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Phylogeny of Saprobic Microfungi from Southern Europe

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Phylogeny of Saprobic Microfungi from Southern Europe available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 86: 53–97 (2017). Phylogeny of saprobic microfungi from Southern Europe M. Hernandez-Restrepo1,2*, J. Gene3, R.F. Casta~neda-Ruiz4, J. Mena-Portales5, P.W. Crous1,2,6, and J. Guarro3 1Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; 3Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; 4Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt” (INIFAT), 17200, La Habana, Cuba; 5Instituto de Ecología y Sistematica, Carretera Varona 11835 e/Oriente y Lindero, Capdevila, Boyeros, 11900, La Habana 19, Cuba; 6Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: Margarita Hernandez-Restrepo, [email protected] Abstract: During a survey of saprophytic microfungi on decomposing woody, herbaceous debris and soil from different regions in Southern Europe, a wide range of interesting species of asexual ascomycetes were found. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial gene sequences of SSU, LSU and ITS proved that most of these fungi were related to Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes and to lesser extent to Leotiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes. Four new monotypic orders with their respective families are proposed here, i.e. Lauriomycetales, Lauriomycetaceae; Parasympodiellales, Parasympodiellaceae; Vermiculariopsiellales, Vermiculariopsiellaceae and Xenospadicoidales, Xenospadicoidaceae. One new order and three families are introduced here to accommodate orphan taxa, viz. Kirschsteiniotheliales, Castane- diellaceae, Leptodontidiaceae and Pleomonodictydaceae. Furthermore, Bloxamiaceae is validated. Based on morphology and phylogenetic affinities Diplococcium singulare, Trichocladium opacum and Spadicoides atra are moved to the new genera Paradiplococcium, Pleotrichocladium and Xenospadicoides, respectively. Helicoon fuscosporum is accommodated in the genus Magnohelicospora. Other novel genera include Neoascotaiwania with the type species N. terrestris sp. nov., and N. limnetica comb. nov. previously accommodated in Ascotaiwania; Pleomonodictys with P. descalsii sp. nov. as type species, and P. capensis comb. nov. previously accommodated in Monodictys; Anapleurothecium typified by A. botulisporum sp. nov., a fungus morphologically similar to Pleurothecium but phylogenetically distant; Fuscosclera typified by F. lignicola sp. nov., a meristematic fungus related to Leotiomycetes; Pseudodiplococcium typified by P. ibericum sp. nov. to accommodate an isolate previously identified as Diplococcium pulneyense; Xyladictyochaeta typified with X. lusitanica sp. nov., a foliicolous fungus related to Xylariales and similar to Dictyochaeta, but distinguished by polyphialidic conidiogenous cells produced on setiform conidiophores. Other novel species proposed are Brachysporiella navarrica, Catenulostroma lignicola, Cirrenalia iberica, Conioscypha pleiomorpha, Leptodontidium aureum, Pirozynskiella laurisilvatica, Parasympodiella lauri and Zanclospora iberica.Tofix the application of some fungal names, lectotypes and/or epitypes are designated for Magnohelicospora iberica, Sporidesmium trigonellum, Sporidesmium opacum, Sporidesmium asperum, Camposporium aquaticum and Psilonia atra. Key words: Biodiversity, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Systematics. Taxonomical novelties: New orders: Kirschsteiniotheliales Hern.-Restr., Gene, R.F. Casta~neda & Crous, Lauriomycetales Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Guarro, Parasympodiellales Hern.-Restr., Gene, R.F. Casta~neda & Crous, Vermiculariopsiellales Hern.-Restr., J. Mena, Gene & Crous, Xenospadicoidales Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene; New families: Castanediellaceae Hern.-Restr., Guarro & Crous, Lauriomycetaceae Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Guarro, Leptodontidiaceae Hern.- Restr., Crous & Gene, Parasympodiellaceae Hern.-Restr., Gene, Guarro & Crous, Pleomonodictydaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Vermiculariopsiellaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena, Gene & Crous, Xenospadicoidaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene; New genera: Anapleurothecium Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Fuscosclera Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Neoascotaiwania Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Guarro, Paradiplococcium Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Pleomonodictys Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Pleotrichocladium Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Pseudodiplococcium Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Xenospadicoides Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Xyladictyochaeta Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene; New species: Anapleurothecium botulisporum Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Brachysporiella navarrica Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Catenulostroma lignicola Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Cirrenalia iberica Hern.-Restr. & Gene, Conioscypha pleiomorpha Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Fuscosclera lignicola Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Leptodontidium aureum Hern.-Restr., Guarro & Gene, Parasympodiella lauri Hern.-Restr., Gene & Guarro, Parasympodiella lauri Hern.-Restr., Gene & Guarro, Pirozynskiella laurisilvatica Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Pleomonodictys descalsii Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Pseudodiplococcium ibericum Hern.- Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Zanclospora iberica Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene; New combinations: Magnohelicospora fuscospora (Linder) R.F. Casta~neda, Hern.-Restr. & Gene, Neoascotaiwania limnetica (H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh) Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Paradiplococcium singulare (Hern.-Restr., J. Mena, Gene & Guarro) Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Pleomonodictys capensis (R.C. Sinclair, Boshoff & Eicker) Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene, Pleotrichocladium opacum (Corda) Hern.-Restr., R.F. Casta~neda & Gene, Xenospadicoides atra (Corda) Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gene; Typifications: Lectotypifications: Camposporium aquaticum Dudka, Psilonia atra Corda, Sporidesmium asperum Corda, Sporidesmium opacum Corda; Epitypifications: Magnohelicospora iberica R.F. Casta~neda, Hern.-Restr., Gene & Guarro, Sporidesmium trigonellum Sacc., Sporidesmium opacum Corda, Sporidesmium asperum Corda, Camposporium aquatium Dudka, Psilonia atra Corda. Available online 17 May 2017; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.05.002. INTRODUCTION habitats and substrates remain unexplored as far as Fungi are concerned, and potentially might support many undescribed Fungi are hyper-diverse organisms, and although only 100 000 species. In addition, the use of new isolation techniques, culture species are presently acknowledged, species numbers are media and molecular, DNA-based data will reveal many of the estimated to range between 1.5 to 5.1 million (Hawksworth 2004, species that have thus far been overlooked (Hawksworth & Blackwell 2011). This high diversity is partly due to the fact that Rossman 1997). many fungi are cosmopolitan, having a wider geographical dis- The current classification of the kingdom Fungi is based tribution than plants and other organisms. Furthermore, many largely on polyphasic taxonomy in which numerous authors have Peer review under responsibility of Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. © 2017 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. Production and hosting by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/). 53 HERNANDEZ-RESTREPO ET AL. attempted to integrate morphological and molecular data and in Kew Royal Botanical Gardens, England. Additional type (Huhndorf et al. 2004, Geiser et al. 2006, James et al. 2006, specimens, ex-type cultures or strains of different species used Spatafora et al. 2006, Wang et al. 2006, Hibbett et al. 2007, for comparison were obtained from the CBS culture collection McLaughlin et al. 2009, Schoch et al. 2009, Hyde et al. 2013, (Table 1). The identification of the reference strains included in Liu et al. 2015a, b, Wang et al. 2015a, b, c, Vu et al. 2016). the study was confirmed mainly based on the comparison with DNA barcoding based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) the protologues and/or examination of holotypes when possible. region has become, among several other molecular techniques, Nomenclatural novelties and descriptions were deposited in an important tool for species identification (Quaedvlieg et al. MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004). 2012, Schoch et al. 2012). However, the ITS is inconclusive in some genera and, therefore, additional genes such as, LSU, tef1, Morphology tub, rpb2, etc. are required for a more accurate identification (Stielow et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the majority of the described Morphological features were obtained from fungi growing on the fungal species are only represented by dried specimens in natural substratum and on potato carrot agar (PCA; potatoes fungaria and lack DNA barcode data (Crous et al. 2014a, 2015a), 20 g; carrots 20 g; agar 20 g; distilled water 1 L) or on oatmeal fi fi which represents a signi cant handicap for de ning either a agar (OA; filtered oat flakes, 20 g agar, distilled water 1 L), phylogenetic species concept, or in the best case, an integrated incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Colony colours were assessed or consolidated species concept. Therefore, there is an important according to the charts of Rayner (1970).
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