as long as it thority in these areas? Of course it does mittee on National Security Staffing and continues to be organized as it is at not. Congress has always asserted its Operations. present. right to concern itself with even the most If we are going to refrain from looking A moment ago I referred to the Cen­ sensitive areas of Government. And, into the affairs of executive agencies, tral Intelligence Agency as one of the where matters of the highest secrecy even agencies which report directly to most important agencies of our Govern­ have been involved, Members of both the President, than I fear we are going to ment. What is true of CIA is, of course, Houses have shown themselves perfectly have to disband a large number of our even truer of the intelligence commu­ capable of exercising the utmost re­ committees, or at least to curtail severely nity as a whole. Yet from time to time straint. This was never more clearly their activities. Of course we in the those who maintain that intelligence op­ demonstrated than by the experience of legislature cannot and should not inter­ erations fall exclusively within the execu­ the Manhattan project during World vene in areas beyond our competence. tive sphere-those, in other words, who War II, when members of the two appro­ But in my view we have not only a right are opposed to the establishment of a priations committees were kept fully ap­ but a duty to maintain a general surveil­ joint congressional committee-try to prised of the progress of the project lance over agencies like the Central In­ persuade us, despite all we have heard without on any occasion breaking secu­ telligence Agency, which are established and seen during the past few years, that rity. And I am sure all Members of the by statute and sustained by funds voted nevertheless CIA is a purely advisory House will agree that the record of the by the Members of these two Houses. body, that it is not directly concerned Joint Committee on Atomic Energy in These arguments-concerning secrecy with the making of national policy. Mr. this connection has been impeccable. and the exclusively executive nature of Allen Dulles himself remarked several As in the case of the Atomic Energy the intelligence community-are at least consistent. But strangely enough those years ago: Committee, I take it for granted of CIA is not a policymaking Agency: we course that much of the work of the new who oppose resolutions similar to this have often attempted to maintain, not furnish intelligence to assist in the formula­ committee-perhaps almost all of it-­ tion of policy. would be conducted in private and that that for these reasons Congress should the results would be made public only abstain entirely from overseeing the in­ Senator RussELL during a debate in telligence community, but that on the the other body was even more blunt: after a close screening by the appropriate contrary congressional oversight is al­ Government agencies. Nevertheless, I ready more than adequate. Senator Some Senators who addressed themselves admit that particular concern might still to the resolution on Monday last, seemed to RussELL made this claim in the debate hold the opinion that the CIA was a policy­ be felt about CIA, since breaches of already quoted, and it was reiterated by making agency. That theme ran all through security involving CIA might endanger Mr. Allen Dulles, the former Director of the remarks which were made in advocacy the lives of American operatives in other Central Intelligence, in his recent article of the adoption of the resolution. countries, and also the lives of agents of in Harper's magazine. What is in fact :Mr. President, the Central Intelligence other nations working in cooperation the extent ·or congressional surveillance Agency ts far from being a policymaking with us. I think this is a legitimate con- at the moment? agency. It makes no policy. 1963 CONGRESSIONAl RECORD - HOUSE 15083 The distinguished Senator went on to and indeed the entire intelligence com.:.· . outcome. Surely most Members of the say that CIA was merely a coordinating munity, is highly-and necessarily--se­ House will agree that it would be in the· and information-gathering body whose cretive in its mode of operations. For national interest to know whether such function was simply to present its :find­ this reason outsiders like myself have no incidents were merely particular aber­ ings to the actual policymaking body, the alternative but to rely for their informa­ rations or whether, in fact, they form a National Security Council. · tion on newspaper reports, on the oc­ pattern that is likely to be repeated in Senator RussELL said all this in 1956. casional published hearings on House the future. In my view it was scarcely plausible even and Senate committees, on the work of My second general reason for pressing then. Now in 1963, after our experi­ scholars like Professor Ransom, and on for the establishment of this committee ences in Cuba, Laos and elsewhere, to a miscellaneous variety of other sources. I can state quite briefly. It is this. I say that CIA is in no sense a policymak­ In the very nature of things our com­ abhor government by secrecy. I regard ing body is to say something that is pal­ ments and criticisms cannot be authori­ it as inimical to the effective function­ pably untrue. The National Security tative. We are working in the dark, or ing of our institutions. I regard it as Act, under which CIA operates, does not, at least in the semitwilight. Neverthe­ alien to our American way of life. Above of course, formally assign it policymak­ less, I think we do know enough to have all, I regard it as a threat to our funda­ ing functions. But CIA is a policymak­ reasonable grounds for supposing that mental liberties. I fully realize, of ing body, and we all know it. The rea­ all is not well within the intelligence course, it should be clear from what I sons have been well put by Prof. Harry community. Even more important, I have said already that a high degree of Howe Ransom, our leading lay student think we know enough to be certain that secrecy is essential to the workings of of intelligence affairs. In his study we need to know more-and by "we," the intelligence community. "Central Intelligence and National Se­ of course, I mean not necessarily the But I fear that with respect to the curity," published as early as 1958, he general public nor even every Member intelligence community we are often the has this to say: of Congress, but those Members who victims of secrecy for secrecy's sake. Certainly the CIA has no policymaking would serve on the kind of committee I Things are done to us and in our name responsibility. Yet pollcy making is not a have in mind. which we know nothing of. I do not simple static action. Rather it ts a dynamic Why, then, do I think such a com­ wish to see the legitimate secrets of the process. A key element in this process is the mittee should be established? intelligence community reported in the information available to policymakers. The I have two general reasons. The :first man, or group, controlling the information press and on the air. Of course I do not. available to policymakers does in fact play concerns the extraordinary number of But it does seem to me of enormous im­ a major if indirect role in policymaking. specific criticisms that have been leveled portance that a few selected representa­ over the years against the Central In­ tives of the people, chosen by the two A few pages later Professor Ransom telligence Agency and, by implication, Houses of Congress, should be continu­ adds: against the intelligence community as ously aware of what the intelligence It would be unrealistic to suggest that the a whole. Admittedly, as Mr. Allen community is doing and of the way in bright young men of CIA, by training, talent, Dulles recently pointed out: which it is going about doing it. The and personality, do not hold strong views on You cannot tell of operations that go American people have at stake, not controversial issues of national security a.long well. Those that go badly generally merely their liberties but their lives. policy. If it is granted that knowledge is speak for themselves. indeed power, it will be recognized that in Despite all I have said so far, there reality the CIA, through an increasing ef­ And I would not want for a moment would, of course, be little point in estab­ ficiency-and consequently rising credit with to deny that the Central Intelligence lishing this joint committee unless we responsible decision makers-has come to Agency has scored a number of quite had some fairly clear idea of what we play a major role in creating national secu­ spectacular successes-the U-2 over­ thought it should do, of what subjects rity policy. flights, for example, and the overthrow we thought it should study. I propose, Surely those statements can no longer of the Mossadegh regime in Iran. On therefore, to continue by discussing four be regarded as anything but the simple balance it is almost certainly true to say questions, all of high importance, which truth. In fact even Senator RUSSELL that the intelligence community has I think might usefully be investigated: appears to have come round. Last year,· served the Nation well. But the fact first, the relations between the Central during the hearings on the confirmation does remain that on occasion the com­ Intelligence Agency and the State De­ of Mr. John McCone to be Director of munity has blundered seriously, and that partment, especially overseas; second, Central Intelligence, Senator RussELL for its blunder the citizens of the United the relations between intelligence-gath­ remarked: States have paid a heavy price. ering on the one hand and so-called In this period through which we are pass­ Let me refer to just a few instances. special operations on the other; third, ing, this office is perhaps second only to the Back in 1950, as Mr. Dulles himself has the selection and training of intelligence Presidency in its importance. tacitly admitted, the intelligence com­ personnel; and fourth, the whole ques­ munity failed to anticipate the Chinese tion of intelligence evaluation. I pro­ A few moments later he repeated the pose to deal briefly with the first three of point. I am inclined to agree with Sen­ Communist intervention in Korea. We are still living with the consequences of these questions and to say rather more ator RussELL. And I submit to you that about the fourth. one does not describe a man as holding that particular failure. A few years an office "second only to the Presidency later an incident involving the CIA First, the relations between CIA and in its importance" if the agency of which caused us serious embarrassment in the the State Department. he is the head is not itself a policymak­ Middle East and may have contributed The problem here has been posed suc­ ing agency of the very first order of indirectly to the Suez affair. In July cinctly by Henry Howe Ransom in the importance. 1956 President Nasser of Egypt claimed book I have already cited. On page 216 Up to this point, Mr. Speaker, I have in a speech at Alexandria that he had he writes: been mainly concerned to clear the been strongly advised by a U.S. Govern­ The operation by the U.S. Government of ground, as it were-to state as clearly ment official to ignore an important mes­ a farflung secret apparatus for intelligence as I could my objections to the argu­ sage that he was about to receive from gathering and political action could have ments most commonly used by opponents the State Department. It was subse­ widespread diplomatic ramifications. There quently confirmed that the official in may be a basic incompatibility between the of the proposal I am supporting. Only maintenance of accredited diplomatic mis­ by implication have I suggested positive question had been the regional repre­ sions in some 78 foreign posts (as of 1958)- reasons why I think a Joint Committee sentative of CIA. on Foreign Information and Intelligence More recently, of course, we had the The number would be considerably should be established. I want now to ad­ :fiasco of the Bay of Pigs. Chief respon­ greater now- dress myself to the central questions: sibility for that lamentable a:ff air must and the existence of American secret agents why do I think such a joint committee rest with the President of the United in most of these same foreign areas. Great­ is necessary? And, equally important, States. However, there can be no ques­ est care must be exercised ln keeping U.S. what work do I think it might usefully tion but that the Central Intelligence diplomacy separated from spying and back­ stage political maneuvering, at least on· the undertake? Agency was deeply involved in the whole surface, yet the diplomats probably should But :first I have to make one further affair~ and that its actions and advice not be completely in the dark as to the point. The Central Intelligence Agency, · had a decisive eft'ect on the eventual activities of American secret agents. 15084 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 The possibly disruptive effect of hav­ Intelligence Agency, I agree that to a , ical activities. In ~ddition, a total di­ ing, on the premises of American em­ considerable extent this is a pi:oblem of vorce between the two functions might bassies abroad or in the field, agents particular persons and particular situa- lead, in Ransom's words, to "competi­ who owe allegiance to someone other tions. But it is also the case that, as tion, duplication, and even outright con­ than the ambassador and to an organi­ long as both State Department and CIA flict.'' zation other than the State Department personnel are working in the field, as For a time the Maxwell Taylor Com­ and who may be engaging in activities long as both agencies are responsible for mittee, appointed by the President to in­ running counter to expressed State De­ the collection of information, and-per- quire into the Bay of Pigs affair, ap­ partment policy, scarcely needs spelling haps most important-as long as CIA pears to have toyed, at least, with an out in detail. continues to be responsible for special alternative idea--the idea of transfer­ Nor are these dangers merely specu­ operations, the problem of integrating ring the bulk of CIA's special operations lative. It ·seems, for example, that to­ the Central Intelligence Agency into our to the Defense Department. But this ward the end of the Chinese civil war general foreign policy apparatus will re- solution would have had the equally ob­ remnants of Chiang Kai-shek's Na­ main difficult and will remain worthy of vious disadvantage of ensuring that the tionalist Army moved into parts of close and continuous examination. The uniformed military-and hence the northern Burma. These troops claimed exercise of surveillance in this field I credit and prestige of the U.S. Govern­ to be eager to harass the Communists conceive to be one possible function of ment-would become involved as soon as across the border, and CIA accordingly a Joint Congressional Committee on For- any paramilitary operation became a supplied them with large quantities of eign Information and Intelligence. matter of public knowledge. money and arms. But according to A moment ago I alluded to the con- In the event, it seems that routine available reports the Chinese had long duct by the CIA of so-called special op- covert operations have been left in the since tired of fighting. Instead of at­ erations; that is, the fomenting of oppo- hands of CIA, with control to be trans­ tacking the Communists, they proceeded sition against hostile governments, the ferred to the Pentagon only if a particu­ to settle down, to occupy much of the arming of insurgents, the provocation of lar project becomes so big as to warrant best agricultural land in northern enemy action, and so on. The question open military participation. Mr. Hanson .Burma, and to cultivate opium-all with of housing these special operations--or Baldwin in the New York Times summed the assistance of U.S. funds. additional services or other functions or up the matter thus: This would have been a melancholy whatever you want to call them-under The general rule of thumb for the future episode in any case. But what made it the same roof as the CIA's purely intel­ is that the CIA will not handle any pri­ worse was the fact that our Ambassador ligence-gathering operations has, of marily military operations, or ones of such in Rangoon apparently had not the course, long been a matter of controversy, size that they cannot be kept secret. How­ faintest idea of what CIA was doing. and it is this question that I suggest ever, each case will apparently be judged When the Burmese Government formally might usefully be the second of the new on its merits; there is no hard-and-fast joint committee's areas of study. formula that will put one operation under complained to the United States, the the CIA and another under the Pentagon." Ambassador issued a categorical denial; I do not suppose we need to be re­ he said the United States had nothing minded of the importance of this ques­ All of us, I think, will agree that this to do with the activities of the Nation­ tion. The Bay of Pigs invasion was only is an area in which hard-and-fast for­ alist Chinese. Our Ambassador of course the most spectacular and best publicized mulas are not appropriate and in which, believed he was telling the truth. But of CIA's special operations. There was in the nature of things, organizational what he was saying was in fact not true, the Iranian affair in 1953, and the fol­ gimmicks cannot solve the major diffi­ and naturally the Burmese were shocked lowing year the overthrow of the Arbenz culties. As in the case of relations be­ by this apparent evidence of American regime in Guatemala. CIA also appears tween CIA and the State Department, duplicity. What was the upshot of this to have had a hand in the main risings much depends on particular people and episode? The American Ambassador re­ in Eastern Europe, in East Berlin and particular situations. But largely be­ signed, the U.S. Government was deeply Hungary. Operations of this sort, unless cause the problem is of this sort, because embarrassed, and the Government of carefully supervised and controlled by it is a problem which can never finally Burma threatened for a time to break off responsible political officers, could un­ be solved, I feel very strongly that con­ diplomatic relations. wittingly involve the United States in a tinuing congressional surveillance is Admittedly, this incident was particu­ major international crisis, possibly in urgently required. If a joint committee larly ludicrous. But it is not without war. If this was not clear before the had been in existence in the early stages parallel. Our policy in the early stages Bay of Pigs, it ought to be clear now. of the first Cuban crisis, and if it had of the Laotian cri:;is appears to have The institutional danger here is read­ had cognizance of this matter, would the been constantly bedeviled by a lack of ily apparent and has often been stated. Bay of Pigs fiasco have occurred? I effective coordination between the CIA As Professor Ransom puts it: think it is at least possible that it would and the State Department. Simil~rly To mix the two functions-- not. with Cuba prior to the Bay of Pigs in­ Discussion of the Bay of Pigs leads me That is, of information gathering and naturally to the third of the questions I vasion. Mr. Tad Szulc and Mr. Karl special operations- Meyer, in their able account of that think a joint committee might investi­ affair, describe how, on its own initiative, involves the danger that foreign agents col­ gate: the whole question of recruitment CIA established close working relations lecting facts and trying at the same time and personnel within the intelligence to bolster or cause the overthrow of a foreign community. For it seems to me perfect­ with exiled supporters of the former dic­ government in America's apparent interest tator Batista. They add: ly clear that one of the things that went may develop a less than objective sense !or wrong with the abortive Cuban inva­ This decision marked the inauguration of distinguishing between fact and aspiration. what, in effect, became its independent for­ sion-not the only thing, but one of the eign policy toward Cuba, in cavalier disre­ Messrs. Szulc and Meyer make the things-was that much of the CIA per­ gard of the thinking in the White House same point apropos of Cuba: sonnel responsible for the operation con­ and the State Department. The CIA men were not only shQ.ping, in sisted of the sort of people who could not effect, foreign policy, but were exempt from distinguish between the reactionary and Note that all this occurred despite the any meaningful outside checks on their ac­ the democratic elements in the anti­ efforts of an earlier Secretary of State, tivities. Indeed, they were in the enviable Castro camp, between the opponents of Mr. Christian Herter, to regularize rela­ position of both organizing a clandestine op­ Castro who were acceptable to the Cuban tions between the State Department and eration and preparing the intelligence data people and those who, as former sup­ CIA. Since then the Herter-Allen Dulles through which the validity of the venture could be judged. porters of Batista, were anathema to agreement on the relations between Am­ them. bassadors and CIA personnel in the field The obvious solution to this problem Let me quote again from Szulc and has been reaffirmed by Mr. Rusk and Mr. would, of course, be to deprive CIA en­ Meyer. In their book, "The Cuban In­ McCone. And by now we have reason tirely of its special operations function. vasion," they write: to hope that the responsible foreign Unfortunately the people in the most fa­ Thus the CIA established contacts in Mi­ policymakers-the President and the vorable position to collect clandestine ami with pro-Batista organizations and with National Security Council-have reas­ information are often also the people exile groups whose entire political phllosophy serted their authority over the Central best placed to engage in subversive polit- was dedicated to the return to the pre-Castro 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15085 status quo in Cuba. • • • These factions employees . . I su~pect that CIA ought to assess a foreign nation's intentions or fu­ were placing-themselves not only against Cas­ take special care to recruit and employ ture policies with implicit assumptions as tro but against history; whether or not the men and women of widely differing back­ to future U.S. policy--or a general esti­ CIA operatives were aware that total regres­ grounds, temperaments, and opinio~. I mate-that is, one involving stated as­ sion is impossible, the contacts With the rightist factions ran counter to official U.S. suspect that in these kinds of situations sumptions concerning possible changes in policy, aimed at encouraging social reform one gets at the truth only when a wide U.S. policy. After the draft estimate has in Latin America." variety of inclinations is brought to bear. been returned to the participating agen­ But remember that these are my feelings cies for their comments and criticisms, it A few pages later they remark that only. I have little data at my command. is submitted, possibly with dissents, to a the activities of the CIA agents reflected All I am saying is that I have a hunch committee which used to be known as the a desire to promote anti-Castro groups that CIA recruitment policy has had an Intelligence Advisory Committee but is which they could manipulate. They con­ effect on CIA's performance. I may be now named the U.S. Intelligence Board. tinue: wrong, but I submit that the only way If the Board of Estimates is the plan­ It also reflected an attitude of hostility to we in Congress can find out is by our­ ning board for the intelligence com­ left-of-center exile groups by second-rate selves conducting an inquiry into the munity, the Intelligence Board is its field operatives. This in turn affected the top level of the agency and resulted in a lack subject. board of directors. As Ransom puts it, it of understanding at the top. It is not clear · The whole question of personnel and is the "final forum for the professional to what extent the CIA attitude was ideolog­ recruitment is, then, the third of the intelligence community." It resolves ically motivated· or was simply a response areas I would like to see a joint com­ jurisdictional disputes wit~in the com­ based on the agent's view of what was prac­ mittee study. I would only add that of munity and is :finally responsible for for­ tical or realistic. course no investigation need inquire into warding the national estimates to the This tendency on the part of the CIA the names and histories of particular National Security Council. Invariably to seek out and support the most anti­ individuals involved; there need be no the attempt is made to produce agreed communist groups in the field, regard­ breaches of security or secrecy. The estimates, and usually the attempt is sue- · less of whether or not such groups are matter we are concerned with is one of cessful; but on occasion dissenting opin­ politically viable, has of course been general policy. ions will be submitted. The Intelligence manifested on a number of other occa­ Finally, I want to turn to what is Board meets usually once a · week. It sions--in Laos as well as in CUba, and perhaps the most difficult of the four consists of the leading intelligence offi­ apparently in Algeria and the Congo as questions I referred to earlier: the ques­ cials of the community and is chaired by well. It is a persistent tendency, and tion of how best to organize the evalu­ the Director of Central Intelligence. one that on occasion has had a damag­ ation of the enormous amount of ma­ Two aspects of this process in particu­ ing effect on our policy. I suspect it has terial collected every day by the various lar are worth noting. The first is the something to do with the kinds of people agencies of the intelligence community. central role of the Central Intelligence the Central Intelligence Agency gets to Obviously evaluation of some sort takes Agency. A high proportion of the intel­ work for it. place at every echelo~ within the com­ ligence community's fact gathering is Is it wise, for example, to rely to the munity, but I am particularly con~erned done by CIA. The Board of National extent CIA seems to do on the services with the top-level U.S. Intelhgence Estimates functions as a part of CIA. :of retired service officers? One would Board and its auxiliary bodies. The chairman of the U.S. Intelligence suppose that retired service officers, Probably a few words are in order on Board is Director of CIA. And, of course, though almost always men of great abil­ how these agencies are organized. I the intelligence community's spokesman ity would have an instinctive tendency think the following description is roughly on the National S_ecurity Council itself to take a rather narrow, strictly "opera­ accurate, though the Central Intelligence is also the CIA Director. The second tional" view of the problems confronting Agency refused to provide me with au­ thing worth noting, however, is the them. Similarly, is it wise to rely too thoritative information so I have had to duality of CIA's role. Under the Na­ heavily on the services of political exiles rely on data from published sources. tional Security Act the Agency is not and refugees? It seems reasonable, for By the phrase "intelligence com­ only one of the participants in the in­ example, to supJ)OBe that an exile from munity" I mean the numerous agencies telligence community, it is also the chief Ruritania, especially someone who has within the executive branch concerned agency responsible for coordinating it. passionate convictions about what course with intelligence collection and evalua­ . In other words, at many points in the events in his homeland ought to take, tion: the CIA, the new Defense Intelli­ process of evaluation, CIA is both player gence Agency, the State Department, and umpire, both witness and judge. may not be the best person to assess RAND, and so on. The community as a what course events in ~is homeland actu­ This ambiguity is implicit in the title ally are taking, especially if what is actu­ whole is responsible for producing the of the Director who is formally not the national estimates--described by Profes­ "Director of the Central Intelligence ally happening is not to his taste. sor Ransom as "these vital building Please do not misunderstand me. I Agency" but simply "Director of Central blocks of national security policy." With Intelligence." do not mean to impugn the enormous the exception of the ultrasecret net esti­ amount of valuable work being done by Now the danger here is clear. It is mates which are produced by special ma­ that the Central Intelligence Agency will retired service officers and by exiles and chinery within the National Security refugees in the CIA. Without their help, become-perhaps it" has already be­ Council, most estimates are prepared un­ come-not merely the chief intelligence the organization simply could not func­ der the aegis· of the so-called Board of tion. Altogether the Central Intelli­ agency but the dominant intelligence National Estfmates. agency, and that it will develop persistent gence Agency undoubtedly commands This Board consists of a small number some of the ablest minds in the U.S. Gov­ institutional tendencies, biases, and even of intelligence experts-soldiers, diplo­ policies. This type of proble~ is,. of ernment. And of course I do not mean mats, and scholars--who, to quote Ran­ for a moment to suggest that CIA should course, not peculiar to the American in­ som again, "preside as a kind of planning telligence community but is character­ be staffed with "soft-liners" or people general staff for the intelligence com­ who have had no personal experience of istic of any complex administrative ap­ munity." The Board can initiate the paratus. That is the reason it has con­ the countries in question. That would be preparation of an estimate, though it absurd. stantly to be guarded against. usually does so only on request from the · Sherman Kent, a Yale professor and But what I do think is that we have President, the Director of Central Intel­ to be sure that what we are getting are ligence, or some other member of the Na­ a World War II intelligence officer, put actually the facts, and not what we tional Security Council. In all cases, the the point this way: would like to be the facts. This is not a Board of National Estimates sets the Almost any man or group of men con­ matter of personail preference one way terms of reference, breaks the problem fronted with the duty of getting something or the other. It is a matter of :finding planned or getting something done will Up into feasible components, and assigns sooner or later hit upon what they consider out what is actually taking place-and 'appropriate tasks to t}:le vari~us agencies. a single most desirable course of action. personal preferences enter only as. they The resulting staff studies are collated by .Usually it is sooner; sometimes, under du­ may color one's .judgment. I suspect the small Office of National Estimates. ress, it is a snap judgment of the top of the that the judgment of the CIA is some­ The ·Board then drafts either a straight head. I cannot escape the belief that under times colored by the preference of its estimate-that is, one which attempts to the circumstances outlined, intelligence will 15086 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 find itself right in the middle of policy, and to carry out your primary task as Director intelligence task force favored congres­ that upon occasions it will be the unabashed of Central Intelligence. sional intervention. The New York apologist for a given policy rather than its Times has consistently supported the impartial and objective analyst. Clearly there was a dilemma here. On the one hand, it was evident that CIA's idea in its editorial columns. Two years Szulc and Meyer, writing of the Bay intelligence gathering and operational ago the distinguished military analyst, of Pigs, conclude: functions could conflict with its coordi­ Mr. Hanson Baldwin, stated that one of Yet CIA was not behaving idiotically; it nating function-and, of course, what the lessons to be drawn from the Bay of was in many senses responding to the insu­ was true of the Agency was also true of Pigs was "the necessity of keeping all lated rationalism that infects a sheltered its Director. On the other hand, the secret intelligence activities and opera­ bureaucracy. Indeed, if there is an institu­ President and his advisers were almost tions under constant top-echelon sur­ tional villain, it is bureaucracy itself-that veillance and review." He noted that hulking, stubborn giant that seemingly can certainly aware that an independent co­ ordinator, who was not himself the head the machinery for achieving this would only look where it has been and not whither be greatly strengthened by the creation it is tending. of a major agency, might find himself weak, even powerless, in the face of the of a joint congressional watchdog com­ Professor Ransom calls it simply the vast intelligence bureaucracies. Inde­ mittee. problem of "feedback." pendence in theory might mean im­ Finally, Mr. Speaker, I should like to Naturally in the early months of 1961 potence in practice. So a compromise quote just once more from the writings the administration addressed itself to was struck, and the duties of the Di­ of Professor Harry Howe Ransom who this problem. After the Bay of Pigs it rector of Central Intelligence merely as I have already said, is our country'~ could scarcely do otherwise. In particu­ redefined. leading lay student of intelligence affairs. lar it reactivated a watchdog group set How successful this compromise has I think his comment deserves all the up by President Eisenhower in 1956, been it is probably too early to say. But greater consideration because it comes originally called the President's Board of from all that I have said, it ought to be from a member of the political science Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Ac­ obvious that the problem of evaluation profession-a profession which, as we all tivities and now named the President's know, has always had a strong bias in Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. like the other problems I have alread; mentioned, is a continuing one, and not favor of the executive branch of gov­ This Board, under the chairmanship of ernment. On page 206 of "Central In­ Dr. James R. Killian, Jr., of the Massa­ one that can be spirited out of existence by merely institutional gimmickry. It telligence and National Security" Pro­ chusetts Institute o! Technology, studied fessor Ransom remarks: the question of evaluation and appar­ is also obvious that the problem of evalu­ ation is an enormously important prob­ It is common experience for security ently forwarded one or more reports to policymakers, military and civilian, to find the President in the course of the year. lem, probably the most important con­ their fear of congressional interference These reports have not been made pub­ fronting the intelligence community. changed into gratitude for congressional lic, but I think it is possible to piece to­ For these reasons, I think that it, too, support, frequently more effective support gether from newspaper reports roughly should be a continuing subject of scru­ than has been accorded on the executive side tiny by a well-qualified and well-staffed of Government. No executive agency today what happened. It seems that the Kil­ !reveals everything to congressional com­ lian committee, or at least some of its committee of Congress. Mr. Speaker, I do not wish to detain mittees with jurisdiction over its operations. members, were unhappy about the dual Officials of Central Intelligence may be ex­ role being played by CIA. They proposed the House further. I have spoken at pected to reveal even less. But more ad­ that in future the Director of CIA should considerable length, yet I am only too vantages are to be gained than lost from be more of a technician, and that a new well aware that I have only skimmed the establishing a more institutionalized sys­ post should be created, probably at­ surface of this extraordinarily compli­ tem for congressional surveillance. tached to the White House, with some cated and difficult subject. There are I agree with that, Mr. Speaker, and I such title as Coordinator of Intelli­ any number of further questions that I h?pe that what I have said today will be gence. The new coordinator would be 1:llight have posed-for example, concern­ given earnest and thoughtful attention in a position to analyze and assess the mg the apparently increasing concentra­ by my colleagues on both sides of the results achieved by the intelligence com­ tion of authority within the intelligence .aisle. munity without having any bias in favor community, or about the role of the Mr. NORBLAD. Mr. Speaker, will the of CIA. Reports to this effect appeared U.S. Information Agency. And, of gentleman yield? frequently in the press in June and July course, I must repeat that this has Mr. LINDSAY. I yield to the gentle­ 1961. In August Mr. Cabell Phillips of been essentially an outsider's analysis. man from Oregon. the New York Times stated that the new I have been trying merely to suggest Mr. NORBLAD. Mr. Speaker, I want post had actually been offered to Mr. what kinds of inquiry a joint committee to associate myself with the gentleman's Fowler Hamilton. might undertake, not to anticipate what remarks. I think we should have had Either these reports were inaccurate, the results of those inquiries would be. a joint committee to monitor the CIA or the administration changed its mind, Nor as I remarked at the outset do when it was first established. I have had or they could not find anyone to occupy I wish to insist that the resolution i am a little experience in the matter as a the new post, because in September 1961 i3:1troducing today P:1,'0Vides the only pos­ member of the Committee on Armed the President announced that Mr. John ~i~le way ~f proceeding. Perhaps the Services. As you may know, we have a A. McCone had been named Director of Jomt committee should be given rather subcommittee on the CIA. I was a mem­ Central Intelligence without any major different terms of reference. Or perhaps ber of that committee for either 2 or 4 change being made in the structure of a body should be established comprising years. We met annually-one time a the intelligence community. Subse­ private citizens as well as Members of year, for a period of 2 hours in which quently, however, in January 1962 one Congress. I do not want to be dogmatic WE: accomplished virtually nothing. I such change was announced. Hence­ about this. My purpose in speaking to­ thmk a proposal such as you have made forth the Director of Central Intelligence day has been to reopen public discussion is the answer to it because a part-time was not to function both as Chairman of of an issue that has too long been dor­ subcommittee of the Armed Services the U.S. Intelligence Board and also as ~ant, and moreover to reopen it at a Committee, as I say, which meets for just CIA member of the Board. Instead, al­ ~1me ?f relative tranquillity, when the 2 hours, 1 day a year, accomplishes though the Director was to remain Chair­ mtelllgence community is not in the nothing whatsoever. 'I want to compli­ man of the Board, his deputy was to act public spotlight; at a time therefore ment the gentleman on his proposal. as representative of the CIA. In a letter when these matters can be considered Mr. LINDSAY. I thank the gentleman to Mr. McCone, the President noted this soberly and dispassionately. . from Oregon and appreciate the con­ change with approval. He added: · . B_ut we in Congress should not be too tribution he has made. He knows where­ As head of the Central Intelligence Agency, timid about putting ourselves forward. in he talks. He is an expert on the while you will continue to have overall re­ I wonder how many Members of this sponsibillty for the Agency, I shall expect subject and is a member of the Commit­ you to delegate to your principal deputy, House are aware of the enormous body tee on Armed Services and was a member as you may deem necessary, so much of the of opinion in favor of the creation of a, of the subcommittee supervising the direction of the detailed operation of the congressional joint committee. Both C1;A-in. theory-and what he says dove­ Agency as may be required to permit you the Hoover Commission and its special tails entirely and agrees with the experi- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15087 ence, and the statements made in the policyma~ing process. It would stream­ this Congress both in the House and in other body as well. line existing efforts in the areas_of for­ the Senate to recognize the fact that we Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask eign information and intelligence. This cannot repeat this error on the threshold unanimous consent that the gentleman is an area in which congressional re­ of the supersonic air transport era. from Massachusetts [Mr. MORSE] may sponsibility is long overdue. FAA extend his remarks at this point in the We must do everything possible to in­ RECORD. ESTABLISHING MINIMUM STAND­ sure that this new type of supersonic The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there aircraft---which is being developed from objection to the request of the gentleman ARDS FOR OPERATION OF CIVIL scratch---does not repeat the tragic mis­ from New York? SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT take of its subsonic jet predecessor, FAA. There was no objection. The SPEAKER pro tempore. (Mr. The legislation which I have intro­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, I rise to ROYBAL) . Under previous order of the duced today would prohibit the opera­ commend my distinguished colleague, House, the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. tion of any civil supersonic aircraft in the gentleman from New York [Mr. PucrnsKI] is recognized for 30 minutes. air transportation through the navigable LINDSAY], on the step he has taken in Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I ask airspace of the United States which introducing his resolution. The gentle­ unanimous consent to extend my remarks would generate sonic boom overpressures man from New York [Mr. LINDSAY] has at this point in the RECORD and include exceeding 1.5 pounds per square foot on taken the initiative in remedying a seri­ the ground directly beneath the flight ous inadequacy in our foreign policy extraneous matter. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there path. making process. His efforts merit our This legislation would further make it thoughtful attention and solid support. objection to the request of the gentleman from Illinois? unlawful to operate any civil supersonic I have joined the gentleman from New aircraft into or out of U.S. airports un­ York [Mr. LINDSAY] in filing a com­ There was no objection. less it can be demonstrated that ground panion resolution which, by establishing Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I have noise level generated by such civil super­ a Joint Committee on Foreign Informa­ today introduced legislation designed to sonic aircraft is substantially lower than tion and Intelligence, .would. fill what is deal with a most serious problem which that generated by long range subsonic now a gaping hole in the congressional will confront our Nation in the very near jet aircraft. mechanism for the formulation of for­ future. Specifically, Mr. Speaker, my I am not at all persuaded by the argu­ eign policy. At present, intelligence legislation would establish certain :imits ment that you cannot stop progress. matters are handled simultaneously by of tolerance associated with the advent Certainly we all are for progress. But several committees on both sides of Cap­ of the supersonic civil transport plane we cannot blindly state that we are for itol Hill. Not only confusion but' omis­ now being developed by aircraft manu­ progress when we know that such prog­ sion as well result from this decentral­ facturers in France and England and ress can seriously impair the health and ization of supervision. Our proposals, being purchased by several American emotional stability of great numbers of which would apply to any intelligence or airlines. Similar efforts to develop a Americans. Nor can we say blindly we information agency, not only the CIA, supersonic transport are now underway are for progress when we are faced with would remedy this situation. in the United States. the prospect of seeing l:mge belts of First, the proposed joint committee This is a problem which we no longer destruction criss-crossing the United would give Congress the· machinery it can ignore. I have introduced this le:g­ States from sonic booms generated by must have to exercise its responsibility islation at this particular time, in order supersonic aircraft. for the oversight of the Nation's intelli­ to give airplane manufacturers both in It is my belief, that unless Congress gence activities. The present lack of our own country and abroad ample op­ deals with this subject matter- at this congressional supervision in this area is portunity to make sufficient changes in time, we may conceivably see such havoc itself a serious omission in view of the the design of their powerplants to avoid wrought upon this country from sonic work required of the foreign policy com­ future distress to millions of Americans. booms, that millions of dollars in dam­ mittees of both Houses. A variety of The supersonic jet powerplant of the age to property and a serious threat to congressional committees now handles future must be developed and designed the health of many of our people may the Nation's ever widening range of in­ with appropriate consideration for noise ensue. telligence activities. Effective coordina­ abatement. My bill limits sonic boom overpres­ tion of congressional supervision is im­ This is far-reaching legislation, But sures not to exceed 1.5 pounds per square possible. I· submit, Mr. Speaker, that we can no foot on the ground directly beneath the The proposed commitf;ee would have a longer ignore this problem. The United :flightpath. comprehensive view of the intelligence States and the entire world failed to · The best available information on and information aspects of foreign af­ properly plan ahead in the development sonic booms indicates that anything un­ fairs. A single committee of this nature of our present subsonic jet transports der 1 pound per square foot in overpres­ would provide the existing foreign policy and, as a result, millions of people sure by a supersonic aircraft :flying at committees with more direct and effi-_ throughout the world have had their an altitude of 70,000 feet creates no dam­ cient service. The agencies under its lives drastically changed by the unbear­ age to ground structures and no signifi­ supervision would benefit as well. A able noise which today's jet transports cant public reaction. Anything under prime target of the joint committee's produce at airfields near large urban 1.5 pounds per square foot in overpres­ efforts would be the improv~ment of areas. sure creates no damage to ground struc­ their operations and policies. Studies My own district lies just east of O'Hare tures but does produce some probability of the agencies' problems and programs Field, the world's busiest airport. It of public reaction to moderate sonic would, of course, be considerably more would be literally impossible for me to booms. Overpressures between 1.5 extensive and complete when conducted fully describe the deafening noise which pounds per square foot and 2 pounds per by a committee with single responsibility thousands of my constituents suffer square foot produce significant public of intelligence oversight. every day from conventional subsonic reaction aay and night but no damage to Ultimately, I believe, both Houses of jets either arriving or departing O'Hare ground structures. Congress would benefit from the estab­ Field. It cannot be said that these peo­ I hope my colleagues from the rural lishment of the proposed joint commit­ ple shouldn't have built near the airport; areas will take into account the fact that tee. The Senate and House would be these people were there before the air­ sonic booms which create significant afforded a broader opportunity for care­ port was built. public reaction day and night in this ful consideration of foreign information I believe it is tragic that airplane category will also have significant re­ and intelligence matters. The agencies manufacturers of the world did not take action on farm livestock. involved would similarly benefit from these consequences into consideration · Overpressures exceeding 2 pounds per the committee's studies and recom- when they developed the subsonic jet sguare foot but under 3 pounds per mendations. · transport during the past decade. square foot at an altitude of 70,000 feet Therefore, . Mr. Speaker,. I hope the I was not .a Member of Congress in create damage to gla.ss an:d plaster and House may act promptly on our proposal. those days, but I feel it is not only my produce widespread public reaction day It would fill a vital gap in our foreign duty but the duty of every Member of and night. Overpressures exceeding 3 . 15088 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 pounds per square foot produce wide­ policy of no operational restrictions ·on parture and arrival dangerously close to spread window and plaster damage, mi­ air carriers. the maximum human tolerance of per­ nor structural damage to frame and Mr. Brown wrote as follows: ceived noise decibels. To permit the walls, and profound public reaction. Recent publications within the air trans­ operation of supersonic transports which The U.S. Air Force can produce signif­ portation industry and na.tionwide news­ will produce noise 16 decibels higher icant figures showing damage claims paper reporting indicate that Pan American than now being experienced by Ameri­ paid by our Government for losses due to World Airways is contemplating the pur­ can subsonic jet aircraft is, in my judg­ chase o! Concorde supersonic commercial ment, Mr. Speaker, to invite disaster for sonic booms created by our military air­ transports which have been developed by craft. You will note that my bill does the Anglo-French combine. The airport large segments of our American popula­ not apply to military aircraft because department at San Francisco understands tion. we can certainly recognize the fact that from the planners of one European super­ I submit, Mr. Speaker, this is a prob­ in the area of national defense, we must sonic airport that the landing configura­ lem which must be dealt with by the be prepared to suffer some discomfort. tion of this particular aircraft is such that Federal Government. It is not fair to Furthermore, the Air Force has car­ it is expected to create a noise level ap­ leave to the individual airports of Amer­ ried on an intensive program of rigid con­ proximately 16 decibels higher than now ica the responsibility of developing their being experienced by American subsonic jet own respective standards. trol in the production of sonic booms so a.ircraft. that every effort has been made to keep As president of the San Francisco Sound Such a policy could bring about a wide the damage to a minimum. I am sure Abatement Center you are aware of the noise divergence of rules and regulations and this will not be the case when private air­ problems and community resista:o.ce to the standards which could affect the entire lines begin competing against each other airport's operation at San Francisco Inter­ configuration of air travel in America. I with supersonic air transports. national Airport and of the legal actions believe in fairness to all the major air­ The other part of my proposal today now pending and in the hands of our legal fields of this Nation. The Congress would prohibit :flights of civil supersonic counsel. You are also aware that San Fran­ should establish one uniform standard. cisco International Airport has never insti­ This would insure against unnecessary aircraft into or out of U.S. airports un­ tuted an operational restriction on the air less it can be demonstrated that ground carriers or aircraft operating into and out economic pressures upon the individual noise generated by such supersonic air­ of San Francisco International Airport. We airport operators. craft is substantially lower than that have relied wholly upon our preferential Mr. Speaker, this is a matter which generated by present long-range sub .. runway systems, airport runway extensions, we can no longer ignore. Continental sonic jet aircraft. and community enlightenment on noise Airlines recently signed a $30 million­ At :first blush this may seem like a through the sound abatement center. plus contract to purchase three British­ harsh and unreasonable proposal, but On July 9, 1963, the Public Utilities Com­ French mach 2.2 jet airliners which, mission of the City and County of San I hope those who would criticize this Francisco passed Resolution No. 23074 (copy when delivered, will provide the first proposal will take into consideration the attached hereto) setting forth the city's of­ supersonic service within the United fact that we are now only on the thresh­ ficial position concerning supersonic trans­ States. These supersonic transports old in the development of supersonic port planning. In effect, it states (1) that would be capable of :flying from Los airframes and powerplants. Unlike the supersonic jet transports should be able to Angeles to Chicago in less than 2 hours. development of the subsonic jet trans­ operate from the existing and currently This is the second supersonic air port, which was developed in the first in­ planned major civil air terminals; (2) that transport order placed by an American stance as part of the military defense the design of these transports should re­ firm. Pan American World Airways or­ quire no greater landing or takeoff distances system when no consideration was given than present-day subsonic jet aircraft; and dered six similar planes for use on its to noise levels in the development of (3) that the ground level noise created by oversea routes. powerplants, in the development of supersonic jet transports should be no great­ It is estimated that the first Concord supersonic powerplants we have time and er in the airport environs than the levels ordered by Continental should make its we know from experience the necessity now being experienced. maiden :flight in 1966, with delivery date for taking noise into consideration in the The purpose of this communication is to in 1969. The Concord is a joint venture development of such powerplants. advise Pan American World Airways of the between France's Sud Aviation and Eng­ 'l1lis legislation is designed to put the city's official position in this matter, and land's British Aircraft Corp. It will further, to inform you that if facts stated whole airplane industry, both in the in this communication as to the noise char­ carry 104 passengers at speeds up to United States and in other nations of the acteristics of the Concorde are correct, we 1,450 miles per hour. world, on notice that the people of the will have to forgo our previous policy and I mention these two orders and call at­ United States do not intend to perpetuate glve serious consideration to imposing oper­ tention to the fact that these airplanes the folly of permitting air transports to ating requirements which will control the are not scheduled to make their maiden be developed with no consideration being noise levels of aircraft operating in and out :flight until 1966, and will not be available given to noise abatement. of san Francisco International Airport. for production runs until 1969, to empha­ · 'l1lere is no logical reason why the de­ Mr. Speaker, I should like to call par­ size that there is still ample time to insist velopment of supersonic air transports ticular attention to the statement which that the designers of these supersonic for civilian use must be based on some indicates that supersonic aircraft are ex.. jets, whether they be in the United States foolish notion that a race exists between pected to create a noise level approxi­ or in Europe or any other part of the developer nations. I am more interested mately 16 decibels higher than now world, alter the basic design and engage in which nation will be :first to develop a being experienced by American subsonic in extensive research to deal with the supersonic civilian transport which meets jet aircraft. This is incredible. This problem of sonic booms and deafening the standards of noise abatement rather 16 decibel increase is like :firing a cannon noise before they invest billions of dollars than which nation develops a supersonic next to a 22-caliber rifle. I submit that in the production of aircraft which will transport which will actually knock the if Congress fails to adopt this legisla­ not be permitted to operate within the world's brains out with deafening noise. tion or some similar restrictions on the rich travel market of the continental I am convinced the nation which develops degree of noise level which we will toler.. United States. a relatively quiet supersonic transport ate at our major airfields from super­ 'l1lere are those who claim that the will ultimately get most of the world's sonic aircraft, we will be creating an ab­ sonic boom will have little effect because business. solutely inhuman situation for thou­ these supersonic jets will operate at ex­ 'l1le city of San Francisco recently rec­ sands upon thousands of families living ceedingly high altitudes. I submit, Mr. ognized the tremendous noise problems in the vicinity of America's major air­ Speaker, that there has not been suf­ that supersonic air transports will pro­ fields. I submit, Mr. Speaker, that a ficient research conducted on this subject duce. Belford Brown, manager of the 16-decibel increase over the present level as yet to prove conclusively such an as­ San Francisco International Airport, in of noise generated by a landing jet, will sertion. Nor are aviation experts 1n a letter dated July 18, 1963, to Mr. Robert create conditions which will be com­ agreement as to what will be the full con­ Murray, Jr., vice president of Pan Amer­ pletely unbearable to the human ear sequences of the supersonic jet age on ican World Airways, stated San Francis­ and brain. I submit this situation, if the world's population. There are also co's concern regarding the supersonic true, could have serious psychological those who claim dangers of radiation if aircraft noise problem. 'l1lis letter effects on vast numbers of Americans. the supersonic jets attempt to operate at should be of particular interest since San Subsonic jets now operating in this sufficiently high altitudes to avoid sonic Francisco has in the past adhered to a country produce noise levels both on de- booms. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15089 Dr. Bo Lundberg, director of Sweden's deluge of damage and destruction created ter development of supersonic jets rather Aeronautical Research Institute, seri­ by sonic booms? than to blanketly bar their operations in ously questions whether the whole idea of Mr. Speaker, I firmly believe w.e can­ the United States. time saved µi supersonic ·transports is not permit this whole project to go un­ We are doing everything possible to really worth while. checked. I believe this legislation should develop new landing techniques, new de­ He states without equivocation that his be adopted as quickly as possible. If parture techniques, various other noise own studies of this subject indicate that indeed the manufacturers of supersonic abatement programs consistent with the life in New York, Chicago, Detroit, and jets can lick these problems, then they highest safety standards to bring these for that matter, in nearly two-thirds of have nothing to fear in this legislation. victims of the jet age in the vicinity of the United States, will become unbear­ On the other hand, I say it will be major airports some degree of relief. • able with the introduction of supersonic tantamount to criminal negligence on But these people continue to pay for the jets on existing U.S. air routes. our part to let this situation continue fact that American engineers did not At the conclusion of my remarks, I without serving notice upon the pro­ have the foresight to build into the orig­ shall include a paper which Dr. Lundberg ducers of supersonic jets that this coun­ inal jet transport powerplant designs prepared in 1961, entitled "Civil Super­ try intends to give its citizens the full which would reduce jet noise. sonics: Too Much Hurry?" His thesis is degree of protection under the law. Certainly we owe it to the American a dramatic plea for a more rational ap­ I say that we here in Congress should people and to American investors not to proach to this entire problem of super­ deal with this problem forthwith so that repeat this tragic mistake, and it is for sonic transports, particularly as they re­ American investors and other investors this reason I hope the Congress will late to the tragic consequences of sonic throughout the world will proceed with adopt my proposal. booms. the future purchase of supersonic jet Favorable action on this legislation Permit me at this time merely to re­ ti·ansports under the rules of caveat emp­ will also serve notice on American air­ flect on one of Dr. Lundberg's observa­ tor. If indeed they insist on pushing plane producers that' rather than slap tions. This distinguished Swedish scien­ ahead in the development of supersonic together a supersonic jet transport in tist suggests that an 80-ton mach 2 or 3 aircraft in the light of the adoption by order to meet the competition from airliner-and please keep in mind that Congress of this legislation, then cer­ abroad, we should take the time neces­ mach 1 is the speed of sound, or 663 tainly they have had sufficient notice sary to develop a supersonic jet which miles per hour air speed; mach 2 is 1,326 that this Nation at least, will not toler­ will meet the needs of fast travel, on the miles per hour air speed; and roach 3 ate widespread sonic booms. one hand, and protect the communities is 1,989 miles per hour air speed-flying We are today suffering indescribable touched by such travel to the highest at 70,000 feet and presumably carrying hardships in many communities ofAmer­ degree, on the other hand. some 100 passengers-would sweep the ica-old and established communities­ To those who would argue that we earth's surface with a thunderlike noise because of the advent of the jet age. The cannot stop progress, let me remind them along its entire flight path, the effect be­ communities in my own district which that just the other day virtually the ing a rattling-and often shattering­ today are suffering deafening noise from whole world agreed to join in the sign­ of windows and the awakening of sleep­ subsonic jet aircraft were established sev­ ing of the limited nuclear test ban treaty. ing people within a band of disturbance eral decades before O'Hare Field was Certainly nuclear development comes some 70 miles wide. built. You cannot dismiss these peo­ within the scope of progress, and yet The August issue of Air Force and ple's complaint with the mere assertion when the world discovered the disastrous Space Digest, in an article by Geoffrey that they should not have built their effects of nuclear fallout produced by Norris entitled "What Is Ahead for the homes in the proximity of a jet airfield atmospheric testing, man :finally came Supersonic Transport?" carries the fol­ because their homes were built there long to his senses and agreed to interrupt the lowing observation on the British-French before anyone thought of building a jet pace of progress in nuclear development Concord and its relationship to the sonic airfield in Chicago. · · because the adverse effects outweighed boom: The same situation is true in many the benefits. The world has reason to other communities in America. The sub­ rejoice that mankind has indeed come to On the subject of noise, the attitude of BAD-SUD appears to be that people must sonic jet requires a much longer area for its senses, and I have heard but a few eventually grow accustomed to sonic booms, a final approach and also creates a wake voices suggest that we should discard but that the Concord's design will take ad­ of unbearable noise for a much longer ~his agreement in order not to impede vantage of the· extensive research that has distance during takeoff. But because this nuclear progress in atmospheric testing. been conducted in Britain and France, as Gountry permitted millions of dollars 'to It appears to me, Mr. Speaker, that well as in the United States, into this prob­ Qe invested in subsonic jet transports, the situation regarding supersonic jet lem. In addition, by following certain oper­ with no consideration to th~ noise factor, aircraft is somewhat analogous. Can ational techniques, including not flying it is extremely difficult today to impose faster than roach 1 below certain altitudes, man really defend the argument that the disturbances can, it is hoped, be kept to a severe restrictions to cure the problem lives of millions of people must be ad­ minimum. of jet nofse being suffered by millions of versely affected in order to save air trav­ Americans. elers a little time in their travel? I sub­ The people of my district, Mr. Speaker, . Mr. Speaker, I wish to emphasize that mit that the American people should not including myself, are getting somewhat my legislation would not bar the opera­ be exposed to this experience. This is fed up with these assertions by aircraft tions of supersonic jets. What it does not to say that we do not want to -develop manufacturers and airline companies is impose strict limitations and condi­ supersonic jet transports. I am fully that we must get used to jet noise. This tions under which such aircraft can be confident that . if the Congress of the is unadulterated bunk. It is incredible operated within the continental limits of United States will adopt these restric­ for anyone to suggest that in order to the United States. I am certain that tions, the ingenuity of the world's engi­ save perhaps an hour or two of time for adoption of these limitations, which do neers will produce in due time a super­ those who travel long distances, millions not bar the operation of supersonic jets sonic jet transport which indeed will trim of people throughout this world must in the United ~tates, would prod aircraft air traveltime between continents to a completely alter their existence. designers to develop powerplants which minimum, and at the same time meet I wonder what the insurance com­ could be used both in flights overseas as the noise abatement needs of our society. panies of America will have to say on this well as flights over the United States and It may take a little longer, but I say subject if all of those glass skyscrapers other continents without· disastrous re­ I would rather wait now than be sorry we are building in the major cities of sults. I doubt whether it would prove for our impetuosity tomorrow. America from coast to coast, suddenly economical, from the standpoint of iiii­ I am fully confident that if the United start pouring tons of glass upon the peo­ tial invest~ent in supersonic aircraft, State~ will have the courage to take this ple below. I wonder if the stockholders for a carrier to use the additional speed decisive action in dealing with this prob­ of these companies wm take kindly to the of these jets only over oceans and be lem of supersonic jets and sonic booms, remark that ''people must eventually forced to return to conventional opera­ the other nations of the world will grow accustomed to sonic booms." t!ons while flying over the continental quickly follow . . And what about the millions of people United States. But I stress -that this Mr. Speaker, .r should .like to include who· may become victims of this ·sudden legislation is designed to encou~ge bet- at this point a copy of my proposed bill 15090 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 and two articles prepared by Dr. Lund­ JUST AS IMPORTANT be permitted only if the operators can guar­ borg on this subject of sonic booms. Let us imagine the inaugural night flight antee that the sonic booms will be below a The material follows: from New York to Los Angeles with such an specified limit of i:q.tensity. This should be aircraft; supposing that no restrictions in so low that light sleepers will normally not be Be it enacted by the Senate and House operation are imposed, then several millions awakened. But in the present state of the of Representatives of the United Statea of of U.S. citizens will be awakened· from their art, and in the foreseeable future, such a America in Congress · assembled, That (a) sleep and pleasant dreams. Never before in requirement cannot be satisfied economi­ section 610 of the Federal Aviation Act of history will have so many been disturbed so cally, as it would limit the aircraft size to 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1430) is amended by adding . much by so few. Is it justifiable that mil­ fighterlike dimensions. at the end thereof the following new sub- lions of passengers on our. spacecraft Tellus The question of the acceptable intensity of • section: should be disturbed in this way to enable 100 sonic booms is, in my opinion, not an issue "PROHmITIONS REGARDING SONIC BOOMS AND passengers flying from New York to Los that should be determined on the basis of EXCESSIVE NOISE IN CIVIL SUPERSONIC AIR­ Angeles to gain a couple of hours in flight number of complaints. Such an attitude CRAFT OPERATIONS time? My answer to this question is "No." could result in concentrating supersonic civil aviation over sparsely populated areas "(c) It shall be unlawful for any person Even with the strongest belief in, and en­ thusiasm for aviation, I do maintain that or over sea, because only, say, hundreds of to operate any civil supersonic aircraft in thousands of people and not tens of millions air transportation through the navigable air people on the ground are as important in all respects as those who are temporarily in would then be afflicted. The obvious thing space of the United States which would gen­ to do is to conduct extensive test flights with erate sonic boom overpressures exceeding 1.5 the air. However, a single flight will by no means existing military supersonic aircraft in vari­ pounds per square foot on the ground di­ ous countries so as to assess the relationship rectly beneath the flight path. indicate the severity of the vast problems confronting us. We just have to look far between sonic bangs and their effects on peo­ "(d) It shall be unlawful to operate any ple. Such test flights should be made at civil supersonic aircraft into or out of United into the future to consider what supersonic aviation will look like many decades from various heights so as to create a range of States airports unless it can be demonstrated intensities and the aircraft should be flown­ that ground noise level generated by such now. Let us be quite clear about two facts: (a) once supersonic aviation has been intro­ with different frequencies-both at night civil supersonic aircraft are substantially and day over various typical districts such lower than those generated by long-range duced, it will grow and continue to grow in­ definitely-if it is at all an economically as cities, densely or more sparsely populated subsonic jet aircraft. countryside areas, and seas frequented by "(e) Exemptions provided in section 601 sound proposition; (b) once introduced, but ultimately found to be a mistake because of shipping. The tests should be supervised (c) shall not apply to section 610 (c) and and evaluated, not least by medical experts. (d) of this act." protests of the public, it will not be possible for the airlines to turn back to pure sub­ Although public reaction in the form of (b) That portion of the table of contents sonic civil aviation without economic complaints and Gallup investigations should contained in the first section of the Federal disaster. b_e assessed, the disturbance effect, in par­ Aviation Act of 1958 which appears under ticular as regards sleep, should also be de­ the heading "SEC. 610. Prohibitions." is One just cannot wake up to a delayed state of commonsense and declare that all the termined on a scientific medical basis. amended by adding at the end thereof the huge, sleek, and beautiful aircraft, master­ The opinion has been expressed that if the following: pieces of science and engineering, which en route sonic boom noise is not any worse " ( c) Prohibitions regarding sonic booms were bought for several billion dollars, were than the present tolerable_ airport noise, and excessive noise in civil supersonic air­ quite nice to have for a while, but have then it would--or must--be accepted by the craft operations." now become so disliked by the world's popu­ public. I am convinced that if supersonic lation that we had better scrap them all. aviation were to be launched upon us on the [From Flight, Mar. 16, 1961] The point I therefore wish to make is that we basis of such a complete misjudgment of CIVIL SUPERSONICS! TOO MUCH HURRY? have arrived at one of the most important what is at stake it would cause severe public (By Bo Lundberg, Director, the Aeronautical crossroads in history, not merely for avia­ pressure, probably leading to extensive pro­ Research Institute of Sweden) tion people but for all mankind. hibition of this new form of civil aviation. Turning now to the other problem-cosmic That the development of the supersonic We just cannot-or at least should not-­ bombard larger and larger portions of the radiation. It is well known that the so­ airliner should take second place to an in­ called total ionization has its -maximum tensive program for enhancing the safety earth's surface with ever-increasing sonic­ boom thunder without giving, in advance, around 70,000 feet, i.e., the very altitude at· and efficiency of subsonic transport was the which the planned supersonic aircraft will theme of a paper given by Mr. Bo Lundberg, full consideration to all the implications. It might be argued that all means of trans­ fly. At this height the intensity is 200 or eminent Swedish authority, at the recent Air 300 times stronger than at the earth's sur­ Safety Seminar held by the Flight Safety portation (railroads, trucks, airports) are noisy. That is true; but the very big differ­ face. It is also a fact that the so-called pri­ Foundation. Mr. Lundberg's air research mary radiation begins around 60,000 feet started with test-piloting and design work. ence is that whereas it is physically possible to move away from railways, highways, and (the altitude probably varying geographi­ Bo Lundberg began his lecture by exam­ cally) and reaches values which are not neg­ ining two of the major questions of super­ airports, hundreds of millions of people would never be able to move away from .the ligible at and above 70,000 feet. sonic flight, the sonic-boom problem and its Some medical scientists seem to maintain implications for people on the ground, and ever-increasing areas and frequency of sonic­ boom thunder. Another significant differ­ that there is probably no danger at all. the cosmic ray hazard with its possible effects Others seem to be more dubious, stating (a) on those in the air. ence is that sonic bangs are sudden and un­ expected, whereas airport noise is of a grad­ that one cannot neglect the possibility that There is general agreement [said the lec­ the risk of developing cancer might increase turer] that all technical design and opera­ ual character which the neighbors can to some extent get used to. for passengers who often fly at the heights tional problems involved in supersonic in question and (b) that the danger might commercial aviation-at a mach number It would, of course, be possible to impose restrictions on supersonic aviation-for in­ be greater to future children of the passen­ anywhere between 2 and 3.5-can be solved gers, due to genetic effects. in the near future, even if they are not stance, limitations to daytime or to oversea operation. Obviously this would consider­ The impression obtained is that an appre­ solved today. The topical question widely ciable amount of uncertainty exists among discussed is, therefore, when this kind of ably limit the supersonic market, with ad­ verse effects on the economics; yet I doubt the experts. The only point I wish to make aviation should be introduced. whether even with such restrictions super­ in this connection is the following: We have With regard to two specific problems of a sonic aviation would be justifiable from to be absolutely certain, before we enter into fundamental nature and which are com­ sociological, medical, and legal points of the supersonic adventure, that harlnful bio­ pletely new to civil aviation, I am not yet view. People should have a right to enjoy logical-in particular genetic-effects due convinced that they can ever be solved in a · quietness even in daytime. It should even to cosmic radiation at the "supersonic" alti­ way compatible with economic operation. I be remembered that quite a few people are tudes are nonexistent. maintain, therefore, that the first question dependent on undisturbed sleep during the It would not be sufficient if an increasing to be answered concerns not when but if we day, for instance, because of work at night. number of medical experts were to state are to have supersonic aviation. that they "believe" that the danger is prob­ Furthermore, there will be tremendous ably negligible. It would be wrong to say The two problems are those of sonic booms legal problems. Who will pay the damages and cosmic radiation. arising from hardships inflicted on people be­ that only if we get proof to show that there In order to indicate the severity of the is a danger shall we refrain from building cause of decreased sleeping time or from supersonic civil aircraft. What the potential sonic-boom problem it might be mentioned losses on account of reduced working ca­ that an 80-ton mach 2 or 3 airliner flying at supersonic passenger has the right to demand pacity? And can one neglect the possibility is that it must be proved beyond doubt that 70,000 feet and presumably carrying some of, for instance, people with weak hearts 100 passengers, would sweep the earth's being killed by sudden sharp sonic b angs? the danger is nonexistent. surface with a thunderlike noise along its Thus "burden of proof" with respect to entire flight-path, the effect being a rattling A MATI'ER OF DIMENSIONS the radiation hazard falls on those who (and often shattering) of windows and the For medical and sociological reasons, su­ advqcate · supersonic aviation, and on no awakening of sleeping people within a band personic aviation-be it by day or night, over others. If there remains an appreciable un­ of disturbance some 70 miles wide. sea or over sparsely populated areas-should certainty with regard to the radiation dan- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15091 ger, the · supersonic passengers might just SAFETY TARGET and what basic principles enlightened people not appear to the extent needed for profitable Safety in· aviation is of tremendous im­ are likely to adopt and fight for. My esti­ operation. It must be emphasized that it portance. I believe that 40 to 50 years from mates and views with regard to the sonic will take a considerable time before the ge­ now commercial and general aviation-in­ boom problem are as follows: netic effects ca.n be satisfactorliy assessed, cluding private flying-all over the world (1) The accep~ble sonic boom intensity even lf rats and monkeys were used to simu­ may have a volume in passenger miles some must be based on considerations quite dif­ late the human beings. 50 to 100 times as big as the present volume ferent from those hitherto applied to airport Life and man have developed during the of commercial passenger aviation for the noise or, in fact, to any other kind of noise course of mlllions of years on the so excel­ world (excluding Russia and China). With dis.turbance experienced by man up to now. lently designed spacecraft Tellus under the the present fatality rate we would then have This is because the extent of the sonic shield of its atmosphere, which protects the about 100,000 passengers killed each year, boom carpet is incomparably bigger than that surface from cosmic radiation. Why, then, implying at least five air accidents every day, of any other noise source-be it noise from this extreme hurry to get above the major which would be quite intolerable. airports, low flying aircraft, railroads, rail­ portion of this protection in less than a In my opinion we have to set as a target way stations, highways, factories, or city traf­ decade from now? Would we be any worse that the absolute number of accidents per fic-as it extends along the whole super­ off if we waited a few more decades for su­ year must not increase appreciably. For sonic flight path and has a width which will personic aviation so as to have time to ac­ compliance with this requirement we have to normally exceed 60 and might be as much as quire knowledge rather than beliefs about improve safety at the same rate as the growth 100 miles for the SST projects contemplated. the hazards of cosmic radiation? of aviation and this would mean an improve­ Unless very severe geographical restrictions I believe that progress in aviation should ment by a factor of 50 to 100 by the turn of are imposed on a supersonic operation, the be defined as implying the greatest possible the century. In view of the fact that no ap­ boom carpets will not only cover a great ga-in in time for as many passengers as pos­ preciable improvement in the fatality rate number of cities and smaller communities sible, with the least possible disadvantage to has been attained for many years in spite but also very large portions of the ·open people on the ground. This concept puts of all efforts, a raising of the safety level countryside. It might be observed, for in­ emphasis on a large volume of aviation with even by a factor of 5 to 10 is indeed a stance, that the British Isles will be almost low-noise-level aircraft--as well as on short formidable task. Such improvements can completely covered by sonic boom carpets. ground travel time to airports-rather than certainly not be attained without some radi­ With these enormous boom carpet areas, on extreme speeds. cally new approaches to the aviation safety the requirements for permissible disturb­ ance must obviously be considerably more LIMITED MARKET problem, employing, inter alia, the most ad­ vanced electronic devices compatible with stringent for sonic booms than for airport One of the main laws of transportation is the state of the art at any one point of time. noise. Not only is the background noise that the volume of transportation, computed around airports usually rather high, but, in passenger-miles, rapidly incre·ases as the If the Western World were to postpone the supersonic adventure two decades--or longer, more important, it is, after all, possible for travel distances decrease. If one plots pas­ if necessary, in order to assess and overcome most inhabitants of cities to live--or move­ senger- or ton-miles versus range for any one the sonic boom and cosmic radiation haz­ away from the airports, whereas people in kind of total transportation-such as com­ general, including sick, nervous and old peo­ mercial scheduled intercity traffic, or freight ards--and the vast sums of money thus saved were instead spent on all the other ple, would hardly ever be able to escape the transportation, or ordinary traveling by pri­ sonic boom thunder. vate cars-orie finds a curve which from a avenues of aeronautical research and de­ velopment just indicated (with safety, (2) The following statement by ICAO high maximum at a very short distance seems to be a sound basis for the establish­ rapidly and continuously falls off with in­ V /STOL and low-fare subsonic Jet transports at the top of the priority list), we could ex­ ment of an appropriate criterion for accept­ creasing range. Thus many more people and able boom intensity created by any super­ goods move around over short distances than pect a tremendous and sound expansion of civil aviation, and one much greater than sonic aircraft: over longer ones, even in respect of pro­ "It must not cause serious trouble to the duced passenger- and ton-miles. Supersonic would be obtained by concentrating on the limited supersonic market. public living in the vicinity of air routes aviation, which must mainly be long-range, owing to the impact of the sonic boom." can, therefore, offer only a limited market. Finally, what about the prestige aspect? It has been stated that the free world must I feel strongly that in the interpretation With regard to scheduled passenger trans­ fly supersonically before the Russians do it. of this guiding rule, the rights of each in­ portation, subsonic aviation in many coun­ I doubt it. If we have to think in terms of dividual in accordance with basic democratic tries (for instance, United States) has already a race with Russia, let us engage in a race and humanitarian principles must be recog­ practically absorbed the market on long dis­ of commonsense instead of a supersonic race. nized. This means that, in principle, every tances and is the dominating means of trans­ Let us compete for the highest level of safety single person, who has chosen to live in port ln the medium-range bracket; and the and for low-fare high-speed subsonic avia­ peaceful areas, should have the right to con­ same development ls underway ln other coun­ tion, implying commercially sound and tinued quietness. tries. The percentage encroachment of avi­ profitable mass air-transportation of people There can be no question of basing the ation upon the commercial short-haul market and freight. This would indeed be one of intensity criterion on "number of com­ (say below 500 miles) is, however, rather the most efficient means conceivable for in­ plaints" in any one area of the world, as it meager even in the United States; and if we creasing the standard of living of the West­ would be ruthless to legalize harmful effects consider the "short short-haul market" (say ern countries and for welding them together on people merely because they are few in below 100 mlles), it is practically nonexist­ culturally and economically. number or have given up complaining be­ ent. Thus the biggest transport market, cause it has no corrective e:ffect. short-haul traffic, remains to be conquered This implies that sonic boom disturbances EXCERPTS FROM ARTICLE "Is SUPERSONIC AVIA­ by aviation or, at least, to be appreciably en­ are no more justified over sparsely inhabited croached upon. This applies also to private TION COMPATIBLE WITH SOUND DEVELOP­ areas or over oceans frequented by ships traveling and to freight transportation. MENT OF CIVIL AVIATION?" than over densely populated districts. As will be appreciated, great advances in (By Dr. Lundberg, issued by Aeronautical (3) Considering these basic principles, short-haul aviation can only materialize by Research Institute of Sweden, p. 12, 1962) it appears that sleep disturbance at a low means of efficient V/STOL (vertical and short SONIC BOOM background noise level should be the main takeoff and landing) air_craft. Construction Regarding the sonic boom I think it highly basis for an acceptable boom intensity of economical V /STOL types-which defl­ important for all those advocating an early criterion. ni tely is within the possibilities of the pres­ introduction of SST's to realize that civll As there are many people all over the ent state of the art--ls, therefore, a much aviation is now-for the first time in its his­ world, both in communities and in the open more urgent and profitable line of develop­ tory-facing a situation where aviation peo­ country-shift workers, elderly and sick peo­ ment than supersonic civll aviation will ple will in the long run have little, 1! any, ple-that are dependent on undisturbed ever be. influence on the decisions if, where and sleep in the daytime, there should be little There are, of course, a great number ot how to fly; this will largely be decided by or no difference in acceptable boom intensity other possibilities of development that are the general public of all the countries to be level between day and night. equally important, such as laminar boundary overflown, whether we like it or not. It is, There is, thus, an obvious need for re­ layer aircraft (implying low passenger fares); of course, possible to launch supersonic fly­ search in order to establish the relationship ground-effect machines; airport noise abate­ ing with its sonic booms on hundreds of between boom intensity and sleep disturb­ ment; blind landing and takeoff systems; millions of innocent people, but they will ances. Steinicke has carried out awakening building of large numbers of fairly small eventually decide whether the activity will tests with 350 persons exposed to varying "V /STOL airports," within or close to city be permitted to continue and, if so, the noise levels for a 3-minute period. On the boundaries ln order to save groundtravel limitations to be imposed. basis of a few quite crude experiments it time; and last, but by no means least, safety, For this reason it is, obviously, in the in­ seems possible that the corresponding curve this including such increasingly important terest of aviation to find out how the general for sonic booms of about one-tenth of a sec­ issues as traffic control and antlcollision de­ public in all the countries to be affected ond, or less, will fall somewhere within the vices required, above all, to make the intense (and that would eventually be every coun­ area indicated to the right of the figure. future V /STOL traffic around cities suffi­ try in the world) are likely to react to vari-. When such a curve has been established, it ciently safe. ous . sonic boom intensities and frequencies remains to decide what per~entage of people ' 15092 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 sleeping in a low background noise environ­ not cause serious trouble to the public owing Senate and 7 from the House. All would ment (and with open windows) should con­ to the sonic boom) are placed on the mar­ be members of the Appropriations Com­ stitute the·point of acceptable intensity. In ket • • • they would meet with such great mittees of tlie Senate and House. The my opinion it should not exceed about 10 resistance from government and airport au­ percent. However, even if it were thought thorities that it seems unlikely that they political complexion of the committee to be morally justified that 50 percent be could be operated at all ):>etween !CAO con­ would be four from the majority party awakened and provided that the estimate tracting states." and- three from the minority party of were roughly correct my previous estimate I think it would be almost suicidal for air­ each House. of the lower limit for sleep interference of lines and aircraft industries to launch a Mr. Speaker, under the terms of the not exceeding about 0.1-0.2 pound per square supersonic program before we have collected bill, the joint committee would be foot would be confirmed. " all necessary sonic boom data, presented charged with the responsibility of in­ It might be added that, when judging them to all affected countries and have re­ sleep interference, one must consider the ceived the opinions of the peoples and gov­ forming itself on all matters relating fact that the individual might be adversely ernments of those countries. This is bound to the annual budgets of the U.S. Gov­ affected even without being actually awak­ to take several years. · · ernment. The committee also would en ed because a deep sound sleep might be The tentative conclusions that can be have the duty of providing the Appro­ changed to a lighter and less restful one. drawn ·even at this stage are : priations Committees of both the Senate · (4) Besides sleep disturbance, other ad­ (a) the sonic boom intensity (consider­ and the House with an analysis of the verse effects of the sonic boom must be con­ ing normal scatter but disregarding severe financial requests made by the various sidered such a disturbance to patients in but more rare superbangs) likely to be pro­ hospitals and serious harm to animals being duced by an SST of a size required for profit­ agencies. Further, the measure would bre<1 at fur farms. In particular it must be able operation-say at least 200,000 pounds­ authorize the c9mmittee to make such · realized that it will never be possible to appears to be some 5 to 10 times greater than changes in existing laws as may effect plan routes so as to avoid hospitals. It is the intensity level acceptable with regard to greater efficiency and economy in Gov­ therefore necessary to conduct special re­ sle_ep interference at a_low background noise ernment. search with regard to the effect of sonic level, as well as disturbance of hospitals. Under the terms of the bill, the an­ bangs with various intensity and frequency (b) as it does not seem possible, on the nual Federal budget shall henceforth in hospitals. It is not improbable that the basis of present knowledge, to bring about "hospital criterion" might prove to be even a reduction of the sonic boom intensity by a include a special analysis of all active more severe than the "sleep interference cri­ factor of 6 to 10, it seems quite justifiable long-term construction and development terion." to refrain from civil supersonic aviation programs and projects authorized by the (5) An important factor that makes the merely for this reason until, of course, the Congress, showing for each the total es­ problem still worse is the great unpredicta­ sonic boom problem has been solved by a timated costs, and the actual or esti­ bility of the boom intensities. From mili­ basic innovation not foreseeable today. mated expenditures during prior fiscal tary experience it is known that "super . (c) if supersonic aviation is nevertheless years, the current fiscal year, the ensu­ bangs" can often be produced which great­ introduced, lt is likely to be so severely op­ ly exceed estimates, based on existing theory. posed as to cause extensive prohibition in ing fiscal year, and subsequent fiscal These might result frOin such factors as fo­ many countries. year. cusing effects due to deviations from a (d} in view of this, it lies in the interest Mr. Speaker, I feel that this proposed steady level flight path, unusual temperature of the proponents of supersonic aviation to legislation, if enacted into law, will fill distributions in the atmosphere, echoing ef­ ask competent authorities, such as the World a great need in providing relief to the fects, etc. But even disregarding the prob­ Health Organization (WHO), to establish­ American taxpayer. I wish to call it to ably rare occasions of extremely severe "su­ on the basis of criteria such as sleep inter­ the attention of my colleagues and ex­ per bangs" the normal scatter, above and ference and hospital disturbance-the limits below the intensities according to theory, is for the maximum sonic boom intensity that press my fervent wish that it may soon quite appreciable and necessitates an ade­ are certain to be accepted by all countries receive favorable committee and floor quate "bang safety factor," which probably likely to be overflown by SST's when super­ action. has to be of the order of 1.25 to 1.5. sonic aviation has reached extensive and ( 6) Even disregarding such a safety fac­ worldwide application. tor, reduction of the SST gross weight to NEED FOR PUBLIC HOUSING some 50,000 pounds would not, by far, be suf­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ficient for compliance even with such a lib­ WASTE OF TAX DOLLARS eral criterion for sleep interference as 0.5 previous order of the House, the gentle­ pound per square foot. Such an aircraft The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under man from New York [Mr. FARBSTEIN] is would not be economically feasiJ:>le. previous order of the House, the gentle­ recognized for 30 minutes. (7) Even their stro;ngest proponents are man from New York [Mr. HALPERN] is Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, ap­ agreed that for SST's to be economically fea­ recognized for 15 minutes. parently the many other problems be­ sible they will need to have gross weights of Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, I would setting the Congress have caused it to 300,000 to 400,000 pounds, which summa­ overlook the present dearth of low-rent rizes some observations made by NASA, like to make a few brief remarks on leg­ shows strikingly how difficult it will be to islation which I consider to be of vital public housing. operate such aircraft without the sonic interest to the taxpayers of our country. New York State has completely ex­ booms' causing extensive damage to prop­ With many of my colleagues, I am deeply hausted its authorization because it has erty, let alone sleep interference. It should concerned with runaway spending by reached the 15-percent limit for any one be quite clear that frequent damage to prop­ executive agencies of the Federal Gov­ State, and other progressive States are erty will not be tolerated by the public: Civil ernment, operating without effective close to the shutdown point. Today, supersonic banging cannot be excused by calling it the bang of freedom. checks on spending by the legislative throughout my State and in New York (8) For the reasons indicated it ls obvi­ branch of the Government. This is in City, public housing planning has vir­ ously essential that comprehensive sonic keeping with the intent of the Constitu­ tually come to a halt, even though the boom tests are made with existing mUitary tion which provides a system of checks dire need continues. This has and will supersonic fighters and bombers. Such and balances. continue to affect adversely and delay tests should preferably be made in all coun­ : Mr. Speaker, I am firmly convinced our public works planning and programs. tries owning military supersonic aircraft so that the Congress has an obligation to Urban renewal, roads, and other clear­ as to get the reactions of various people. provide the necessary safeguards to pre­ ances that are essential to the growth (9) Finally, I think it is most important vent needless waste of tax dollars. We and progress of any city and State must, for all people interested in civil supersonic aviation to realize that it ls in their own simply cannot afford to tolerate misuse in some instances, await new public hous­ interest to insure that the governments and of this money. Our stability as a nation ing authorization in order to relocate peoples of all affected countries be given is at stake. the families in standard housing. full information in advance regarding the : To provide an effective check on pos­ I can say, without question, that the anticipated sonic boom disturbances enabling sible misuse of tax dollars, a number of cessation of public housing, due to ex­ the governments to make decisions regarding my colleagues and I are sponsoring legis­ haustion of the authorization, will mean boom limitations. Otherwise unexpectedly lation to create a joint committee of the severe national requirements in this respect in my city and State that thousands of are likely to be imposed at a late stage, for House and Senate to analyze and fully low-income families will continue to live instance when the SST's are in series pro­ evaluate the budgetary requests of the in rat-infested slums; thousands of low­ duction or being delivered. agencies. iricome old people will continue to live On this point I wish to quote !CAO: .The committee, to be known as the in old buildings, many of them accident "If supersonic airliners not satisfying Joint Committee on the Budget, would and fire hazards; and ·thousands of chil­ these conditions (one being that they must be composed of 14 members; 7 from the dren will know only the slum neighbor- 1963 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15093 hood as their environment and the .pat­ The need for public housing is demon­ lowest income sector. Both our con­ tern of life this country affords. strated by the demand during the past science and our sense of responsibility An article in the New York Times of fiscal year, when more contracts were demand a broadened scope of action. August 8 gives precise statistical evi­ signed with local communities than for When, on February -21, the President dence of New York City's housing short­ several years past. delivered his message on the elderly to age. It shows that the city's rental It is important to point out that the the Congress, he outlined another area of vacancy rate is only 1.79 percent, al­ problem of decent shelter does not relate responsibility of the Public Housing Ad­ though a rate of at least 5 percent is con­ only to large cities. Indeed, since Janu­ ministration jointly with the Depart­ sidered normal and desirable. These ary 1961, some 270 new localities have ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. figures are for nonslum dwellings. Thus, entered the public housing program in While the present public housing pro­ they accurately indicate the great scar­ this country. The size of these new gram provides individual apartments for city of adequate housing. The housing communities indicates a significant shift independent living, he took note of the shortage is so acute that the rent and in emphasis; and a genuine effort by fact that there are many older people rehabilitation administration has recom­ smaller communities to improve their who could live independently, provided mended that rents continue to be con­ housing standards. · meals, housekeeping aids, and other sup­ trolled, in order to keep them from be­ I should like to call to the attention of portive services were available. The coming proh.ibitive for those in the lower my colleagues from the less populous Public Housing Administration with the and middle-income brackets. States and communities-from the South Department of Health, Education, and Yet, the need for housing is not a re­ and the West-that today, the public Welfare will very shortly launch the first cent development. Since 1932, homes for housing program is active in 1,917 cities of its group residences for these older the people of this country have been a and towns. So there will be no misun­ people. The Governors of three States concern to all of us. In 1933, Congress derstanding that this program is for see this as a happier and more economi­ legislated to assist families to buy their large cities alone, let me restate the in­ cal solution than building vast State­ homes through the FHA insurance pro­ volvement today of the smaller com­ supported institutions. gram; to retain their homes even in the munities in terms of population of the As pressing as is the need for elderly midst of a depression through the HOLC. 1,917 communities: persons and families, equally important At the same time through the PWA, and Places with PHA programs (Mar. 31, is the need of large low-income families later, under the Housing Act of 1937, 1963)------1,917 with growing children. The need for Congress legislated to assist low-income family housing, particularly for the very families to move from the slums into Population less than 5,00Q______937 large families who live in deplorable decent, safe, and sanitary homes through 5,000 to 24,999______597 conditions in my city and every large the public housing program. 25,000 or more______383 city with substantial deprived minority It is on the status of this latter pro­ Total ______1,917 group populations, is desperate and gram that I speak briefly today. When hopeless without governmental assist­ the Housing Act of 1961 was before us, Put in another way, there are 360 local ance. The effect on children living in we noted that· in the quarter century of housing authorities operating public these conditions, evidenced by poor this effort to serve the crucial housing housing programs of less than 50 dwell­ school records, by dropouts, and by de­ needs of low-income families, less than ings; there are 297 local housing author­ linquency, is too well known and under­ 500,000 such dwellings were provided. ities operating programs with 50 to 99 stood to require elaboration. The solu­ Yet the 1960 census showed 8.5 million development units; there are 549 local tion of this problem is particularly dif­ occupied substandard dwellings in our housing authorities operating programs ficult becaase the larger dwelling units country-occupied for the most part, from 100 to 500 development units; and required do cost substantially more. Yet needless to say, by low-income families, finally, 218 local housing authorities op­ the far higher cost to our Nation and by the elderly on small fixed incomes, erating programs in excess of 500 devel­ our communities, in cash alone, to cope and by the handicapped. In addition, opment units. Only three States do not with the maladjustments created by the many of the disgracefully blighted abodes have enabling legislation. conditions in which these children are were occupied by minority groups whose I need not tell the Congress that the brought up, let alone the cost to our con­ skills and employment opportunities were economic and social atmosphere of today science, places in pale comparison the limited. is not that of 1937 when the public hous­ cost of providing decent shelter. The in­ When the present dwellings are com­ ing program was first established by the vestment is multiplied by each child that pleted, we will have a total public hous­ Congress. Today, relocation of families benefits, and by each child of that child. ing program of approximately 700,000 in the lowest income brackets, who gen­ Another facet of the public housing units. This, gentlemen, is roughly 1 per­ erally inhabit the slums, is making its program today is bringing relief to the cent of the housing supply of this coun­ demand; today, we have an increasing deplorable housing conditions on Indian try. Despite the continuous opposition number of elderly persons, a group grow­ reservations. In the past 2 years some of a powerful lobby group, the Congress, ing faster than any other age group in 30 tribes have organized tribal housing in its wisdom, discharged its responsi­ the population, not only one generation authorities, and already in South Dakota bility for the housing needs of all groups of elderly, but two, and sometimes three. and Montana these citizens have decent and authorized a continuation of this For this group the need is for housing low-rent housing, occupied, or under program vital to the low-income families within their financial reach. Again the development. The Seneca Nation in New and the elderly. It also made possible majority have low incomes. I am glad to York State also has a contract for 60 the exploration and development of new see that of the 182,000 units of public public housing dwellings. · In addition approaches and methods. housing in development today, over to the conventional rental program, the Specifically, in 1961, the Public Hous­ 67,000 have been earmarked by commu..; Public Housing Administration has ing Administration was permitted to use nities for senior citizens. In addition, worked out a mutual-help program for the balance of the authorization remain­ some 119,000 of the existing units are oc­ the Indians whereby they will contribute ing from the Housing Act of 1949 to pro­ cupied by elderly families or indviduals. labor, land, and materials and, under duce approximately 100,000 additional This is a truly commendable contribu­ supervision, construct their own modest low-rent dwellings. No time limit was tion to a serious area of housing· need, homes. This program will supplement placed on this authorization. Now, in which even the opponents of public hous­ the conventional rental units and was 1963, 2 years later, not only is the author­ ing have not averred they can serve. But devised to meet the housing needs for ization just about exhausted, but applica­ with over 3 million elderly couples with those whose incomes are too low even for tions from 159 cities and towns have not incomi,.s under $3,000 per year, and 2 the regular public housing program. yet been given allocations; and they con­ millio11 single eiderly, mostly women, The rehabilitation and use of existing tinue to pour in. These applications will with incomes under $2,000 per year, the dwellings, particularly for large low-in­ in the next few months completely ex­ current rate of public housing is fulfill­ come families, is another present-day haust the authorization and the Public ing only a small part of the need and de­ approach. By this use of public funds, Housing Administration will be able to mand. Through the use of public hous­ we have seen older neighborhoods re­ honor them only to the extent of can­ ing subsidy, we can and must provide vitalized and again become of interest cellation of units. already in the pipeline. housing for more of .the elderly in the to the ·private investor.· Thus we reta_in 15094 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 the values of older neighborhoods as part their own risks should, at the same time, from New York [Mr. BARRY] may ex­ of the public effort to provide housing. oppose a program. that would supply tend his remarks at this point in the This effort should be expanded. In other their noncustomers with decent places RECORD and include extraneous matter. instances, defaulted FHA and VA houses to live. Thus they place themselves on The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there have been purchased for low-rent use. the side of the slum owner and slum objection to the request of the gentleman In addition to these efforts to have a perpetuator instead of working to dem­ from Nebraska? diversified program, the Public Housing onstrate their belief in a decent stand­ There was no objection. Administration is emphasizing good de­ ard of housing for all American fam­ Mr. BARRY. Mr. Speaker, today, I sign in order that its developments will ilies. One cannot help but wonder at am introducing a House resolution cre­ promote good living environments that the good faith of publicists who will ating a Standing Committee on Small are an asset to the community and fit parade any antisocial behavior in a pub­ Business and giving it legislative au­ naturally into the overall housing lic housing project as condemnation of thority to develop germane amendments growth. the entire effort and its positive valuesr to the Small Business Act and the Small While I have directed your attention completely ignoring worse antisocial Business Investment Act of 1958. This to the efforts of the Federal agency and manifestations in privately operated resolution is similar to one introduced the local housing authorities to meet the housing where the tenants do not even by our distinguished colleague from present-day physical needs, notice have the hope and promise of rehabili­ Delaware [Mr. McDOWELL]. should be ta.ken of efforts to meet human tation that decent shelter provides. I The House should move this year to needs brought about by the pressures of hope the day will come when, before make permanent our Small Business rapid urbanization. In 1937, the public this Congress, the official voice of the Committee. Action is needed for the housing occupants generally were a cross private homebuilder and lender will be following reasons: section of the employed, low-income f am­ clearly heard for, and not against, a First. The House Select Committee To ilies on the way up. Today, the great housing policy reaching all areas of need Conduct a Study and Investigation of majority are still these families, but we and using whatever tools are necessary the Problems of Small Business is ham­ must also recognize the increased num­ and workable to that end. pered by a lack of legislative authority. ber who have problems of social, educa­ Mr. Speaker, I have seen and know the Second. The House of Representatives tional, and economic advancement, and benefits of public housing to millions of should be willing to give the Nation's some decrease, therefore, in rent paying American families who have benefited 4 ½ million small businessmen the same ability. The more than 520,000 dwellings from it to become homeowners. While I recognition and aid given them by the occupied today show an average rent, in­ support present efforts to find diversified Senate. cluding heat and all utilities, for all fam­ answers to low-income housing, the basic Third. The needs of small business re­ ilies of $43 per month-for the elderly, formula is still sound and workable and quire permanency and continuity in the $32 per month. Of the more than 520,- must continue if we are to have a housing House. The present situation raises 000 families, 48 percent are minorities; policy in this country that reaches the doubts as to the continuing interest of 45 percent are on assistance or pensions; most disadvantaged as well as the more this great body on small business mat­ at least 35 percent of families with chil­ advantaged. Anything less than this ters. dren are 1-parent families. would be a violation of the democratic The local housing authorities of this principles upon which this country is Fourth. The select committee is lim­ country, therefore, have faced up to the based. ited to making recomendations to the starkest need of our people and have It is my sincere hope that the Congress various permanent committees. Often reached down to serve a most needy will take cognizance of both the demand the permanent committees find they are group. In addition, all over the country for public housing in this country today unable to take full advantage of such and in Washington, the need for social in large and small places and the present studies because they are not a.s familiar services to help in the rehabilitative work exhaustion of this vital program. I with the problems of small business. that will insure independence and use­ speak not only for my city and State, My resolution is moderate in scope. It fulness of more deprived people has de­ which has exhausted its quota of the pro­ does not cut across the vital areas of veloped hand in hand with the housing. gram and awaits our action, but also for interest of the standing committees of It is my belief that good housing affords the villages and crossroads, as well as the the House. Only germane amendments the base from which these services may other great cities which are now marking to the Small Business Act and the Small begin to attack the complex effects of time instead of getting on with the job Business Investment Act of 1958 are poverty. Certainly, within an atmos­ of providing decent housing, of under­ covered. phere of slum degradation, we cannot ex­ taking city improvements, and of fulfill­ Moreover, I believe this measure pect aspirations to blossom or ambition ing the heavY demands of today's urban­ serves to carry out the intent of Con­ always to overcome such an adverse en­ ization process. Although public hous­ gress. For instance, the Small Business vironment. Thus, the public housing ing is only one small piece of the munici­ Act-Public Law 536, 85th Congress-in program makes possible social and eco­ pal mosaic, it is a vital, necessary, and section lO(b) provides the following: nomic dividends far beyond the physical essential piece which cannot and must The Administration shall make a report to structure. not be overlooked by the Congress. the President, the President of the Senate, Let me make it clear that I am a firm In summary, I am proposing that if, and the Speaker of the House of Repre­ supporter of our successful private en­ in accordance with the goal pronounced sentatives, to the Senate Select Committee on Small Business, and to the House Select terprise system in housing and all other in 1949, we are to provide a decent home Committee To Conduct a Study and In­ fields. I am also convinced, however, for every American family, we must have vestigation of the Problems of Small Busi­ that when this process, on which the a greatly expanded public housing pro­ ness, on December 31 of each year, showing greatness and prosperity of our country gram, using a diversity of methods and as accurately as possible for each such period rests, cannot reach far enough down in plans to serve a broader segment of low­ the amount of funds appropriated to it the cost scale to serve the needs of our income families. We must make it pos­ that it has expended in the conduct of each fellow human beings, we not only should, sible to restore and preserve stable neigh­ of its principal activities such as lending, borhoods for low-income use, as well as procurement, contracting, and providing but must, take public action to supple­ technical and managerial aids. ment their efforts. Indeed, I would go to continue and increase the conven­ further and say that the private build­ tional program. If we are to meet the In addition, section 10 (e) of the same ing industry should be housing many needs of the communities, we must, above act provides: more of our low-income citizens and in­ all, provide for a continuous public hous­ The Administration shall retain all corre­ sist that public action join private if, ing effort that will eliminate the delays spondence, records of inquiries, memoran­ otherwise, the job cannot be done. The and crises of today, transforming them dums, reports, books, and records, including income facts and the housing costs facts into the adequate housing of tomorrow. memorandums as to all investigations con­ of today leave no doubt that, if the needs ducted by or for the Administration, for a of low-income families are to be met, period of at least 1 year from the date of there is a need for public action. SMALL BUSINESS-TO WHOM IT each thereof, and shall at all times keep MAY CONCERN the same available for inspection and exam­ To me it is tragic that private build­ ination by the Senate Select Committee on ers, operators, or lenders who use help Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Small Business, and the House Select Com­ from the Federal Government to insure unanimous consent that the gentleman mittee To Conduct a Study and Investiga- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15095 tlon of the Problems of Small Business, or are however not defined in the Constitu­ Congress to consider thoroughly this their duly authorized representatives. tion nor.have "they ever been defined by matter with regard to its significance to The foregoing sections of the Sm~ll the -Congress. Varying theories have constitutional government and of pos­ been put forth as to the extent of Presi­ sible violations of the principle of sepa­ Business Act suggest permanency. They ration of powers established by the Con- require annual reports to the House Se­ dential power to issue orders. Some lect Committee on Small Business. Here have claimed there are certain inherrent stitution. · we have a situation requiring the Execu­ Presidential powers based on article II What other safeguard is there against tive to report annually to a committee of the Constitution. Others have usurpation by the executive branch of of Congress and we are not certain claimed there exists in the hands of the the authority of Congress to legislate whether or not there will be a committee President under the Constitution an except the vigilance of Congress? Th-ere to receive them. The day may come aggregate of powers, powers implied indeed appears to be none. · Congress; when these reports will have to be ad­ from those expressly set forth. No real speaking for the people, as a practical dressed "To Whom It May Concern." I clarification has been made. Executive matter is the only body which can take hope not. orders are issued, in a sense, on a trial up and assess the problem with a view Small businesses are a vital part of our and error basis. toward taking corrective action where free enterprise economy. Their con­ Many Executive orders are essentially required. tinued ability to produce goods and serv­ innocuous and are merely for the purpose I have introduced a resoiution in the ices is indispensable to America's future of taking care of housekeeping chores. House today calling for the creation of And on occasion the Congress itself has a Joint Committee on Executive Orders. growth. directed that certain things are to be Efforts to make the Small Business The committee would be comprised of carried out through Executive order. six Members of the Senate and six Mem­ Committee permanent are bipartisan. The right to issue orders, however, is Distinguished colleagues on both sides of bers of the House of Representatives. open to abuse because of the uncertainty Following is the heart of the resolu­ the aisle have introduced resolutions de­ as . to the limits of the authority. A signed to reflect the interest of most tion, and I shall quote from the text: President can and on occasion has in The joint committee shall conduct a full, Members in the problems of small busi­ effect made law through such orders. · I ness. I ask my colleagues to introduce complete, and continuing investigation and believe it is time for Congress to look study of all Executive orders issued by the similar resolutions so that we may have into the matter. President, and of practices, procedures, and prompt action, action this year. Last week, on August 7, Members of policies relating to the issuance of such the House discussed the administration Executive orders for the purpose of keeping move to place into effect through Execu­ Congress fully informed with respect to the LEGISLATION THROUGH issuance of Executive orders, and to advise EXECUTIVE ORDER tive order the recommendations con­ Congress whether such orders are issued in tained in the so-called Gesell report re­ conformity with the authority vested in the Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask lating to Department of Defense policy Office of President by the Constiution. unanimous consent that the gentleman with respect to off-base discrimination. from California [Mr. LIPSCOMB] may ex­ Regardless of the substance of the re­ The resolution would require the Pres­ tend his remarks at this point in the port and its merits or demerits, there are ident and the departments and agen­ RECORD and include extraneous matter. many Members of the House who strong­ cies of Government to keep the joint The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there ly believe that this actually amounts to committee fully informed concerning is­ objection to the request of the gentleman making law and.comes within the cogni­ suance of Executive orders. Bills, reso­ from Nebraska? zance of the authority of the Congress to lutions, and other matters relating There was no objection. legislate under the Constitution. primarily to practices, procedures, and Mr. LIPSCOMB. Mr. Speaker, ques­ . The Peace Corps, for example, was policies in issuing Executive orders would tions relating to what authority is vested initially set up by Executive order, on be referred to the committee. The com­ in the Offlc~ of the President to, in effect, March 1, 1961. On November 20, 1962, mittee would report its recommendations legislate through. issuance of Executive the President by Executive order promul­ to the House and Senate from time to orders has been raised and discussed on gated the equal opportunity in housing time, by bill or otherwise. many OCC&$ions over the years ever since regulation which in the view of many It is a well-known fact, borne out by the adoption of the Constitution. . amounts to legislation. history, that attempts at exercising It is a matter that has aroused con­ In February of this year, a number power occur in areas where a vacuum siderable concern in the minds of many of Executive orders were issued. assign­ exists. Congress, I believe, in the inter­ interested in preserving and strengthen­ ing to various agencies responsibilities est of protecting, maintaining, and ing constitutional government in the with regard to preparing national emer­ strengthenir:g constitutional government United States and avoiding potential gency plans. These plans could have in the United States, and in the interest abuse of the authority which could lead far-reaching significance and many of avoiding, by acquiescence, allowing to autocratic government. grave doubts have been voiced concern­ legislative authority to be exercised by Recent events have underscored the ing them. the executive branch of Government, seriousness of the matter and in my view Are these in fact examples of law­ must give this matter its serious atten­ have made it imperative that the Con­ making? Unfortunately there are no tion. gress at this time take a sharp, penetrat­ clear-cut guidelines. We do know that I believe an appropriate way to go ing look at what is going on in this area. the power to issue Executive orders has about this is through the creation of a Authority to issue Executive orders been unduly extended at times in · the joint committee which can maintain a places in the hands of the President ex­ past and that action has been taken to continuing study of Executive orders. tensive power, for Executive orders counteract the effect of such orders. When and where legislation is appro­ founded on authority of the Constitu­ Congress has on various occasions set priate and needed, the committee could tion or statute may have the force and aside Executive orders. In certain cases so recommend . . effect of law. Yet, there appears to be the courts have also set aside Executive I sincerely hope that the Congress will no real agreement as to the exact defi­ orders. Probably the most notable has give this measure every consideration, nition of Executive orders, or, for ex­ been the steel industry seizure case in because in my view we need it in the in­ ample, precisely what authority exists which the Supreme Court held, in 1952, terest of preserving freedom and consti­ on the part of the President to issue them that the President was without consti­ tutional government in the United or to what extent the practice of issuing tutional or congressional authority ·to States. Executive orders may violate the pre­ issue the seizure order. rogatives of the Congress under the Overall, however, the attention given Constitution. this problem appears to have been rela­ WOOL IMPORTS-PETITIONS PLEA­ · Thousands of Executive orders have tively limited except on those occasions PRESIDENT TO KEEP PROMISES been issued since the adoption of the when some particular order gives rise to Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Constitution based generally on authority discussion and concern about its impact unanimous consent that the gentleman granted to the President under article II and questions are raised about it. No from New Hampshire [Mr. CLEVELAND] of the Constitution. Executive orders real effort seems to have been made by may extend his remarks at this point 15096 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 in the RECORD and include extraneous has been spending more than twice as by the Babcock Radio Co., of Costa Mesa, matter. much as necessary for this radio. Calif. The bid was to be closed March 4, The SPEAKER pro tempare. Is there I am also going to show here today 1963. . objection to the request of the gentleman that the Navy wasted over $145,000 in a On February 26, 1963, I asked the Navy from Nebraska? sole source purchase of this same radio for a copy of the procurement document. There was no objection. on April 18, 1963, and I think it is time I also asked for the determination and Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, as some agency of our Government started findings that justified the procurement wool imports continue to increase, New out to recover some of this wasted tax and for a complete set of plans and Hampshire's wool industry, employing money. drawings. thousands of people, is in danger. For 2 Mr. Speaker, the one single individual Later that same day I was told by the years the President has been promising who is responsible for this latest example Navy that no D. & F. had been signed and to take action to protect wool manufac­ of Navy waste and inefficiency is that no drawings were available for the turers, as has been done for the cotton Kenneth M. BeLieu, the Assistant Secre­ equipment. I had my staff check into industry. But imports increase and tary of the Navy for Installations and past contracts for the equipment and mills continue to close, and there is no Logistics. To say that he gave me a they found that drawings had been word from the White House. This week difficult time as I tried to force this pro­ ordered, paid for and delivered to the more than a thousand people in the area curement into the clean air of competi­ Navy under terms of an earlier contract. of Claremont and Enfield, N.H., have tion is to be kind to him. On February 27, 1963, I challenged the sent to the President petitions asking This is not the only contract Mr. Navy's statement of no drawings and on him to keep his promises and give the BeLieu has approved that has cost the the same day I was told by Capt. John wool industry equal treatment. taxpayers dearly. He has put his name Scott that he had been ''dead wrong" Mr. Speaker, it is difficult to reconcile on hundreds of deals like this-many of the day before. Now, he said, the Navy the administration's frequent words on them just as phony. He should be fired had found drawings and they would be the importance of jobs and their expen­ at once for this incredible waste of the supplied. sive proposals for make-work projects taxpayers' money. At that I requested the bid opening be with their reluctance to take action to Hundreds of thousands of dollars delayed until March 25, 1963, and my re­ save thousands of existing jobs in the could have been saved by BeLieu on the quest was honored. In the ensuing time wool industry. I have once again writ­ purchase of this and other equipments. I had the drawings for the radio checked ten to the President, urging him to con­ in the past year, but he is too stubborn by industry. It was the opinion of sev­ sider these petitions and save these peo­ and egotistical to admit his mistakes. eral engineers that there is nothing com­ ple's jobs and the economic health of Even after I proved adequate manu­ plicated about the radio. Given plans their communities. facturing drawings and information ex­ and drawings, any competent manufac­ isted to allow competitive bidding, this turer can make it, I was told. chairborne paper-shuffler kept certifying I also learned during that time that, in COMPETITIVE BIDDING SAVES TAX­ that only one company could build this issuing a procurement document unsup­ PAYERS $300,000 radio. Even after he assured me future ported by a determination and finding, procurement would be competitive, he Secretary BeLieu violated Public Law Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask rammed through a last sole-source deal. 87-653. unanimous consent that the gentleman Mr. Speaker, this man should be fired During this interim period, I again from Indiana [Mr. WILSON] may extend for not looking behind the facade of stated my belief this radio should be his remarks at this paint in the RECORD paperwork which shrouds such sole­ bought competitively instead of by sole­ and include extraneous matter. source outrages as this. The contract­ source. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there ing officers and the engineers involved Secretary BeLieu wrote me on April 16, objection to the request of the gentleman should also be investigated. 1963. He said he thought the sole source from Nebraska? I do not care if this man BeLieu is procurement was proper and was going There was no objection. one of LYNDON JOHNSON'S fair-haired to go through with it. He also prom­ Mr. WILSON of Indiana. Mr. Speaker, boys. I do not care if he did work for ised the remainder of the fiscal 1963 re­ it has taken 6 months to force the Navy the Vice President on a. Senate com­ quirements would be bought competi­ to purchase competitively the AN/DRW- mittee. He is too expensive a. luxury for tively. 29 drone radio, but the taxpayers can the taxpayers and any administration to At that time, I again stated my convic­ today claim a saving of $300,000 as a tolerate. . tion the DRW-29 should be bought result of a successful campaign. A radio The results of the competitive bid through competitive bidding, and I so for · a Navy drone aircraft, which cost opening that went on at the Navy Pur-· stated in a letter sent to BeLieu on April $1,584.66 when bought via sole source· chasing Office at 10:30 a.m. today, show­ 22, 1963. June 26, 1963, was bid in at $702.98 under how much fat there has been in this deal Four days before, however, the Navy competitive bidding conditions yester­ all along, just as I have contended. This had issued a contract to Babcock for the day at the Navy Purchasing Office. is another reason why the appropriate manufacture of this set. It called for The Navy is going to buy 309 of these committees of this Congress should open delivery of 300 radios at a total cost of radios. Simple arithmetic proves a sav­ a full-scale investigation into electronics $358,020.77 and a unit price of $1,186.47. ing of almost $300,000 when the two procurement, esP.ecially in the Navy. It Using the :figures I supplied earlier, you prices are compared. is also another reason why my two biP,s, will see there was over $145,000 wasted The opening of competitive bids for H.R. 4409 and H.R. 5258 should be en­ in that purchase. manufacture of this radio wraps up this acted to give the Congress some author­ Mr. Speaker, I have tried from that case I have been studying since Feb­ ity over these autocratic blunderers in day to this to get the figures I just men­ ruary 26, 1963. For the information of the Pentagon. tioned. I made telephone calls to the my colleagues, I have spoken twice be­ Mr. Speaker, lean back and listen, here Navy people responsible for the procure­ fore about this very equipment and my is another example of the way in which ment and tried other ways. I finally efforts to see that it was purchased com­ taxpayers are being bled white and made succeeded in getting the information at petitively. to pay through the nose for military 3:15 p.m. yesterday and only after a The first speech I made on this sub­ hardware that could be bought at a lower great.deal of pressure had been applied. ject was on April 10, 1963. You will find -price with no sacrifice in quality. Mr. Speaker, I think the Navy wants it on page 6198 of the RECORD for that The case of the AN/DRW-2~ came to this thing shoved under the rug. date. The second speech I made was on my attention early this~year. Sourc~s You will recall Mr. BeLieu's pledge of June 20, 1963. You will find that on inside Navy told me the radio was being April 16, 1963, . to buy the radios com­ page 11244 of the RECORD for that date. bought by ·sole source but could just as petitively. For your information, Rear I wish you would read both of them for easily be .purchased through competitive Adm. W. T. Hines made .the same com­ background information. bidding. . . , mitment concern;ing both fiscal 1963 and These two speeches, plus the remarks On February 15~ .J.963, the Navy issued 1964 .. . I shall make today, will prove what I a sole . source procurement document, I want to report here today what these have contended all along-that the Navy · calling for 342 of these_· radios, {o be ·burit: men said and what they did are two di!- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15097 ferent things.- Navy's pledge and Navy's GO SLOW ON TEST BAN · the missile gap? Without · even taking performance compare sadly to say the RATIFICATION into consideration the U.S. record of least. · Mr. BEERMANN~ . Mr. Speaker, I ask abiding by agreements and Russia's fail­ On June 26, 1963, after making these unanimous consent that the gentleman ure to abide by treaties, the strong likeli­ pious pledges of competition, the Navy ;from Illinois [Mr. FINDLEYl may extend hood that the Communists will gain ·and bought more DRW-29 drone radios sole his· remarks· at. this point in the RECORD we will lose by the President's treaty. source from Babcock and this time at a and include extraneous matter. Dr. Stefan Possony; of Stanford Uni­ unit price of $1,584.66. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there versity, offers an alternative treaty which Finally, on July 12, 1963, the Navy objection to the request of the gentleman does not gamble with human lives and came out in the open on the DRW-29, from Nebraska? the security of the free world. His pro­ but even then it couldn't play the game There was no objection. posal calls for a World Convention for by the rules. Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, signing the Establishment of Safe Limits on Nu­ It issued a bid set on July 12 for 309 of of the test ban agreement by United clear Fallout. This Convention would the DRW-29 drone radios, but it didn't States, British, and Soviet represent­ permit only nuclear testing which did distribute the bid set until July 15, 3 atives brings to mind a bit of advice by a not exceed the safety limits. Testing days later. The bid set carried a closing veteran of many legislative wars. which would endanger health would be date of July 26, 1963, giving industry He once warned a group of farmers banned, and violations could easily be de­ only 10 days to get it through the mail, lobbying vigorously for a new agricul­ tected. The development of clean study it, evaluate it, make a proposal tural program: weapons-ones with little fallout--would and get the proposal back to the Navy. be encouraged. In addition, technical material was Be careful what you ask for. You may Let us hope that the Senate seriously located at the Naval Avionics Facility, get it. considers the critical alternatives to the Indianapolis, Ind., and only 4 days were For years-since 1947 as a matter of test ban treaty. The decision may be the allowed to inspect this material, the cut­ fact--U.S. diplomats have been asking most momentous in our diplomatic off' date for that inspection being July 19. for a ban on the atmospheric testing of history. Mr. Speaker, this procurement, called nuclear devices. a competitive procurement, was rigged High Soviet officials :finally agreed to ADDRESS OF GEN. DWIGHT D. to shut out as much competition as pos­ terms. The treaty has been signed, and sible. I decided to try and get a break the U.S. Senate now has the responsi­ EISENHOWER BEFORE THE UNI­ for the American taxpayer as well as for bility of ratifying or rejecting it. VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS industry, It is a sobering moment in which all ANGELES On July 16, I contacted Capt. Paul Americans may reflect on the legislative Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Jeff'ries and later Mr. James O'Connor, warrior's advice. We are on the eve of unanimous consent that the gentleman both naval personnel. Captain Jeff'ries getting a test ban. Now that we have it from Iowa [Mr. ScHWENGEL] may extend is in the Office of the Chief of Naval Ma­ in hand, were we wise to ask for it? his remarks at this point 1n the RECORD terial. Mr. O'Connor is the Bureau of The reflection comes late. In the eyes and include extraneous matter. Weapons liaison officer. I told both of some, the hour for second thought has The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there that in my opinion the bidding time was passed. We have gone too far to back objection to the request of the gentleman entirely too brief and the period for out, they argue. We are committed. from Nebraska? looking at technical material was also Fortunately, reflection and second There was no objection. designed to discourage bidding, thought are not foreclosed. There is still Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, in a One hour after my :first conversation, time for full consideration of this pro­ recent address before the University of Mr. O'Connor called to say the bid period posal in au its fascinating, frightening, California at Los Angeles, our distin­ had been extended to August 2. This and fortuitous facets. guished former President, Gen. Dwight D. didn't satisfy me. Thirty days is the Until the impending treaty is ratified Eisenhower, made some very interesting usual bidding period for a competitive by vote of the Senate, reflection and sec­ comments which deserve the careful procurement. ond thought is very much· in order. study of the membership of the Congress I · wrote a stiff letter at that point to Dr. Edward Teller, one of 'the foremost· and the press. Because, unfortunately; Mr. BeLieu and asked that the bid period scientists in developing the U.S. thermo­ the full text of President Eisenhower's re­ be extended to August 15-30 days from nuclear weapons system, states that the marks are no longer carried in the news­ date of issue. In my letter I made the· danger of nuclear atmospheric testing papers, I thought it would be valuable to statement: has been overemphasized. Radiation include the text as it was made available The ·way in which this competition is being fallout produced by nuclear testing tome: arranged is indeed a farce, if not an outrage. gradually deteriorates in the atmosphere. UCLA CHARTER DAY SPEECH BY GENERAL against American industry and the American Both Russia and the United States could taxpayer. EISENHOWER do adequate testing without pushing the President Kerr, Chancellor Murphy, mem­ The extension I asked for was granted radiation level to the danger point for bers of the regents, distinguished guests, the following day by Mr. BeLieu. human beings, according to the famed ladies, and gentlemen of the ·ucLA family, I The rest of the story is welcome his­ nuclear physicist. am delighted to have the privilege of par­ Uij Dr. Teller warns of a much greater ticipating in this Charter Day ceremony at tory for those of who would cut down UCLA, and am highly complimented by the the staggering Federal budget. danger. When the Soviets broke the last award, from the distinguished statewide Uni­ Industry had a real chance. There testing moratorium to conduct an inten­ versity of California, of its honorary doctor­ were 13 bidders. Five were below the last sive series of tests in 1961-62, they over­ ate. sole source price. Babcock, itself, bid took the United States in the develop­ Standing on · this still relatively young less than it did in a recent sole source ment of both superpowered weapons and, campus I look out upon its vast complex of transaction. even more important, antimissile defense buildings, completed or under construction, Mr. Speaker, this proves what I have weapons. The antimissile missile has and sense in a very concrete way, the dedica-· been called the only defense from the · tion of the people of California to maximum contended. American industry, given a educational opportunity for the youth of this real and honest chance to bid, can save existing danger of devastating nuclear State. Because of this dedication California money for the taxpayer on military hard­ destruction. is today one of the most productive agricul­ ware in case after case. But as long as ' The present treaty would freeze U.S. tural, scientific, and industrial forces in the Navy people like BeLieu · continue to development in these two critical areas United States and in the world. Moreover, channel fat..,eat · contracts to favored where the Soviets hold superiority. But with this conviction of the importance of companies we are going· to see our tax yet it would permit the underground education it is only natural that Cal,ifornia money flushed down the drain. testing needed for the development of should look to the future with confidence in Until Congress ties a tight rein on · its continued economic and cultural growth. tactical nuclear weapons, an area in With good reason, .growth ls, these daysof these Defense Department wasters and which the Soviets are behind the United· much on the minds of Californians. This maintains a close check on the purse States. Will the treaty make permanent has become the most populous State in the strings, progress will not be as rapid as the Soviet's advantage and United Nation, a development that is probably would otherwise be possible. States disadvantage? Will it widen greeted with mixed emotions, for as a myriad CIX--990 15098 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15. of problems is inevitably created by rapid to these responsibilities. The accumulation payer. You cannot further the brotherhood population increase, so also can be identi­ here of Nobel Prize winners and members of man by encouraging class hatred. You fied a whole range of opportunities that will of the National Academy of Sciences attests cannot help the poor by destroying the rich. result from the intelligent solution of these to the contributions that California and its You cannot establish sound security on bor­ problems. The increasing need for trained universities ma.ke to the Nation's intellectual, rowed money. You cannot build character and educated minds . becomes both obvious economic, and military_future. and courage by taking away man's initiative and urgent. For it is through knowledge But well we know that man also recognizes and independence. You cannot help men and disciplined and clear thinking that com­ values other than the material and utili­ permanently by doing for them what they plex problems are solved and great opportu­ tarian. The vigor of his intellectual achieve­ could and should do for themselves." nities developed. ment and vitality of his biological being If we love freedom-if we want to live During 8 years in the White House, I had must be leavened by the richness of his emo­ as free men and women-we must never for­ responsib1lity of guiding this Nation through tional components. The creation of beauty, get that its price, everyday, is always the a segment of the complex and revolutionary whether by the poet, the sculptor, the paint­ same, eternal vigilance. To teach the es­ postwar world. That experience taught me­ er, the musician or the playwright, and the sentials of this vigilance, everywhere and if nothing else--that the great issues of our capacity to respond to this-beauty, are essen­ all the time, is true Americanism: if neglect ­ times, both here as well as elsewhere in the tial elements of a complete society. It is ed all else will be lost. world, are not amenable to quick and im­ evidence of national maturity that an even I have no doubt that, as California con­ pulsive attack. With special emphasis this larger number of our people are demonstrat­ tinues to grow and her influence increases, applies to our international relationships. ing a growing preoccupation with the a;rts her public and private educational systems Such problems are best solved by the ap­ and all that they have to give us. themselves not merely with the excellence plication of reason, patience, study and But one word of warning seems appropri­ of the student's preparation for professional understanding, and moral courage. America, ate: because it is a law of life that nothing life, but will inculcate in him an under­ openly menaced by a hostile ideology must stands still, a growing maturity must not standing of the duties, rights, · and respon­ give earnest attention to her need for secu­ be confused with, or allowed to degenerate sibilities of the citizen as such. So long as rity from potential attack-a security that into, decadence. her public and private educational systems depends upon the a.dequaey of our moral, The ideals, aspiration, and institutions of devote themselves _to the development of intellectual, economic, and military strength. our Nation, the sturdiness and initiative of great scholars and good citizens-this larges~ But this attention must conform to fact, the people that have brought us to a posi­ of our States is certain always to be a bul­ logic, and human Judgment--it must not be tion of world leadership-all these must be wark of human freedom, a model of success­ responsive either to hysterical fear or to respected, sustained and daily revitalired. ful democracy in the world, a leader in the unjustifiable complacency. This suggests the need for constant self-, ceaseless search for an enduring peace, with I believe that if we are to avoid fighting examination by the teacher, the student, the justice. our way to oblivion, or in the name of se­ university, and by every citizen. Aside from curity, overspending for armaments to the the concepts of personal liberty, even-handed point of bankruptcy, we must, with others, justice and human dignity and rights, Amer­ PRESIDENT EISENHOWER'S HER­ think and reason a way to a practical and ica was established as a self-governing peo­ SHEY CITIZENS SPEECH honorable modus vivendi. The conduct of ple. No matter what else may preoccupy negotiations to this eventual result is, of any individual or any institution, a funda­ Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask course, the responsibility of governments. mental concern must be to make this form unanimous consent that the gentleman But governments--at least free govern­ of government truly and continuously effec­ from Iowa [Mr. SCHWENGEL] may extend ments-cannot negotiate effectively unless tive. his remarks at this point 1n the RECORD they can be assured of the support of their The American system, we must remember, and include extraneous matter. populations. People-all peoples-must be­ is still an experiment; it is even today being come more enlightened, more understanding tested. Each of us must comprehend his The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there of themselves and of each other or they will proper relationship to government, his duty objection to the request of the gentleman risk a catastrophe beside which all of the to it, and his authority over it. Unless he from Nebraska? past will be less than child's play. Educa­ does so he has forfeited his right to and his There was no objection. tion, therefore, is mandatory; in a very real opportunity for self-government: he allows Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker; sense America's first line of defense runs others to govern him. through her university campuses. Likewise, Educators rightly place high value on, and President Eisenhower spoke out force.:. they are the shock troops in the battle for fiercely defend, academic freedom. But this fully and clearly about the state of af­ peaceful solutions of the world's troubles. freedom is only one of a group that includes fairs before the Republican National Here is one compelling reason why the also political, economic, religious, and per­ Citizens Committee of the United States, quality and character of our educational sonal freedoms. They are mutually inter­ in Hershey, Pa., June 13, 1963. Because institutions have become more important dependent--lf any falls, the others will even­ unfortunately the full text of General than ever before. It is in these institutions tually be destroyed. They are the most pre­ Eisenhower's remarks are no longer car­ that motivated and gifted minds must be cious possessions of a free citizen. ried by the press and only brief press honed to the degree of sharpness and compe­ Colleges a.re necessarily concerned with tence that will fl.t them, as they are later producing excellence in many fields; to do excerpts are used, it seems worthwhile tempered and tested by experience, for the so they indulge in specialization. This work that Members of Congress and the press, posts of leadership they will be called upon is mandatory to progress, but in my view as well as other careful readers of the to fill. They will be the ones to help this there is one mission even more important. RECORD, may have available to them the world find a path to progress and to lead it Speaking of universities, Dr. Deane Malott, full unedited text of what General Eisen­ away from the routes that could bring hu­ president of Cornell, recently remarked: hower said. His message was very well manity to stagnation and civilization to "There is too little time for comparative received, and deserves the careful atten­ disaster. government, for world history, for Western tion of all Americans. I join with these At home, the difficulties created by the civilization, for adequate facility in foreign· increasing urbanization of our society be­ language, for human relations, and for all who heard General Eisenhower in ex­ come ever more pressing. Important ones of the cultural exposures, which provide as­ pressing the wish that he will speak out are air and water pollution-public trans­ surance and poise, judgment, and the selec­ out forcefully in the months ahead. portation-human delinquency-and archi­ tion of the best in life." In that expression The full text of our former President's tectural sprawl and squalor. All are ulti­ "the best in life," Dr. Malott must have had speech follows: mately responsive to the application of rea­ in mind, among other things, the priceless son and intelligence. Surely we must work values of human dignity and freedom. REMARKS BY GEN. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER BE­ FORE CITIZENS , w ORKSHOP OF REPUBLICAN to prevent our cities from becoming brutal­ We might well ponder a quotation from izing forces, and it is to our colleges and uni­ CITIZENS COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES, the late Judge Brandeis: "Experience should HERSHEY, PA., JUNE 13, 1963 versities that we must look for the trained teach us to be more on our guard to protect minds and the knowledge to help us get on liberty when the Government's purposes are Good evening. I would like to read you_ with the task. beneficient. Men born to freedom are nat­ an excerpt from a letter. Our economic future and our productive urally alert to repeal invasion of their lib­ "The republican is the only form of gov­ capacity are intimately geared to the vitality erty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest ernment which is not eternally at open or of college and university classrooms and lab­ dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroach­ secret war with the rights of mankind." oratories. They generate much of the knowl­ ment by men of zeal, well-meaning, but The letter was written to Mr. William edge that leads to new products, new in­ without understanding." Hunter in the year 1790 by Thomas Jefferson. dustries and new jobs for an expanding And listen to words of Lincoln, always ap­ As a permanent haven for citizen partici­ population. They become daily more useful plicable and even more specific in describ­ pation, the Republican Citizens Committee to business management; indeed, they pro­ ing the understanding we need: "You can-­ is one of the most potentially fruitful in­ vide a principal source of leadership in our not bring about prosperity by discouraging novations in American politics in many Nation's productive life. thrift. You cannot strengthen the weak years. The State of California and its colleges by weakening the strong. You cannot help Its prospects as an instrument for better and universities have effectively responded the wage , earner by pulling down the wage government seem limitless. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15099 I see this workshop as having its roots And as for political "a.ma.tetirs"-they deep belief in fundamental principles and in the colonial town meeting where citizens bring verve, sparkle, and fresh ideas which purposes of Republicanism. participated enthusiastically in the affairs perk up a political party the way a well­ Incidentally, it took bbldness and a sure of their government. advertised medicine does tired blood. sense of competent optimism for the na­ Each making his small contribution to the Another thing, many of today's finest pub­ tional citizens organization to start right off deliberations which eventually decided the lic officials and party organization leaders with a full 5-year operating schedule. course of action. were yesterday's "political amateurs." Now, on the eve of the first birthday, it is I hope this town meeting is the forerun­ Possibly "idealists" and "amateurs" often­ heartening to see that the original 5-year ner of many, many more across the country times cause headaches and short tempers, agenda already has been extended. Plans by different citizens groups-all of which will merely by getting underfoot. are being projected for increasingly produc­ make their contribution toward the growth But a political party without a steady tive activities extending through the fore­ of Republicanism. supply of them is likely to become inbred­ seeable future. Among our initial objectives are these: and decay. There is an array of essential chores that To offer assistance and cooperation to the If you will permit a personal note-I am all citizens groups and every Republican regular Republican organization-and, w}:len partial to so-called amateurs. must face boldly. invited supplement the regular campaign­ Dedicated nonprofessionals-mostly young To me, the most pleasant one of all is ex­ ing efforts in behalf of specific candidates. men and women whose only previous politi­ pounding, clarifying and advocating, with To cooperate in forming a nationwide net­ cal interest was to vote on election day­ all my heart, fundamentals of Republican be­ work of State and local Republican citizen were to a considerable extent responsible for liefs, keyed to an abiding faith in the organizations which, in turn, will mobilize my decision in 1952 to enter the political American people. the front line troops for the political battles arena. Another crucial task is to point up re­ ahead. By admiring and encouraging the amateurs peatedly and endlessly the very real and Citizens organizations hope to make it at­ and idealists in politics one does not thereby significant differences between the Repub­ tractive and relatively easy for political vol­ reflect unfavorably on the professionals. lican concept and that of the Democrat unteers to take as active a role in political Many distinguished veteran politicians Party's current leadership. affairs as they can whether or not they are also are idealists. Still another duty before us-one that I party professionals. After all, the formula for successful serv­ do not relish, but will deal with because it is Basing our hopes on the experience of long ice to the Nation calls for a meld of idealism as important as any other-requires we call established local volunteer organizations in and practicality. the roll, clear and loud, on the opposition's Los Angeles and elsewhere, we think it prac­ I have profound respect for the art-science record-the sorry record that stands naked ticable that through closely coordinated and of politics-and for most politicians with to behold, when the cunningly manipulated expanded operations to establish a string of whom I have been associated. veneer of imagery is peeled off. recruitment agencies for the Republican On the whole, they are sincere, consci­ For the sake of its future, the American Party. entious public servants. electorate should become reintroduced to The party's regular State and local orga­ Yet now, as we approach the 21st century, now no longer disguised incidents of the nizations in most cases would unquestion­ politicians and nonpoliticians alike must recent past. It should become fully aware ably welcome massive infusions of fresh awaken to the realization that, like it or of the political connivance that is a way of brains and muscle. These can be provided not, government is becoming ever-more im­ political life for those who avidly seek by citizens who choose to move on to the portant in our lives. power at any cost---and having won it-­ regular party organizations, after becoming In turn, that makes it increasingly impera­ reach out for more and more. attuned to Republican goals by experience tive for citizens to stand guard aggressively, The rollcall-a long record of glowing in the citizens groups. if need·be, over their freedoms-and delineate promises and anemic deliveries-would in­ Another citizen organization objective­ with unmistakable clarity the line of prin­ clude such campaigning catch phrases as a most urgent one-is to create widespread ciple beyond which government may not "missile gap," "stroke of the pen," "strong respect for Republican positions, programs step. Presidency," "get the country moving again,'' and aspirations. Politics is becoming far too important in and so on. To meet this need, citizens groups are our individual and corporate lives to be What man or woman in America, if fully forming and expanding units of specialists monopolized by politicians. acquainted with the cold facts, could fail to cope with one of the Republican Party's I am told that a tough, old political boss to feel ashamed of the deliberate effort to most critical and exasperating deficiencies­ of Jersey City took pride in revealing the elevate that kind of political connivance to that of communicating with others. secret of how he managed for years to domi­ a level of full acceptability? The citizens committee could more than nate his community, his county, and the Thousands and tens of thousands of Demo­ justify its existence by improving Repub­ New Jersey Democrat Party. crats and Independents share our concern lican communications. In essence, he would put it this way: "My over what has been going on. Rather, they Consider this: Notwithstanding election organization never lets up • • • we keep at are disturbed by the nonaction and headlong returns and the ratio of officeholders, ours it 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a retreat on matters of national survival and is, in conviction, the majority party. year • • • 'good people,' he said, 'start their domestic well-being on which were promised There can be no question but that a ma­ movements every now and then • • • but firm, unequivocal decisions and action. jority of Americans share our belief in such they never &tick at it. They always Now we Republicans are no paragons. We basic Republican doctrine as responsible quit • • •.•" have many shortcomings, far too many. progress and a good life through individual Though his purposes were selfish-often But without pretence, we strive to im­ opportunity and initiative. blatantly so-yet his organiza,tional and prove. operational methods were so efficient that he And I cannot imagine any Republican offi­ This is vastly different from the Democrat maintained his hold over an enlightened cial of standing, proclaiming the reverse of Party doctrine of reliance on government citizenry for three decades. a standard Democrat slogan of the 1960 above all else. Many of the Nation's most populous cities campaign. Why we Republicans have not succeeded in are even now as tightly boss-controlled as The claim-that "the worst Democrat is these recent years in translating our ma­ ever-and some, even more so. better than the best Republican"-was first jority beliefs into majority votes is a multi­ While the political apparatus in most in­ heard at the western conferenc·e of Democrat pronged dilemma. stances has a modernized facade to conform leaders in Albuquerque, N. Mex., in February And the business of communications­ with the times, the main secret of success is 1960. spreading the truth in understandable identical to the letter to that of the old This would seem difficult for even the terms, presenting it as a vote-getting pack­ Jersey Olty boss. most ardent Democrat to believe. But listen age-ls at the heart of that dilemma. This, And as is too well known, the clue to to this story about one of the most avid then, we must solve. Democrat Party victories for years on end has endorsers of this ridiculous assertion. Next, some eyebrow raising was to be ex­ been the incredible majorities delivered on He was a Democrat Member of the Con­ pected from party oldtimers who, for one call by those city bosses. gress, a committee chairman with extensive reason or another, are allergic to citizen There is in these experiences a lesson that powers and prerogatives. movements. the Republican citizens organizations, func­ In his campaign for reelection he claimed It would have been surprising indeed if tioning for good purposes in scores of com­ brazenly that his seniority in Washington the organization bad achieved its first birth­ munities, should learn well. was money in the bank for the home State. day without having at least a few belittling Let it be known here and now that this Subsequently, when it became evident that snorts directed its way by individuals who, movement of what machine political bosses this politician was being hard pressed in the for some strange reason, adjudge the words refer to derisively as good people does not campaign and help was badly needed, he "idealist" and "amateur" to be politically have the word "quit" in its lexicon. ran speedily to Washington for assistance. disparaging. This permanent Republican citizens or­ In double-quick time, the Defense De­ It seems to me that at this point in history, ganization ls here to stay-and to serve. partment, of all places-with the Federal when cynicism, mistrust of the people, and The foresight, dedication and spirit of Treasury f()(jting the bill-undertook a po- contrived political imagery are the vogue in those who conceived, formed, and are ad­ 11 tical rescue operation. the Nation's Capitol-our body politick vancing this novel political enterprise will In the politically · distraught Senator's could stand a hefty dose of idealism. have the confidence of all who share our State was an Air Force base which had been 15100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 declared unnecessary and was being shut By contrast, the concept of the omnip­ It is well that my colleagues and I down. otent, omniscience state, presently adver­ be reminded that today cancer is second In this time of trouble the campaigning tised as sophisticated poUtical phil060phy, is only to heart.disease as the leading cause Senator announced he would demonstrate as old.and as ugly as sin. his influence with the administration. The contention that man's destiny must of death. It has been predicted by the He was invited to a conference. Imme­ be centrally controlled ls as old as human American Cancer Society that during diately after it, the candidate for reelection history: 1963-280,000 Americans will die of pre­ announced, and the administration con­ It existed for centuries before the dawn of viously diagnosed or recently detected firmed, that the Defense Department was freedom. cases. Another 815,000 will be under reversing itself and was reopening the use­ It cannot be repeated too often that our medical care, and 530,000 new cases will less air base. freedoms are inseparable. Thus the Senator proved that his political Economic freedom, personal freedom, be diagnosed during the year. seniority was like money in the bank, and political freedom-these are all parts of a In 1937, the National Cancer Institute it had the desired impact. unit. was established by the act of Congress, The Senator, one of those better than the The loss of any would mean, eventually, with every U.S. Senator joining as a best Republican, was reelected. Shortly the loss of all. sponsor. Its forerunner had been the thereafter the base was closed. To preserve our freedoms, to grow ever. American Society for the Control of Can­ I cite this example from the campaign stronger in their defense, we Republicans cer, founded in 1913. At that time only last year because it symbolizes an intrinsic face a great challenge-and an even greater difference between the two parties. opportunity. one out of every seven victims of cancer We Republicans have concentrated our at­ Unity is essential to our success. could be saved. Today early detection tention on principles and programs and serv­ As for me, if any proposal or program and modern medicine could save one ice to the Nation. tends to divide those who support Republi­ cancer patient in two. Our opponents appear to devote their can principles, then I will have no part of The issuance of a special commemora­ energies to the cold and calculating realities it. tive postage stamp commemorating the of partisan politics-and their eyes are ever­ But I will support to the limit of my abil­ crusade against cancer will arouse public glued to the end product, power. ity that which fortifies our unity. To Republicans, the rights of men is a It is our responsibility as citizens to help interest and aid in stimulating early livJng doctrine. , preserve and strengthen the fabrics of Amer­ visits to doctors so that prompt diagnosis To our opponents it is a campaign catch­ ican freedom-to insure our Nation's prog­ and treatment may save many of the phrase, a political gimmick to be cunningly ress-to establish individual responsibility as 88,000 American lives needlessly lost to exploited as part of the great mosaic which a keystone in our very way of life, personal cancer each year. presents a public but deceitful image known, and governmental-to assure equal oppor­ It is my hope that my colleagues will far and wide, as concern for the common tunity for all. man-protector of the poor--champion of Again, I salute those whose dedication to join me in support of this most worth­ the people. the public good and whose foresight brought while measure. The facts are altogether different from the about this organization. image. It is not unlikely that a few years hence Republican ideology today, as in Lincoln's political scientists will trace the coming re­ THE GESELL REPORT: AN INDIVID­ time, is based upon the dynamic concept of surgence of Republicanism-the return to UAL government by the people, as well as of and power of Republican ideals implemented by COMMENT for them. Republican officials-to the founding of this Mr. LIBONATI. Mr. Speaker, I ask It enthrones the individual-with his love Republican Citizens Committee. unanimous consent that the gentleman of liberty and opportunity: his self-confi­ And now, as I close, I would like to read from New York [Mr. STRATTON] may ex­ dence and self-reliance, his initiative and his once more the words of Thomas Jefferson: human desire to help himself and his family "The republican is the only form of gov­ tend his remarks at this point in the and his country-as the key to social and ernment which is not eternally at open or RECORD and include extraneous matter. economic progress of the Nation; in the sooret war with the rights of mankind." The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there practice of this faith the entire nation has Thank you, and good night. objection to the request of the gentleman grown in strength, capacity, and influence. from Illinois? On the other hand, the philosophy of those presently controlling the Democratic There was no objection. CRUSADE FOR CANCER COMMEM­ Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, the Party is based essentially on the contention ORATIVE STAMP that the answer to most of the Nation's other day on this floor a number of us problems is more government, more execu­ Mr. LIBONATI. Mr. Speaker, I ask spent some time discussing pro and con tive power, and ever-more spending of public unanimous consent that the gentleman the merits of the so-called Gesell report, funds. from Florida [Mr. FASCELL] may extend recommending that the Defense Depart­ This ideology sees the individual in terms his remarks at this point in the RECORD ment · take action to end segregation of a vote-and something to be patronized. and include extraneous matter. practices in areas adjacent to our mili­ It is barren of faith in the people. It arrogates to a personally selected few The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there tary installations. the capacity for government. objection to the request of the gentleman Some Members denounced the report It is devoid of appeal to all that is best in from Illinois? in sweeping terms. I was among those human nature, particular to those traits of There was no objection. on the other hand who pointed out that individual character that have accounted for Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, today it actually the Gesell report was only con­ America's progress. has been my privilege to introduce a bill tinuing a practice which the three armed There is still another significant clash of authorizing and directing the Postmaster services have been following for years, concepts between the two parties. General to issue a special commemora­ We proudly espouse the simple, but dy­ of trying to eliminate, both on and off namic virtues of America and its people. tive postage stamp on April 1, 1964, com­ military bases, those practices which are To us, "pariotism" is a word that throbs memorating the crusade against cancer. harmful to the morale and the efficiency with great meaning. The bill provides that the stamp shall be of our fighting men in uniform. But to those who dominate and set the first offered for sale to the public in Segregation and discrimination tone for the opposition party, such cherished Washington, D.C. against men in uniform, because of American virtues as "reliance in self," On March 7, 1963, in furtherance of their color, is one such harmful prac­ "pride in work," "devotion to education," congressional authorization, President tice. The extent of the damage which "Faith in self and God," are considered Kennedy issued the annual proclamation plain, low-brow corn, and not to be taken this segregation policy, when followed in seriously. setting forth April 1963 as Cancer Con­ areas surrounding our military bases, can _ I would like to point out to them that if trol Month and invited the Governors of do, is clearly indicated in the following our forefathers had not taken "corn seri­ the States, the Commonwealth of Puerto letter which appeared in the New York ously, we would not be here today. Rico, and other areas subject to the Times for August 15, and which I am And now, let us look at a few of the per­ jurisdiction of the United States to issue most happy hereby to bring to the atten­ tinent facts in the credo of Republicanism similar proclamations. tion of my colleagues: that need to be emphasized and re-empha­ In his proclamation, the President also sized. "OFF-LIMITS" STAND BACKED: DEFENSE DE­ Our fundamental concept of the dignity of asked the medical and allied health pro­ PARTMENT MOVE RELATING TO SEGREGATED the individual and of Government as the fessions, the communications industries, AREAS UPHELD protector of his freedom is, even today, the and all other interested persons and To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES: world's newest political philosophy-a fr~sh, groups to unite during the appointed Senator BARRY GOLDWATER is reported as invigorating idea based on faith in an month in public reaffirmation of this Na­ having attacked the Defense Department for enlightened people. tion's efforts to control cancer. · having authorized military commanders to 1963 C.ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15101 place off limits any area near their bases mitments throughout the world, it is established the Alliance for Progress, is es­ where segregation is practiced. · Latin America that has served as the sentially an agreement for a peaceful revo­ I was stationed at Fort McClellan, Annis­ real eye-opener in the last few years. lution on a hemisphere scale. ton, Ala:, for nearly a year. I was Assistant . For the United States, there can only be Chief of Staff, G-2, of the 27th Infantry Boiling in revolution against poverty, one possible course: to assist this peaceful Division. illiteracy, and social injustice, constantly revolution wholeheartedly with our re­ In training at this post was also a quarter­ assailed by a barrage of Castroite propa­ sources and skills, with our political and m aster unit composed of Negroes. They were ganda, Latin America has been singled moral backing, and then to see that it is not a fine lot. When they went on pass, their out by President Kennedy as the most perverted or derailed en route. appearance and conduct put to shame .many critical underdeveloped area in the The Alliance for Progress is already launch­ of our white soldiers. world. If the United States fails her ing its programs and gathering momentum. This was the organization that, after an sister-continent now, we, will have failed No one in his right mind, least of all myself, invasion of France, operated the famous would pretend that the task will be easy. Red Ball Express, carrying essential supplies ourselves and the cause of democracy Even if the situation were not so volatile, from the beaches to the front, driving their everywhere. the sheer scale of the economic job is stag­ trucks across France day and night under Following are some excerpts from Mr. gering. Latin America's rate of population the most difficult and dangerous conditions, Moscoso's description of the Alliance's growth is probably the greatest in the world. and by their almost superhuman endurance program and goals; these observations, Today there are nearly 200 million people in of fatigue and lack of sleep winning universal brief though they are, pointedly rein­ Latin America. By the end of the century­ admiration. Without them the rapid, vic­ force his assertion that the Alliance for in only 38 years-there will be 600 m1llion, torious advance of General Patton's 3d Progress will succeed-because it must: twice as many as in the United States at that Army could not have been maintained. time. Which means that Latin America will And yet every time one of these splendid During its short existence the Alliance have to run very fa.st just to stand still, even soldiers entered the bus from Fort McClellan for Progress has stimulated many questions, in terms of today's living standards which to Anniston he was rudely ordered by the but the question which most.people ask is: are so desperately low. driver to move to the last six rows of seats. "Will it succeed?" It is a legitimate ques­ Per capita income statistics smack of the After he reached town he was subjected to tion. It is also obviously the crucial ques­ cold detachment of the economist, but they further humlliation. tion about this enormous cooperative effort. are worth projecting in human terms. The The Defense Department is absolutely It is a question asked in every country in average per capita income in the United right in taking measures to insure respect Latin America, sometimes in hope, some­ States is $2,300; in Latin America it is $270. for the American uniform. My criticism times in disbelief. It is properly asked by In other words, the average Latin income per would be that the move ls too long overdue, people in the United States whose tax money person is about one-eighth as much as that and does not go far enough. Instead of will provide such an important stimulus for in the United States. But even this figure authorizing post commanders to place off the Alianza. It is asked in Moscow, where does not render the true extent of poverty. limits the areas where discrimination is prac­ the Soviets realize quite as much as we that For in many parts of Latin America, so much ticed, they should be ordered to do so. the future of democracy .in the Western of the income is concentrated in the hands Appeals to communities where discrimina­ Hemisphere is riding on the success of the of a few rich, and so little in the hands of tion exists, based on patriotism or common Alianza. the many poor, that most people don't even decency, are futile. It is only by threatening There is only one possible answer. I can come close to earning the average per capita the profits of local business that results promise you that the Alianza will succeed. income. In a country with a per capita in­ can be obtained. This is the jugular vein, It will succeed in part because it must suc­ come of $200, for example, this may mean as Senator GOLDWATER knows. The time has ceed. It must succeed as D-day, in Nor­ that millions are living with an income of come to go for it. mandy had to succeed, and as the Marshall $100 a year or less; in fact, within a few JOHN REYNOLDS. plan had to succeed-because failure would hours flying time from Florida, tens of mil­ NEW YORK, August 2, 1963. mean disaster. But it must also suceed as lions of Latin families are living for a year the American Revolution hiµt to succeed­ on a sum which a middle class U.S. family because powerful historical forces propel ~t. might easily spend in a few days of a winter IT IS 1 MINUTE TO MIDNIGHT IN You will hear me use the word "revolution" vacation. a great deal today. It is the only appropri­ LATIN AMERICA Against the background of tremendous ate word, and certainly not a word of which population growth and desperate poverty, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under any American need be afraid. Today Latin the scale of the task ahead is admittedly previous order of the House, the gentle­ America is clearly in the midst of a far­ awesome. In a story in the New York Times man from Delaware [Mr. McDOWELL] reaching revolution. It is not a Communist recently, Tad Szulc stated: revolution or even Communist inspired, "Little as it is still known to most Ameri­ 1s recognized for 15 minutes. though the Communists are exerting every Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, just cans, the Alliance for Progress exceeds in effort to ride it for their own purposes. It is scope and imagination the postwar Marshall a few days from now this body wilL be a revolution against poverty, illiteracy, plan for Europe. As a cooperative enterprise asked to consider the Foreign Assistance social injustice, and human despair. It is, involving U.S. capital and know-how and Act of 1963, which the Committee on also, in many places, a telescoping into a few Latin American effort, courage, sacrifice Foreign Affairs has recommended for years of many revolutions which North and sinew, it has no parallel. For the passage. America and Western Europe have absorbed years of the 'Decade of Progress' its financial Since the early days of the Marshall over a period of nearly two centuries. cost is estimated at $20 billion. The invest­ To varying degrees, you can find strong ment in human talent, imagination, devo­ plan foreign aid has been growing in elements of the French Revolution, with its scope and spirit, uritil today it ls one of tion, enthusiasm-and frustration-is obvi­ land-hungry peasantry, and of the American ously beyond calculation." the strongest arms actively implement­ Revolution, with its rejection of aristocracy ing U.S. foreign policy, in favor of a democratic middle class. The One of the most crucially important indu2?trial revolution is also taking hold KENTUCKY HAS LOST ANOTHER aspects of the foreign aid program in in many parts of Latin America, often spawning urban slums where poverty is ac­ OUTSTANDING CITIZEN, EDGAR F. 1963 is ·also one of the youngest. Born companied by rootless despair. And on top ARNOLD, SR. only 2 years ago, the Alliance for Prog­ of these upheavals, which the United States ress will take up about 20 percent of this assimilated over many decades. Latin Amer­ Mr. NATCHER. Mr. Speaker, I ask year's proposed foreign aid appropria­ ica is feeling the tremendous force of a unanimous consent to extend my remarks tions. Why has Latin America so sud­ growing social revolution, not unlike that at this point in the RECORD. denly and so swiftly shot into the fore­ which the United States has been absorbing The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there ground of U.S. concerns abroad? Jose gradually since the early days of the New opjection to the request of the gentleman Figueres, former President of Costa Deal. This social revolution is welling up in from Kentucky? tremendous force, because restless millions There was no objection. Rica, stated it succinctly when he said, no longer accept ignorance, poverty, and "It is 1 minute to midnight in Latin disease as an inevitable way of life. Mr. NATCHER. Mr. Speaker, it was America." The Communists can only seize and pervert with deep regret that I learned of the "There is no time for dialectical exer­ these revolutionary forces if we in the United dea.th of my friend Edgar F. Arnold, Sr., cises or philosophical musings," adds States, and the real democrats in Latin one of Kentucky's finest newspapermen. Teodoro Moscoso. U.S. Coordinator of America, abdicate our responsibilities and He was dedicated to the theory that the Alliance. "The United States and ou:I,' traditions. There is nothing in the aspi­ a newspaper existed in order to disperse rations of the great masses 1n Latin America its Latin American allies must commit to which we in the United States cannot sub­ news with sincerity and truth, and to their material and spiritual resources scribe. They are aspirations which commend serve as a forum for public debate and with all deliberate speed." themselves to our consciences, to our demo­ expression. As a great newspaperman Although a comparable state of ur­ cratic instincts, and to our sense of history. he stood out for his personal traits of gency prevails in our foreign aid com- Indeed, the Charter of Punta del Este, which energy and magnetism. As a member of 15102 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 the fourth estate he excelled in vivid constructed by the Pennsylvania Elec­ The world's laFgest power pool -was thus . tric Co., West Penn Power Co., Metro­ established by placing in · parallel through characterization, rhythmic prose, rich West Penn Power Co.'s Burma substation, and flowing style, keen wit and knifelike politan Edison Co., and Potomac Edison facilities of the interconnected systems thrusts in expressing his views. In this Co. in or adjacent to Pennsylvania's 22d group and, through fennsylvania Electric day of standardization, it is unlikely that Congressipnal District, which I have the Co.'s Piney substation, facilities of the we will have another Edgar F. Arnold, privilege to serve. Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland and the Sr. It is a matter of great public and con­ Canadian-United States-Eastern intercon­ He was president of the Madisonville gressional interest that these electrical nections. Nearly 70 percent of the Nation's power Publishing Co. which opera·tes the Mes­ ties placed in synchronous operation 70 supply was interconnected and the way senger. There was never any doubt in percent of the Nation's generating ca­ opened for overlaying United States and anyone's mind about how Mr. Arnold felt pacity and esta,blished the benefits of Canadian power systems with one electrical on any subject, but fairness of mind al­ interconnected grid operation for electric high voltage grid. ways left the columns of the Messenger customers in 41 States and 2 Canadian Additional ties were quickly closed be­ open to the other side. This newspaper Provinces. tween Allegheny Power System and General has always been published in a fair and There is nothing in the world to equal Public Utilities Corp. At 10: 12 a.m., ties a were closed between Blairsville and Loyal­ impartial manner; newspaper with an this achievement in size or scope and the hanna substations, 55 miles to the south; outstanding editorial page-one that investor-owned utilities which brought just 60 seconds later, ties were closed be­ takes a firm stand and vigorously main­ this to fruition are entitled to the thanks tween Roxbury and Guilford substations in tains its position. of the entire Nation. Electrical World southeastern Pennsylvania. Then followed It is a distinct pleasure to read the pays justifiable tribute to this accom­ closings between Lincoln substation in Messenger. Newspapers such as this one plishment by saying: southern Pennsylvania and Carroll substa- _ tion in eastern Maryland; at Shingletown make this country a better place in which Thus was created the world's largest elec­ live and give a deeper meaning to free­ in the center of the Keystone State; and to trical grid--one which, if laid over Europe, finally, at 10: 17 a.m. at Garrett substation dom of the press. would reach from Lisbon to Moscow and in western Maryland. My friend, Edgar F. Arnold, Sr., was from Murmansk to Tunisia. It not only At 11 :25 a.m., the next day, a seventh always cognizant of his responsibilities emphasizes the substantial lead which the switch was closed at Brookvllle in north­ as a newspaper editor and publisher and United States has over Russia in electric western Pennsylvania. the power of the press was never mis­ generation and transmission, but attests to Thus was created the world's largest elec­ the vision and perception of utility man­ trical grid-one which, if laid over Europe, used by him. His editorials were quoted agements. far and wide and they always reflected would reach from Lisbon to Moscow and from Also it should be noted that this rep­ Murmansk to Tunisia. It not only empha­ his crusading spirit and desire for im­ sizes the substantial lead which the United provement. On more than one occasion resents positive action by investor-owned States has over Russia in electric generation I have been commended on editorials utilities to extend the world leadership and transmission, but attests to. the vision from this splendid newspaper which I which the United States already pos­ and perception of utillty management. inserted in the Appendix of the RECORD. sesses in providing a dependable and PENNSYLVANIA-NEW JERSEY-MARYLAND Today I am inserting in the Appendix economic energy supply to all customers STARTED IN 1926 three of the last editorials appearing in wherever they wish it. It is indicative Organized in 1926 to simplify load dis­ the Messenger prior to the death of Mr. of their willingness to provide electrical patching and interconnection accounting, Arnold. facilities on their own initiative and with Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland has Mr. Arnold was always devoted to his their own funds. Certainly, this is re­ grown to serve a 48,000 square-mile area in family and he was a symbol to plain peo­ freshing and pleasing at a time when Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and ple. He was kind and considerate and Congress has so much difficulty finding Washington, D.C. Installed capacity is 17 always a good listener. funds to support the essential functions mlllion kilowatts and population of service areas is about 17 million. It is with deep sorrow that I mourn of Government to say pothing of the · The pool operates as a coordinated, inte­ the death of a true and steadfast friend. proliferating demands for assistance grated supply system with energy being in­ The Commonwealth of Kentucky will from other sources. terchanged on a free-flow basis. Demands feel this loss deeply, The people in Mad­ Mr. Speaker, it should be further are met from the lowest cost unit regardless isonville and Hopkins County are fortu­ noted that even with this tremendous · of location. Each utility shares costs of an . nate to have Edgar Arnold, Jr., the co­ development by these farsighted electric interconnection office which functions under publisher of the Messenger, ready to companies, the industry is not resting on a management committee. An operating carry on the traditions of integrity and committee establishes operating and account­ its laurels. The accomplishments men­ ing procedures. Each company retains con­ high principle which were established by tioned here today are not the end but trol over its facilities and has first call on his father. are actually only milestones in their their use. Mr. Speaker, an abiding tribute to this march to meet the future. The tying All savings from pooling are shared b-y great newspaperman will be the contin­ together of the Pennsylvania-New Jer­ companies on an equitable basis. Installed ued existence of the Messenger as a re­ sey-Maryland interconnection with the capacity transactions are computed on a sponsible voice of the community, con­ interconnected system group serving weekly basis; operating capacity transactions tinuing to follow its motto written by on a dally basis; and energy transactions on these 41 States and 2 Canadian provinces an hourly basis. Byron: is one of many steps that will gradually Without or with offense to friends or foes bring the whole Nation into one vast INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS GROUP STARTED IN 1928 I sketch your world exactly as it goes. power pool. According to plans now A voluntary association of utilities which being made by investor-owned electric began in 1928, international systems group has grown to a transmission network in 32 · ELECTRIC COMPANIES IN PENN­ companies in several areas, by 1966- States covering all the central and much of _ just 3 short years from now-the entire SYLVANIA PLAY KEY ROLE IN the eastern part of the country. It includes Nation from coast to coast will be tied industrial, Federal, State, municipal, coop­ WORLD'S LARGEST POWER POOL together with high voltage transmission erative, and investor-owned utilities. Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, I ask lines for the benefit of every American. Operations include control of 60-cycles­ per-second frequency and automatic emer­ unanimous consent to extend my remarks The article, to which I have referred, at this point in the RECORD. gency assistance. International system group follows: extends from the Rocky Mountains to the The SPEAKER pro temPore. Is there Atlantic coast and from Canada to the Gulf - objection to the request of the gentleman SYNCHRONIZING THE WORLD'S LARGEST POWER POOL of Mexico. Generating capacity ls about from Pennsylvania? (Power systems from the Rockies to the At- . 100 million kilowatts. There was no objection. lantic Ocean and from Canada to the Gulf Since ea.ch system retains its identity and Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, the July of Mexico operate in parallel when seven does not contract with all other systems, in­ 22 issue of Electrical World printed a ties in Pennsylvania and Maryland are terconnected systems group is an intercon­ story which should, in my view, be closed.) nection of utility systems rather than a pool. brought to the attention of my col­ There are, however, a number of pools with­ Closing a breaker in a substation in north- - in interconnected systems group, and most leagues. western Pennsylvania at 10:11 a.m., Novem­ systems contract with at least one and usu- This issue of the magazine is particu­ ber 1, 1962, forged into 1 · giant 146-mil- · ally several neighbors. Cooperation between larly notable because a map on its cover lion-kilowatt grid the electrical facllities of systems, not un~er contract to each other, is locates seven electrical tie points recently 41 States and 2 Canadian provinces. · - · voluntary. · 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 15103 Because of the wide area and the many sylvania-New Jersey-Maryland in adjusting In all these systems and pools, the in­ systems interconnected, interconnected sys­ load to generation in contrast to intercon­ dividual companies do, or will, assist in fre­ tems group is divided into four geographic nected systems group's close control. In­ quency regulation, schedule generation and regions. terconnected systems group held frequency arrange·for economy interchange and operat­ COORDINATE ADJACENT COMPANIES to two one-hundredths cycle deviation in ing capacity on an individual basts. Except contrast to Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Mary­ in emergencies, all energy interchanges are A new benchmark in voluntary cooperation land's allowing frequency to deviate one­ made on a schedule basis. by investor-owned utilities was established tenth cycle or more. Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland, which when Allegheny Power System and General Also involved were: Need to install auto­ is a control area insofar as operating on an Public Utilities Corp. coordinated engineer­ matic control equipment in the Pennsyl­ inte1Tegional basis is concerned, maintains ing and planning resources to extend benefits vania-New Jersey-Maryland interconnection a free-flow interchange of energy, where of power grid service to seven fringe areas. office to maintain its concept of operating as power from the lowest cost generating units Both had fringe areas served only by radial one party; problems of incremental loading, meets the loads. Records of flow and lines because geographical conditions m.ade free ti.ow of energy, and accounting after the fluctuating costs are maintained at the line construction difficult, and economic con­ fact; and allocation of reserve capacity and Philadelphia Interconnection Office which ditions did not warrant expensive dual serv­ energy savings. coordinates generation so that interchange ice. Both were presented with difficult deci­ During this period, General Public Utili­ between Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland sions when load growth made more reliable ties Corp. contracted with Niagara Mohawk and Allegheny Power System is maintained service to these areas highly desirable. Power Corp. to back up Penelec's Erie area on a scheduled basis. In seven such locations, the neighboring with a 230-kilovolt line from Dunkirk Sta­ Participation of Canadian-United States­ system had backup facilities reasonably near. tion. Four emergency ties between General Eastern is by means of ties between General By interconnecting facilities on an inter­ Public Utilities Corp. and New York com­ Public Ut111ties Corp. and Niagara Mohawk system basis at these points, Allegheny panies were made permanent and an agree­ Power Corp., New York State Electric & Gas Power System and General Public Utilities ment was made between Pennsylvania-New Corp., and Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. raised service reliability and found a Jersey-Maryland and Canadian-United Corp. new way to solve service problems efficiently States-Eastern to operate in parallel. CREATE NEW OPPORTUNITIES and economically. Here again the problem of balancing load Quite often a quantum advance is fol­ The chronology of efforts which led to and generation within narrow limits arose lowed by a ti.ow of benefits. This is result­ synchronizing the two systems is an inter­ and other members of Pennsylvania-New ing from closing the seven switches between esting study of management dedication to Jersey-Maryland agreed to cooperate with Allegheny Power System and General Pub­ an idea, and persistence in bringing t.t to General Public Utilities Corp. and install lic Ut111ties Corp. As soon as Pennsylvania­ fruition. automatic load control. This step toward New Jersey-Maryland adopted flat frequency 'l'iE•LINE STUDIES STARTED IN 1959 unification of operating philosophies en­ and installed automatic control equipment, Both Allegheny Power System and General couraged an understanding on other points. every power pool in the country was on a Public Utilities Corp. were about to embark Finally, an agreement for what may well be­ comparable basis, and the door opened for on construction of new lines into growing come known as the international power sys­ firmer ties leading to the day when every load centers at the end of radial lines when tem was filed with the Federal Power Com­ U.S. utility system will operate in parallel. it became apparent that backup could be mission on October 1, 1962. In addition, the experience and confidence more easily supplied from adjoining com­ As General Public Utilities Corp. and Al­ required to obtain industrywide acceptance legheny Power System had already completed of an overlaying electrical high voltage grid panies than it could from their own. was more easily provided by General Public Engineering studies, started in 1959, in­ the seven ties and were using them on an emergency basis, it was possible to begin Utilities Corp. and Allegheny Power System dicated seven such areas and showed that a willingness to operate the first inter­ joint expenditure of $5 million could elim­ operation of the Nation's three great power pools in parallel 30 days later. regional ties at commonly accepted volt­ inate construction of $11.5 million and defer ages~ The belief that electrical high volt­ sizable other expenditures. In addition to HARMONIZE FACILITIES AND COSTS age lines would come easier if problems of reinforcing local power supplies, the ties Realizing that efforts to provide quality parallel operation were solved initially would provide for interchange of emergency service to fringe areas by using facilities of rather than as part of an electrical high volt­ power, help with peak diversity, and reduce neighboring companies was a new step in in­ age package has been proved by announce­ loadings on certain lines where relief would tercompany operation, Allegheny Power Sys­ ments of five additional major interconnec­ be needed soon. tem and General Public Utilities Corp. based tions. ESTABLISH NEW PARAMETERS engineering on these premises: A firm foundation for the cooperation re­ While engineers completed blueprints and Tielines, substations, and equipment quired to utilize economies inherent in elec­ specifications, accountants and planners de­ should be allocated so that costs between trical high voltage transmission and large veloped parameters for the project which General Public Utilities Corp. and Allegheny units was created by the harmonious rela­ opened a new vista in voluntary sharing of Power System subsidiaries would be equal. tionships and, the broadgaged thinking, and :facilities between two of the Nation's largest Equipment would be standardized to the mutual understanding reached during achieve maximum purchasing economies. the many conferences at all management electric systems. levels. To :facilitate construction and reduce costs, Metering and control equipment would be installed on the basis of joint needs. Now removed are restrictive bonds from West Penn, Potomac Edison, Penelec, and the imagination of engineers planning power Metropolitan Edison engineers worked out Each company would maintain intercon­ nection facilities within its territory. systems of tomorrow. Available is more standards for transformers, switches, and freedom in choosing between mine mouth, hardware; and agreed to place telemetering Equality of capital investments was ob­ nuclear, gas- and oil-fired stations, and great­ equipment at the most advantageous loca­ tained by first selecting substation sites most er latitude in shaping an electrical system tions on the tie instead of duplicating equip­ suitable for the service required in the spe­ which will best serve interests of customers, ment at each end. cific area and then allocating miles of line on investors, and employees and which will SEE BROADER PICTURE a compensating basis. make maximum contribution to the Nation's Data transinitting equipment was stand­ economic strength. At this point, the proposal that the ties ardized so that only one set is installed at serve to create an international power grid each interconnection, yet each participant TIES ACHIEVED BY ALLEGHENY POWER SYSTEM was considered by Allegheny Power System receives desired information. and General Public Utilities Corp. General AND GENERAL PUBLIC UTILITIES CORP. ON Public Utilities Corp. had been steadily push­ "SYNERGIZE" OPERATIONS NOVEMBER 1, 1962, PRODUCED THE FOLLOW­ ing its interconnections westward, first by In operating the interconnection, all sub­ ING BENEFITS tying into Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Mary­ sidiaries of Allegheny Power System are con­ Reinforced and protected service to seven land and then by building the first electrical sidered as one group and all members of fringe areas. tie across Pennsylvania-a "kilowatt turn­ Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland are a Established basic parameters for bringing pike" from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Erie. second group. The two groups operate in every power pool in the United States and Allegheny Power System which had the only parallel, with each controlling generation to Canada into parallel operation. major ties between electrical facilities in maintain tie line flows at predetermined Created a substantial and reliable grid for Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, had amounts. · Frequency is maintained at 60 41 U.S. States, the District of Columbia, and pioneered in netwoi;k operation with the cycles per second with maximum variation 2 Canadian provinces. Midwest through interconnected systems of four one-hundredths cycle. Developed a new benchmark for voluntary group. Allegheny Power System also operates in coordination of facllities, policy, and pro­ Nearly twoscore meetings were held in the parallel with interconnected. systems group cedures by neighboring utilities. ensuing 18 months to bring into harmony and maintains interconnection relations with Intertied 70 percent of the Nation's elec­ operating procedures, planning, and aspira­ the East. Interconnected systems group in trical capacity !or the convenience and bene­ tions of member companies of Pennsylvania­ turn maintains parallel operations with fit of 80 percent of the Nation's population. New Jersey-Maryland and interconnected Texas integrated systems·, Rocky Mountain Made available to each other the capacity systems group. One major point was the Power Pool, Southwest Public Service Co. of adjacent companies, thus reducing re­ wide frequency variation allowed by_Penn- system, and New Mexico Power Pool. serves each company need maintain. 15104 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 15 smoothed the way for larger generating ADJOURNMENT pictures photographed outside the United units closer to more economical fuel sup­ States, and any advertisements thereof, shall plies. Mr. LIBONATI. Mr. Speaker, I move set forth the country of origin; to the Com­ Demonstrated that investor-owned utm­ that the House do now adjourn. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ties have ability, financial strength, desire, The motion was agreed to; accordingly By Mr. FASCELL: and willingness to create an ocean-to-ocean (at 2 o'clock and 44 minutes p.m.>, under H.R. 8099. ·A bill to provide for the issuance grid and are best equipped to do it in the its previous order, the House adjourned of a special U.S. postage stamp in com­ fastest and most efficient manner. until Monday, August 19, 1963, at 12 m.emoration of the crusade against cancer; Paved the way for spreading benefits of to the Committee on Post Office and Civil low-cost fuel and economies of large-sized o'clock noon. Service. units. By Mr. HARRIS: Coordinated power pools previously geared H.R. 8100. A bill to amend the Railroad to different concepts of how far frequency EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, Retirement Act of 1937, the Railroad Re­ could drift. ETC. tirement Tax Act, the Railroad Unemploy­ Provided backup against catastrophies. ment Insurance Act, and the Temporary Spread benefits of load diversity from sea­ Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive Extended Railroad Unemployment Insurance sonal and time differences over a wider geo­ communications were taken from the Benefits Act of 1961 to increase the creditable graphi.cal area. Speaker's table and referred as follows: and taxable compensation, and for other pur­ Expanded long-range planning on a larger 1132. A letter from the Chairman, U.S. poses; to the Committee on Interstate and intercompany basis to pave the way for ex­ Tariff Commission, transmitting the seventh Foreign Commerce. tensive economies. supplemental report on the tariff classifica­ By Mr. LINDSAY: tion study, pursuant to the Tariff Classifica­ H.R. 8101. A blll to amend title II of the SOME INTERREGIONAL TIES FOR NEXT 5 YEARS tion Act of 1962; to the Committee on Ways Social Security Act and chapter 2 of the In­ A 500-kilovolt transmission system from and Means. ternal Revenue Code of 1954 to place social western Pennsylvania and West Vi.rginia to 1133. A letter from the Secretary of Com­ security coverage on an individual option the eastern seaboard. merce, transmitting a report relating to pro­ basis for U.S. citizens performing service Elmira-Towanda line to complete a sub­ viding aviation war risk insurance for the in the United States as employees of inter­ stantial loop along the entire length of period as of June 30, 1963, pursuant to the national organizations; to the Committee on southern New York State and northern Penn­ Federal Aviation Act of 1958; to the Com­ Ways and Means. sylvania. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. MA'ITHEWS: Erie-Cleveland line along the southern 1134. A letter from the executive secre­ H.R. 8102. A bill to amend the Federal shore of Lake Erie will provide a substantial tary, the Military Chaplains Association of Property and Administrative Services Act of tie between power fa.cm ties in northern the United States of America, transmitting 1949, as amended, to provide for the donation Pennsylvania and Ohio. a report of the financial statement for the of surplus property to State agencies for use A major tie between Consolidated Edison year 1962 for the Military Chaplains Asso­ by volunteer firefighting organizations; to Co. and Public Service Electric & Gas Co. of ciation of the United States of America; to the Committee on Government Operations. New Jersey will form another path for power the Committee on the. Judiciary. By Mrs. MAY: . flow between the extreme eastern section of 1135. A letter from the Secretary of Com­ H.R. 8103. A bill to make permanent the the two vital power pools. merce, transmitting .the _quarterly report of provisions of law authorizing certain suspen­ A Virginia-West Virginia line will form a the activities and transactions of the Mari­ sion of section 27 of the Merchant Marine more southerly east-west interconnection. time Administration of the Department of Act, 1920, with respect to the transportation Commerce from April 1, through June 30, of lumber; to the Committee on Merchant 1963, pursuant to the Merchant Ship Sales Marine and Fisheries. SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED Act of 1946; to the Committee on Merchant By Mr. PUCINSKI: By unanimous consent, permission to Marine and Fisheries. H.R. 8104. A bill to amend section 610 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 so as to address the House, following the legis­ establish minimum standards for operation lative program and any special orders REPORTS OF COMMITl'EES ON PUB­ of civil supersonic aircraft through the nav­ heretofore entered, was granted to: igable airspace of the United States; to the Mr. FARBSTEIN