Comparative Research of Bible Translation Into Chinese and Russian

䈁ᵜ∄䖳⹄ウ״ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

Comparative research of Bible translation into Chinese and Russian

ᆖ、уъ˖䈝䀰ᆖ৺ᓄ⭘䈝䀰ᆖ㌫ ⹄ウ⭏˖ῤ㖾၌ ᤷሬᮉᐸ˖⦻ᆷᷛ

ཙ⍕བྷᆖ᮷⌅ᆖ䲒 Ҽ䴦айᒤޝᴸ

⤜ࡋᙗ༠᰾

ᵜӪ༠᰾ᡰ੸ӔⲴᆖս䇪᮷ᱟᵜӪ൘ሬᐸᤷሬл䘋㹼Ⲵ⹄ウᐕ֌઼ਆᗇⲴ ⹄ウᡀ᷌ˈ䲔Ҷ᮷ѝ⢩࡛࣐ԕḷ⌘઼㠤䉒ѻ༴ཆˈ䇪᮷ѝнवਜ਼ަԆӪᐢ㓿ਁ 㺘ᡆ᫠߉䗷Ⲵ⹄ウᡀ᷌ˈҏнवਜ਼Ѫ㧧ᗇ ཟ⍛ཝᆜ ᡆަԆᮉ㛢ᵪᶴⲴᆖսᡆ Ⲵԫօ䍑⥞൷ᐢ൘䇪ڊ䇱Җ㘼֯⭘䗷ⲴᶀᯉǄоᡁа਼ᐕ֌Ⲵ਼ᘇሩᵜ⹄ウᡰ ᮷ѝ֌Ҷ᰾⺞Ⲵ䈤᰾ᒦ㺘⽪Ҷ䉒᜿Ǆ

ᆖս䇪᮷֌㘵ㆮ਽˖ ㆮᆇᰕᵏ˖ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ

ᆖս䇪᮷⡸ᵳ֯⭘ᦸᵳҖ

⮉ǃ֯⭘ᆖս䇪᮷Ⲵ㿴ᇊǄ؍ޣҶ䀓 ཟ⍛ཝᆜ ᴹޘᵜᆖս䇪᮷֌㘵ᆼ ⢩ᦸᵳ ཟ⍛ཝᆜ ਟԕሶᆖս䇪᮷Ⲵޘ䜘ᡆ䜘࠶޵ᇩ㕆ޕᴹޣᮠᦞᓃ䘋㹼Ự ᆈǃ≷㕆ԕ׋ḕ䰵઼ُ䰵Ǆ਼᜿ᆖ؍⇥㍒ˈᒦ䟷⭘ᖡঠǃ㕙ঠᡆᢛ᧿ㅹ༽ࡦ᡻ ṑੁഭᇦᴹޣ䜘䰘ᡆᵪᶴ䘱Ӕ䇪᮷Ⲵ༽ঠԦ઼⻱ⴈǄ

˅ᇶⲴᆖս䇪᮷൘䀓ᇶਾ䘲⭘ᵜᦸᵳ䈤᰾؍˄

ᆖս䇪᮷֌㘵ㆮ਽˖ ሬᐸㆮ਽˖

ㆮᆇᰕᵏ˖ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ ㆮᆇᰕᵏ˖ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ

᪈ 㾱

ǉ൓㓿ǊнӵᱟสⶓᮉⲴ㓿ި᮷⥞ˈ䘈ᱟа䜘व㖇з䊑ⲴⲮ、ޘҖˈᱟ㾯ᯩ᮷ॆ Ⲵ䟽㾱Ⓚ⋹Ǆᆳᱟц⭼㤳ത޵ਁ㹼ᰦ䰤ᴰ䮯ǃ䈁䈝⡸ᵜᴰཊǃਁ㹼䟿ᴰབྷǃ⍱㹼ᴰᒯ ǃ䈫㘵Շཊǃሩ਴њ≁᯿ᖡ૽ᴰ␡䘌Ⲵа䜘ᇇᮉশਢ᮷ॆި㉽Ǆ 䈝㘫䈁䘋㹼ሩ״ቭ㇑⹄ウǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㪇֌ᐢ㓿䶎ᑨཊˈնᱟሶ൓㓿Ⲵѝ᮷㘫䈁઼ 䈁ᵜ઼ѝ䈁ᵜ㘫䈁⹄ウᱟа״࠶᷀Ⲵ⹄ウ൘൓㓿ᆖ⹄ウѝᒦнཊ㿱ˈഐ↔ǉ൓㓿Ǌ∄ ᰦǃᗞ㿲йњޡⲴᴹ᜿ѹⲴ⹄ウ䈮仈Ǆᵜ᮷ԕ䈝䀰ᆖѪ࠶᷀Ṷᷦ, Ӿশᰦǃڊњ٬ᗇа 䈁শ״䈁ᵜ䘋㹼Ҷሩ∄⹄ウ,⹄ウ⎹৺ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁઼״ቲ䶒ሩǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ ਢǃ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕઼ᯩ⌅Ǆ䙊䗷ሩ∄ˈਁ⧠єњഭᇦⲴ䈁㘵൘㘫䈁ᇇᮉ᮷ॆ㓿ިᰦᆈ൘Ⲵ ᐞᔲˈ䙐ᡀ䘉ӋᐞᔲⲴ৏ഐᱟཊᯩ䶒Ⲵˈަѝवᤜ䈁㘵਴㠚༴Ҿн਼Ⲵൠ⨶⧟ຳǃশ 䈁ᵜԕ৺ާփި㤳ᙗ䈁ᵜѝ㘫䈁᮷ॆ䍏״ਢ᮷ॆ㛼ᲟㅹǄሩн਼শਢᰦᵏǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ ഭ䈁㘵䟷⭘Ⲵ㘫䈁⨶䇪઼৏ࡉǃㆆ⮕઼᡻⌅ᆈ൘⴨״䖭䇽Ⲵሩ∄⹄ウ䘈ਁ⧠ˈѝഭ઼ լѻ༴ǄԆԜ䜭֯⭘Ҷᖂॆоᔲॆє⿽ㆆ⮕, 䟷⭘ⴤ䈁઼᜿䈁⴨㔃ਸⲴ㘫䈁᡻⇥ˈӾ㘼䗮ࡠᰒᴹ࡙ҾᕈᢜՐ㔏สⶓᮉ᮷ॆ৸ׯҾ䈁᮷䈫㘵䰵䈫ⲴⴞⲴǄ 䈁ᵜⲴሩ∄⹄ウнӵᴹ࡙Ҿєഭ䰤Ⲵ䐘᮷ॆӔ⍱ˈሩᇇ״䇪᮷㔃ቮᤷࠪˈ൓㓿ѝ ᮉ᮷ॆ֌૱Ⲵ㘫䈁ҏᴹُ䢤֌⭘Ǆ

䈁ᵜ˗㘫䈁˗ ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽״˗䭞䇽˖ǉ൓㓿Ǌ˗ ѝ䈁ᵜޣ

Abstract

Bible is not only the Christian scriptures but also an all-inclusive all-embracing encyclopedia. It is an important source of western culture. It has been translated into many languages. Bible has a long history and a large number of distribution in the world. It is widely accepted by readers. Bible has such a far-reaching effect on all kinds of peoples that it has been regarded as a standard religious work with high historical and cultural value. Although there are a great number of books on the study of bible, few has been focused on the comparison between the translated versions in Chinese and Russian. This kind of research is in this sense meaningful and worth doing. Based on linguistics as framework for analysis, this paper compared the translated versions of Bible in Chinese and Russian. This comparative study of involves the history of the Chinese and Russian translation of Bible, the translation strategies and translation methods used by translators. The paper presents the comparative analysis of the translated versions of Bible in Chinese and Russian from diachronic, synchronic and macro perspectives. The study showed that there are differences in translating religious scriptures between Chinese and Russian translators. These differences PD\EHFDXVHGE\PDQ\UHDVRQVVXFKDVWKHWUDQVODWRUV¶GLIIHUHQWJHRJUDSKLFDOHQYLURQPHQW and historic and cultural backgrounds. The comparative analysis of the translation theories and principles used by Chinese and Russian translators at different historical stages and the comparative analysis of the translation strategies and techniques used in translating specific culture-loaded words in the New Testament also showed that Chinese and Russian translators may have used foreignzing method, normalization method, and literal translation and free translation in translating Bible into their own languages. The use of these translation methods and techniques helped to achieve the goal of spreading the Christian culture and making the translated versions of Bible easily understood by readers. At the end of the paper, it points out that this kind of comparative study of the translated versions of Bible in Chinese and Russian is helpful for cross-cultural communication between China and Russia. It will also provide some implications for the translation of religious scriptures.

Key words: Bible, the translated versions in Chinese and Russian, New Testament, specific culture-loaded wordsˈtranslation methods and techniques.

ⴞᖅ

ㅜаㄐ ᕅ䀰 ...... 1

䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩ ...... 4״ㅜҼㄐǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

2.1ǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ѝഭⲴ㘫䈁শਢ ...... 4

㖇ᯟⲴ㘫䈁শਢ ...... 8״2.2ǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘

䈁ᵜ㘫䈁⢩⛩Ⲵᔲ਼ѻ༴ ...... 14״2.3ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅ ...... 17״ㅜйㄐǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

3.1ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅ ...... 17

䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅ ...... 23״3.2ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䈁ᵜ൘㘫䈁৏ࡉоᯩ⌅кⲴ⴨լѻ༴ ...... 27״3.3ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ

ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐ ...... 29״ㅜഋㄐ ѝǃ

䈝ѝⓀ㠚ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽 ...... 29״ 4.1

4.2 ѝഭՐ㔏᮷ॆоǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁 ...... 32

ㅜӄㄐ㔃䈝 ...... 33

৲㘳᮷⥞ ...... 36

ㅜаㄐ ᕅ䀰

1.1ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁Ⲵ⹄ウ⧠⣦৺䈮仈Ⲵᨀࠪ Ⱥɋɉɭɲɤɢɧ ᴮᤷࠪ˖สⶓᮉⲴ䈎⭏ᱟ 㖇ᯟᴰՏབྷⲴ䈇Ӫǃ᮷ᆖᇦ²²Პᐼ䠁״ ᡁԜൠ⨳кᴰՏབྷⲴ㋮⾎о᭯⋫Ⲵ䖜ᣈˈц⭼↓ᱟ൘䘉⾎൓Ⲵ⧟ຳѝ⎸䙍઼ᯠ⭏Ǆਔ ԓਢቡᱟа䜘ෳ৺ǃ⌒ᯟǃᐼ㝺઼㖇傜ਢˈ㘼䘁ԓਢቡᱟสⶓᮉਢǄᲞᐼ䠁Ⲵ䘉⇥䈍㺘᰾˖俆ݸˈสⶓᮉ൘Ӫ㊫শਢкঐᴹᶱަ䟽㾱Ⲵս㖞˗ަ⅑ˈӪ㊫Ⲵশਢቔަᱟ䘁 ԓਢоสⶓᮉᇶнਟ࠶Ǆҏਟԕ䈤ˈสⶓᮉሩӪ㊫শਢˈቔަᱟ㾯ᯩ⽮Պ⭏⍫઼᮷ॆ ਁኅ䎧⵰ᶱѪ䟽㾱Ⲵᖡ૽઼֌⭘Ǆ1 㘼փ⧠สⶓᮉ㋮⾎Ⲵ↓ᔿ㓿ި²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㻛㿶Ѫᱟа⿽᮷ॆสഐԓ⸱ǄࠐⲮᒤ ᶕˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ䟼ᡰ䇠䘠Ⲵ᭵һǃ᮷ॆǃ⭏⍫ᯩᔿ઼ᙍ㔤ᯩᔿˈаԓ৸аԓՐлᶕǄǉ ᮠᆇӔ㓷ᡀаᑵӪ㊫ᰕᑨ䈝䀰മᲟˈᡀѪц⭼઼ۿ൓㓿Ǌ䟼Ⲵᜣ⌅ǃ᭵һǃӪ⢙ǃമ ᮷ॆⲴ䟽㾱㓴ᡀ䜘࠶ˈᒦ⭡↔ӗ⭏Ҷབྷ䟿ᡀ䈝ǃṬ䀰ǃ䉊䈝Ǆࡠ 20 ц㓚ࡍˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ ᐢ㻛㘫䈁ᡀ 2000 ཊ⿽䈝䀰ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌᡰᴹ⡸ᵜⲴᙫਁ㹼䟿䗮ࡠ䘁 10 ӯԭǄ >Ⱥɪɚɩɨɜɢɱɫ@2ǉ൓㓿Ǌᱟц⭼к䰵䈫ᴰᒯǃᖡ૽࣋ᴰབྷⲴа䜘㓿ި㪇֌ˈҏ ᱟਢᆖᇦǃ᮷ᆖᇦǃ䈝䀰ᆖᇦǃ䈝䀰ᆖᇦǃᇇᮉᆖᇦㅹ⹄ウⲴޤ䏓ᡰ൘Ǆ 䲿⵰ޘ⨳㓿⍾ǃ᭯⋫аփॆ䘋〻нᯝ࣐ᘛˈ਴ഭ᮷ॆ䰤ⲴӔ⍱о㶽ਸҏ൘нᯝ␡ ޕਁኅˈᡰԕ਴њ亶ฏ䐘䈝䀰઼䐘᮷ॆ⹄ウᡀѪᆖᵟ⭼、ᆖ⹄ウⲴ✝⛩Ǆ⢩࡛ᱟ䘁ᒤ ᶕˈ൘䈝䀰ᆖ亶ฏˈᖸཊᆖ㘵ሩн਼≁᯿䰤Ⲵ䈝䀰઼᮷ॆሩ∄⹄ウ㺘⧠ࠪ⎃৊Ⲵޤ Җˈᱟᆖ㘵ԜᴰྭⲴ⹄ウ㍐ᶀǄ❦㘼⹄ウⲴࡽᨀˈ俆ݸᱟ㾱ޘ、䏓Ǆǉ൓㓿Ǌ䘉аⲮ ⹄ウǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ਴њ䈁ᵜˈᒦ䙊䗷ሩ਴ഭⲴ㘫䈁䘋㹼ሩ∄࠶᷀ˈ᧒ራ਴ഭ䈝䀰ǃ᮷ॆ 䰤ᆈ൘Ⲵᔲ਼ˈᴰ㓸䗮ࡠഭᇦ䰤䐘䈝䀰ǃ䐘᮷ॆӔ䱵ⲴⴞⲴǄ ⨶䈁⹄ウ〟㍟ҶѠᇼⲴ״ц⭼㤳ത޵Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌᆖ⹄ウѪᡁԜሩǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ 䇪઼ᇎ䐥㓿傼Ǆ ⴞࡽࠪ⡸Ⲵབྷ䟿᮷⥞䜭⎹৺ࡠҶ㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿ǊᲞ䙽ᙗⲴ৏ࡉǄ19 ц㓚ᵛࡠ 20 ц㓚 Ҿ䘉а亶ฏⲴ㪇֌Ǆަѝवᤜˈ㓖㘠∄ݻᴬ(Johnޣ㖾ഭ઼⌅ഭⲴ⹄ウ㘵᫠߉Ҷ䇨ཊ Beekman)઼㓖㘠঑⍋(John Callow)Ⲵ䈝䀰-䈝ѹᆖ⹄ウˈަ㪇֌ǉн㾱↚ᴢкᑍⲴᰘ

䈝ᮉᆖˈ 1997 ᒤˈㅜ 1 ᵏǄ״䈝ᡀ䈝[J].ѝഭ״1ࡈݹ߶, ǉ൓㓿Ǌо

2ȺɪɚɩɨɜɢɱȻȼɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɫɥɨɜɨȻȺɪɚɩɨɜɢɱɉɟɪɟɜɨɞȻɢɛɥɢɢɅɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢɆɨɫɤɜɚ-ɧɨɹɛɪɹɝ- ɆɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚȻɢɛɥɢɢ - ɫ-15.

1 ㅜаㄐ ᕅ䀰

᜿˖൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁৏ࡉо䈝ѹ࠶᷀Ǌ(൓ᖬᗇ๑ˈ1994 ᒤ)ѫ㾱ᱟሩǉᯠ㓖Ǌ䘋㹼䈝 ѹ࠶᷀Ǆ਼ᰦˈ䘉ᵜ㪇֌䘈वਜ਼ሩ᮷ᵜѝⲴ㘫䈁઼䈝䀰䰞仈䘋㹼࠶઼᷀䇘䇪Ǆᴰਇ⅒ 䗾Ⲵ㪇֌㾱ᮠӊᶠ⬖䱯ቄᗧ(Ja de Waard)઼ቔ䠁ླྀ䗮˄Eugene Nida)Ⲵǉ⭘ᯠ䈝䀰䘠䟽ᕪ䈳൓㓿н਼䈁ᵜ䰤Ⲵח䈤˖൓㓿㘫䈁ѝⲴ࣏㜭ሩㅹǊ(൓ᖬᗇ๑ˈ1998 ᒤ)ˈҖѝ ሩ∄࠶᷀Ǆቔ䠁ླྀ䗮˄Eugene Nida)䘈߉ҶаӋ᮷ㄐ˖ǉ䈁㘵ᡰ䙷ࡠⲴഠ䳮Ǌ(㧛ᯟ 、ˈ1991 ᒤ)઼ǉ൓㓿Ⲵᯠ⌘䟺ᯩ⌅Ǌ(㧛ᯟ、ˈ1991 ᒤ)ˈҖѝ␡ޕ⹄ウҶ᮷ᵜ䈝ѹ ቲкⲴ㘫䈁᡻⇥Ǆ↔ཆˈ俉⑟ᆖ㘵㓖㘠⍚(John Hong)Ⲵ⹄ウ਼ṧާᴹ䟽㾱Ⲵ᜿ѹǄ൘ ԆⲴ㪇֌ǉᢺ൓㓿ࡂ࠶Ѫㄐ㢲઼䈇㢲˖ަ䎧Ⓚ઼⭘⌅ᑨࠪ⧠൘ᰕᑨ⭘䈝Ⲵ⧠ԓ㘫䈁Ր 㔏ѝǊ(㧛ᯟ、ˈ1997 ᒤ)䟼ˈ֌㘵എㆄҶ䘉а䰞仈˖䈁㘵ᱟ੖ᴹᵳ࡙᭩ਈ⭊㠣ࡐ䲔 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ᮷ᵜѝⲴ䟽㾱⢩ᖱ²²ᢺǉ൓㓿Ǌࡂ࠶Ѫㄐ㢲઼䈇㢲˛൘лࡇ᮷ㄐѝˈ֌㘵 Ԝ䟽⛩䀓ߣҶ䈝䀰ᆖᯩ䶒Ⲵ䰞仈˖⌒ෳ᷇Ṭ⊳ቄ⢩(P.Ellingvort )Ⲵǉ㺘⽪Ā㔏⋫ā઼ Ā亶ሬāㅹᾲᘥ䇽≷Ⲵ㘫䈁Ǌ(㧛ᯟ、ˈ1998 ᒤ)ˈࠟᐤေቄ(K. Barnwell )Ⲵǉ㙦઼ॾ- -JHVH Ⲵ䈁⌅Ǌ(㧛ᯟ、ˈ1997 ᒤ)઼ᗧṬ᷇(D. Greene)ⲴǉޣҾ㘫䈁Ā⾝⽰āǃĀ⾝㖇ᯟӾһ䘉а亶ฏ⹄״āǃĀ⾝උāㅹᾲᘥ䇽≷Ⲵ䰞仈Ǌ(㧛ᯟ、ˈ1994 ᒤ)Ǆᖃԓ૱ ウⲴᆖ㘵ᱟ M.V.ᐤᐳ、ဳ(M.V. Babkova)ˈަ֌૱ᴹǉᇇᮉ⽬Ԛ᮷ᵜⲴ㘫䈁⢩⛩Ǌ ˄ѼޠѼᗧˈ2007 ᒤ˅Ǆ㲭❦ⴞࡽࠐѾᡰᴹᇇᮉ᮷ᆖ֌૱Ⲵѝ᮷䈁ᵜ䜭㻛䘋㹼Ҷ䈖ቭ 䈁ᵜ䘋㹼䈝䀰઼᮷ᆖቲ䶒кⲴ⹄ウ䘈н״Ⲵ䈝䀰᮷ᆖкⲴ⹄ウǄ❦㘼ˈሩǉ൓㓿Ǌ 䘉є⿽䈝䀰Ⲵ䈁ᵜⲴሩ∄࠶᷀ቔަቁǄ״≸ˈཊ ǃ״ഐ↔ˈᵜ᮷ѫ㾱Ӿ㘫䈁᮷ᆖ⨶䇪઼䈝䀰ᆖ⨶䇪䀂ᓖˈㅜа⅑ቍ䈅ሩǉ൓㓿Ǌ єഭ᮷ॆ䰤Ⲵᔲ״ѝ䈁ᵜ䘋㹼ሩ∄⹄ウˈ⢩࡛ᱟ䇽≷ቲ䶒Ⲵ㘫䈁⹄ウˈӾ㘼ਁ⧠ѝ єഭ䰤״䘋ѝ׳ˈᰦ൘Ḁ⿽〻ᓖк䀓ߣ㘫䈁⨶䇪઼ᇎ䐥ѝаӋᲞ䙽ᆈ൘Ⲵ䰞仈਼ˈ਼ Ӕ⍱Ǆ 1.2 ⹄ウⴞⲴ઼᜿ѹ 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫״䈁Ⲵশਢˈሩ∄࠶᷀н਼ᰦᵏǃн਼ѝ䈁ᵜ઼״䇪䘠ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ 䈁ᵜ઼ѝ䈁ᵜާփ䇽״ҖǊ֌Ѫѫ㾱䈝䀰㍐ᶀˈሩ∄࠶᷀ޘ䈁⢩⛩ˈ⢩࡛ᱟԕǉᯠ㓖 Ⲵ㘫䈁ˈᒦᖂ㓣ᙫ㔃ᆳԜⲴ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕઼ᯩ⌅ˈѪ᮷ᆖ֌૱Ⲵ㘫䈁ᇎ䐥ᨀ׋ᴹ⳺ُ≶ ӂ䈁ѝᆈ൘ⲴᲞ䙽䰞仈ާᴹ䟽㾱Ⲵ᜿ѹˈ਼ṧ⹄ウᶀᯉѪ儈ṑ㘫䈁ᡆ≸״䢤ˈሩ䀓ߣ 䈝䀰᮷ॆ∄䖳䈮〻ᨀ׋ѠᇼⲴ䈝䀰㍐ᶀǄ״ѝ 1.3 ⹄ウ޵ᇩ઼⹄ウᯩ⌅ 䈁ᵜˈ䢤Ҿㇷᑵᴹ䲀ˈᵜ᮷ᇎֻ㍐ᶀѫ㾱ਆ״ᵜ᮷⹄ウሩ䊑Ѫǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ ҖǊ䜘࠶Ǆޘ䈁ᵳေ䈁ᵜǉь↓ᮉ൓㓿ǊⲴǉᯠ㓖״㠚ѝ䈁㓿ި⡸ᵜǉ઼ਸᵜǊ઼ 2 ㅜаㄐ ᕅ䀰

᮷࠶Ѫᕅ䀰ǃㅜаㄐǃㅜҼㄐǃㅜйޘˈ䈁઼ѝ䈁শਢࠪਁ״ᵜ᮷Ӿǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ ㄐǃ㔃䇪ࠐ䜘࠶ሩަ䘋㹼␡ޕⲴ⹄ウǄ ᕅ䀰䜘࠶वᤜ˖䘹仈ˈ䱀䘠ᵜ䇪᮷᫠߉Ⲵ⧠ᇎᙗǃᯠ仆ᙗǃ⨶䇪᜿ѹ઼ᇎ䐥᜿ѹ ˈᒦ⺞ᇊҶ䇪᮷Ⲵⴞḷ઼ѫ㾱ԫ࣑ˈ⹄ウ㍐ᶀǃ࠶᷀Ҷ⹄ウᯩ⌅઼㿲⛩Ǆ 䈝㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴশਢ䘋〻ǄᒦӾሩǉ״ㅜаㄐㆰ㾱ợ⨶Ҷѝ᮷㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼ 䈝᮷ᵜǃ䈁ޕ䈁শਢ䘋㹼শᰦሩ∄⹄ウˈਟԕⴻࡠ㘫䈁㘵䓛ԭˈ䈁״൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁઼ 䈝শਢਈॆㅹᯩ䶒ˈєഭ൓㓿㘫䈁⍫ࣘѝᆈ൘Ⲵᔲ਼Ǆ ᰦⲴሩ∄࠶ޡ䈁ᵜ䘋㹼״൘ㅜҼㄐ䟼ˈ䙊䗷ሩ਴њশਢᰦᵏⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ 䈝㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ䈁㘵൘㘫䈁ㆆ⮕઼㘫״᷀ˈᡁԜਁ⧠ᰐ䇪ᱟѝ᮷㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䘈ᱟ 䈁ᯩ⌅䘹ᤙ઼䘀⭘к䜭㓿শҶӾⴤ䈁ǃࡠ᜿䈁ǃ޽ࡠⴤ䈁઼᜿䈁ᴹᵪ㔃ਸⲴ╄ਈ䗷〻 Ǆ ㅜйㄐӾ䈝䀰ᆖⲴ䀂ᓖࠪਁˈԕǉᯠ㓖ޘҖǊ֌Ѫѫ㾱Ⲵ䈝䀰㍐ᶀˈާփ࠶᷀᮷ 䈁ᵜ൘᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽≷䘉аᗞ㿲ቲ䶒״䍏䖭䇽Ⲵ㘫䈁᡻⇥઼৏ࡉǄᰘ൘᧒䇘ѝ䈁ᵜ઼ॆ кᆈ൘Ⲵ⴨਼⛩઼н਼⛩ˈԕ৺൘㘫䈁ѝᆈ൘Ⲵഠ䳮Ǆ 䈁ᵜⲴሩ∄⹄ウˈԕ৺ሩҾަѝ״ㅜഋㄐ᢯᧕ࡽйㄐᡰ䇪䘠Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ ≸䈁઼״Ⲵ᧒᷀ᗇࠪǉ൓㓿ǊⲴޕ␡᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽㘫䈁ᰦⲴഠ䳮о㘫䈁ሩㆆ⹄ウㅹ䖳Ѫ 䈝䀰᮷ॆᐢ㓿ӗ⭏ҶᖸབྷⲴᖡ૽ˈሩҾ䈝䀰ⲴѠᇼ઼ਁኅᴹ⵰䟽㾱Ⲵ֌≸״䈝࠶࡛ሩ ⭘Ǆ 䈁ᵜ઼ѝ䈁ᵜᡰᗇ㔃䇪ˈԕ৺ሩ㘫״㔃䇪䜘࠶䱀䘠⹄ウ㔃᷌ˈᾲ䘠࠶᷀ǉ൓㓿Ǌ 䈁ަԆᇇᮉҖ㉽઼᮷ᆖ֌૱Ⲵُ䢤᜿ѹǄ ᵜ䇪᮷Ⲵ⹄ウᯩ⌅ྲл˖ ≶ҖǊѝިර᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ޘ䈁ᵜǉ൓㓿gᯠ㓖״䈝ᯉ࠶᷀²²Ӿ䘹ਆⲴѝ䈁ᵜ઼.1 ˗࠶᷀⹄ウޕ␡Ѫ࠶᷀ᇎֻˈӾ䈝䀰ᆖ઼㘫䈁Ⲵ䀂ᓖ䘋㹼 ѝ䈁ᵜѝᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ䇽≷઼ਕ⌅᡻⇥䘋㹼ሩ∄⹄ウǄ״䖳⌅²²ሩǉᯠ㓖Ǌ∄.2

3 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

ǉ൓㓿Ǌᱟӊ՟᣹㖅䈨ᮉ˄वᤜสⶓᯠᮉǃཙѫᮉǃь↓ᮉǃ⣩ཚᮉㅹᇇᮉ˅Ⲵᇇᮉ 㓿ިˈवᤜǉᰗ㓖Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖Ǌєབྷ䜘࠶Ǆ1ǉᰗ㓖ǊণӾ⣩ཚᮉ㔗᢯лᶕⲴ൓㓿ˈޡ 39 ধˈ৏᮷Ѫᐼ՟㧡᮷ˈǉᰗ㓖ޘҖǊ⭡ǉ᪙㾯ӄ㓿ǊǃǉশਢҖǊǃǉ䈇ⅼᲪភҖǊ઼ ǉݸ⸕ҖǊഋ䜘࠶㓴ᡀǄѫ㾱䇢䘠ц⭼઼Ӫ㊫䎧ⓀⲴ᭵һՐ䈤ǃкᑍ઼ԆⲴᆀ≁ᐼ՟ᶕ ᴹ 27 ধˈ৏᮷ޡˈҖǊᱟสⶓᮉ㠚ᐡؑཹⲴ㓿ިޘ㌫઼ਁ⭏Ⲵ᭵һǄǉᯠ㓖ޣӪѻ䰤Ⲵ Ѫᐼ㝺᮷ˈवᤜǉ⾿丣ҖǊǃǉ֯ᗂ㹼ՐǊǃǉ֯ᗂҖؑǊ઼ǉ੟⽪ᖅǊഋњ䜘࠶ˈᱟ㙦こสⶓԕ৺ަ֯ᗂⲴ䀰㹼઼᭵һⲴ㓚ᖅǄ ǉ൓㓿Ǌᱟশਢк䰵䈫ᴰᒯ⌋Ⲵ䈫ᵜˈᆖ㘵Ԝ䇔Ѫǉ൓㓿Ǌнӵӵᱟа䜘䟽㾱Ⲵᇇᮉ 㓿ިˈ䘈ᱟа䜘ՏབྷⲴ᮷ᆖᐘ㪇Ǆ䘉䜘⾎൓֌૱⏥ⴆҶཊ⿽ཊṧⲴ᮷ᆖᖒᔿˈֻྲ˖Җ ǃՐ䈤ǃሃ䀰ǃ᭵һǃ⌅ᖻᶑ᮷ǃ䈇ⅼǃሩ䈍ǃṬ䀰ǃ亴䀰ǃ⾧੺䇽ㅹㅹǄ൘শਢⲴ䮯ؑ ⋣ѝˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ㻛㘫䈁ᡀ਴ഭ᮷ᆇˈሩ਴ഭ≁᯿䈝䀰Ⲵᖒᡀǃਁኅǃ㔏а䜭䎧⵰␡䘌Ⲵᖡ ૽ˈสⶓᮉⲴ㋮⾎ҏ䲿⵰൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁Ր᫝ࡠц⭼਴ൠˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ䙀⑀ᡀѪ㾯ᯩ᮷᰾Ⲵ᭟ ḡˈᆳ⑇䘿ࡠҶ᜿䇶ᖒᘱǃ㋮⾎⍫઼ࣘӪԜⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫ѻѝǄ䘁ԓԕᶕˈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᖡ૽ ໎ˈᐢ㓿սࡇᖡ૽ѝഭ䘁ԓ⽮ՊⲴаⲮ⿽㪇֌Ǆਟԕ䈤ˈ൓㓿᮷ᵜⲴᆈ൘৺ަнᯝءоᰕ 㻛㘫䈁ǃՐ᫝䘋㘼ӗ⭏ᒯ⌋Ⲵᖡ૽ˈᐢ㓿ᡀѪа⿽ц⭼ᙗⲴ᮷ॆ⧠䊑Ǆл䶒ᡁԜ࠶࡛ⴻ 㖇ᯟⲴ㘫䈁ᇎ䐥䗷〻ѝˈᡰփ⧠ࠪⲴ਴㠚ᡰ⤜ᴹⲴ㘫״ⴻˈॳⲮᒤᶕˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ѝഭ઼ 䈁⢩⛩઼н਼ѻ༴Ǆ

2.1ǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ѝഭⲴ㘫䈁শਢ

ݳ 7 ц㓚ˈสⶓᮉⲴањ⍮࡛²²⎵ᯟᢈޜǉ൓㓿Ǌ㻛㘫䈁ᡀѝ᮷ᴹᛐѵⲴশਢǄ൘ ࡙ᮉ⍮ՐޕѝഭǄ䘉а⍮࡛䎧ⓀҾਉ࡙ӊˈަࡋ࿻Ӫᱟ⎵ᯟᢈ࡙ˈԆᴮ൘ 5 ц㓚ࡍᣵԫੋ ༛ඖб๑བྷѫᮉˈն⭡Ҿަᡰᤱᔲᮉ㿲⛩ˈ㻛ᮉՊᇊ㖚઼傡䙀Ǆ傡䙀ѻਾˈԆ઼ԆⲴ䘭䲿〗ݳ 781 ᒤˈǉབྷޜݳ 635 ᒤᰦࡠ䗮ѝഭǄޜ㘵а䐟ੁьǄᮉᗂ〟ᶱՐ᫝ԆԜⲴᮉѹˈ൘

1 http://baike.baidu.com/view/1461.htm

4 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

Ჟᮉ⍱㹼ѝഭ⻁ǊᔪᡀǄᖃᰦⲴབྷ〖㻛᜿ᤷѪ㖇傜˗ᡰԕ⎵ᯟᢈ࡙ᮉ⍮৸㻛〠ѪᲟᮉǄ1 䘉њ᮷ᆖ֌૱䇢䘠Ҷ⽮ՊⲴ㺠㩭ǃᮁцѫᕕ䎋ӊⲴ䱽Ѥǃᮁцѫ൘ൠ⨳кⲴ⭏⍫ㅹˈ਼ᰦ ⴨ؑˈᲟᮉި㤳ᮉѹޘҏ᧿䘠ҶᲟᮉ൘ѝഭᱟྲօࠪ⧠ˈ৺ަ㑱㦓઼㺠㩭ⲴশਢǄᡁԜᆼ ѝवᤜҶǉᰗ㓖Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴ䜘࠶޵ᇩˈն䚇៮Ⲵᱟˈᡰᴹ䘉Ӌ䈁᮷䜭ђཡҶǄ ⭡ҾୀᵍࠐԓⲷᑍሩᲟᮉⲴՈᖵ᭯ㆆˈᲟᮉ൘ѝഭਁኅҶ 200 ཊᒤˈնᱟᆳҏᕅ䎧Ҷ ݳ 845 ᒤˈୀ↖ᇇߣᇊ঻ࡦ֋ᮉޜԆᇇᮉ⍮㌫Ⲵн┑ˈ⢩࡛ᱟਇࡠ䚃ᮉ઼֋ᮉⲴ᭫ࠫǄަ ൘ѝഭⲴਁኅǄ਼ᰦˈ↔ᰦⲴୀᵍ᭯ᓌሩཆᶕ᮷ॆཡ৫Ҷᇭᇩˈ䘉ṧаᶕᲟᮉ઼ަᆳཆᶕ ˈѝഭਚᴹањᲟᮉᗂޘݳ 980 ᒤⲴаԭ᮷⥞䇠䖭ˈ䛓ᰦޜᇇᮉ䜭䚝ࡠ⇱⚝ᙗⲴᢃࠫǄᦞ สⶓᮉӾ↔൘ѝഭ⎸ཡҶࠐⲮᒤǄ ⴤࡠ 13 ц㓚ѝᵏˈ㖇傜ཙѫᮉՐࡠѝഭˈቡ൘䛓ᰦǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁ᐕ֌᡽ᴹҶᯠⲴ ਁኅǄ൘ 16 ц㓚ਾᵏˈࠪ⧠Ҷ࡙⧋ブ˄Matteo Ricci˅Ⲵ䈁ᵜˈަ਽〠Ѫǉ⾆Րཙѫॱ䈛 Ǌˈ㘼൘ 1636 ᒤˈ䱣⧋䈪˄Emmanuel Diaz˅㘫䈁Ҷǉഋ⾿丣ҖǊˈަ਽〠Ѫǉཙѫ䱽⭏ ൓㓿ⴤ䀓ǊǄ ᖃᰦᐤ哾Րᮉ༛ഒⲴ⾎⭛ᐤ䇮˄J. Basset˅ሶǉ൓㓿ǊӾ᣹б᮷㘫䈁ᡀѝ᮷Ǆ䈁Җव 㖇ҖؑǊǃ䘈वᤜԆⲴǉⅼ㖇㾯ҖǊǄ䈕Ӌ䈁֌Ӿᵚਁ㺘䗷Ǆ؍ᤜǉഋ⾿丣ҖǊǃǉ֯ᗂ նᱟ䘉Ӌᵚਁ㺘Ⲵ䈁㪇᡻はতሩਾᶕǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ӗ⭏ᖸབྷⲴᖡ૽Ǆ1770 ᒤˈ㙦こՊⲴ ⾎⭛䍪␵⌠(Louis de Poirot)ᶕࡠҶѝഭǄ൘ѝഭⲴࠐᒤ䰤ˈԆሶǉ൓㓿ǊⲴབྷ䜘࠶޵ᇩӾ ᣹б᮷㘫䈁ᡀѝ᮷ˈᒦሶ㠚ᐡⲴ䈁᮷ભ਽Ѫǉਔᯠ൓㓿ǊǄ❦㘼ˈ䈕䈁ᵜ਼ṧ⋑ᴹᗇࡠࠪ ⡸Ǆ ㅜањǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁ᵜⲴ䈁㘵ᱟᶕ㠚ՖᮖⲴՐ䚃༛傜⽬䘺 (Robert Morrison)ˈԆⲴ 䈁ᵜ൘ᖃᰦቡࠪ⡸ਁ㹼ˈᒦ⋯⭘㠣ӺǄ1807 ᒤˈ傜⽬䘺ᶕࡠѝഭਾˈԆቡᔰ࿻䘋㹼ሶǉ ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᡀѝ᮷Ⲵᐕ֌ˈ㲭❦ᖃᰦ┑␵᭯ᓌⲴ⌅ᖻ㿴ᇊˈ⾱→ԫօՐᮉ⍫ࣘǄ൘ 1813 ᒤˈ傜⽬䘺ᆼᡀҶǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴ㘫䈁Ǆ傜⽬䘺оᶕ㠚ՖᮖՐᮉ༛ഒⲴ⾎⭛㊣ᙌ(W.C. Milne) ޡ਼ᆼᡀҶᰗ㓖ǉ⭣ભ䇠ǊǃǉশԓᘇǊ઼ǉ㓖՟㓚ǊⲴ㘫䈁Ǆ൓㓿ⲴަԆ䜘࠶ࡉ⭡傜⽬䘺⤜・ᆼᡀǄ൘ 1819 ᒤˈ傜⽬䘺ᆼᡀҶǉᰗ㓖Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴ㘫䈁ˈ䈁ᵜҾ 1823 ᒤ൘傜 ޝ⭢ࠪ⡸ਁ㹼ˈ䈕Җ䈁਽Ѫǉ⾎ཙ൓ҖǊǄ

1ɂɜɚɧɨɜɉɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵɇɨɜɨɝɨɁɚɜɟɬɚɧɚɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣɹɡɵɤɉɂɜɚɧɨɜ-Ɇ&-6.

5 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

о傜⽬䘺਼ᰦᵏˈሶǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᡀѝ᮷Ⲵ䘈ᴹ⎨⽬ᮉⲴ⾎⭛傜༛ᴬ (J. Marshman) Ǆ൘ 1811 ᒤˈ傜༛ᴬᆼᡀҶǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴ㘫䈁ˈ5 ᒤਾ䈕䈁ᵜ൘ঠᓖਁ㺘ǄԆҾ 1822 ᒤᆼ ᡀǉᰗ㓖ǊⲴ㘫䈁ˈᒦфԆᡰ㘫䈁ǉᰗ㓖Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴ䈁ᵜ൘਼аᒤਁ㺘Ǆ ӾᡀҖᰦ䰤кᶕⴻˈ傜༛ᴬⲴ䈁ᵜࠪ⧠Ⲵ㾱ᰙаӋˈնᱟഐѪ傜⽬䘺൘ѝഭᰦቡᆼᡀ Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴ㘫䈁ˈᡰԕ傜⽬䘺Ⲵ䈁ᵜ䙊ᑨ㻛䇔Ѫᱟㅜа䜘ᯠᮉ൓㓿ѝ䈁ᵜǄᖃԓᆖ㘵ሶєњ 䈁ᵜ䘋㹼ሩ∄ˈᒦਁ⧠䘉єњ䈁ᵜѝᆈ൘ᖸཊ⴨਼ᡆ⴨լⲴൠᯩǄ↔ཆˈṩᦞশਢ䍴ᯉ䇠䖭ˈ傜⽬䘺Ӿ㤡Ṭޠࡠѝഭѻࡽˈ傜⽬䘺ቡᐢ㓿ᢴ߉Ҷᐤ䇮Ⲵ䈁᮷᡻はˈᒦ䲿䓛ᩪᑖǄᡰ ԕᆖ㘵ԜᗇࠪⲴ㔃䇪ˈ傜⽬䘺઼傜༛ᴬ൘ᆼᡀ㠚ᐡⲴ䈁᮷ᰦˈ਼ṧ䜭ُ䢤Ҷᐤ䇮Ⲵ䈁᮷᡻ はǄഐ↔ˈᐤ䇮Ⲵ䈁᮷᡻はሩҾԆԜᶕ䈤ᱟѫ㾱Ⲵ৲㘳䍴ᯉǄ 㲭❦ࠪ⡸Ⲵǉ⾎ཙ൓ҖǊ઼ǉ傜༛ᴬ䈁ᵜǊᲲᰦ┑䏣ҶᖃᰦՐᮉ⍫ࣘⲴ䴰≲ˈն䘉є ˈњ䈁ᵜѝӽᆈ൘䇨ཊ䴰㾱؞᭩Ⲵൠᯩˈᡰԕ൘ 1835 ᒤˈᴹഋњӪ㓴ᔪҶањ؞᭩ሿ㓴䘉њሿ㓴Ⲵѫ㾱ᡀઈᱟ哖䜭ᙍ˄Walter Henry Medhurst˅ǃ䜝༛・˄Charles Gutzlaff˅ǃ 㼘⋫᮷˄Elijah Coleman Bridgman˅ԕ৺㖇՟⢩g傜⽬䘺Ⲵݯᆀ傜݂≹˄John R. Morrison ˅ǄԆԜ⴨㔗൘ 1837 ᒤ઼ 1840 ᒤࠪ⡸ਁ㹼਽Ѫǉᯠ䚇䇿ҖǊⲴǉᯠ㓖Ǌ䈁ᵜԕ৺਽Ѫǉ ᰗ䚇䇿ҖǊⲴǉᰗ㓖Ǌ䈁ᵜǄ 1842 ᒤ呖⡷ᡈҹ⠶ਁˈᡈҹⲴ㔃᷌ᱟ㤡ഭ઼ѝഭѻ䰤ㆮ䇒ҶǉইӜᶑ㓖Ǌˈṩᦞᶑ 㓖㿴ᇊˈѝഭᗵ享ሩཆᔰ᭮ 5 њ䍨᱃⑟ਓǄ㤡ഭ㧧ᗇҶ俉⑟Ⲵ㇑⨶ᵳǄ䛓ᰦ䇨ཊՐᮉ༛ᴹ ᵳ൘䍨᱃⑟ਓ䘋㹼㠚ᐡⲴՐᮉ⍫ࣘǄ㕆䈁аᵜᆼᮤⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜሩᖃᰦⲴՐᮉ༛ᶕ䈤ᡀ Ѫᴰᙕ࠷㾱࣎ⲴһǄ1843 ᒤˈᶕ㠚㤡ഭ઼㖾ഭՐᮉ༛ഒⲴ 15 ਽ԓ㺘ࠪᑝҶ൘俉⑟Ѯ࣎Ⲵ Պ䇞ˈ൘↔⅑Պ䇞ѝߣᇊ䇮・ањငઈՊˈަ㙼䍓ቡᱟ䍏䍓ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁Ǆ൘ 1854 ᒤ ˈ਽Ѫǉင࣎䈁ᵜǊⲴ䈁ᵜࠪ⡸ਁ㹼Ǆ㘫䈁Ӫઈнӵ䟽ᯠ㘫䈁Ҷǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ㘼ф䘈ሩަѝ Ⲵᇇᮉ਽〠઼ᵟ䈝䘋㹼Ҷ㔏аˈ֯ަᴤ࣐㿴㤳ॆ઼ḷ߶ॆǄ਼ᰦˈ൘㘫䈁䗷〻ѝࠪ⧠Ҷྲ օ䘹ᤙ֯⭘Ā⾎ā઼Āкᑍāє䇽Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ1 ц㓚ࡍˈ䙊؇ǃㆰॆⲴ䈝䀰²²⍵᮷⨶᮷ᰕ⳺Პ৺Ǆ൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁Ѫ┑䏣Პ䙊䈫㘵 19 ˄Ⲵ䴰≲ˈ䇨ཊ⍵᮷⨶ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜ⴨㔗ࠪ⡸ˈֻྲ˖1885 ᒤⲴǉᶘṬ䶎⍵᮷⨶䈁ᵜǊ Griffith John˅ˈ1889 ᒤⲴǉव㓖㘠ǃⲭ≹⨶⍵᮷⨶䈁ᵜǊ(John S. Burden, Henry Blodget)

1ԫьॷˈǉ൓㓿≹䈁᮷ॆ⹄ウǊ[M]. ↖≹˖⒆ेᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2007 ᒤǄ

6 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

ˈԕ৺ 1902 ᒤᯭ㓖⪏ⲴǉҼᤷ⡸Ǌ (S.I.J. Schereschewsky)ˈ䘉њ䈁ᵜ਽〠Ⲵ⭡ᶕᱟ˖䈁㘵ᯭ㓖⪏㘫䈁ᰦѝ᳁ⱛⰚˈԆਚ㜭⭘єњ᡻ᤷᐕ֌ˈ↔䈁ᵜⲴਾॺ䜘࠶ᱟԆӵ⭘єњ᡻ᤷ 㙇ᰦॱ։䖭᡽ᆼᡀⲴǄ ц㓚ѝᵏˈ൘ѝഭ 90%Ⲵൠ४䜭൘䇢ᇈ䈍ˈ֯⭘ᴰཊⲴ㾱ᮠ਴ൠᇈઈ઼ᵍᔧᡀઈ 19 Ǆᡰԕᖃᰦ㾱ᜣᴤᴹ᭸ൠᢺ⾿丣Ր㔉ѝഭӪˈሶǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᡀᇈ䈍ቡᖸᴹᗵ㾱Ǆഐ↔൘ н਼Ⲵᰦᵏቡࠪ⧠ҶаӋ㓿䗷؞᭩Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜˈྲ哖䜭ᙍ઼ᯭᮖ࣋Ⲵǉင࣎䈁ᵜǊ (John Stronach)ˈ⧠൘↔䈁ᵜ㻛〠Ѫǉᯠ㓖ޘҖǊˈव㓖㘠ǃ㢮㓖⪏ǃⲭ≹⨶ǃᯭ㓖⪏઼ б业㢟ⲴǉेӜᇈ䈍ᯠ㓖ޘҖǊˈᯭ㓖⪏Ⲵǉᰗ㓖䈁ᵜǊˈ⭡㤡ഭ൓㓿ॿՊࠪ⡸Ⲵ䈁ᵜǉ ҖǊоᯭ㓖⪏Ⲵǉᰗ㓖䈁ᵜǊ㔃ਸ䎧ᶕ˗֯⭘ޘҖǊˈ↔䈁ᵜሶǉेӜᇈ䈍ᯠ㓖ޘᯠᰗ㓖 ⲭ䈍᮷䟽ᯠᢴ߉Ⲵ䈁ᵜǉ⍵᮷⨶ᯠ㓖Ǌˈ⧠൘〠ѪǉᶘṬ䶎ᇈ䈍䈁ᵜǊ˗㩗䶉ኡⲴǉᯠ㓿 ޘҖǊㅹˈ䘈ᴹаⴤ⋯⭘㠣ӺⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜ²²ǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜǊˈᆳवᤜҶǉᯠ㓖Ǌ઼ ǉᰗ㓖ǊⲴ䈁ᵜǄ䈕䈁ᵜ⧠ㆰ〠Ѫǉ઼ਸᵜǊǄ ൘ᖃᰦˈᆈ൘⵰ࠐॱњ൓㓿䈁ᵜˈ❦㘼ˈቭ㇑䈁ᵜཊ⿽ཊṧˈնᱟᮉՊ઼ᮉ≁䘈ᱟ䴰㾱ањ㔏аǃḷ߶ॆⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜǄ䘉Āબ਱༠ā⭡ᶕᐢѵˈն䚇៮ⲴᱟˈᇇᮉؑԠкⲴ䇨 ཊ࠶↗ᖸ䳮䗮ᡀ㔏аǄ㘫䈁ǉင࣎䈁ᵜǊⲴ㓿傼ቡᱟањᖸྭⲴֻᆀǄ1854 ᒤࠪ⡸Ⲵǉ င࣎䈁ᵜǊᆼޘ⋑ᴹ䗮ࡠᔪ・ḷ߶ॆ≹䈝൓㓿䈁ᵜⲴⴞḷǄཊҿҶ世ေᓹǃ㤡ഭԕ৺ަԆ ഭᇦ൓㓿ॿՊԓ㺘Ⲵࣚ࣋ˈн਼ⲴสⶓᮉᮉՊߣᇊа䎧ਸ֌㘫䈁൓㓿Ǆ1890 ᒤк⎧Ѯ㹼 ਴ᮉ⍮Րᮉ༛བྷՊˈ୶䇪㕆䈁㔏аǃḷ߶Ⲵ൓㓿Ⲵᐕ֌ˈ൘Պкᡀ・ҶйњငઈՊ࠶࡛㘫䈁᮷䀰᮷ǃ⍵᮷⨶઼ᇈ䈍൓㓿Ǆ䇑ࡂࡋ֌Ā൓㓿ୟаˈ䈁ᵜࡉйāǄ1900 ᒤㅜањ䈁ᵜ ǉ⍵᮷⨶઼ਸᯠ㓖൓㓿ǊᆼᡀˈᒦҾ 1904 ᒤࠪ⡸Ǆ൘㘫䈁ǉ␡᮷⨶઼ਸᯠ㓖൓㓿Ǌ䗷〻 ѝ䙷ࡠҶᖸཊഠ䳮ˈ16 ᒤਾᆳ᡽ᗇԕ䶒цǄ❦㘼ᰗ㓖Ⲵ㘫䈁ᐕ֌ҏᲲᰦѝ→Ҷᖸ䮯а⇥ ᰦ䰤Ǆਾᶕє㘵ਸᒦˈҾ 1919 ᒤࠪ⡸ǉ᮷⨶䈁ᵜޘҖǊǄ䘉њ䈁ᵜᘐᇎ৏᮷ˈ᮷ㅄ⍱ ⭵ˈਟᱟа㓿ਁ㹼ቡᐢ㓿ㅖਸᰦԓ䴰㾱Ǆ㠣Ҿǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜǊˈቡᱟᡁԜ⧠൘ᡰᤷⲴǉ઼ ਸᵜǊˈ⭡Ҿ㘫䈁ᰦ䶒Ѥ⵰䘹ᤙ䈁㘵Ⲵ䳮仈ǄငઈՊⲴㅜањᔪ䇞ᱟ൘ 1891 ᒤᵛᨀࠪᶕ Ⲵˈᡰԕⴤࡠ 1899 ᒤഋ⾿丣Җ᡽㘫䈁ᆼᡀǄ1906 ᒤ↓ᔿᇓᐳˈᇈ䈍ᯠ㓖䈁ᵜᆼᡀǄ1919 ᒤ 2 ᴸˈ⭡⣴㘳᮷˄C. W. Mateer˅ㅹӪ㓴ᡀⲴ㘫䈁ሿ㓴ˈ㣡䍩Ҷ 27 ᒤᰦ䰤ᆼᡀҶǉᇈ䈍 ઼ਸᵜᯠᰗ㓖ޘҖǊⲴ㘫䈁ᐕ֌ˈਾᶕ䘉њ⡸ᵜᴤ਽Ѫǉഭ䈝઼ਸᵜǊˈㆰ〠ǉ઼ਸ ᵜǊˈሩѝ䈁൓㓿ާᴹ䶎ᑨ䟽㾱Ⲵ᜿ѹˈѪ൓㓿㘫䈁ᦰᔰᯠⲴа亥Ǆ

7 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

൓㓿ǉ઼ਸᵜǊ㘫䈁Ⲵѫ㾱ⴞḷᱟо৏᮷᜿ᙍа㠤Ǆ䈁㘵਼ṧ൘Ր䗮৏᮷ਜ਼ѹᰦˈ䍻 ᤱ᮷ᆇкⲴ߶⺞āˈն䲿⵰൓㓿㘫䈁৏ࡉⲴਈॆˈ䘉њ؍Ҹ䈁᮷ᴰབྷⲴ߶⺞ᙗˈቡᱟ㾱Ā ⴞḷቡᴹҶᯠⲴ䀓䟺˖Ā䟽㿶᜿ѹкⲴ߶⺞āǄ1൘ᰗ㓖㘫䈁Ⲵॱйᒤѝˈᯠ㓖㓿শҶཊ 䈁᮷ᴤՈ㖾ǃᴤ䘲ਸབྷՇ䰵䈫Ǆᇎ䱵кǉ઼ਸᵜǊ⴨䖳ҾѻࡽⲴ䈁ަ֯؍⺞ˈ⅑Ⲵ؞䇒 ᵜˈᱟа䜘ᴰ߶⺞Ⲵǃҏᱟᴤ࣐䘲ਸབྷՇ䰵䈫Ⲵ䈁ᵜǄ䲿⵰ᰦ䰤Ⲵ᧘〫ˈᆳᡀҶᮉՊ઼ؑ ᗂԜᴰਇ⅒䗾Ⲵ൓㓿䈁ᵜˈ⑀⑀ᔪ・䎧ި㤳ⲴᵳေˈᡀѪѫ⍱ˈҏѪᮉՊ઼ؑᗂⲴ䈝䀰㌫㔏໎␫Ҷнቁ⤜⢩Ⲵสⶓᮉ䇽≷Ǆ❦㘼ˈ䲿⵰ᆖ㘵Ԝ൘ḷ߶᮷ᆖ֌૱亶ฏнᯝᴹᯠਁ⧠ˈ ൓㓿Ⲵ⹄ウ㘵ሩ൓㓿৏᮷ᵜⲴশਢ㛼ᲟᴹҶ䎺ᶕ䎺ཊⲴ䇔䇶Ǆഐ↔؞䇒䈁ᵜᡆ㘵䟽ᯠ㘫䈁 ᴤ߶⺞Ⲵ൓㓿䈁ᵜቡᱮᗇᖸ䟽㾱Ǆ਼ᰦˈ䈝䀰Պ䲿⵰ᰦԓⲴਈॆ㘼ਈॆˈǉ઼ਸᵜǊࠪ⡸ 䗷ˈ䲿⵰ᰦ䰤Ⲵ⍱䙍䇨ཊ䇽≷Ⲵ᜿ѹҏ൘᭩→ڌਾⲴॱ։ᒤ䰤ˈ≹䈝Ⲵ⧠ԓॆ䘋〻Ӿᵚ ┑ਈǄਁ⭏ਈॆⲴ䘈ᴹ䈝⌅઼؞䗎㔃ᶴⲴ֯⭘ᯩ⌅ǄᡰԕˈᮉՊ䴰㾱ᴤྭⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜˈԕ 䏣ᖃԓ䈫㘵Ⲵ䴰≲Ǆ䘁ᒤᶕˈࠪ⧠Ҷ䇨ཊ⡸ᵜⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜǄ20 ц㓚 50 ᒤԓˈᗀ≷؞䲒Ⲵ ǉᯠ䈁⾿丣Ǌǃ⣴ᆸӱⲴǉㆰ᱃൓㓿䈫ᵜǊࠪ⡸ਁ㹼Ǆ㩗䶉ኡ׍➗ᐼ㝺᮷޽؞䇒Ⲵǉᯠ㓿 ॱᒤԓˈᴹⴞࡽཙѫᮉᮉՊӽ❦֯⭘Ⲵୟаᵳေ䈁ᵜǉᙍ儈൓㓿䈁ᵜǊ˗гॱᒤޝ˗䳶Ǌޘ ԓˈᴹǉ੅ᥟѝ䈁ᵜǊǃǉᖃԓ⾿丣Ǌǃǉᯠ㓖ޘҖᯠ䈁ᵜǊǃǉᖃԓ൓㓿Ǌǃǉ⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁ᵜǊ 㖇Ѫ俆Ⲵ 30 ཊ਽ॾӪ㘫䈁ᇦ䳶փⴤ᧕⭡৏᮷ǉᐼ㝺᮷ᯠ㓖ǊѪ㬍؍ԕ৺ҍॱᒤԓࡍԕᇩ ॱᒤԓࠪ⡸Ⲵᴹ؞䇒ǉ઼ਸᵜǊⲴ䈁ᵜǉᯠḷ⛩઼ਸᵜޛ˗ᵜˈ㘫䈁ࠪⲴǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ ൓㓿Ǌ˗਼ᰦഭ䱵൓㓿ॿՊҏ൘㘫䈁൓㓿Ǆ൘䈕ॿՊⲴ亶ሬлˈǉᯠ≹䈝䈁ᵜǊࠪ⡸Ǆ2 ਖཆˈѝഭഭ൏䶒〟ᖸབྷˈ≁᯿Շཊˈ਴ൠ䈝䀰ᐞᔲ䖳བྷˈѪҶ┑䏣ੁ਴ൠᯩӪԜՐ ᮉⲴ䴰㾱Ǆഐ↔൘ѝഭˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ䘈ᴹ䇨ཊൠᯩᙗ䈝䀰䈁ᵜˈྲ˖к⎧൏ⲭ䈁ᵜˈᆱ⌒൏ ⲭ䈁ᵜˈ⾿ᔪ൏ⲭ䈁ᵜǃᒯᐎ൏ⲭ䈁ᵜㅹㅹǄ

㖇ᯟⲴ㘫䈁শਢ״ǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ 2.2

䈝Ⲵ״ส䖵㖇ᯟ䈤䎧Ǆǉ൓㓿Ǌ㻛䈁ᡀޕ㖇ᯟⲴ䈁㪇শਢ㾱ӾสⶓᮉՐ״ǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ ⽬㖇ᯟ䘈༴Ҿส䖵㖇ᯟᰦԓˈ൘ส䖵㖇ᯟ᧕ਇสⶓᮉ⍇״ݳҍц㓚ˈ䛓ᰦޜশਢҏ䘭ⓟࡠ

1喀᱅ˈ䠁㤩᷌᭮൘䬦ⴈᆀк²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼ਸᵜо⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁ᵜ[D].㾯ेབྷᆖˈ2009 ᒤǄ

2 䎥㔤ᵜˈǉ䈁㓿ⓟⓀüü⧠ԓӄབྷѝ᮷൓㓿㘫䈁ਢǊ[M].俉⑟ˈ1993 ᒤˈPP39-44Ǆ

8 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

㖇ᯟ൓״㖇ᯟˈ㠚↔᨝ᔰҶޕࡽˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ㻛㘫䈁ᡀᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝˄ণਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝˅㻛Ր 䈝Ⲵӗ⭏઼ਁኅ䗷〻ˈᡁԜབྷ㠤ሶǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁״㓿㘫䈁ⲴᒿᒅǄṩᦞǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁઼ শਢࡂ࠶ѪഋњᰦᵏǄ ˄а˅ᰙᵏⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䈁ᵜ ส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ(885 ᒤ) ݳޜ䈝ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜ㾱ᮠส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓ઼ԆԜⲴᆖ⭏Ԝ൘״㖇ᯟশਢкᴰᰙⲴ״ ²²㖇ᯟᆓᯟ᣹ཛ⍮֯㢲ᤌޜݳ 863 ᒤˈ᪙᣹㔤ӊབྷޜᒤ⭘ਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝㘫䈁Ⲵ൓㓿Ǆ1 885 㿱ᤌঐᓝഭ⦻ˈᒦ䈧≲⍮䚓ᐼ㝺↓ᮉⲴ⢗ᐸᶕབྷ᪙᣹㔤ӊՐᮉǄᓄ᪙᣹㔤ӊབྷޜⲴ䈧≲ˈ ᤌঐᓝഭ⦻㔉Ԇ⍮৫Ҷส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓєݴᕏǄส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓⲴⴞḷᱟᔪ・ᤕᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ ᤌˈส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓ൘ᐼ㝺᮷ᆇส⹰кࡋ⽬ڊᤌԚᔿⲴ⤜・ᮉՊǄѪҶ㜭⭘ᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䀰⽬䙐Ҷਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝Ǆݴᕏؙݸਾ⭘ਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝㘫䈁Ҷǉ䎎㖾䈇Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖ǊǄส䟼ቄ↫ਾẵ ⾿ᆓ઼ԆⲴᆖ⭏㔗㔝䘉亩ᐕ֌ˈᒦᆼᮤ㘫䈁Ҷᰗ㓖Ǆส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓ㘫䈁Ⲵ൓㓿䈁ᵜ൘ᯟ ᣹ཛ≁᯿ѝᗇࡠᒯ⌋Ր᫝ˈަѝҏवᤜ㖇ᯟǄഐ↔ˈᖃᰦⲴ㖇ᯟˈᐢ㓿ᴹҶᮉՊˈ㘼ӪԜ ҏਟԕ䰵䈫ǉ൓㓿ǊǄਟ㿱ˈ൘ส䖵㖇ᯟ↓ᔿⲸ׍สⶓᮉࡽˈส䟼ቄݴᕏቡᢺᤌঐᓝⲴᐼ 㝺᮷ᇇᮉҖ㉽䈁ᡀਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ˈᒦՐޕ㖇ᯟˈѪสⶓᮉ൘㖇ᯟⲴՐ᫝ྐᇊҶส⹰Ǆ ˄Ҽ˅15-18 ц㓚Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜ 1.ṩ㓣ᆓⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜ˄1499 ᒤ˅ 㖇ᯟ൓㓿Ⲵ䜘࠶Җ㉽ᐢ㓿൘ᒯ⌋֯⭘ˈնӽ❦⋑ᴹа䜘ᆼᮤ״ݳ 15 ц㓚ˈ㲭❦൘ޜ ҖⲴѫޘⲴ൓㓿Ǆ؞䚃䲒䲒䮯ǃབྷਨ⾝᡾૸䟼઼བྷѫᮉṩ㓣ᆓѻ䰤Ⲵҹ䇪ᱟ᭦䳶㕆䈁൓㓿㾱৏ഐǄ᡾૸䟼ᤷࠪҶᖃᰦᮉՊㅹ㓗ࡦᓖⲴнਸ⨶ᙗˈᒦඊᤱُ䢤൓㓿ᶕ⺞ᇊ⢗ᐸⲴ㙼ս ˈᒦ൘㠚ᐡⲴ䇪ᦞѝᕅ⭘བྷ䟿൓㓿㓿᮷ˈ㘼䘉Ӌ䜭ᱟṩ㓣ᆓᡰнҶ䀓ⲴǄ 1487 ᒤ㠣 1488 ᒤ䰤ˈ᡾૸䟼઼ԆⲴ䘭䲿㘵䱶㔝㻛༴ߣǄቭ㇑䘉ṧˈṩ㓣ᆓӽߣᇊᮤ ⨶઼᭦䳶ᡰᴹⲴ൓㓿ޘҖǄѪ↔ˈԆ৫Ҷ㖇傜ˈ൘䛓䟼ԆᗇࡠҶ㾯ᯩ⽮Պ䟷⭘ⲴᮉՊ⌅㿴 ˄ণᇇᮉҖ㉽ⲴᇈᯩⴞᖅˈᮉՊޜ䇔Ⲵ൓㓿ޘ䳶˅Ǆ൓ܗṩ㓣ᆓ⡸ᵜⲴ䈁㪇ˈަѝ䜘࠶൓ 㖇ᯟ㘫䈁ᇦⲴ䈁ᵜ״㓿Җ䳶ᱟ᪈㠚ส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓⲴ䈁᮷ˈਖа䜘࠶ᱟᶕ㠚Ҿ 15 ц㓚Ⲵ

1 http://www.pravenc.ru/text/209473.html

9 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

ˈ❦㘼࢙։Ⲵ䜘࠶ࡉᱟӾ᣹б䈝㘫䈁㘼ᶕⲴǄṩ㓣ᆓ⡸Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌᱟㅜа⅑ᆼᮤൠሶ൓㓿 ޘҖ㘫䈁ᡀҶᯟ᣹ཛ䈝Ǆ ˅傜ݻ㾯࿶gṬࡇḟⲴǉ䎎㖾䈇Ǌᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜ˄⌘䟺⡸˅˄1552 ᒤ.2 ࠐњц㓚䗷৫Ҷˈ൓㓿ޘҖⲴ᡻はѝࠪ⧠Ҷ䇨ཊ䭉䈟ˈ䘉Ӌ䭉䈟ѫ㾱ᱟ⭡Ҿᢴ߉㘵Ⲵ ㋇ᗳབྷ᜿઼ൠᯩᯩ䀰䰤Ⲵᐞᔲᡰ䙐ᡀⲴǄഐ↔ˈ൘ 16 ц㓚кॺਦˈᔰ࿻ቍ䈅䟽ᯠ؞᭩࣐ ˈᐕ䘉ӋᇇᮉҖ㉽ǄѪ↔ˈ傜ݻ㾯࿶gṬࡇḟ²²䳵ި؞䚃䲒Ⲵањᴹᆖ䇶Ⲵᒤ䖫؞䚃༛ Ԇ㻛䘱ᖰ㧛ᯟ、Ǆ൘䛓䟼Ԇབྷᾲ㣡ҶॺᒤⲴᰦ䰤䟽ᯠ㘫䈁䎎㖾䈇ˈᒦ㔉䈁᮷༽ᵲⲴ⡷⇥␫ ࣐Ҷ⌘䟺Ǆ਼ᰦԆ䘈ሩǉ֯ᗂ㹼ՐǊ઼ǉ֯ᗂҖؑǊ䘋㹼Ҷ؞᭩࣐ᐕˈ֯ᗇ䈁᮷ਈᗇᴤ࣐ ߶⺞ǃᴤ࣐ᇩ᱃֯Ӫ䈫៲Ǆ ԔӪ䚇៮Ⲵᱟˈ⭡Ҿᶕ㠚ᮉՊ⽮ՊⲴᣥᣇˈ䘉亩؞᭩൓㓿䈁ᵜⲴᐕ֌ᴰ㓸⋑ᴹᆼᡀǄ ǉ֯ᗂ㹼ՐǊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䈁ᵜㅜа⡸˄1564 ᒤ˅ˈԺзg䍩ᗧ㖇Ⲵྕᯟ⢩⍋ᰕᯟสǉ൓.3 㓿Ǌ⡸ᵜ˄1581 ᒤ˅ Ժзഋц㔏а䱯ᯟ⢩᣹㖅઼ரኡ⊇ഭѻਾˈ䘉ඇᯠ亶ฏሩǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼⽸⾧ҖᴹᖸབྷⲴ 䴰≲Ǆഐ↔ˈ⋉ⲷлԔᔪ䙐аᇦঠࡧলˈ1564 ᒤˈԺзg䍩ᗧ㖇઼ᖬᗇg࿶ᯟᆓᯟ᣹㔤㥘ࠪ⡸ਁ㹼Ҷǉ֯ᗂ㹼ՐǊ઼ǉ֯ᗂҖؑǊ䈁ᵜㅜа⡸Ǆ ਾᶕˈԺзg䍩ᗧ㖇ཡ৫Ҷ⋉ⲷⲴᒷᣔǄԆᩜࡠҶྕᯟ⢩㖇Ṭˈ൘ᓧᯟඖбgྕᯟ⢩ ⍋ᰕᯟสⲴ䎎ࣙлˈԺзg䍩ᗧ㖇ሩ 1581 ᒤѫᮉṩ㓣ᆓ䛓⡸Ⲵ൓㓿䈁ᵜ䟽ᯠ؞᭩ˈᒦㆩ ༷ࠪ⡸Ǆ 4.㧛ᯟ、㖇ᯟᰦᵏⲴㅜа⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜ˄1663 ᒤ˅ 㖇ᯟ״ˈᡀ䘉䜘൓㓿䈁ᵜ䈎⭏Ⲵѫ㾱৏ഐǄ൘䛓ѻࡽ׳Ⲵᝯᵋᱟޠ㖇ᯟоѼݻ״㔏а 㖇ᯟᮉՊᜣ൘Ѽݻ״ˈⲴ⽸⾧Җѝᆈ൘ᖸབྷᐞ࡛ˈഐ↔䴰㾱䘋㹼བྷ䟿؞᭩Ǆ俆ݸޠѼݻ઼ 䈝⡸Ⲵǉ൓㓿ޠ䈝⡸ᵜⲴǉ൓㓿ǊˈѼݻ״㖇ᯟⲴ⽸⾧Җˈնᱟ㓿㘳䇱ˈ⴨䖳Ҿ״⭘֯ޠ Ǌᴤ᧕䘁ᐼ㝺৏᮷⡸Ⲵ൓㓿Ǆ ᒤ 9 ᴸ 30 ᰕˈ⋉ⲷ䱯ࡇݻ䉒g㊣૸Ժ⍋㔤ཷлԔ⍮ࠐњਇ䗷㢟ྭᮉ㛢Ⲵ؞䚃༛ 1648 䈝⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䘋㹼؞᭩Ǆ൘ 1651 ᒤˈᒦ㓴㓷Ҷу䰘ሿ㓴؞״Җሩޘ׍➗ᐼ㝺᮷ǉ൓㓿Ǌ 䇒൓㓿ޘҖǄ൘ 1663 ᒤˈࠪ⡸ҶᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴㅜањঠࡧ⡸Ǆ䘉њ䈁ᵜሩ᮷ ᵜⲴ؞᭩઼ਈࣘнཚབྷˈѫ㾱ᱟᴤᦒҶ䳮ԕ⨶䀓Ⲵ䇽䈝Ǆ 5.ᖬᗇац઼Ժѭ㦾ⲭྣ⦻ᰦᵏⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䈁ᵜ (1751 ᒤ)

10 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

ᒤ 11 ᴸ 14 ᰕˈᖬᗇацлԔṑሩ઼؞᭩ᯟ᣹ཛ䈝൓㓿Ǆ䙊䗷䘉亩⌅Ԕੁ儈ቲ 1712 ᇈઈ䙊ᣕҶǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᐼ㝺䈝઼ᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜѻ䰤ᆈ൘аӋн⴨ㅖⲴൠᯩǄ❦㘼ˈ⾎㙼Ӫ ઈˈഐѪԆԜ䇠ᗇˈݸࡽ؞䇒ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴቍ䈅䜭ᱟԕᮉՊⲴ࠶㻲㘼㔃ᶏⲴˈᡰԕԆԜнᝯ ᢯ᣵཚཊ䍓ԫǄǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ؞᭩ᐕ֌㙇ᰦ 10 ཊᒤˈն䘉亩⍫ࣘ൘⋉ⲷᖬᗇац৫цਾ㻛䘛ѝ→лᶕǄⴤࡠԺѭ㦾ⲭgᖬᗇ㖇ཛ၌㔏⋫ᰦᵏˈ൘ 1751 ᒤˈ؞䇒ᆼᡀⲴ൓㓿ᗇԕࠪ 㖇ᯟਾᶕॱᒤ䰤ሩǉ״Ǆ䘉а⡸ᵜⲴ൓㓿᮷ᵜˈҏቡᱟᡰ䉃ⲴԺѭ㦾ⲭǉ൓㓿Ǌˈᆳᱟ⡸ ൓㓿Ǌ䘋㹼؞᭩Ⲵ㬍ᵜǄ Ҷ亴ݸ䈤᰾ˈ᮷ᵜⲴ⌘䀓অ⤜ᶴᡀаধˈն൘ڊǉ൓㓿Ǌ؞᭩䗷〻ѝˈᡰᴹⲴ᭩ࣘ䜭 ᙫㇷᑵкᇎ䱵о൓㓿᮷ᵜа㠤Ǆㅜа⡸ᖸᘛ୞ᆼˈ1756 ᒤ޽⡸ਁ㹼ˈ䘉а⡸ѝˈሩ亥䗩

Ҷ㺕ݵˈਖཆˈ؞༛ਨ⾝Ṭᶠ㗱ሩㅜа⡸ѝࠪ⧠Ⲵ䈝⌅઼᤬߉䭉䈟䘋ڊк઼⡸⭫кⲴ⌘䀓⽬㖇ᯟь↓ᮉᮉՊ൘״㹼Ҷ؞᭩Ǆ䈕൓㓿䈁ᵜ׍➗ਔᐼ㝺䈁ᵜṑሩ㘼ᶕˈⴤࡠⴞࡽˈӽᱟ ԫօⲴ᭩ࣘǄڊᤌԚᔿѝ֯⭘Ⲵᵳေ᮷ᵜˈࠐѾн䴰㾱䈝⡸ᵜ״й˅19 ц㓚Ⲵ൓㓿˄ 䈝ᰕᑨ⭘䈝ѻ䰤Ⲵᐞᔲ䎺ᶕ䎺བྷˈӗ⭏䇨ཊ״㠚 17 ц㓚ԕᶕˈ䲿⵰ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝о 䈝Ѫส⹰״ц㓚ᔰ࿻ݸਾ൘⽮Պ᭯⋫ǃഭᇦǃ㓿⍾ǃ᮷ॆㅹ㤳ത޵ˈᒦԕޛӔ䱵ഠ䳮Ǆॱ ˈ࣐ᘛᯠḷ߶䈝Ⲵᔪ・Ǆ䈝䀰кⲴਁኅ╄ਈ৽᱐⵰нᯝਈॆⲴ⽮Պ㔃ᶴ˖ྲ᷌䈤൘ਔ㖇ᯟ ᰦᵏਇᮉ㛢Ⲵ㗔փѫ㾱ᱟ⾎㙼Ӫઈˈ17 ц㓚ਇᮉ㛢Ⲵѫ㾱ᱟ᭯ᓌᐕ֌Ӫઈ˗㘼൘ 18 ц㓚䈝ḷ߶䈝Ⲵ儈㓗䈝փᖒ״ᴰ〟ᶱ઼ਇ䗷㢟ྭᮉ㛢Ⲵ⽮Պ䱦ቲࡉᱟ䍥᯿䱦㓗Ǆᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ᱟ 䈝㘫䈁Ⲵ൓㓿᮷ᵜ㻛ᓨ؇ॆǄᖃᰦᇦᓝ䰵䈫൓㓿㻛䇨ཊӪ䇔Ѫᱟؑᮉ״ᔿˈഐ↔⭘ㆰঅⲴ 㖇ᯟᐢ䈅മሶ൓㓿㘫䈁ᡀࡠᰕᑨ״ˈⲴ⢩⛩ǄնᱟˈӾॱгц㓚䎧ˈਇࡠ⅗⍢᮷ॆⲴᖡ૽ 䈝䀰Ǆ䈁ᵜо䈁㘵㘫䈁᜿മ⴨䘍㛼ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ⋑ᴹᡀ࣏ൠ㝡⿫ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝Ǆ䈁᮷ࡍ⅑ቍ ৏᮷൓㓿㘫䈁㘼ޠ⌒䈝˅ˈᱟ 1683 ᒤӾᯠᮉⲴ״䈅䖜ᦒѪ⴨ሩㆰঅⲴ䈝䀰˄ਟԕ〠ѻѪ 㖇ᯟ⢗ᐸⲴᑞࣙлሶаӋ൓㓿⡷⇥Ӿᯟ״ᶕⲴ䎎㖾䈇䈁ᵜǄॱгц㓚ᯠᮉ⢗ᐸṬ励ݻˈ൘ ᆈлᶕ˅Ǆ؍䈝˄䈁᮷⋑ᴹ״᣹ཛ䈝㘫䈁ᡀ 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊⲴ൓㓿ǉᯠ㓖Ǌ䈁ᵜǄ״䈝䈁ᵜᖃ኎״ᆈлᶕⲴㅜањ؍ࠪ⡸ᒦ ˅䈝⡸˄1821 ᒤ״㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊⲴǉᯠ㓖Ǌ״.1 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊˈ⋉ⲷᵜӪҏᱟ䈕ॿՊⲴ〟ᶱ״・ᒤˈ⋉ⲷӊশኡབྷацлԔᡀ 1814 ᡀઈǄ䎧ࡍˈॿՊⲴѫ㾱ԫ࣑ᱟᇓՐᲞ৺ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ǉ൓㓿ǊǄ1816 ᒤˈࠪ⡸Ҷ㠚ᐡ

11 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

䈝Ǆ䈁ᵜᱟⴤ᧕״㕆䈁Ⲵᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼ǉᯠ㓖Ǌ᮷ᵜǄ਼ᰦߣᇊᔰ࿻ᢺ൓㓿㘫䈁ᡀ Ӿᐼ㝺䈝৏᮷㘫䈁䗷ᶕⲴǄ1817 㠣 1820 ᒤˈ࠶࡛㘫䈁ᆼᡀǉഋ⾿丣ҖǊǃǉ֯ᗂ㹼ՐǊ 䈁ᵜҏ⴨㔗ࠪ⡸Ǆ1821״ǃǉ֯ᗂҖؑ䳶Ǌ઼ǉ੟⽪ᖅǊǄ൘䘉ࠐᒤѝˈᯠ㓖䜘࠶᮷ᵜⲴ 䈝⡸Ⲵǉ״ҖǊࠪ⡸ˈ↔ਾˈᔰ࿻㘫䈁ǉᰗ㓖ǊǄ1823 ᒤˈࠪ⡸Ҷޘ䈝⡸ǉᯠ㓖״ˈᒤ 䎎㖾䈇Ǌˈ㘼൘ 1825 ᒤˈǉ᪙㾯ӄ㓿Ǌ઼ǉ䐟ᗇ䇠Ǌ㻛㘫䈁ࠪᶕǄ❦㘼ቡ൘䘉ᒤˈӊশ 㖇ᯟഭ޵⽮Պ᭯⋫ተ࣯ࣘ㦑ˈ൓㓿㘫䈁ࠪ⡸ᐕ֌ѝᯝˈⴤࡠ 1856 ᒤ᡽״ˈኡབྷац䙍ц ᗇԕᚒ༽Ǆ ˅䈝䈁ᵜ˄1876 ᒤ״ь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞ǉ൓㓿Ǌ.2 䈝ˈަⴞⲴᱟ㘫䈁ᡀа״൘ 1852 ᒤˈ㠣൓Ⲵь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞лԔሶǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᡀ ᵜ䘲ਸᲞ䙊Ⲯဃᇦᓝ䰵䈫˄ণ䶎⽬ᤌԚᔿ֯⭘Ⲵ˅Ⲵ൓㓿䈫ᵜǄ 1858 ᒤ 3 ᴸ 20 ᰕˈ൓ѫᮉՊ䇞ߣᇊ㘫䈁ǉᯠ㓖ޘҖǊˈ䲿ਾ䙀↕㘫䈁൓㓿ަᆳ᮷ ᵜǄǉᯠ㓖Ǌ䈁㠚ᐼ㝺৏᮷ˈ㘼ǉᰗ㓖ޘҖǊࡉԕਔᐼ՟ᶕ䈝৏Җ֌Ѫ㘫䈁㬍ᵜˈᒦ৲➗ ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈁ᵜǄ䈁᮷䈝䀰ਇࡠᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝Ⲵᶱབྷᖡ૽Ǆ1858 ᒤ 5 ᴸ 5 ᰕˈӊশኡབྷ Ҽцᢩ߶䈕ߣ䇞Ǆ㘫䈁ᐕ֌㓴ᡀઈ⭡ᶕ㠚൓ᖬᗇ๑ǃ㧛ᯟ、ǃரኡ઼ส䖵ㅹ⾎ᆖᆖ䲒Ⲵᮉ ᦸ㓴ᡀǄ ҖǊ䈁ᵜⲴަ։䜘࠶ਁ㺘Ǆޘ䈁ᵜࠪ⡸ˈ㘼єᒤਾǉᯠ㓖״ᒤˈǉഋ⾿丣ҖǊ 1860 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊࠪ⡸Ⲵᯠ⡸ᵜǄᐼ㝺䈝ǉᯠ㓖ǊⲴࠪ⡸ᰙ״ҖǊᱟޘ䈝⡸ǉᯠ㓖״ˈһᇎк ᐢѪަྐᇊҶส⹰Ǆᴰᰙᱟ 19 ц㓚ࡍสⶓᮉᗂᕇ䟼ᗧ䟼ᐼg傜ཚ઼㓖㘠޵ᯟg傜бྕਔ 䈝䈁ᵜѝࠪ⧠Ҷ䇨ཊ䇽䈝㻛᭮㖞൘ᤜਧѝˈᐼ㝺䈁ᵜѝ䘉Ӌ䇽䈝ᒦнᆈ൘״ᯟбⲴ䈁ᵜǄ ˈնԆԜতᆈ൘ҾᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䈁ᵜѝǄӾ 1861 ᒤ䎧ˈǉสⶓᮉ䰵䈫Ǌᵲᘇкᔰ࿻䱶㔝 ״ҖǊޘҖǊǄ1868 ᒤˈǉ᪙㾯ӄ㓿Ǌࠪ⡸Ǆ1876 ᒤˈǉᰗ㓖ޘࠪ⡸䟽ᯠ㘫䈁Ⲵǉᰗ㓖䈝ᐳ䚃Ⲵ״䈁ᵜࠪ⡸Ǆ䘉њ䈁ᵜާᴹᖸ儈Ⲵᵳေᙗˈᆳнӵ൘ь↓ᮉᮉՊˈҏ൘ަԆ֯⭘ 㖇ᯟ⎨⽬Պᮉ৻ǃสⶓ༽Ѥᆹ᚟ᰕՊؑᗂǃ⾿丣⍮สⶓ״ˈสⶓᮉᮉ⍮ѝᒯ⌋֯⭘Ǆֻྲ 䇔Ⲵ㓿ިǉޜᗂǃཙѫᮉᗂǃ᪙䰘ᮉᗂㅹ䜭൘֯⭘䘉њ䈁ᵜǄࡠⴞࡽѪ→ˈ䘉њ⡸ᵜӽᱟ 䈝䈁ᵜǄ״൓㓿Ǌ նᱟˈ䘉њ䈁ᵜࠪ⡸ѻਾˈᰐ䇪ᱟӾᆳⲴ、ᆖᙗ䘈ᱟ᮷ᆖᙗк䜭ࠪ⧠Ҷ䇨ཊᢩ䇴᜿㿱 ᴹⲴᆖ㘵䇔Ѫ, 䈁㘵䗷Ҿ䘭≲䚥ᗚь↓ᮉⲴᮉᶑˈӾ㘼֯ᗇ䈕䈁ᵜѝ䇨ཊ޵ᇩо൓㓿৏᮷ н⴨ㅖˈ㘫䈁ᐕ֌㕪ѿ、ᆖⲴѕ䉘ᙗǄ

12 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

˄ഋ˅20 ц㓚ਾⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜ 1.䶙ભਾ઼㣿㚄ᰦᵏⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ⡸ᵜ 㖇ᯟ⾿丣สⶓᮉ⍮䘀ࣘⲴࡋ࿻Ӫ²²Ժзgᯟᦧ█䈪㔤ཷgᲞ᣹≹䈪״ᒤˈ൘ 1926 䈝䈝䀰Ⲵ᭩䶙ਾࠪ⡸Ⲵㅜаᵜǉ൓״ཛⲴѫᤱлˈࠪ⡸Ҷḷ߶⡸൓㓿Ǆ䘉ᱟ൘ 1918 ᒤ 㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜǄ൘↔ѻਾˈ൘㣿㚄ˈ൓㓿Ⲵࠪ⡸ਁ㹼ਇࡠҶѕṬⲴ᧗ࡦˈਁ㹼ᮠ䟿ॱ࠶ᴹ䲀Ǆ ᖃᰦ㣿㔤ෳᰦᵏˈབྷ䜘࠶⡸ᵜ൓㓿㻛〈ᇶൠӾഭཆ䘀䘱ࡠ㣿㚄ຳ޵Ǆ 70 ᒤԓ㙦઼ॾ㿱䇱ՊⲴᇇᮉ㓴㓷ࠪ⡸Ҷ൓㓿䈁ᵜǉ൓㓿üüᯠц⭼䈁ᵜǊǄ䘉њ䈁 ᵜѝˈǉᯠ㓖Ǌ㻛䈁Ѫǉสⶓᮉᐼ㝺൓㓿Ǌᡆǉᐼ㝺൓㓿Ǌˈ㘼ǉᰗ㓖Ǌ㻛䈁Ѫǉᐼ՟ᶕ 䱯᣹࿶൓㓿Ǌᡆǉᐼ՟ᶕ൓㓿ǊǄ2004 ᒤѻࡽˈ䈕㓴㓷Ⲵᡀઈ൘ަᇇᮉ⍫ࣘѝ䜭൘֯⭘- 䘉а⡸ᵜǄ 2.㣿㚄䀓փਾࠪ⡸Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜ

ഭ⽮Պ᜿䇶ᖒᘱкⲴ㓖ᶏн޽䛓ѸѕṬˈ൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁઼⹄ウᐕ֌ҏᴹ״ˈ㣿㚄䀓փਾ ҖǊⲴѫ㾱ޘ䈝⡸ᵜǄǉᯠ㓖״㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊѫᕐ䟽ᯠ㘫䈁ࠪ⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌ⧠ԓ״ᡰਁኅǄ ਁ⡸䈝䈁ᵜㅜа⅑ࠪ״䈁㘵ᱟᆖ㘵⬖䘎䠁၌gᓃީ⎵րဳǄ2001 ᒤˈᆼᮤ⡸Ⲵᯠ㓖⧠ԓ 㹼Ǆǉᰗ㓖ޘҖǊⲴѫ㾱䈁㘵ᱟᆖ㘵䉒ࡇީቬྕཛǄ൘ 1995 ᒤ-2010 ᒤǉᰗ㓖ޘҖǊ㘫䈁ᆼᡀˈᒦঅҖࠪ⡸ਁ㹼Ǆ䈝䀰ᆖᇦ᡾࡙ީቬӊݻ㔉Ҹᆳᖸ儈Ⲵ䇴ԧǄ Āᡁਟԕ㠚ؑൠ䈤ˈ䉒ࡇީቬྕཛഒ䱏Ⲵ㘫䈁ᇦԜˈ਴њ䜭ᱟᢰ㢪䎵㗔ⲴབྷᐸˈԆԜⲴ㘫䈁⍫ࣘণ㔗᢯Ҷ൓㓿㘫䈁Ր㔏ˈ৸ㅖਸ⧠ԓ、ᆖḷ߶Ǆ䘉њ䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁䍘䟿ਟԕ䈤ᱟᆹ䶉 ⲴǄā1 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊӽߣᇊሶǉᯠ㓖״㘼ˈᆖ㘵Ԝሩᓃީ⎵րဳⲴ㘫䈁ত㽂䍜наǄ2ն❦ ޘҖǊоǉᰗ㓖ޘҖǊਸᡀаᵜ䈁㪇ˈ䈁਽Ѫǉ൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁Ǌˈ↓ᔿ਽〠Ѫǉ൓㓿üü⧠ 㖇ᯟ㘫䈁ᆼᡀⲴㅜҼњ״䈝䈁ᵜѻਾ൘״䈝䈁ᵜǊǄᆳᱟ㔗ь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞ǉ൓㓿Ǌ״ԓ 䈝䈁ᵜǄ˄൘↔ѻࡽࠪ⡸Ⲵǉ൓㓿üü⧠ԓ䈁ᵜǊ઼ǉ൓㓿üüᯠц⭼䈁״ᆼᮤⲴ൓㓿 ⡸㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊࠪ⡸⽮ㅜа⅑ࠪ״ˈ㖇ᯟഭ޵㘫䈁ᆼᡀǄ˅ 2011 ᒤ 6 ᴸ 1 ᰕ״ᵜǊᒦн൘ ਁ㹼䈕䈁㪇Ⲵᆼᮤ⡸ᵜǄ

1 ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ Gazeta.ru. 2 ɂɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ Ⱥɥɮɟɟɜ . əɡɵɤɍɱɢɬɟɥɹɢɠɚɪɝɨɧɤɚɛɚɤɚɉɟɪɟɜɨɞȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹɞɨɥɠɟɧɛɵɬɶɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɝɨɜɟɣɧɵɦ. 13 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

䈁ᵜ㘫䈁⢩⛩Ⲵᔲ਼ѻ༴״ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ 2.3 䈁Ⲵн਼শਢ䱦⇥䘋㹼ợ⨶ˈᡁԜਁ⧠ˈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁઼״䙊䗷ሩǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ ˖䈁ᇎ䐥⍫ࣘᆈ൘⵰аӋ⴨լѻ༴״ 䈁䜭ᴹᛐѵⲴশਢǄ൘ѝഭǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁ਟԕ䘭ⓟࡠⴋୀ״ㅜаˈǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ 㖇ᯟⲴǉ״ˈݳ 635 ᒤˈӾ䛓ᰦ䎧ࡠ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᴹ䘁 1400 ᒤⲴশਢǄ❦㘼ޜ䍎㿲ҍᒤˈণ 䈁⡸ᵜᱟҾ 9 ц㓚ᵛ⭡ݸ傡㘵ส䟼ቄ״൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁㾱∄ѝഭᲊ 200 ཊᒤˈǉ൓㓿ǊᴰᰙⲴ ᤱ㔝ࡠ⧠൘ҏᴹ䘁ˈ→ڌ䈁аⴤ⋑ᴹ״ẵ⾿สԕ৺ԆԜⲴᆖ⭏Ԝ㘫䈁ᆼᡀˈ↔ਾ൓㓿Ⲵ઼ 12 њц㓚Ǆ 㖇ᯟˈ䇨ཊᇇᮉӪ༛ǃуᇦǃᆖ㘵㠤࣋Ҿ䘉亩⾎൓㘼৸ጷ״ㅜҼˈᰐ䇪൘ѝഭ䘈ᱟ൘ 儈Ⲵ൓㓿㘫䈁һъˈԆԜ䗋औᐕ֌ˈᴹⲴѪҶ㘫䈁൓㓿ཹ⥞ࠪа⭏Ⲵ㋮࣋ˈᴹⲴу⌘Ҿ㘫䈁ᐕ֌ˈ䮯ᵏᐕ֌ˈࣣ㍟䗷ᓖ㘼⭏Ҷ⯵ˈ⭊㠣ᴹⲴӪഐѪᇇᮉ䘛ᇣ⥞ࠪҶ㠚ᐡⲴ⭏ભǄഐ 䈁⡸ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ䰞ц䜭⿫нᔰаԓ৸аԓ״ᡁԜ⧠൘ਟԕⴻࡠˈ䘉ѸཊⲴѝ䈁⡸ԕ৺ˈ↔ 㘫䈁㘵Ⲵ䗋औᐕ֌ˈਟԕ䈤ᆳԜ䜭ᱟ䈁㘵Ცភ઼ᗳ㹰Ⲵᡀ᷌Ǆ 䈝ⲴਁኅਈॆǄᡁޕ䈁ᇎ䐥ˈ䈁㘵䜭᭿䭀ൠᦅ᥹ࡠ䈁״ㅜйˈн㇑ᱟ൓㓿Ⲵѝ䈁䘈ᱟ Ԝ⸕䚃䈝䀰ᱟ䲿⵰ᰦԓⲴਁኅ㘼ਁ⭏ਈॆⲴˈԫօ䈝䀰䜭ᱟਈॆⲴˈᱟਁኅⲴˈㅖਸᰦԓ ⢩ᖱⲴǄѝഭਔԓⲴ≹䈝઼⧠ԓ≹䈝ᱟᴹᐞᔲⲴˈнӵ䈝⌅ᴹᡰн਼ˈ䇽≷਼ṧᴹᖸབྷᐞ 䈝ҏᱟᆈ൘⵰аᇊⲴᐞᔲǄᡰԕˈ䈁㘵״䈝઼ᖃԓ״࡛Ǆ਼ṧˈᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ǃ⧠ԓḷ߶ ൘ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᇎ䐥ѝ䜭ݵ࠶⌘᜿ࡠҶᖃᰦ䈫㘵Ⲵ䰵䈫䴰≲ˈ⭘ᴰ㜭փ⧠ᖃᰦᰦԓ⢩ᖱⲴ 䈝䀰䘋㹼㘫䈁Ǆഐ↔ˈ൘ѝഭࠪ⧠Ҷ਴ᔿ਴ṧⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜˈֻྲˈ᮷䀰᮷䈁ᵜǃ⍵᮷䀰䈁䈁ᵜⲴ䈝䀰⿽㊫⋑ᴹѝഭ䘉Ѹཊˈն൓㓿Ⲵ㘫״❦ᵜǃᇈ䈍䈁ᵜǃԕ৺਴⿽ᯩ䀰䈁ᵜǄ㲭䈝ᶕ㘫״䈝ਁኅⲴа䶒䮌ᆀˈ䈁㘵ᙫᱟ֯⭘ᖃᰦᴰൠ䚃ǃᴰਇབྷՇ᧕ਇⲴ״䈁਼ṧᱟ৽᱐ 䈁൓㓿Җ㉽Ǆ єഭ൘শਢ㛼Ჟǃ䈝䀰ㅹཊᯩ䶒ᆈ൘⵰ᐞ࡛ˈഐ↔ˈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁״㘼ˈ⭡Ҿѝ❦ 䈁㘫䈁ᇎ䐥䗷〻ҏ䘈ᆈ൘⵰䇨ཊн਼ѻ༴Ǆ״઼ ㅜаˈ㘫䈁㘵䓛ԭн਼Ǆǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁Ⲵѫ㾱࣋䟿བྷ䜭ᱟཆഭՐᮉ༛઼≹ᆖᇦˈ㘼н ѝഭ㘫䈁㘵ᡰݵᖃⲴ䀂㢢ᱟԆԜⲴࣙ᡻ᡆਸ֌㘵Ǆ䘉ᱟশਢ৏ഐˈىᱟѝഭӪǄབྷཊᮠᰦ 䙐ᡀⲴˈ൘ѝഭশਢк֋ᮉঐ㔏⋫ൠսˈสⶓᮉᒦ⋑ᴹਆᗇᇇᮉൠսˈ⹄ウᆳⲴᆖ㘵ᒦн ഐ↔൘൓㓿㘫ˈޕץѝഭⲴ䖵ࣙ࣋䟿ˈ䍏䍓᜿䇶ᖒᘱץޕཊǄ❦㘼ཆഭՐᮉ༛֌ѪཆഭӪ

14 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

㖇ᯟⲴ״ഭӪǄ䘉ҏ䐏״䈁৲о㘵ࠐѾ䜭ᱟ״䈁ᐕ֌ѝݵᖃҶݸ䬻ߋ֌⭘Ǆ㘼ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ 㖇״ˈ↔㖇ᯟؑཹь↓ᮉˈь↓ᮉ਼ṧᢺǉ൓㓿Ǌ֌Ѫสᵜ㓿ިˈഐ״ˈⲴޣশਢ㍗ᇶ⴨ ᯟশਢк⹄ウᆳⲴᆖ㘵ᱟᖸཊⲴǄ ㅜҼˈӾⓀ䈝᮷ᵜⲴ䘹ᤙкᶕⴻˈ൘ѝഭˈ൓㓿ୀᵍᰦӾਔਉ࡙ӊ᮷ˈ᰾␵ᰦӾ᣹б ᮷ǃᐼ㝺᮷㘫䈁䗷ᶕⲴǃ19 ц㓚ᰦᱟ䙊䗷㤡䈝䖜ѹ䗷ᶕⲴǃਾᶕ൓㓿᡽ᱟӾᐼ՟ᶕ䈝ǃ ␡䈁ࡉӾаᔰ࿻ቡӾᐼ՟ᶕ䈝ǃᐼ㝺䈝ⴤ᧕㘫䈁䗷ᶕⲴǄ䘉ᱟ״ᐼ㝺䈝ⴤ᧕㘫䈁Ǆ㘼൓㓿 ቲⲴൠ⨶ǃশਢǃ䈝䀰ഐ㍐ሬ㠤ⲴǄ ⲴӪ࣋ǃ⢙࣋нབྷ⴨਼Ǆ൓ޕ䈁ᇎ䐥䗷〻ѝˈ㓴㓷㘵ᡰᣅ״ㅜйˈ൘ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ 䈁䗷〻ѝˈवᤜ⋉ⲷӊশኡབྷацԕ৺ᵳေᇇᮉӪ༛〟ᶱ㓴㓷ˈཊ⅑ਜ䳶Շཊуᇦǃ״㓿䈁ᐕ֌Ǆնᱟ൘ѝഭশਢк֋ᮉާᴹᴰ儈Ⲵᇇᮉൠսˈশᵍশ״ᆖ㘵䘋㹼ਸ֌ᶕӾһ൓㓿 ԓᒦᵚ㓴㓷བྷ㿴⁑Ⲵ൓㓿㘫䈁ᐕ֌Ǆഐ↔ˈ൘ѝഭˈ൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁བྷ䜭ᱟՐᮉ༛ѪՐ᫝઼ᇓ ᢜ਴㠚ᇇᮉ䴰㾱㘼䘋㹼Ⲵ㘫䈁⍫ࣘǄ 䈁ሩєഭ᮷ॆ઼䈝䀰Ⲵᖡ૽ҏнቭ⴨਼Ǆ⌅ഭ֌ᇦ䴘᷌䈤״ㅜഋˈǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ 䗷˖Ā㤡ṬޠᴹєᵜҖˈаᵜᱟǉ൓㓿Ǌˈаᵜᱟ㦾༛∄ӊˈᱟ㤡Ṭޠ䙐ቡҶ㦾༛∄ӊˈ 㖇ᯟ״Ⲵতᱟǉ൓㓿ǊǄāǉ൓㓿Ǌሩᮤњ㾯ᯩ䈝䀰о᮷ॆⲴᖡ૽ѻབྷˈሩޠն䙐ቡ㤡Ṭ ഭⲴ㔏⋫ൠսǄॳⲮᒤ״ݳ 988 ᒤˈ㖇ᯟਇ⍇ˈ⺞ᇊҶสⶓᮉ൘ޜᖃ❦ҏнֻཆǄ1㠚㌫䶎ᑨᇶ࠷ˈ㘼ф㶽ޣ㖇ᯟ᮷ॆ⴨ӂ㶽ਸˈнӵоӪԜⲴ㺓伏տ㹼ǃ⭏⍫״ᶕˈสⶓᮉо 㖇ᯟ᮷ॆ઼᮷ᆖ״ࡠаԓ৸аԓӪⲴᙍᜣǃ㿲ᘥѻѝǄ㘼ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴสᵜᮉѹ઼ᙍᜣᱟޕ ࡋ֌Ⲵѫ㾱ᶕⓀˈ䆜ྲˈՏབྷ֌ᇦࡇཛgᢈቄᯟ⌠Ⲵ֌૱ǉ༽⍫Ǌ㺘⧠ࠪᕪ⛸Ⲵสⶓᮉᙍ ᜣ²²᤟ᮁǃ༽⍫ǃॷॾˈ㘼ф൘ޘҖᔰཤ䘈ᕅ⭘ǉ൓㓿ǊѝⲴഋ⇥䈍Ѫ仈䇽ˈ㺘⽪ަࡋ 㖇ᯟՐ״֌᜿മǄਖཆˈ൓㓿൘ᯟ᣹ཛ≁᯿᮷ॆਁኅ䗷〻ѝ䎧⵰ᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵ֌⭘Ǆสⶓᮉ൘ 䈝䈝䀰䈎⭏઼ਁኅⲴ䗷〻Ǆส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓєݴᕏѪᯩׯ൘ᯟ᣹ཛ≁᯿䘋״᫝Ⲵ䗷〻ҏᱟ 㹼ՐᮉˈԆԜ൘ᐼ㝺ᆇ⇽Ⲵส⹰кࡋ䙐Ҷа྇ᯠᆇ⇽ˈ⭘Ҿ䇠ᖅ઼㺘䗮ᯟ᣹ཛӪⲴ䈝䀰ˈ 䘉⿽᮷ᆇਾᶕ㻛〠Ѫਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝Ǆ㖇ᯟ↓ᔿⲸ׍สⶓᮉਾˈส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓׯᢺᤌঐᓝⲴ 䈝Ⲵ״㖇ᯟǄӾ↔ˈ䘉⿽ᆇ⇽൘㖇ᯟ㻛䙀⑀֯⭘ˈѪޕᐼ㝺᮷㓿Җ䈁ᡀਔᯟ᣹ཛ᮷ˈᒦᕅ 䈝״ˈ䈝㺘䗮״䈝Җ䶒䈝ǃḷ߶䈝ⲴᖒᡀྐᇊҶส⹰Ǆ൓㓿ѝⲴ䈝䀰нᯝѠᇼ⵰״ӗ⭏ǃ

1http://bbs.kachiusha.net/thread-11761-1-1.html

15 䈁ᵜⲴশਢਁኅ䘋〻৺ަ㘫䈁⢩⛩״ㅜҼㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼

㖇ᯟᒯ״ѝབྷ䟿䇽≷ǃᡀ䈝ǃ⟏䈝ǃ≁䉊ㅹᶕⓀҾ൓㓿ި᭵઼᭵һǄ䘉Ӌ䈝䀰㺘䗮аⴤ൘ 䈝Ǆ ֻྲˈ䇽≷˖ɛɨɝ кᑍˈɝɨɫɩɨɞɶ кᑍˈɧɟɛɨ ཙาˈɚɞ״⭘ˈᶱབྷⲴѠᇼҶ⧠ԓ֯⌊ ˖ㅹǄᡀ䈝ᴹۿൠ⤡ˈɤɪɟɫɬ ॱᆇᷦˈɋɜɹɬɨɣ ɞɭɯ ൓⚥ˈɦɨɧɚɯ ؞䚃༛ˈɢɤɨɧɚ ൓ ɨɤɨɡɚɨɤɨ,ɡɭɛɡɚɡɭɛ ԕ⵬䘈⵬ˈԕ⢉䘈⢉˗Ʉɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɬɨɬ ɧɟ ɟɫɬнࣣࣘ㘵нᗇ伏˗ Ȼɨɝ ɧɟ ɜɫɢɥɟ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɞɟкᑍ䶐⨶н䶐࣋˗ȼ ɦɚɥɨɦ Ȼɨɝ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ Ȼɨɝ.кᑍᰐᡰн൘1ㅹ ㅹǄሩѝഭᶕ䈤ˈ൓㓿ⲭ䈍᮷䈁ᵜⲴ䈝䀰仾Ṭᖡ૽Ҷᯠ᮷ॆ䘀ࣘᰦᵏⲴ䇨ཊ֌ᇦˈ᧘ࣘⲭ 䈍᮷൘ᡁഭⲴᲞ৺Ǆ൓㓿ѝ䈁ሩ≹䈝ᴹᱟᴹᖡ૽Ⲵˈ∄ྲˈĀཙาāǃĀൠ⤡āǃĀཙ֯ āǃĀԺ⭨ഝāǃĀ䈪ӊᯩ㡏āǃĀᴰਾⲴᲊ佀āǃĀ傶催ク䗷䪸⵬ǃ䘧䙄Ⲵ㗄㖺āㅹ䘋 ᡰᑖᶕⲴᐘབྷᖡ૽ᶕ䈤ˈሩѝഭⲴᖡ૽ত⨳ޘ㖇ᯟѳ㠣״䈁ሩ״䈝䇽ᓃǄնᱟо൓㓿≸ޕ ᱟሿᗇཊǄ 䈁শਢ䜭শ㓿⼘䳮ˈ䜭኎Ҿц⭼к㙇ᰦ䮯ѵǃ㿴״ਟ㿱ˈᰐ䇪ᱟǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁䘈ᱟ ᐘབྷⲴ㘫䈁⍫ࣘǄᆳԜ㔉цӪ⮉лҶབྷ䟿ᴹԧ٬Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜˈᆳԜᱟᰐᮠᆖ㘵䗋औ⁑ єഭ൘״ѝ䈁ᵜ࠶᷀ˈᡁԜҏⴻࡠҶѝ״ᐕ֌઼ᲪភⲴᡀ᷌Ǆਖཆˈ䙊䗷ሩཊ⿽ǉ൓㓿Ǌ єഭ䈝䀰઼᮷ॆӗ⭏Ⲵн਼〻ᓖⲴᖡ૽Ǆ״শਢ᮷ॆкᆈ൘Ⲵᐞᔲˈԕ৺൓㓿ሩѝ

1 http://bbs.kachiusha.net/thread-11761-1-1.html

16 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

3.1ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅

ṩᦞǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ѝഭⲴ㘫䈁ᛵߥˈሶǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁䘋〻࠶Ѫഋњ䱦⇥ˈᒦԕ਴䱦⇥ᴰ ԓ㺘ᙗⲴ䈁ᵜѪֻˈ࠶᷀਴њᰦᵏǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜᡰ䟷⭘Ⲵ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅Ǆާ 1. 7 ц㓚㠣 9 ц㓚Ჟᮉ䈁㓿⍫ࣘ²²㘫䈁ࡍᵏ ୀᵍᰦᵏˈᲟᮉՐޕѝഭˈ㠚↔สⶓᮉᶕࡠҶѝഭˈᲟᮉՐᮉ༛ᔰ࿻Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴ䈁㓿⍫ ࣘǄ䘉аᰦᵏҏᱟǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᐕ֌Ⲵࡍᵏ䱦⇥Ǆ ⭡Ҿᖃᰦ֋ᮉ൘ѝഭ↓༴ҾՐ᫝઼ਁኅⲴ唾ⴋᰦᵏˈୀԓ⽮Պᴹ⵰⎃৊Ⲵ֋ᮉ᮷ॆ≋ തǄഐ↔ˈᲟᮉՐᮉ༛൘ሩਔਉ࡙ӊ᮷ᵜǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁䗷〻ѝˈཹ㹼ᇇᮉᾲᘥᵜ൏ॆⲴ 㘫䈁ᙍᜣˈ䟷⭘ᖂॆⲴ㘫䈁᡻⌅ˈҏቡᱟ䈤֯⭘аӋ֋ᮉᡆ䚃ᮉⲴᇇᮉᵟ䈝ǃᾲᘥᶕ㺘䘠 ᡆ㘵䱀䟺สⶓᮉ᮷ॆѝⲴᾲᘥˈ∄ྲˈሶкᑍ䈁ᡀĀཙሺāˈ⍇⽬㘫䈁ᡀĀਇᡂāˈՇ⾎ ࡉѪĀ䈨֋āˈ冄公䈁ѪĀ䰾㖇⦻āǄ⭊㠣㓿᮷ᔰཤⲴṬᔿҏᱟ྇⭘Ҷ֋㓿ⲴṬᔿˈĀቄ ᰦˈᕕᐸ䇳䈤ཙሺᒿ၁˄ၶ˅⌅Ӂ˖ᔲ㿱ཊቁˈ䈤㜭䈤˗㓿ѹ䳮᚟һˈ䈱㜭䈤Ǆā1䘉ṧ ⲴⴞⲴᱟѪҶᯩׯᖃᰦᲞ䙊Ⲯဃ⨶䀓઼᧕ਇᲟᮉⲴᮉѹˈᴹ࡙Ҿᆳ൘ѝഭⲴՐ᫝Ǆਟڊ 㿱ˈᖃᰦѝഭ൓㓿Ⲵ㘫䈁ᇎ䍘ަᇎᱟ൘ԕ֋䚃䟺㓿ǃ䈁㓿Ǆ 2. 13 ц㓚㠣 18 ц㓚ཙѫᮉᗂⲴ䈁㓿⍫ࣘ²²ਁኅᰦᵏ ѝഭˈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁ᐕ֌ޕⴤࡠ 13 ц㓚ѝਦ²²ݳᵍᰦᵏˈ㖇傜ཙѫᮉㅜа⅑Ր ᡽ᗇࡠᯠⲴਁኅǄ1294 ᒤˈ᜿བྷ࡙⾎⡦㤕ᵋ·ᆏ儈㔤䈪ਇ㖇傜ᮉⲷⲴ⍮䚓ˈᶕࡠѝഭᇓᢜ ҏ䟼ਟ⑙ᮉǄҏ䟼ਟ⑙ᱟ㫉ਔ䈝Ⲵ䈁丣ˈ᜿ᙍᱟ⾿࠶Ӫˈᡆᴹ㕈Ӫˈᡆণཹ⾿丣ӪǄ2㤕 ᵋgᆏ儈㔤䈪⭘㫉ਔ䈝㘫䈁Ҷ䜘࠶ǉ൓㓿Ǌ᮷ᵜ઼⴨ޣҖ㉽Ǆ⭡Ҿ䘉а䈁ᵜሩҾǉ൓㓿Ǌ ѝ䈁ᖡ૽нབྷǄഐ↔ˈᵜ᮷ሩᆳн࣐䈖䘠Ǆ ᰾ᵛ␵ࡍˈ݂ᇦ᮷ॆ׍❦ᱟᖃᰦѝഭ⽮ՊⲴѫ⍱᜿䇶᮷ॆᖒᘱǄ㙦こՊՐᮉ༛ˈԓ㺘 Ӫ⢙ѫ㾱ᴹ࡙⧋ブ˄ǉ⾆Րཙѫॱ䈛Ǌ˅Ǆаᯩ䶒ˈѪҶ䚯ݽཙѫᮉо݂ᇦ᮷ॆѻ䰤Պࠪ

1䱸ѹ⎧ˈਈҶᖒⲴ⾿丣²ୀԓᲟᮉ⹄ウѻҼˈⴀ෾ᐸ㤳ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕ˄Ӫ᮷⽮Պ、ᆖ⡸˅[J].ˈ2003 ᒤ 5 ᴸˈㅜ 2 ᵏˈ P73Ǆ

2⦻⋫ᗳ˖ǉѝഭสⶓᮉਢ㓢Ǌ[M].俉⑟˖สⶓᮉ᮷㢪ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1998 ᒤˈP48Ǆ

17 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䶒Ⲵ⨶ᘥߢケˈ֯ӪԜᴤᇩ᱃⨶䀓઼᧕ਇཙѫᮉⲴᮉѹˈՐᮉ༛Ԝѫ㾱׍䱴݂ᇦ৺Ր↓⧠ 㔏Ⲵѝഭ᮷ॆ㿲ᘥᒦԕĀᆖᵟՐᮉāⲴ㘫䈁ᙍᜣᶕᇓՐสⶓᮉᮉѹˈ㘫䈁䗷〻ѝቭ䟿␑ॆ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝо݂ᇦՖ⨶н⴨ㅖⲴ޵ᇩ˗⭊㠣൘ᗵ㾱Ⲵᛵߥлਟԕሩǉ൓㓿Ǌ޵ᇩ䘋㹼ࡐ߿ ᡆ໎࣐Ǆ ਖаᯩ䶒ᶕ䈤ˈ䈁㘵ᖰᖰ䜭ᱟ㲄䈊ⲴสⶓᮉᗂǄሩԆԜ㘼䀰ˈǉ൓㓿ǊᱟสⶓᮉⲴ⾎ ൓㓿ިˈާᴹᖸ儈Ⲵᵳေᙗ઼ѕ㚳ᙗǄǉ൓㓿ǊᱟՐᮉⲴᐕާˈ㘫䈁൓㓿ᱟԆԜՐᮉࡽᵏ Ⲵ߶༷ᐕ֌ˈҏᱟѪԆԜᇓՐ㠚ᐡⲴᇇᮉᴽ࣑ⲴǄᡰԕԆԜ൘㘫䈁ᰦнᮒ䖫᱃᤹➗ڊ䴰㾱㠚ᐡⲴ⨶䀓৫Ր䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ⭏ᙅ↚ᴢҶĀ⾎āⲴ䈝䀰ˈ䀖⣟ҶĀ⾎āⲴᰘ᜿Ǆഐ↔൘㘫䈁䗷〻ѝˈԆԜᡰ䚥ᗚⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉˈਟԕӾ䍪␵⌠Ⲵǉਔᯠǉ൓㓿ǊǊᒿ䀰䟼ਟԕ᢮ࡠㆄ Ṹ˖ Ā㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴӪˈ㲄䈊ᮜ᝾ˈୟ 㛼⿫ǉ൓㓿Ǌᵜ᜿ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌབྷ䚃ণ䭉ҡҶǄ 䛓㘫䈁Ⲵ਽༛ˈҏ⸕䚃਴ഭᴹ਴ഭ᮷⨶Ⲵ䈤⌅ǄԆԜн᤹➗਴ഭᵜഭ᮷ㄐⲴ᮷⌅ˈᆼޘ᤹ ❦ᆈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᵜ᮷᮷᜿Ǆ㠚ਔԕᶕˈ൓䍔ᰒ؍⵰ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᵜ᮷᮷᜿ˈнമᛖӪˈୟമ 䜭䘉ṧ㹼ˈᡁӖ᭸⌅㘼㹼ˈޡᙫ㾱㍗Ⲵᱟ䚃⨶ˈ䍥䟽Ⲵᱟ䚃⨶Ǆā1 䙊䗷䘉⇥䈍ਟԕⴻࠪᖃᰦ䈁㘵ѫ㾱䟷⭘ⴤ䈁ᯩ⌅ˈ䙀ᆇ䙀ਕൠ㘫䈁สⶓᮉⲴᮉѹˈᰘ 䈝֯⭘Ⲵᱟਔ᮷ˈᡰԕ䈁᮷བྷཊ␡ྕ䳮ޕ൘㾱ᘐᇎൠՐ䙂൓㓿᮷ᵜⲴᇇᮉ㋮⾎ˈն࣐ѻ䈁 ៲Ǆ 3. 19 ц㓚ᯠᮉՐᮉ༛Ⲵ䈁㓿⍫ࣘ²²唾ⴋᰦᵏ Ӿ 1823 ᒤ傜⽬䘺䈁ᵜࡠ 1919 ᒤᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜࠪ⡸Ⲵ䘁ањц㓚䟼ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁䘋ޕ Ҷ唾ⴋᰦᵏˈѝഭຳ޵ࠪ⡸Ҷ 30 ཊњ⡸ᵜⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜᡆ䈁ᵜ⡷⇥Ǆަѝѫ㾱䈁ᵜᴹ ԕлҍ⿽ˈԆԜ⏥ⴆҶ␡᮷⨶˄᮷䀰˅ǃ⍵᮷⨶˄⍵᮷䀰˅ǃᇈ䈍˄ⲭ䈍˅й⿽≹䈝䈝 փǄ

䈁ᵜ ࠪ⡸ 㘫䈁ᙍᜣ઼৏ࡉ ᜿ѹ ᰦ䰤

傜 ༛ 1822 ᒤ ⴤ䈁ѪѫˈࠐѾᡰᴹⲴӪ਽઼ൠ਽䜭䟷⭘Ҷ丣䈁࣐ਓᆇᯱⲴᯩ⌅Ǆ ㅜа䜘ᆼᮤⲴѝ᮷ޘ䈁 ᴬ 䈁 ᵜǉ൓㓿ǊˈѪ᮷䀰᮷ ᵜ ᵜǄ

1䱸⾿ᓧˈǉѝഭ䈁ᆖ⨶䇪ਢはǊ˄؞䇒ᵜ˅[M]. к⎧˖к⎧ཆ䈝ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2000 ᒤˈP51Ǆ

18 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

傜⽬ 1823 ᒤ ↓⺞⨶䀓৏᮷ˈ࣋≲ᘐᇎǃ᰾䗮઼ㆰ᱃ˈᔰ࿻ራ≲ᘐᇎҾ৏᮷Ⲵ㘫䈁 ѝഭຳ޵ࠪ⡸Ⲵㅜаᵜ 䘺䈁 ᙍᜣǄ䈝䀰㺘䗮ᴤㅖਸѝ᮷㺘䗮ҐᜟǄ ѝ᮷䈁ᵜˈѪਾᶕⲴ ᵜ ǉ൓㓿Ǌ≹䈁ᨀ׋Ҷ㬍 ᵜǄ

䜝 ᇎ 1855 ᒤ ѫᕐнᓄѪ䘭≲䈁᮷ⲴՈ㖾㘼⢪⢢৏᮷Ⲵⵏѹˈҏн㜭ᤈ⌕Ҿ৏᮷ᆇ ǉᯠ㓖Ǌᴮ൘ཚᒣཙഭ 㝺䈁 ਕ㘼֯䈁᮷䳮ԕ⨶䀓Ǆ ᰦᵏᒯ⌋֯⭘઼Ր᫝Ǆ ᵜ

င ࣎ 1858 ᒤ 䈁᮷䟷⭘儈㓗᮷փˈĀ᮷䗎䳵䗮ˈ丣㢲䬯䭥āǄᴤ䘲ਸ᧕ਇҶ儈␡ᮉ ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䟽䈁ˈᴤ㔏а ᵜ ᡆ 㛢ⲴӪᶕ䰵䈫ǄՐᮉ༛ԜⲴѝ᮷㘫䈁≤ᒣᖸ儈ˈᒦфᴹࡽӪ䖳Ո⿰Ⲵ Ҷǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁᮷ѝⲴу ԓ 㺘䈁ᵜ֌Ѫ৲㘳ˈॾӪࣙ᡻Ⲵབྷ࣋ᑞࣙˈ൘䈁ᵜⲴ᮷փ઼؞侠⏖㢢к䎧 ᴹ਽〠઼ᵟ䈝Ǆ ᮷ޘԕަҖ⇿Ѫ亮❦ˈ䈁ᵜ ࡠҶᖸབྷⲴ֌⭘Ǆ㕪⛩˖Ā㲭⭊ᇼ᮷ᆖԧ٬ փˈ䰤ᡆ⢪⢢৏᮷᜿ѹǄᡰ䈁਽䇽ˈӖ⇿ᵲѝഭଢᆖ⭘䈝ˈоสⶓᮉ ભѹǃ䰤ᵚ࠷ਸǄā1 े Ӝ 1866 ᒤ ᮷ㅄՈ㖾ǃਟ䈫ᙗᕪǄᴹ 3 ⿽н਼䈁਽Ⲵ⡸ᵜˈབྷ㤡൓ҖޜՊ Āк Ā䈁਽ѻҹāǄ ᇈ 䈍 ᑍā⡸৺Āཙѫā⡸ˈ㖾ॾǉ൓㓿ǊՊĀ⾎ā⡸Ǆ2 䈁ᵜ

Җˈᰗ㓖䜘࠶ਚ䈁Ҷࡋц䇠Ǆ ਇ⎨ؑՊ䚰䈧؞䇒ǉ傜ޘ儈 ᗧ 1868 ᒤ 㘫䈁Ҷᯠ㓖䈁ᵜ ༛ᴬ䈁ᵜǊǄ 㪇਽ⲴĀҼᤷ䈁ᵜāǄ ҖǊԧ٬ޘᯭ 㓖 1878 ᒤ 䈁㘵Ѫ⣩ཚӪˈ⟏ᚹᐼ՟㧡᮷ˈ㋮䙊≹䈝ˈԆ䈁Ⲵǉᰗ㓖 ⪏ 䈁 ᶱ儈ˈнնᘐᇎ৏᮷ˈ㘼ф䈁᮷⍱⭵Ǆ ᵜ

ᶘ Ṭ 1889 ᒤ 䟷ਆĀ䶎ᆇ䶒āⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉˈ䇔Ѫ䟷⭘⚥⍫Ⲵ㺘䗮ᖒᔿ∄༴༴↫ᢓ৏ ᴰݸሶᯠ㓖䈁ᡀ⍵᮷ 䶎䈁 ᮷Ⲵᆇਕᴤ࣐䟽㾱Ǆ ⨶Ǆ ᵜ

ᇈ 䈍 1919 ᒤ ᰒ㾱ᘐҾ৏᮷ˈ৸㾱䙊؇᱃៲Ǆ ࡠⴞࡽѪ→ˈᴰਇ⅒ ਸ 䗾ǃᒯѪ֯⭘ѝ᮷䈁 ઼ ᵜ ᵜǄ ˈཊݳॆਁኅ䱦⇥Ǆ↔ᰦޕӾ㺘ṬѝᡁԜਟԕ␵ᾊൠⴻࡠˈ䘉аᰦᵏǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁䘋䈁㘵нӵᐢᖒᡀ㠚ᐡ⤜⢩Ⲵ㘫䈁᡻⌅ˈ㘫䈁⨶䇪ҏᰕ⑀ᡀ⟏ˈ㌫㔏ॆǄ㘼ф㘫䈁ᖒᔿǃⴞ Ⲵǃ仾Ṭˈԕ৺㘫䈁ѫփ䜭൘ᵍ⵰ཊṧॆᯩੁਁኅǄ൘䘉ҍњ䈁ᵜѝˈᖡ૽࣋ᴰབྷǃ⍱Ր ᴰᒯⲴ㾱ᮠ 1919 ᒤࠪ⡸Ⲵǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜ൓㓿ǊǄ㠚ᆳ↓ᔿࠪ⡸ԕᶕቡᗇࡠᮉ޵ཆ਴⭼Ӫ

1㖇俉᷇ˈǉ俉⑟оѝ㾯᮷ॆӔ⍱Ǌ[M].俉⑟˖ѝഭᆖ⽮ˈ1961 ᒤˈPP44-45Ǆ

2 http://www.chinacath.org/article/bible/edition/2008-01-29/1675.html.

19 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

༛а㠤ྭ䇴ˈⴤࡠⴞࡽǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜǊӽ❦ᱟᴰᲞ䙽֯⭘Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜǄл䶒ᡁԜቡѫ 㾱ᶕⴻⴻᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜⲴ㘫䈁⢩㢢Ǆ 䢤Ҿᖃᰦǉ൓㓿Ǌ⡸ᵜՇཊǃ㘫䈁৏ࡉǃ᮷փǃ仾ṬⲴཊṧᙗԕ৺ᇇᮉᵟ䈝֯⭘␧ҡ ⡸ⲴᛵߥˈᒦѪҶՐᮉᯩׯˈᙕ䴰㔏а઼㿴㤳ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ᮷䈁ᵜˈഐ↔ᆳⲴ㘫䈁ⴞⲴᱟࠪ а䜘ㆰঅǃ⍱⭵ǃᰒ㜭䇙བྷՇ䰵䈫ǃ৸нཡǉ൓㓿Ǌ৏ᴹⲴĀި䳵≄䍘āⲴާᴹ᮷ᆖᙗⲴ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ᮷䈁ᵜǄ ǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜ൓㓿Ǌԕ 1885 ᒤࠪ⡸Ⲵǉ㤡᮷؞䇒ᵜ൓㓿Ǌ˄ণ㤡᮷Ā䫖ᇊᵜāѻ Ā؞䇒ᵜā²English Revised Standard Version˅֌Ѫ㘫䈁㬍ᵜǄѫ㾱㘫䈁ᡀઈᴹ㖾ഭ䮯㘱 ՊⲴ⣴㘳᮷˄C.W. Mateer˅ǃ㖾ഭޜ⨶ՊⲴᇼழ˄C. Goodrich˅ǃѝഭ޵ൠՊⲴ劽ᓧᆱ ˄F.W. Baller˅ǃ㤡ഭՖᮖՊⲴ⅗᮷˄G.Owen˅ㅹཆഭՐᮉ༛ˈԆԜ䜭ᱟᰒ䙊ᲃ൓㓿᮷ ᵜ৸㋮䙊ѝ᮷Ⲵ≹ᆖᇦˈሩǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁䜭ᴹ⵰㠚ᐡ⤜ࡠⲴ㿱䀓ˈѝ᮷઼ਸᵜ൓㓿ᴰਾ㓿 ॾӪ䈁㘵࣐ᐕ⏖㢢Ҿ 28 ᒤਾ↓ᔿࠪ⡸ˈ䈁ᵜ਽〠Ѫǉᇈ䈍઼ਸ䈁ᵜǊˈ㠚↔ᡀҶᖃࡽॾ 䈝ᮉՊӽ൘֯⭘Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜǄ䈕ѝ᮷⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈝䀰ᵤᇎ⭏ࣘˈ⋑ᴹ൏䈍ǃ؇䈍઼ᯩ ⌘ˈ䀰ㅹᑖᴹ᰾ᱮൠฏᙗ㢢ᖙⲴ䈝䀰Ǆ䈁᮷ㆰঅ᱃៲ˈׯҾ䈥䈫Ǆ㘫䈁᡻⌅ѫ㾱䟷⭘ⴤ䈁 ᤱ৏᮷Ⲵ৏≱৏ણǃᔲฏ᮷ॆ઼ᇇᮉ㢢ᖙǄަѫ㾱৏؍䟽Āᆇਕ࠷ਸāⲴᖒᔿሩㅹˈᰘ൘ ഐᱟ˖а.ǉ൓㓿Ǌ֌Ѫสⶓᮉ᮷ᵜⲴ⢩↺ᙗǄ䈁㘵ሩǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁䶎ᑨሿᗳ䉘᝾ˈ⭏ ᙅᢺкᑍⲴ䈍㘫䈁䭉ҶǄഐ↔ԆԜ䇔Ѫ৏᮷ާᴹ㠣儈ᰐкⲴൠսˈᖰᖰ䟷⭘ⴤ䈁᡻⇥ǄҼ. สⶓᮉᙍᜣ઼䈝䀰Ⲵส⹰Ǆ൘઼ਸᵜࠪ⡸ѻࡽˈ਴⿽൓㓿䈁ᵜ⍱ޕ≁䰤ˈสⶓᮉᙍᜣ઼䈝䀰ᗇࡠ䖳Ѫᒯ⌋ⲴՐ᫝ǄѪ↔䈁㘵нᗵ䗷ཊ亮৺᮷ॆߢࠫഐ㍐ˈ઼ਸᵜ䈁㘵ҏቡਟԕ䟷⭘ ᘐᇎ৏᮷Ⲵ㘫䈁ᯩᔿǄй.ᖃᰦ㘫䈁⨶䇪Ⲵਁኅ〻ᓖǄ19 ц㓚ᵛˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁Ⲵѫ⍱ᙍ Ҿ䟷⭘ᖒᔿሩㅹⲴĀᆇਕ࠷ੁٮ❦ᜣӽᱟᕪ䈳৏᮷Ⲵᖒᔿሩㅹ1ˈഐ↔઼ਸᵜⲴ㘫䈁㠚 ਸā㘫䈁Ǆ㘫䈁ငઈՊ㿴ᇊ㘫䈁৏ࡉྲл˖2 ˗ഭ䙊⭘Ⲵ䈝䀰ˈнਟԕ֯⭘ൠᯩᙗᯩ䀰ޘ䈁᮷ᗵ享֯⭘.1 2.᮷ㅄ仾Ṭᓄ䈕ㆰঅ␵ᾊˈ൘⽬ᤌา䇢උ䈥䈫ᰦˈ਴䱦ቲӪ༛䜭㜭᰾ⲭ˗ 3.ᆇਕᗵ享ᘐҾ৏᮷ˈ਼ᰦ৸нཡѝ᮷Ⲵ严≄઼䈝≄˗

1傜Ҁẵˈ≹䈝൓㓿઼ਸᵜⲴ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕²²ެ䇪઼ਸᵜⲴᓏоᆈ[J].ഭཆཆ䈝ᮉᆖˈ2006 ᒤǄ

2 http://www.chinacath.org/article/bible/edition/2008-01-29/1675.html.

20 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

⮉؍৏᮷ᵜѝⲴ䳀௫ǃ᳇௫ᓄቭ䟿䟷⭘ⴤ䈁Ⲵᯩ⌅ˈн㾱䘋㹼᜿䈁ˈԕᴰབྷ䲀ᓖⲴ.4 ৏᮷Ⲵ仾ણ઼؞䗎㢢ᖙǄ Ӿ㘫䈁⨶ᘥ઼᡻⌅кᶕⴻˈ䲿⵰Րᮉ༛Ⲵᇓᮉ᜿䇶൘нᯝ࣐ᕪˈᇓᮉⲴሩ䊑ҏн޽ተ 䲀ҾԕࡽⲴⲷ᯿઼䍥᯿䱦㓗ˈ㘼ᱟᢙኅࡠҶޘഭ਴њ䱦ቲǃ਴њ≁᯿ⲴӪ≁Ǆҏቡᱟ䈤ˈ ഭ䙊⭘Ⲵ䈝䀰ǃ䈁᮷Ⲵ㹼᮷㾱ޘᇓᮉⲴਇՇཊݳॆҶǄഐ↔ҏቡ㾱≲㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㾱֯⭘ ㆰঅ᱃៲ˈ֯ᗇ਴њ䱦ቲⲴӪ≁䜭ਟԕੜ៲ǃ䈫៲Ǆਖཆˈ䈁㘵ҏӾࡽӪ㔍ሩᘐҾ৏᮷Ⲵ ⭏⺜㘫䈁ਁኅࡠᔰ࿻䘭≲䈁᮷⍱⭵ǃՈ㖾Ⲵ᮷ᆖᙗ㘫䈁Ǆ઼ਸᵜ੟⭘Ҷ 1000 ཊᶑᯠⲴ≹ ᯠⲴ㹰⏢Ǆ1ֻྲ˖Āཙาǃൠ⤡ǃޕ⌘䈝㺘䗮ˈᒦࡋ䙐Ҷ 87 њᯠ≹ᆇˈѪ⧠ԓ䈝᮷ਁኅ ཙ֯ǃҀഝǃ⾱᷌ǃ⽸⾧ǃ⽬ᤌǃ൓䈎ǃᗿᛄǃ৏㖚ǃ㫉ᚙǃ⍇⽬ǃ䘹≁ǃԺ⭨ഝǃ䈪ӊ 䘋Ҷ≹䈝ⲭ䈍᮷Ⲵ᧘ᒯоᲞ৺ˈ㘼׳ᯩ㡏ǃᴰਾⲴᲊ佀āㅹǄᴰਾˈǉᇈ䈍઼ਸᵜǊнӵ фަⲭ䈍᮷Ⲵ䈝䀰仾Ṭሩ⧠ԓѝഭ֌ᇦӗ⭏Ҷᖸབྷᖡ૽ˈሩᯠ᮷ॆ䘀ࣘҏӗ⭏␡䘌ᖡ૽ˈ ᡀѪ⧠ԓ≹䈝ⲴйབྷᶕⓀѻаǄ 4.20 ц㓚 30 ᒤԓ㠣Ӻ²ཙѫᮉǃᯠᮉᮉ޵ॾӪޘ䈁ᵏ²²㑱㦓ᰦᵏ 20 ц㓚 30 ᒤԓԕᶕˈ൘ѝഭࠪ⡸ਁ㹼Ⲵѫ㾱ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜᴹ˖

䈁ᵜ ࠪ⡸ᰦ䰤㘫䈁㬍ᵜ(Ⓚ䈝᮷ᵜ) 㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼᡻⌅ ᜿ѹ઼ൠս

ᙍ儈൓㓿䈁 1968 ᒤ ᐼ՟ᶕ᮷ǃᐼ㝺᮷৏ ᘐҾ৏᮷ˈ䈁᮷ѝ࣐⛩㺘 ᖃӺॾ䈝ཙѫᮉᴰ ⮉৏᮷ㄐ Პ䙽֯⭘Ⲵǉ൓؍ˈ䟺ᵜ ᮷ ⽪৏᮷↻㕪༴ ᆈ䈝仾৺䈝≄ˈᒦ 㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜǄ؍㢲ˈቭ࣋ ˈԕĀؑāѪѫˈĀ䗮āѪ⅑ Ā䳵āࡉн৺ࡽє㘵䟽㾱Ǆ

؍ˈ丣䈁৏᮷ѝⲴӪൠ਽ ⮉ᮉՊ䙊⭘Ⲵᵟ䈝ˈ֯㓿᮷о ᮉՊᑨ⭘䇽≷㔏аǄਖཆ൘㘫䈁ᰦ⌘᜿㓿᮷Ⲵ᜿ѹ㘼нᱟᆼ ޘ⭏⺜Ⲵ䙀ᆇ䙀ਕⲴⴤ䈁ˈ㘫 ⮉о৏᮷਼ṧⲴփ؍䈁ᰦҏᓄ 㻱˄ྲᮓ᮷ǃ䈇ǃ⌅ᖻㅹ˅ˈ

1㜑⌱ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ਸᵜо⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁ᵜሩ∄[J].ᆱ⌒བྷᆖˈ2008 ᒤǄ

21 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

ഐѪփ㻱о㓿᮷޵ᇩᴹ⵰ᱮ㪇 Ⲵޣ㌫Ǆ1 ੅ᥟѝޘ䈁 1970 ᒤ ᐼ՟ᶕ᮷઼ᐼ㝺᮷Ⲵ 䈁᮷䟷⭘ⴤ䈁Ⲵᯩᔿˈቭ䟿㺘 ᘐᇎൠሶᐼ՟ᶕ৏ ᤱ৏᮷ ᮷઼ᐼ㝺৏᮷ⴤ䈁؍ᵜ ৏᮷ 䗮৏᮷⇿ᆇ᜿ѹˈᒦ 㔃ᶴ઼䈝⌅ᖒᔿǄ ᡀѝ᮷Ǆ ⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁 1979 ᒤ ⧠ԓ㤡᮷䈁ᵜ 7RGD\¶V ԕླྀ䗮ⲴĀࣘᘱ࣏㜭ሩㅹāѪ 䘁ԓ䟽㾱⡸ᵜѻ ᵜ English Version, 1976 㘫䈁৏ࡉˈѫ㾱䶒ሩ䈫㘵Ѫ䶎 аǄ ᒤ) สⶓᮉᗂˈ⾎ᆖᵟ䈝䖳ቁˈ䙊 ؇᱃៲Ǆ ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜ 1992 ᒤ ᐼ՟ᶕǃᐼ㝺৏᮷ ᮷ᆇ䙊亪⍵ⲭǃ߶⺞Ր䗮৏᮷ 䘉ᱟаᵜᘐҾ৏ ਜ਼ѹ ᮷ǃ᱃䈫᱃៲ǃؑ Ԡ㓟↓ǃ儈Ѯสⶓ Ⲵǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ੸⥞ 㔉ޘ⨳ॾӪᮉՊǄ 2

䲿⵰ᰦԓⲴ᭩ਈˈ≹䈝䈝䀰Ⲵнᯝਁኅਈॆˈ൓㓿⹄ウⲴᰕ⑀ᡀ⟏ˈ൓㓿ᆖ㘵ሩ൓㓿 Ⲵ䇔䇶ˈ࣐к䘁ԓⲴ⡸ᵜṑईᆖᴹнቁਁኅˈҏᨀ׋Ҷ䇨ཊᇍ䍥ᮠޕ␡৏᮷ᴹᴤᯠǃᴤ ᦞˈवᤜᴤާᵳေⲴ৏᮷⡸ᵜǄᴤ䟽㾱Ⲵᱟˈ㓿䗷ॺњц㓚ˈॾӪ൓㓿ᆖ㘵Ӫ᡽䖸ࠪǄҾ 1972 ᒤˈॾӪ㓸Ҿ㛙䍏䎧䟽䈁ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᐕ֌Ǆǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊԕ৏᮷䟽䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ ᯠ㓖൘ 1976 ᒤ䶒цˈᰗ㓖䜘࠶Ҿ 1992 ᒤҏ⴨㔗ᆼᡀǄ ᴹйॱཊս⾎ᆖ䲒䲒䮯ǃᮉ࣑䮯ǃ䇢ᐸˈॱཊս਴ᇇ⍮Ⲵⴁⶓǃᮉޡ䈁㓿ᐕ֌ݸਾ ޡǃ䮯㘱઼ѫ؞ѝ᮷Ⲵᆖ㘵৲оˈ࠶࡛᢯ᣵ㘫䈁ǃ૘䈒ǃ⹄ウ઼᮷ᆇ؞侠Ⲵᐕ֌ǄԆԜ⢗ ᵍੁؑǃ䗮ǃ䳵ެ༷Ⲵⴞḷࣚ࣋ˈᒦᒯᖱᮉՊӪ༛Ⲵ᜿㿱ˈ❦ਾ⭡䍴␡ᆖ㘵ᴰਾᇑ䇒Ǆ਼ ǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ㠚ࠪ⡸ԕᶕˈަ߶⺞〻ᓖᐢᲞ䙽㻛สⶓᮉᆖᵟ⭼ᡰ᧕㓣Ǆǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ 䈁᮷䖳⧠ԓॆˈሩҾᒣᰕ䰵䈫ǉ઼ਸᵜǊⲴ䈫㘵ՊᑖᶕаӋᯠⲴ੟ਁǄǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ䗎 ᜿␵ᯠ᰾Რˈ⍵ᱮՈ䳵ˈԕᘐҾ৏᮷Ѫⴞḷˈᴤ㜭ᢺᨑ৏᮷䈝䀰৺᮷⌅Ⲵ᜿ѹǄ㘫䈁ငઈ Պ⺞・ަ㘫䈁৏ࡉѪ˖ 䈁᮷࣑≲߶⺞㺘䗮৏᮷᜿ᙍˈ൘н䘍৽ѝ᮷Ⲵ㺘䗮ᯩᔿ઼䈝⭘Ґᜟлˈቭ䟿׍˅1˄ ৏᮷䇽ᒿ㘫䈁Ǆ

1 http://www.chinacath.org/article/bible/edition/2008-01-29/1675.html.

2 http://www.jidujiao.com/bible/biblencv2/

22 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

˄2˅䈁᮷᤹➗৏᮷ᆇ䶒᜿ѹ㘫䈁ˈ৏᮷ᆇ䶒᜿ѹ䳮ԕ㺘䗮ᰦˈࡉ᤹৏᮷↓᜿᜿䈁ˈ ൘䱴⌘ሶ䈕䜘࠶ⴤ䈁Ǆ 㓿᮷᜿ѹਜ਼㋺ǃᡆᇩ᱃䈟ሬ䈫㘵䭉䀓ᮉѹⲴൠᯩˈࡉሿᗳ㺕ݵˈᱮ᰾ᡆ䀓䟺㓿˅3˄ ᮷᜿ᙍǄ 䈁᮷ቭ䟿׍➗৏᮷փ㻱Ǆ˅4˄ ˄5˅਼аҖধǃ֌㘵Ⲵ⭘䇽ቭ䟿㔏аˈ㤕Ѫ䈁᮷亪⭵ㅹ৏ഐ㘼᭩⭘ަᆳ䇽䈝ˈࡉ൘ 䱴⌘䈤᰾Ǆ俆ቮબᓄǃৼޣ䈝ㅹ⢩࡛⭘䇽ˈቭ䟿൘䈁᮷㺘䗮ࠪᶕˈ㤕нਟԕˈҏ൘䱴⌘䈤 ᰾Ǆ ˄6˅䈁᮷ԕ㿴㤳≹䈝֌Ѫ㘫䈁ḷ߶ˈᰘ൘䇙ሿᆖ⭏઼ࡍѝ⭏䜭ਟԕ䈫៲Ǆ1 ˄7˅࠶᷀ҶޘҖ⇥㩭о⇥㩭ѻ䰤Ⲵޣ㌫ˈӾ㘼䇙䈫㘵Ҷ䀓֌㘵ᙍᜣ㜹㔌Ⲵਁኅˈᦼ ҖধⲴؑ᚟ᴹ䟽㾱ⲴᑞࣙǄޣҖⲴ䘎䍟ᙗˈሩ᰾ⲭᴹޘᨑ Ӿк䘠㘫䈁৏ࡉਟԕⴻࡠˈǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊѫ㾱䟷⭘ⴤ䈁ެ᜿䈁Ⲵᯩ⌅Ǆ᜿䈁ᕪ䈳޵ ᇩкᴤ߶⺞઼䍤࠷ൠ㺘䗮Ҷ৏᮷Ⲵ᜿ѹˈ䰵䈫䎧ᶕᴤ᱃⨶䀓Ǆⴤ䈁ࡉᴤᕪ䈳൘⭘䇽ˈփ 㻱ˈ䇽ᒿᯩ䶒䜭䈝䀰ᖒᔿк䉘䚥৏᮷Ǆ

⌅䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ״3.2ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

㖇ᯟⲴ㘫䈁শਢ䘋〻ˈ࠶᷀алަн਼䱦⇥ᴰާԓ㺘ᙗⲴ״л䶒ᡁԜṩᦞǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ 䈁ᵜᡰ䟷⭘Ⲵާփ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅Ǆ״䈁ᵜˈԕ䱀䘠ǉ൓㓿Ǌ 䈁Ⲵ㥹ࡋᰦᵏ״аˊ9 ц㓚²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌ ݳҍц㓚ˈส䟼ቄ઼ޜ㖇ᯟᴰᰙⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜᱟǉส䟼ቄ²²ẵ⾿ᆓ൓㓿䈁ᵜǊǄ״൘ ẵ⾿ᆓєݴᕏࡋ・Ҷᯟ᣹ཛᆇ⇽ˈᢺǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᡀਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ˈ䲿ਾ൓㓿䈁ᵜ൘ьᯟ᣹ ⮉лᶕˈնሩਾц؍㖇ᯟ᧕ਇสⶓᮉ⍇⽬ǄਟᜌⲴᱟ䘉њ䈁ᵜ⋑ᴹ֯׳ཛᒯѪ⍱Րˈ䘉ҏ Ⲵ൓㓿㘫䈁ӗ⭏Ҷ␡䘌ᖡ૽Ǆ 䘉аᰦᵏˈवᤜส䟼ቄ઼ẵ⾿ᆓ൘޵Ⲵ䈁㘵䜭ᱟᘰ⵰ᰐ∄㲄䈊Ⲵᘱᓖ㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌˈ ԆԜ䇔Ѫ৏᮷ᱟĀ⾎Ⲵ䈝䀰āˈ᮷ѝ⇿ᆇ⇿ਕˈ䇽ᒿǃ⭊㠣অњᆇ⇽઼ḷ⛩ㅖਧ䜭ᱟ⾎൓

1 http://bible.kuanye.net/zhuti/71.htm

23 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

ԫօ᭩ࣘˈ੖ࡉᱟሩĀ⾎āⲴӥ␾Ǆ㘫䈁ᰦԆԜڊⲴǃ䜭ᴹ⵰␡࡫Ⲵਜ਼ѹˈнᮒ൘᜿ѹк ൘䘹䇽઼᧚䗎к䟷⭘↫䈁ˈቭ䟿ᆇᆇሩᓄˈ䈁᮷䟽ᖒᔿˈ䖫޵ᇩǄ Ⲵ⺞ˈ䙀ᆇ㘫䈁ᙫᱟᴹ⹤ൿ䈁䈝䈝䀰㿴ࡉⲴ⧠䊑ˈ䈁᮷䈝ਕⲴս㖞ਈᗇ⁑㋺ˈ䳮ԕ⨶ 䀓Ǆնᱟ䘉ᒦ⋑ᴹ֯䈱ᝏࡠн࿕ˈᰐ䇪ᱟ䈁㘵䘈ᱟ䈫㘵ˈԆԜ䇔Ѫˈᇇᮉ᮷ᵜᒦнᱟӪӪ 䜭㜭⨶䀓Ⲵˈ᮷ᵜѝቡᓄ䈕ᴹаӋ⾎〈ⲴǃԔӪ䳮ԕ᥹᪨Ⲵь㾯Ǆ Ҽˊ15 㠣 18 ц㓚²²㬜ࣳਁኅᰦᵏ ഭ⽮Պ䘈״ݳ 15 ц㓚ˈ൓㓿⡷⇥㻛㘫䈁ࠪᶕˈสⶓᮉ⑀⑀൘≁䰤ᗇԕՐ᫝ˈᖃᰦޜ ᵚᴹа䜘ᆼᮤⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜǄབྷѫᮉṩ㓣ᆓ৫㖇傜᭦䳶ᮤ⨶ҶᡰᴹⲴǉ൓㓿Ǌ᮷ᵜˈᮤ⨶؞ ᭩ࡽӪ䈁ᵜˈᒦ৲䰵᣹б䈝৏᮷㘫䈁ࠪަ։Ⲵ൓㓿᮷ᵜǄԆㅜа⅑ሶ൓㓿ޘҖ㘫䈁ᡀҶᮉ Պᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ǄԆᆼޘ᤹➗ᆇ䶒᜿ᙍǃ᮷ਕ㔃ᶴ䘋㹼ⴤ䈁ˈᡰԕ䈕䈁ᵜⲴᆇѹ߶⺞ˈն䈝䀰 ᆈ㠣ӺǄ1552 ᒤ䳵ި؞䚃䲒؞䚃༛傜ݻ㾯࿶gṬ؍⴨ሩ⭏⺜ǃн㠚❦Ǆǉṩ㓣ᆓ൓㓿Ǌ ⡷ࡇḟ䟽ᯠ؞᭩࣐ᐕṩ㓣ᆓⲴǉᯟ᣹ཛ䈝൓㓿䈁ᵜǊǄ൘㘫䈁ᰦˈԆѪǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ༽ᵲⲴ ↔㛼Ჟ⸕䇶ˈަⴞⲴᱟ֯䈁᮷ਈᗇᴤ࣐߶⺞ǃᴤ࣐ᇩ᱃֯Ӫ䈫៲Ǆޣ␫࣐⌘䟺ˈӻ㓽⴨⇥ ਾˈ㘫䈁ᇦ㔗㔝ሩᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜǉ൓㓿Ǌ䘋㹼ཊ⅑؞᭩ˈᴯᦒᲖ⏙䳮៲Ⲵ䇽䈝Ǆ1751 ❦ᒤ䟽ᯠ؞᭩ભ਽ѪǉԺѭ㦾ⲭ൓㓿ǊⲴᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌࠪ⡸ˈᆳࡠⴞࡽѪ→׍ ⴤ䈁Ⲵᯩޘ㖇ᯟь↓ᮉᮉՊ⽬ᤌԚᔿк䙊⭘Ⲵᵳေ᮷ᵜǄ䘉аᰦᵏⲴ㘫䈁䙀⑀䐣ࠪᆼ״ᱟ 䟷⭘ਈ䙊᡻⌅䘋㹼㘫䈁ˈ䈁᮷ѝቭ䟿֯⭘ᵜ≁᯿ᜟ⭘ⲴǃㆰঅᵤᇎⲴ䈝䀰ԓᴯ∄䖳䳮ˈ⌅ ៲⭏ܫⲴ䇽䈝Ǆ йˊ19 ц㓚²²儈▞ᰦᵏ 㖇ᯟǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ᴰབྷ⢩⛩ᱟǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜѝࠪ⧠Ҷ䈇ⅼࡋ֌Ǆ״ц㓚ԕᶕˈ൘ 19 䈁㘵བྷ䟿᭩߉䎎㖾䈇䜘࠶䈇㢲ˈ⭊㠣ᮤњ䈇ㇷˈᒦࡋ֌൓㓿ѫ仈Ⲵ亲䈇Ǆ䘉аՐ㔏аⴤᔦ 㖇ᯟᆖ㘵⭼઼Ӿһǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᗧ䈁઼⌅䈁Ⲵ⾎ᆖᇦѝᗇࡠ㌫㔏㘼৸ᒯ״㔝ࡠ 20 ц㓚Ǆ൘ Ⲵ֯⭘Ǆ⌊ 䈝㘫䈁ᰦԓǄᡁԜ״ޕ㖇ᯟ䘋״㖇ᯟ䈝䀰Ⲵਈ䗱ˈ19 ц㓚ҏᱟ൓㓿൘״ਖཆˈ䲿⵰ 䈁ᵜǄ״ѫ㾱࠶᷀ал䘉аᰦᵏᴰާԓ㺘ᙗⲴєབྷǉ൓㓿Ǌ 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊǉ൓㓿Ǌ״ˊ1 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿ״ᒤ)Ǆ 1826-1812)ޣ㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊⲴ⍫ࣘ㍗ᇶ⴨״䈁о״ᰙᵏǉ൓㓿Ǌ 㖇״ഭᲞ䙊Ⲯဃࠪ⡸઼Ր᫝ǉ൓㓿ǊҖ㉽Ǆ൘⋉ⲷӊশኡབྷацĀ䇙ޘՊᡀ・ⲴⴞⲴᱟѪ

24 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊᔰ࿻Ҷ൓㓿״ˈ㖇ᯟ㠚ᐡⲴ䈝䀰䈫ࡠкᑍⲴ䈝䀰āⲴભԔл״ᯟӪ㜭ཏ䙊䗷 ˈ䈝઼ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ሩ➗⡸൓㓿䈁ᵜࠪ⡸Ǆ1822 ᒤ״㘫䈁ᐕ֌Ǆ1818 ᒤˈǉഋ⾿丣ҖǊ 㖇ᯟᑍഭⲴަԆ≁᯿䈝䀰Ǆ״䈁ᵜࠪ⡸Ǆ਼ᰦ൓㓿䘈㻛㘫䈁ᡀ״⡸ㅜањǉᯠ㓖Ǌᆼᮤ 䈁ᵜⲴ᪈㾱ѝࡦ״ǉᯠ㓖Ǌᴰѫ㾱Ⲵ㘫䈁ᇦᱟ؞༛བྷਨ⾝㨢᣹ࡇ⢩ǄԆ൘ᴰᰙࠪ⡸Ⲵ ᇊҶԕл㘫䈁㿴ࡉˈަԆ䈁㘵享ѕṬ᤹➗㿴ࡉ䘋㹼㘫䈁⍫ࣘ˖ ˗⮉䇽ᒿ؍㾱≲䙀ᆇ㘫䈁ˈᒦቭਟ㜭˅1 䈁ᵜⲴ⁑ᶯˈնਚ㜭൘ԕлє⿽ᛵߥл䈁᮷ѝ᡽ਟԕ֯״ᯟ᣹ཛ᮷ᵜ㲭㻛ⴻ֌ᱟ˅2 䈝ሩㅹ䇽ᱟਓ䈝ǃ؇䈝䇽≷Ǆ״䈝ሩㅹ䇽㕪ཡ˗ᡆ㘵״˖≶⭘ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䇽 ⭘Პ䙊བྷՇ⟏ᚹⲴ䈝䀰ˈׯҾԆԜ䰵䈫Ǆ֯˅3 䈁ᵜⲴ㓴ᡀᡀ࠶ˈնᱟᡰ״䲔↔ѻཆˈᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ᮷ᵜ䲀ᇊҶӾᐼ㝺৏᮷㘫䈁䗷ᶕⲴ 䈁״䈁ᵜѝǄ䈕״⮉൘؍ᴹᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ᮷ᵜⲴ㺕ݵ䜘࠶оᐼ㝺᮷৏᮷а䎧᭮൘ᯩᤜਧѝ㻛䈝䈁᮷䎧ࡠᕪ䈳઼䱀䟺֌⭘״䈝䈁᮷㻛᭮㖞൘਼а亥䶒кˈሩ״ᵜѝⲴᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈁᮷о 䈁ᵜˈഐѪ䈝䀰Ⲵਈॆ֯ᗇؑᗂн㜭⨶䀓᮷ᵜ״ǄԆ䘈ᤷࠪ䲿䈝䀰Ⲵਈॆ䴰㾱䘋а↕؞᭩ 䈝䈁ᵜ䰤Ⲵᐞᔲˈ䘉а״Ǆਖཆˈ൘ 1922 ⡸ǉᯠ㓖Ǌࡽ䀰䟼ˈԆ䇪䘠ҶᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝о 䈝⡸ᵜⲴࡋ֌㘵˄䈁㘵˅䇔Ѫǉ൓㓿ǊⲴᴰ֣Ⓚ䈝᮷ᵜᱟᐼ㝺᡻״ᐞᔲⲴӗ⭏ѫ㾱৏ഐᱟ ⇥はǄഐ↔ˈ䈁㘵৲➗ᐼ㝺৏᮷䘋㹼㘫䈁ǄԆԜ䇔Ѫˈ䈁᮷ѝ֯⭘ᯩᤜਧᡆᯌփḷ⌘ㅹ᡻ ⮉൓㓿䈁ᵜ؍↔␫࣐㺕ݵⓀ䈝᮷ᵜѝⲴ⸕䇶ؑ᚟ᡆሩ䈁᮷䳮៲Ⲵൠᯩ䘋㹼䀓䟺䈤᰾ˈԕˈ Ⲵ᮷⥞ԧ٬Ǆ ⾎㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊⲴ㘫䈁ᤱ੖ᇊᘱᓖǄԆԜ䇔Ѫ˖Āǉ൓㓿Ǌᱟ״аӋᇇᮉкቲӪ༛ሩ 㙼Ӫઈ⤜ᴹⲴᐕާˈᲞ䙊ӪԜᱟн㜭䰵䈫઼⹄ウᆳⲴǄā 2ˊǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿Ǌ 䈁ᵜࠪ⡸Ǆ䈕䈁ᵜ਽〠Ѫǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓״ᒤㅜа䜘ᆼᮤ⡸ǉ൓㓿Ǌ 1876 㓿ǊˈഐѪᆳᱟ൘ь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞ѫᤱл㘫䈁ᆼᡀⲴǄ ь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞㘫䈁ငઈՊࡦᇊҶ㘫䈁䗷〻ѝᓄ䈕䚥ᗚⲴสᵜ৏ࡉ˖1 䈝䈝䀰ᖒᔿ״ቭਟ㜭ᴰབྷ䲀ᓖൠᘐҾ৏᮷ˈնᱟ㘫䈁ᰦᓄቭ䟿䘀⭘ӪԜᡰ⟏ᚹⲴ˅1 Ǆ

1ȻɢɤɦɚɧȾɠɄɟɥɥɨɭȾɠɇɟɢɫɤɚɠɚɹɫɥɨɜɚȻɨɠɢɹɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɢɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚȻɢɛɥɢɢɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɇɨɚɯɋɉɛ

25 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䈝Ⲵ䈝ᒿǃਕᒿ઼䇽ᒿǄ״䚥ᗚ⧠ԓ˅2 ⭘ᆇ䇽઼㺘䗮Ⲵ儈㓗䈝փᖒᔿˈ㘼нᱟᲞ䙊བྷՇⲴ䈝䀰ᖒᔿǄ֯˅3 ˖ǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿Ǌ൘؞䗎кᴹԕл⢩⛩ ⮉Ҷǉ൓㓿ǊᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ⡸ᵜѝⲴ䇨ཊ䈝≄䇽Ǆ؍൘䈁᮷ѝ˅1 ቭ䟿֯⭘оᐼ㝺৏᮷ѝਜ਼ѹሩㅹⲴᡀ䈝઼䇽≷ᩝ䝽Ǆֻྲ˖Āɪɚɡɜɟɫɬɢɫɶɫɠɟɧɨɸ˅2 о࿫ᆀ⿫ႊāüüĀɨɬɩɭɫɬɢɬɶɠɟɧɭ ᭮࿫ᆀ⿫ᔰāˈĀɩɪɨɛɭɞɹɫɶɨɬɫɧɚ ⶑ䟂ˈӾỖѝ䟂 ᶕāüüĀɜɫɬɚɜɨɬɫɧɚ 䎧ᒺāㅹㅹǄ 䈝ਓ䈝䇽≷ᴯԓᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸ᵜѝⲴҖ䶒䈝䇽≷Ǆֻྲ˖Āɤɚɮɬɚɧ 䮯㺽āü״˅3 䟼āüüĀɩɨɩɪɢɳɟ аᱬཌⲴ䐟〻āˈĀ״ üĀɜɟɪɯɧɹɹɨɞɟɠɞɚ ཆ㺓āˈĀɜɟɪɫɬɚ ɜɨɪɨɛɶɢ 哫䳰āüüĀɦɚɥɵɟɩɬɢɰɵ ሿ呏āˈĀɫɧɨɩɵ ᶏāüüĀɫɜɹɡɤɢ ᶏǃ᥶āˈĀ ɨɞɭɦɚɜɲɢɫɶ ᭩ਈѫ᜿āüüĀɪɚɫɤɚɹɜɲɢɫɶ ਾᛄāˈĀɤɭɩɰɵ ୶ӪǃҠѫāüüĀ ɬɨɪɝɭɸɳɢɟ ୶ӪāˈĀɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣ ֐ྭāüüĀɪɚɞɭɣɫɹ ֐ྭāˈĀɝɨɫɬɢ ᇮᇒāüüĀ ഭ⏢䟿অս˅āüüĀɦɟɪɚ ᓖ䟿āˈĀ״˄ɜɨɡɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɟ ᇒӪāˈĀɜɟɞɪɨ 㔤ᗧ㖇 ɭɛɟɠɞɚɥ 䈤ᴽǃ࣍䈤āüüĀɭɜɟɳɟɜɚɥ ੺䈛ǃ࣍ሬāˈĀɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥ ࣐кāüüĀ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɥ 䱴࣐кāˈĀɨɬɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ ல㛕ǃޫ㛕āüüĀɧɚɩɢɬɚɥɢ ਲ਼価āˈĀɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ⤜ 䓛ⲴǃᵚႊⲴāüüĀɛɟɡɛɪɚɱɧɵɣ ᵚႊⲴāǄ˄ࡽ㘵᪈㠚൓㓿ॿՊǉ൓㓿Ǌˈਾ㘵ᶕ㠚 ǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿Ǌ˅ ⮉Ⓚ䈝᮷ᵜⲴ䈇փ㔃ᶴ઼᮷؍⭘ㆰঅ᱃៲Ⲵ䈝䀰ਉ䘠⾎〈␡ྕⲴ亴䀰ᙗ᮷ᵜˈᒦ˅4 ᵜⲴᛵᝏ㺘⧠࣋Ǆ 㖇ᯟ൓㓿ॿՊǉ൓㓿Ǌ⴨∄䖳ˈᆳᴤཊൠ֯⭘Ҷ״ਟ㿱ˈǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿Ǌо 䇨ཊਔᰗ䇽≷Ǆഐ↔ᆳ൘ਕ⌅઼ᡀ䈝Ⲵ䘀⭘к䶎ᑨ᧕䘁ᐼ㝺৏᮷઼ᐼ՟ᶕ৏᮷ˈ㘼൘䈝䀰 ؞䗎кᴤ᧕䘁ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈁ᵜˈᡰԕ䈤ᮉՊ䈁ᵜᱟĀ൓㓿仾ṬāⲴ⤜⢩փ⧠Ǆ ǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿ǊⲴࠪ⡸൘ᆖᵟ઼ᮉՊᵏ࠺кᕅਁҶ◰⛸Ⲵҹ䇪ˈҹ䇪Ⲵ❖⛩ ѫ㾱ᱟ䳶ѝ൘˖ᱟ੖ਟԕ⭘䙊؇ǃ⍵ᱮⲴ䈝䀰৫㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌ˛ሩǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿 Ǌᢩ䇴ᙗ䀰䇪ѫ㾱ᴹ˖˄а˅䈁᮷䈝䀰⊹䟽ǃਔᰗǃ࡫᜿ӪѪൠ᧕䘁ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ˈ㩭ਾ Җԕᐼ՟ޘҾᲞ䙊ḷ߶䈝ⲴਁኅǄᡰ֯⭘Ⲵ䈝䀰䘈ᱟᲞᐼ䠁ᰦԓԕࡽⲴ䈝䀰Ǆ˄Ҽ˅൓㓿 ᶕ䈝઼ᐼ㝺䈝৏᮷֌Ѫ㬍ᵜˈᒦԕᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝֌Ѫ᮷⥞৲㘳ǄᡰԕᆳⲴⓀ䈝᮷ᵜ㕪ѿ㔏 ״аᙗˈᱟᐼ՟ᶕ䈝઼ᐼ㝺䈝Ⲵ␧ਸǄ䘉є⛩н䏣䜭ᱟ⭡਼ањ৏ഐӗ⭏Ⲵ˖䈁㘵ӵӵሶ

26 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䈝״ࠐॳᒤᶕ⽬ᤌԚᔿк֯⭘Ⲵᵳေ䈁ᵜ²ᯟ᣹ཛ⡸ᵜⲴ䖵ࣙ᮷ᵜǄնᱟˈ䈕ڊ䈝䈁ᵜⴻ 䈁ᵜˈ൘╛䮯Ⲵশਢᰦޘ䈝״㖇ᯟ≁᯿Ⲵㅜањǉ൓㓿Ǌ״Ⲵࡋ֌Ǆ֌Ѫ・⤜ޘ䈁ᵜᱟᆼ 䘋׳㖇ᯟᇇᮉ⭏⍫ާᴹ⤜аᰐҼⲴൠսǄ਼ᰦǉь↓ᮉᴰ儈Պ䇞൓㓿ǊⲴࠪ⡸ҏ״ᵏᆳ൘ 㖇ᯟ≁᯿৏࿻⾎ᆖᙍᜣⲴਁኅоสⶓᮉ㋮⾎Ⲵ੟⽪ǄᆳⲴ䰞ц઼Ր᫝ᴤ״Ҷ 19 ц㓚ᵛᵏ 㖇ᯟ䶎ь↓ᮉ⽬ᤌԚᔿ״࣐ᕪҶᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ൓㓿᮷ᵜ൘ᇇᮉ⽬ᤌԚᔿкⲴ֯⭘ˈᆳҏᡀѪ к֯⭘Ⲵ⾧᮷Ǆ ഋˊ20 ц㓚㠣Ӻ 䈝൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜˈᆳᱟ䟽ᯠ׍➗৏᮷״䈁ᵜᱟǉ⧠ԓḷ߶״ц㓚ᴰᴹԓ㺘ᙗⲴ൓㓿 20 㘫䈁Ⲵ䈁ᵜˈ⭡൓㓿ᆖ㘵ޡ਼㘫䈁㘼ᡀǄᆳⲴ㘫䈁⢩㢢ᱟ㶽ਸⴤ䈁о᜿䈁ᯩ⌅ˈᢺ൓㓿৏ ״䈝Ր䗮ࠪᶕˈаᯩ䶒൘ᖒᔿк䈁㘵нӵ⌘䟽֯⭘䖳ާփॆǃ⍵ⲭ᱃៲Ⲵ״᮷ᵜⲴᙍᜣ⭘ 䈝ᜟ⭘䇽≷ˈ֯ᗇ䈝䀰ੜ䎧ᶕᰒ᰾Ҷ৸Ր⾎ˈ㘼ф൘䇽䈝Ⲵ䘹⭘ǃ䈝ਕⲴ㔃ᶴǃ⇥㩭Ⲵᧂ ⮉൓㓿৏᮷ⲴĀ⾎儃āˈᰒ؍䈝䈝⌅⢩ᖱ˗ਖаᯩ䶒൘޵ᇩк৸㜭״ࡇㅹᯩ䶒ҏㅖਸ⧠ԓ 䇙䈫㘵ਟԕⵏ࠷ൠҶ䀓փՊࡠ൓㓿᮷ᵜⲴ৏᜿Ǆᡰԕ䘉⡸ᵜнӵ䘲ਸᲞ䙊Ⲯဃ䰵䈫ˈҶ䀓 ൓㓿᭵һǃ᮷ॆˈ䘈䘲⭘Ҿѕ䉘ǃᆖᵟᙗⲴ൓㓿⹄ウǄ 䈝൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜެާ൓㓿Ⲵᇇᮉᙗǃᆖᵟᙗ઼᮷ᆖᙗˈнӵᢺ״ᙫ㘼䀰ѻˈǉ⧠ԓḷ߶ 䈝״䈝㔃ᶴˈ䘈䘀⭘Ҷ䇨ཊᴰൠ䚃ǃᴰᑨ⭘Ⲵ״䇨ཊ৏᮷ѝⲴ䈝䀰㔃ᶴ᭩ᡀҶབྷᇦ⟏ᚹⲴ ⮉৏᮷ⲴĀ⾎严āǄ↓ྲ㘫䈁ᇦླྀ䗮ᡰ䈤˖Ā㘫䈁Ⲵѫ㾱䰞仈؍❦䇽≷઼㺘䗮ᖒᔿˈতӽ 1 ൘Ҿˈᖒᔿሩᓄо࣏㜭ሩㅹ䰤ⲴߢケāǄ

䈁ᵜ൘㘫䈁৏ࡉоᯩ⌅кⲴ⴨լѻ༴״3.3ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ

䙊䗷ԕкሩ∄ਁ⧠ˈ㘫䈁᡻⌅кⲴਈॆ䜭ᱟ䲿⵰䈕ᇇᮉⲴᲞ৺〻ᓖн਼㘼ਈॆⲴǄᰐ 㘫䈁ㆆ⮕ޣ䈝㘫䈁䜭㓿শҶⴤ䈁ǃ᜿䈁ǃⴤ䈁᜿䈁ᴹᵪ㔃ਸⲴᴹ״䇪ᱟǉ൓㓿Ǌ≹䈝䘈ᱟ ઼㘫䈁ᯩ⌅Ⲵҹᢗ઼╄ਈǄ ㅜаˈ൘㘫䈁ࡍᵏˈ䈁㘵䙊ᑨ䜭ᱟสⶓᮉⲴᘐᇎؑᗂˈ㲄䈊ⲴՐᮉ༛ǄԆԜ൘㘫䈁ᰦ ᖰᖰнᮒ䖫᱃᭩ࣘ㻛ԆԜཹѪ⾎൓Ⲵ㓿ި²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌˈѫ㾱䟷ਆ䙀ᆇ䙀ਕⴤ䈁Ⲵᯩ⌅Ǆ ⭊㠣➗ᢴ➗ᩜ৏᮷Ⲵ᧚䗎ǃ㔃ᶴǃਕᒿˈнᮒᴹа⛩䖫ᗞⲴਈࣘˈᡰԕሩҾ㘫䈁ԫօањ

1ɇɚɣɞɚɘəɧɞɟȼɚɚɪɞɇɚɧɨɜɵɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɎɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɜɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɯɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯɉɟɪɫ ɚɧɝɥɩɨɞɪɟɞȺɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚȺȺɊȻɈɋɉɛ

27 䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ᯩ⌅⹄ウ״ㅜйㄐ ǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ǉ൓㓿Ǌ

䈁ᵜᖰᖰ䜭ਇࡠҶส״ᇇᮉ᮷ᆖ᮷ᵜᶕ䈤ˈަࡍᵏ䈁ᵜ䙊ᑨ䜭ᖸ䳮៲Ǆնᱟ䘉аᰦᵏⲴѝ ᤱҶᇇᮉ᮷ᵜⲴⵏᇎ˗ն؍ˈⶓᮉ਴ᇇᮉᵳေӪ༛Ⲵ㛟ᇊ઼䇔ਟˈԆԜ䇔Ѫ䈁᮷ᘐҾ৏᮷ ሩҾа㡜Ӫ㗔ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉а㊫Ⲵ䈁ᵜᖸ䳮⨶䀓ˈᡰԕн࡙Ҿสⶓᮉᮉѹ൘Პ䙊བྷՇѝⲴՐ᫝ ઼ਁኅǄ ㅜҼˈ䲿⵰สⶓᮉⲴ䙀⑀Პ৺ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁䘋ޕਁኅᰦᵏˈѪ┑䏣Րᮉ༛ᇓᢜสⶓ Პ䙊ⲮဃޕᮉⲴ䴰㾱ˈᢙབྷ㠚ᐡᇇᮉⲴՐ᫝㤳ത઼᧕ਇ〻ᓖˈ⢩࡛ᱟѪҶ֯สⶓᮉਟԕ㶽 ⭏⍫ѝˈ䈁㘵൘㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌި㉽ᰦ⑀⑀䙀⑀䟷⭘аӋ⚥⍫ਈ䙊Ⲵ㘫䈁᡻⇥ᶕ㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿䈝䈫㘵⟏ᚹᡆ㓿ᑨ֯⭘Ⲵ䈝䀰ޕǊˈֻྲ൘䈝䀰㺘䗮кˈቭਟ㜭֯⭘⴨ሩㆰঅ䙊؇Ⲵǃ䈁 Ǆަ㘫䈁ⴞⲴᱟᇓՐสⶓᮉᮉѹ઼㋮⾎ˈᨀ儈ަ⍱㹼ᓖˈׯҾᲞ䙊བྷՇ䰵䈫Ǆᡰԕ䘉њᰦ 䈝Ⲵ䈝䀰㔃ᶴ઼㹼᮷仾Ṭ䶐ᤒǄޕᵏⲴ䈁ᵜᴹᰦՊѪҶ䙊؇нᜌ㈑᭩৏᮷ˈᒦቭ䟿ੁ䈁 ㅜйˈ൘ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁Ⲵ唾ⴋᰦᵏˈ㘫䈁ᙍᜣ䙀⑀ᔰ࿻䘭≲ㆰ⌱ᵤ㍐Ⲵ仾Ṭˈ䈁㘵н ӵ㾱≲䈝䀰к䙊؇᱃៲ˈ䘈⌘䟽䈁᮷о৏᮷䈝䀰ᖒᔿкⲴሩㅹˈᴤ⌘䟽ԆԜоⓀ䈝᮷ᵜ൘ ˈᤱа㠤ˈራ≲৏࿻᮷ᵜⲴ䘿᰾ᓖˈ䇙䈫㘵ቭਟ㜭ൠⴻࡠ৏࿻᮷ᵜⲴ㔃ᶴ઼᜿ѹ؍޵ᇩк ⮉ǉ൓㓿Ǌ᮷ᵜⲴ⾎൓ᙗ઼㓟⌱ᙗǄ؍ԕ 䘋Ҷь׳ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ㘫䈁⍫ࣘˈѫ㿲кᱟԕᇓᢜสⶓᮉᮉѹѪⴞⲴⲴˈնᱟᇒ㿲кত 㾯᮷ॆⲴӔ⍱ˈᑖᶕҶоᵜ൏᮷ॆн਼Ⲵᇇᮉ᮷ॆ⨶ᘥˈѠᇼҶ䈁䈝䈫㘵Ⲵ䈝䀰᮷ॆǄ

28 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

䈝ѝⓀҾǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽״ 4.1

4.1.1 ൘䈝䀰Ⲵᡰᴹ㾱㍐䟼ˈ䇽≷о᮷ॆⲴޣ㌫ᱟᴰ㍗ᇶⲴǄ䇽≷нӵᱟ䈝䀰Ⲵสᵜ অսˈ䘈ᱟ䈁㘵൘㘫䈁᮷ㄐᰦ㘳㲁ᴰཊⲴᡀ࠶ˈᙍᜣ઼ᾲᘥԕ৺ѠᇼཊᖙⲴ⽮Պޣ㌫઼⭏ ⎞⍫Ґ؇㜭䙊䗷ᆳㆰ⌱߶⺞ൠ㺘䗮ࠪᶕˈ࡙⭘ᖒ䊑Ⲵ∄௫ˈ㺘䗮ࠪᴤѪ␡࡫Ⲵ޵⏥ˈԔӪ 䈝઼≹䈝਼኎Ҿц⭼кᴰѠᇼⲴ䈝䀰ˈᤕᴹབྷ䟿᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ǆ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᱟӪ״ᜣ㚄㘙Ǆ ˈ㊫ᲪភⲴ㔃Ღˈᱟ䈝䀰ѝ⎃㕙Ⲵ㋮ॾǄ਼ṧˈн਼ⲴᇇᮉؑԠՊӗ⭏н਼Ⲵ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽㘼ԫօањ≁᯿Ⲵ䈝䀰ѝˈ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽൘Շཊ亶ฏ䜭ᢞ╄⵰ॱ࠶䟽㾱Ⲵ䀂㢢Ǆ ᡰ䉃᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ˈᱟᤷ㜭䳶ѝ৽᱐ᡆ㺘䗮Ḁа≁᯿Ⲵ仾؇Ґᜟǃ≄䍘ᛵᝏǃশਢި ᭵ǃᙍ㔤⁑ᔿǃԧ٬ਆੁǃᇇᮉᗳᘱㅹ⢩ᴹһ⢙Ⲵ䇽䈝઼Ґ䈝ˈ1൘⢩ᇊⲴкл᮷ѝቡᶴ ᡀҶ᧘⨶䈝䀰ؑ᚟Ⲵ᮷ॆ䈝ຳǄ䘉Ӌ䇽䈝ᴹ⵰␡৊Ⲵ≁᯿᮷ॆ〟⏰ˈᆳԜᡆⴤ᧕ᡆ䰤᧕ൠ ৽᱐Ҷഭᇦᡆ≁᯿Ⲵ᮷ॆ⭏⍫ˈަ⏥ѹਟᔦըࡠ⽮Պ᮷ॆؑ᚟Ⲵ਴њ䈝䀰ቲ䶒ˈྲҐ䈝ǃ 䉊䈝ǃᡀ䈝ㅹㅹǄ ״䈝᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᱟѠᇼཊᖙⲴˈަᶕⓀᴤᱟ㓧㑱༽ᵲˈสⶓᮉᰐ⯁ᡀѪᖡ૽״ 4.1.2 䈝ѝ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ӗ⭏ਁኅⲴѫ㾱ഐ㍐ѻаˈ㘼֌ѪสⶓᮉⲴ㓿ި²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌᚠᚠᱟަᴰ ѫ㾱ⲴᶕⓀѻаǄ 㖇ᯟ≁᯿ׯᗇԕᒯ״ሶสⶓᮉᇊѪഭᮉਾˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ൘ޜݳ 988 ᒤᕇ᣹ส㊣ቄབྷޜ㠚 Ҷབྷ䟿൓㓿䇽≷ˈԆԜࠪ㠚ᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝䈁ᵜǄ䲿⵰শਢⲴਁኅǃ䈝ޕ⑇䈝ѝ״ˈՐ᫝⌊ 䈝ḷ߶䈝ѝҏवਜ਼བྷ䟿᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ˈԆԜⓀ㠚Ҿ൓㓿⾎䈍᭵һ઼ᮉᖻˈ਼ᰦ״ˈ䀰Ⲵ╄ਈ 䈝᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᐢ㓿≷䳶Ҷаॳཊᒤԕ״ԆԜҏᒦ㻛䍻ҸаӋᯠⲴਜ਼ѹǄⓀ㠚ǉ൓㓿ǊѝⲴ 㖇״䈝䈝䀰᮷ॆѝнਟᡆ㕪Ⲵ㋮儃Ǆ״㖇ᯟӪ≁൘สⶓᮉᖡ૽лᙍᜣᲪភⲴ㔃Ღˈᱟ״ᶕ ᯟ≁᯿Ⲵᙍᜣ᜿䇶઼᮷ॆԧ٬ਆੁ䜭൘ަѝᡆཊᡆቁᴹᡰփ⧠Ǆ 㖇״൓㓿᮷ᆖˈ⢩࡛ᱟǉᰗ㓖ǊѝⲴĀ᪙㾯ӄҖā઼ǉᯠ㓖ǊѝⲴĀഋ⾿丣Җāˈሩ 㖇ᯟ䉊䈝Ⲵࠪ༴ቡᱟᮉՊᯟ᣹ཛ䈝⡸Ⲵǉ൓״ᯟ䈝䀰᮷ᆖⲴਁኅᴹ⵰䟽㾱Ⲵᖡ૽Ǆ2䇨ཊ

1http://www.dictall.com/indu/255/25453404003.htm

2 ᵾᾐˈӾ࣏㜭ሩㅹ⨶䇪ⴻ䇠㘵ᤋᖵՊ≹㤡ਓ䈁ѝ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ⲵ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕[D].俆䜭ᐸ㤳བྷᆖˈ2011 ᒤǄ

29 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

㓿Ǌˈ∄ྲ˖ɦɟɬɚɬɶɛɢɫɟɪɩɟɪɟɞɫɜɢɶɹɦɢሩ⢋ᕩ⩤Ǆ৏᮷ࠪ㠚ǉᯠ㓖·傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌ˖Āн 㾱ᢺ൓⢙ᣋ㔉⤇ˈᴤ࡛ᢺ֐ԜⲴ⧽⨐᪷൘⥚Ⲵ⵬ࡽˈ ᙅᆳ䐥䐿Ҷ⧽⨐ˈ䘈ਟ㜭䖜䗷ᶕ૜ ᣔ⵬ⶋаṧ⧽ᜌǄǉ⭣ભ䇠Ǌѝ䘉ṧ᧿䘠ࡠ˖Ā㙦઼⡡ۿ֐Ԝā˗ɛɟɪɟɱɶɤɚɤɡɟɧɢɰɭɨɤɚ ᣔˈᴹ؍ॾ൘ᰧ䟾ѻൠˈ൘䟾ޭશଞⲴ৏䟾ˈਁ⧠ҶԆˈҾᱟሶԆᣡ䎧ˈ࣐ԕᣊ㛢ˈ࣐ԕ ྲ㠚ᐡⲴ⵬⨐āǄɄɚɦɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɧɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ 㦑❦ᰐᆈǄ䘉ਕ䈍Ⓚ㠚ǉ൓㓿gᯠ㓖ޘ ҖǊѝ㙦こᤷ⵰㙦䐟᫂ߧⲴᡯቻᓉᆷ䈤˖Ā䘉а࠷䜭ሶᖫᓅ⇱⚝āǄɄɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɬɨɬ ɧɟ ɟɫɬнࣣࡉᰐ㧧ࠪ㠚Ⓚ㠚ǉࡋц㓚Ǌ˖Ā֯ԆԜഐ֌㤖ᐕˈ㿹ᗇભ㤖ˈᰐ䇪ᱟ઼⌕ǃ֌ ⹆ˈ䘈ᱟ֌⭠䰤਴ṧⲴߌ⍫ˈ൘਴ᯩ䶒䜭ѕṬൠᖵԆԜā ˗ȼɨɥɤɜɨɜɟɱɶɟɣɲɤɭɪɟ ᣛ⵰ ˈݸ⸕ⲴӪˈԆԜ൘֐䶒ࡽٷ㖺ⳞⲴ⤬Ǆ䘉њ䉊䈝ᶕ㠚ǉᯠ㓖·傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌ˖Ā֐㾱ᨀ䱢 ૱ཆⴻᣛ⵰㖺Ⳟˈ޵ᗳতᱟᰐ∄ࠦ↻Ⲵ䊪⤬āǄӪԜௌ⅒ُࣘ⢙Ⲵ⢩⛩ᡆᙗᛵᶕ∄௫ӪⲴ 䍘ˈ䘉⛩൘ᖸཊ≁᯿Ⲵ䈝䀰ѝ䜭ᴹփ⧠Ǆֻྲˈь㾯ᯩ᮷ॆѝˈӪԜ䇔Ѫ㖺ᱟ⑙亪ழ㢟Ⲵ 䊑ᖱˈ㘼⤬ত䊑ᖱ⵰䍚ႚࠦ⤐Ǆɉɪɨɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɤɨɜѪ 30 ඇ䬦ᐱࠪআḀ ӪǄ䘉ਕ䈍᧿䘠Ⲵ᭵һⓀ㠚ǉᯠ㓖·傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌˈ䇢Ⲵᱟ㙦こⲴ䰘ᗂѝ⣩བྷˈ᤯Ҷ⾝ਨ䮯㔉Ⲵ 30 ඇ䬦ᐱˈቡᢺ㙦こࠪআ㔉⣩ཚᮉⲴᖃᵳ㘵ˈᒦራ᢮ᵪՊ㓐䳶ҶаӋӪ᤯⵰࠰ἂ䰟 ޕ㙦こ৺䰘ᗂԜⲴտᡰˈ᥹᤯㙦こˈᴰ㓸ሶ㙦こ䪹↫൘ॱᆇᷦкǄ Ⓚ㠚ǉ൓㓿gᯠ㓖ޘҖǊѝⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽བྷᾲᴹԕлࠐ㊫˖1˅൘ǉ൓㓿·ᯠ㓖ޘ ≶⮉лᶕˈ৏ѹ৺䇽؍ҖǊѝᐢ㓿ᴹᆼᮤⲴ䈝ѹ઼ᖸᕪⲴ㺘⧠࣋ˈᆳԜ֌Ѫപᇊ䈝䀰অս ҖǊ㓿᮷ѝⲴ䇽䈝㠚⭡㓴ਸˈ䙊䗷䖜ѹ㘼⭏ᡀᯠޘᤱнਈ˗2˅⭡ǉ൓㓿·ᯠ㓖؍ᡀ࠶สᵜ 㖇ᯟ≁᯿Ⲵ䈝䀰৺仾؇Ґᜟ⭏ᡀˈ〠ѻѪ״᤹ˈѹⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽˗3˅ṩᦞ൓㓿᭵һᛵ㢲 ᯿ُ⭘ᙗ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ǆ1ሩᐢᴹᶀᯉ䘋㹼࠶᷀ˈਟԕⴻࠪⓀ㠚ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ⲵ≁ ⢩⛩ྲл ⮉Ҷᰗ䇽ᖒᔿᡆ䈝䀰Ⲵਔᰗᖒᔿˈቭ㇑؍❦䈝ḷ߶䈝Ⲵ䇨ཊ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ӽ״ޕ䘋˅1 䈝ḷ߶䈝Ⲵ䟽㾱ᶴᡀ䜘࠶Ǆྲ˖ɧɢɧɚɢɨɬɭ ᡆ ɧɢɨɞɧɨɣɢɨɬɵ״նԆԜ׍❦ᱟ⧠ԓˈ↔ྲ а⛩ҏн˄ɢɨɬɚ ᡆ ɣɨɬɚ Ѫਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝ˈᐼ㝺䈝 iota Ⲵ丣䈁Ⲵॺԯ䙐䈝˅˗ɧɢɱɬɨɠɟ ɫɭɦɟɹɲɟɫɹ ∛н⣩䊛˄⧠⭘֌ᠿ䉁ǃ䇕䇭˅˄ɧɢɱɬɨɠɟ ণ ɧɢɱɭɬɶˈɫɭɦɧɹɲɟɫɹ ণ ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɥɢɫɶ˅ㅹㅹǄ

1㛆䖹ˈ䈝䀰᮷ॆ㘫䈁ѻ䈟䈁[J].к⎧、ᢰ㘫䈁ˈ2001 ᒤˈㅜ 4 ᵏǄ

30 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

2˅аӋ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᶕ㠚ਔᯟ᣹ཛ䈝᮷ᵜˈնতэ∛⋑ᴹᰗ䇽㢢ᖙǄྲˈɅɟɝɱɟ ɜɟɪɛɥɸɞɭɩɪɨɣɬɢɫɤɜɨɡɶɢɝɨɥɶɧɨɟɭɲɤɨ∄傶催ク䗷䪸⵬䘈䳮ˈ䳮ྲк䶂ཙ˗ɤɨɥɨɫɫɧɚ ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɯɧɨɝɚɯ ⌕䏣ᐘӪ˗ɄɬɨɫɟɟɬɜɟɬɟɪɩɨɠɺɬɛɭɪɸᚦᴹᚦᣕㅹㅹǄ 3˅䇨ཊоᇇᮉ᮷ॆ⴨ޣⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᡰवਜ਼Ⲵᇇᮉ㢢ᖙᐢ␑ॆᡆ⎸ཡǄྲ˖ ɚɪɟɞɨɜɵɜɟɤɢɠɢɬɶ˄ɩɪɨɠɢɬɶˈɫɬɨɹɬɶ˅⍫ࡠ儈喴ˈ䮯ભⲮ኱˗ɛɥɭɞɧɵɣɫɵɧ ⎚ᆀ˗ɝɪɟɯɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɢ ᒤ䖫Ⲵ䗷ཡǄ 4˅аӋ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ᡰ᢯䖭Ⲵ৏ᶕᖒ䊑઼䳀௫ˈ㾱Ѹ⁑㋺н␵ˈ㾱ѸᴹҶᯠѹǃ㾱Ѹ 䖜ѹǄྲ˖ɦɟɬɚɬɶɛɢɫɟɪɩɟɪɟɞɫɜɢɧɶɹɦɢ ሩ⢋ᕩ⩤˗ɢɟɪɢɯɨɧɫɤɢɟɫɬɟɧɵɩɚɞɭɬ н᭫㠚⹤ˈ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɲɚɹɨɜɰɚ 䘧䙄㗄㖺˗Ǆɢɟɪɢɯɨɧɫɤɚɹɬɪɭɛɚ ః丣ᆿབྷ˗ɩɢɬɚɬɶɫɹɦɚɧɧɨɣɧɟɛɟɫɧɨɣ 侕㛐䗈䗈ㅹ䘈ᑖᴹ䇭ࡪ઼ᠿ䉁㢢ᖙǄ ⮉⵰؍Ⓚ㠚ǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽൘⧠ԓ䈝ѝ֯⭘ᰦ㲭❦൘ᖒᔿк઼䈝⌅㔃ᶴкቊф 䈝᮷ॆ״৏࿻Ⲵ⣦ᘱˈնަ৏ᴹⲴᇇᮉ㢢ᖙབྷ䜘࠶ᰙᐢ㓿␑ॆˈ㘼ф䙊ᑨᑖᴹ䇭ࡪ᜿ણǄ 䍏䖭䇽ѝᴹ䇨ཊቡᱟӾǉ൓㓿ǊѝⲴḀӋ㓿ިㄐ㢲ѝ࠶⿫ࠪᶕˈަ޵ᇩѝᡰᑖᴹⲴഐ᷌㚄㖇ᯟ≁᯿ⲴՏབྷᲪភǄഐ↔ˈ䘉䜘࠶᮷״㌫৸֯ᗇᆳԜާᴹҶ␡࡫Ⲵଢᆖᙍᜣˈҏ価ਜ਼Ҷ 䈝䈝䀰ѝⲴ㋮ॾǄ״䍏䖭䇽ਟԕ〠ᗇкᱟॆ ח䈝᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽ԕ৺ᆳԜⲴࠪ༴ǃ৏᮷䟺ѹ઼֯⭘⢩⛩ˈਟԕӾањ״Ӿǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ

1 䈝䈝䀰᮷ॆⲴ␡࡫ᖡ૽˖ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɟ ᔪㆁ൘⋉┙кࠪ㠚ǉᯠ㓖״䶒ⴻࡠǉ൓㓿Ǌሩ 傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌˈ䘉䟼䇢Ⲵᱟ㙦こⲴа⇥䈤ᮉ˖Ⱥ ɜɫɹɤɢɣˈɤɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɫɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ɇɨɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ˈ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɛɟɡɪɚɫɫɭɞɧɨɦɭˈ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥ ɞɨɦ ɫɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɟ˖ɢɩɨɲɟɥɞɨɠɞɶˈɢɪɚɡɥɢɥɢɫɶɪɟɤɢˈɢɩɨɞɭɥɢɜɟɬɪɵˈɢɧɚɥɟɝɥɢɧɚɞɨɦɬɨɬ˗ɢɨɧ ɭɩɚɥˈɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɟࠑੜҶᡁ䘉⇥䈍ѻਾ䘈нᇎ㹼Ⲵˈቡᱟањᢺ㠚ᐡⲴ ᡯቻᔪㆁ൘⋉൏кⲴᝊ᱗ⲴӪˈㅹࡠ䴘⏻ǃ≤ߢǃ仾੩㻝ࠫ䛓ᓗᡯቻˈᆳቡՊൽ๼Ҷˈ䘉 о≹䈝ᡀ䈝Āオѝᾬ䰱āⲴ∄௫ᖒ䊑઼ਜ਼ѹ䜭ᖸ䘁լǄֻྲ˖ə ɡɧɚɸ ɋɚɤɜɭˈɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɵɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɟᡁҶ䀓㩘⬖ˈԆᱟҐᜟҾ؞ㆁオѝᾬ䰱ⲴǄǉᯠ㓖·傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌㅜ 26 ㄐ 7-9 㢲䇠䘠Ҷ㙦こⲴᴰਾⲴᲊ佀ˈᰙ൘⅗⍢᮷㢪༽ޤᰦᵏ᜿བྷ࡙ᴰ㪇਽Ⲵ㢪ᵟᇦ 䗮·㣜ཷⲴ਽⭫ǉᴰਾⲴᲊ佀Ǌ↓ᱟਆᶀҾ䘉њ᭵һǄ䗮·㣜ཷⲴ䘉ᑵнᵭѻ֌ᴤᱟሩ਋ᗂ

1ᾬ㓒⠅ˈ䜁㔤ই˖ሩਈ䈁⨶䇪઼ⴞⲴ䇪Ⲵ∄䖳⹄ウ[J].儈ᮉо㓿⍾ˈ2007 ᒤˈㅜ 1 ᵏǄ

31 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

≳сᚦⲴ౤㝨䘋㹼Ҷᕪ⛸㘼ᰐᛵⲴ䷝ㆄˈӾ↔ ɢɫɤɚɪɢɨɬ ׯᡀҶĀ㿱࡙ᘈѹⲴ਋ᗂᡆআѫ 㦓㘵āⲴ਼ѹ䈝Ǆֻྲ˖Ⱦɪɭɝɚ-ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɹɡɚɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɤɨɜɜɤɭɬɭɡɤɭɜɜɟɪɝɧɟɬʽԆ ˗⢒ՊѪҶ䍚മ⵬ࡽⲴሿׯᇌ㘼ࠪআ㠚ᐡⲴᴻ৻ˈ䇙ᴻ৻඀ 4.2 ѝഭՐ㔏᮷ॆоǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁 ᡀ࣏Ⲵѝ㾯᮷ॆӔ䱵ˈᱟԕሩѝ㾯᮷ॆⲴ⴨਼оᐞᔲⲴ䇶࡛Ѫส⹰ⲴǄֻྲ˖ǉ൓ 㓿ǊѝሩĀ嗉āⲴ㘫䈁ˈ൘ǉ൓㓿Ǌ䟼ˈĀ嗉āᱟ᫂ᰖҏᱟ冄公Ⲵ਼ѹ䈝ˈᆳ࿻㓸ᱟᮤњ ˈᚦсⲴԓ㺘Ǆྲǉ੟⽪ᖅǊ䟼ቡᴹ䇠䖭˖Ԇ᥹տ䛓嗉ٷц⭼ⵏழ㖾Ⲵ⹤ൿ㘵ˈҏᱟц⭼ ҏቡᱟਔ㳷ˈ䘈ਛ冄公ˈҏਛ᫂ᰖˈሶᆳ᥶㔁Ҷаॳᒤˈ❦ਾᢄ൘ᰐᓅඁ䟼ˈ޽ሶᰐᓅඁ ሱкˈ֯ᆳнᗇ޽䘧ᜁ਴ഭӪ≁Ǆᆳ亴⽪Ҷц⭼кᡰᴹ䛚ᚦ࣯࣋Ⲵᴰ㓸ᖫᓅⲴ⎸ӑǄ㘼ь ᯩӪ᮷ॆ䟼ⲴĀ嗉ࠔ੸⾕āǃĀ嗉ᆀ嗉ᆉāǃĀ嗉㺽āㅹਜ਼ᴹĀ嗉āᾲᘥⲴ䇽ᰐнԓ㺘⵰ ĀሺѕāǃĀਹ⾕āǃĀ⾍⾿āⲴ᜿ѹǄഐ↔ˈ൓㓿ᵟ䈝䇽Ā嗉āⲴ㘫䈁Ⲵ਼ѹ䈝Ā᫂ ᰖāˈнਟ䚯ݽൠሩьᯩ᮷ॆ㿲ᘥਁ⭏Ҷаᇊ〻ᓖⲴ⴨઼ᫎߢケǄ ᵜ䓛᜿ણ⵰ᔲ䍘᮷ॆᖸ݂ᇦ᮷ॆⲴԧ٬ߢᫎᡀѪа⿽ˈޕሩҾѝഭ㘼䀰ˈสⶓᮉⲴՐ ᗵ❦Ǆ㢮݂⮕൘㘫䈁ǉ൓㓿Ǌᰦˈ䙊䗷ࡐ㢲ǃ໎␫ԕ৺㈑᭩৏᮷ؑ᚟ㅹ᡻⌅䘉ṧⲴԧ٬ߢ ݴᕏ਼࿫Ⲵ᭵һˈн㻛ӪԜᡰ᧕ਇ઼ޝᫎ߿ࡠᴰሿᴰ䖫Ǆ൘݂ᇦՖ⨶ѝˈǉ傜ཚ⾿丣Ǌѝ њ⭧ᆀāⴞⲴᱟ䚯ݽ᮷ޝњݴᕏā᭩ѪĀޝ䀓ⲴǄ㢮݂⮕㘫䈁ᰦ㈑᭩Ҷ৏᮷ؑ᚟ˈሶĀ⨶ ॆ䰤Ⲵߢケ Ǆ1ᡁԜ޽ሩ∄ⴻⴻ㙦こՊ༛㢮݂⮕Ⲵǉཙѫ䱽⭏䀰㹼㓚⮕ǊǄަ᜿ѹᱟˈㅜ а⅑ሶഋ⾿丣ҖⲴѫ㾱޵ᇩ䈁ᡀ≹䈝ˈᱟㅜа䜘ᆼᮤⲴ㙦こՐ䇠≹䈁ᵜǄ൘㘫䈁ѝˈ㢮݂ ⮕䙊䗷␑ॆᇩ᱃ӗ⭏䈟䀓Ⲵ৏᮷᧚䇽Ⲵᯩᔿ㺘⧠ࠪሩ䚓䇽䙐ਕⲴ⚥⍫ᙗǄ

32 ǉ൓㓿Ǌ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐״ㅜഋㄐ ≹ǃ

ㅜӄㄐ㔃䈝 ֌Ѫޘц⭼䈁ࡦᵜਁ㹼䟿ᴰབྷˈশਢᴰᛐѵⲴҖ㉽ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌᰐ⯁ᱟ㾯ᯩ᮷ॆⲴ䟽㾱 Ⓚ⋹ˈᆳ䘈ᱟ㘫䈁ᡀ䈝䀰⿽㊫ᴰཊⲴҖˈᴤᱟㅜаᵜ㻛ᑖ䘋ཚオⲴҖˈҏ〠ᗇкᱟа䜘व 㖇з䊑ⲴⲮ、ޘҖˈ⭡↔㻛㚄ਸഭޜ䇔ѪᱟሩӪ㊫ᖡ૽ᴰབྷᴰ␡ⲴаᵜҖǄǉ൓㓿Ǌнӵ ӵਚᱟаᵜᇇᮉ䈫⢙ˈަѝ㶽ਸ⵰⽮Պ⭏⍫Ⲵ਴њᯩ䶒ˈᆳоᐼ㝺᮷᰾а䎧ᖒᡀҶӺཙⲴ ⅗㖾᮷ॆǄަѝǉ൓㓿gᯠ㓖ޘҖǊⲴ൓㓿᭵һ৽᱐Ҷ⣩ཚ≁᯿Ⲵᖒᡀਁኅˈ䎎亲Ҷ⣩ཚ Ӫ≁ⲴᲪភоࡋ䙐࣋ˈҖѝⲴ⾎䈍ǃᇇᮉǃশਢ઼Ֆ⨶᭵һˈԕ৺ଢ⨶㇤䀰ˈ㮤ਜ਼⵰␡࡫ Ⲵᙍᜣ޵⏥ˈᱟаㅄᕕ䏣⧽䍥Ⲵ㋮⾎䍒ᇼˈ䈫ᶕᴹа⿽㙀ӪራણⲴ兵࣋ˈᴤ֯ᰐᮠⲴ᮷ᆖ ᇦǃ㢪ᵟᇦǃᙍᜣᇦӗ⭏ҶᰐェⲴ⚥ᝏо੟䘚ˈ㠣Ӻӽᴹᶱ儈Ⲵ䰵䈫઼⹄ウԧ٬Ǆ 㘫״䈁ᵜ䘋㹼ሩ∄࠶᷀ˈ俆ݸᡁԜݸӾѝ״ᵜ᮷ѫ㾱Ӿйњቲ䶒ሩǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁ᵜ઼ єഭ൘䈁㘵ᡀઈǃԕ৺൓㓿ሩєഭ᮷ॆᡰӗ⭏Ⲵᖡ૽ㅹᯩ䶒״᡻ˈਁ⧠ѝޕ䈁൓㓿Ⲵশਢ 䜭ᴹᡰн਼ˈ㘼䘉Ӌн਼ᱟ⭡Ҿൠ⨶⧟ຳǃশਢ㛼Ჟㅹн਼ഐ㍐䙐ᡀⲴǄަ⅑ˈᡁԜሩє ഭ൓㓿㘫䈁Ⲵн਼শਢ䱦⇥ѝᴰާԓ㺘ᙗⲴ൓㓿䈁ᵜ䘋㹼ሩ∄ˈਁ⧠䈁㘵൘н਼Ⲵশਢ䱦 ˈ䈁઼≹䈁䜭㓿শӾⴤ䈁ˈࡠ᜿䈁״ᡰ䟷ਆⲴ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼ㆆ⮕ᴹ⴨਼ѻ༴ˈǉ൓㓿ǊⲴ⇥ ޽ࡠⴤ䈁઼᜿䈁⴨㔃ਸਁኅ䗷〻ǄᴰਾˈӾ䈝䀰ᆖⲴ䀂ᓖˈ⌘䟽ሩ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽˄ԕǉ൓㓿 ҖǊѪֻ˅Ⲵ㘫䈁৏ࡉ઼᡻⌅䘋㹼࠶᷀⹄ウˈਁ⧠䈁㘵൘᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ⲵ㘫䈁к⴨ޘgᯠ㓖䈝䀰᮷ॆⲴਁኅ䎧ࡠᖸབྷⲴᖡ૽֌⭘Ǆ≸״ѻ༴Ǆ਼ᰦˈᡁԜҏⴻࡠǉ൓㓿Ǌ䈁ᵜሩ਼ ˈᰦǃᗞ㿲ㅹйњ䀂ᓖⲴ࠶᷀ޡ䈁ᵜ䘋㹼শᰦǃ״ਟ㿱ˈᵜ᮷䙊䗷ሩǉ൓㓿ǊⲴѝ䈁ᵜ઼ Ҿ䟷ੁٮᡁԜਁ⧠ѝ㾯ᯩ൘㘫䈁ᇇᮉ᮷ॆި㉽кᆈ൘⵰䇨ཊ⴨䙊ѻ༴ˈ䈁㘵൘㘫䈁ᰦᖰᖰ ⭘ެ亮ᖂॆоᔲॆⲴㆆ⮕, ֯⭘ⴤ䈁઼᜿䈁⴨㔃ਸⲴ㘫䈁᡻⇥ˈӾ㘼ᴹ࡙ҾᕈᢜՐ㔏สⶓ ᮉ᮷ॆ৸ׯҾ䈁᮷䈫㘵䰵䈫ⲴⴞⲴǄ ⛩㋇⍵Ⲵ⹄ウˈԕᵏਟԕѪᮤњ൓㓿ᆖ⹄ウڊ㘫䈁⹄ウ״ᵜ䇪᮷䈅മሩǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ 䘋׳␫⹆࣐⬖ˈҏѪ᮷ᆖ㘫䈁⹄ウᔰ䗏ҶᯠⲴ㿶䀂ˈ㺕ݵᯠⲴ䈝䀰㍐ᶀˈ䘈൘аᇊ〻ᓖк ഭ䰤Ⲵ䐘䈝䀰઼䐘᮷ॆӔ⍱ˈᴤ൘Ḁ⿽〻ᓖк䀓ߣ㘫䈁⨶䇪઼ᇎ䐥ѝаӋᲞ䙽ᆈ൘Ⲵ䰞仈ˈሩєഭⲴᇇᮉশਢ᮷ॆ֌૱Ⲵ㘫䈁൷ᴹᖸབྷⲴᤷሬ᜿ѹˈሩ㘫䈁ަԆᇇᮉҖ㉽઼᮷ᆖ ֌૱ҏާᴹ␡䘌Ⲵُ䢤᜿ѹǄ

৲㘳᮷⥞

1.ⲭ䶆ᆷˈǉ᮷ॆо㘫䈁Ǌ[M].ेӜ˖ѝഭ⽮Պ、ᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2000 ᒤǄ 2.㭑ᒣˈ㘫䈁ᯩ⌅ᓄԕᖂॆѪѫ[J].ѝഭ㘫䈁ˈ2002 ᒤˈㅜ 5 ᵏˈPP39-41Ǆ 3.䱸ѹ⎧ˈਈҶᖒⲴ⾿丣²²ୀԓᲟᮉ⹄ウѻҼˈⴀ෾ᐸ㤳ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕ˄Ӫ᮷⽮Պ、ᆖ⡸˅ [J].2003 ᒤ 5 ᴸˈㅜ 2 ᵏˈP73Ǆ ˈ䱸⾿ᓧˈǉѝഭ䈁ᆖ⨶䇪ਢはǊ˄؞䇒ᵜ˅[M].к⎧˖к⎧ཆ䈝ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2000 ᒤ.4 P51Ǆ 5.䛃⌱ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼ਸᵜоᯠ䈁ᵜѻ∄䖳[J].㗔᮷ཙൠˈ2012 ᒤˈㅜ 11 ᵏǄ ᮜ≁ˈǉǉ൓㓿Ǌ≹䈁Ⲵ᮷ॆ䍴ᵜ䀓䈫Ǌ[M].к⎧˖༽ᰖབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2009 ᒤǄڵ.6 7.ߟഭॾˈ੤㗔ˈ䇪㘫䈁Ⲵ৏ࡉ[J].ѝഭ㘫䈁ˈ2001 ᒤˈㅜ 6 ᵏˈPP16-18Ǆ ߟཙㆆˈǉؑԠሬ䇪Ǌ[M].ইᆱ˖ᒯ㾯Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1992 ᒤǄ.8 9.ߟᒶॾˈᇎ⭘㘫䈁ᮉ〻[M].к⎧˖к⎧ཆ䈝ᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1997 ᒤǄ ᮜ≁ˈสⶓᇇᮉ൘ѝഭᵜ൏䘋〻ѝⲴᵳေᔪᶴоǉ൓㓿Ǌ≹䈁[J].к⎧བྷᆖᆖᣕ(⽮Պڵ.10 、ᆖ⡸)ˈ2006 ᒤˈㅜ 4 ᵏǄ 11.䱸䠁࿩ˈ൓㓿᮷ॆ൘≹䈝䈝ຳѝⲴ⧠⣦[J].䰭⊏ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕˈ2007 ᒤˈㅜ 4 ᵏǄ 12.䜝ᔪѝˈ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆഐ㍐˖ᔲॆ઼ᖂॆ[J].ཆഭ䈝ˈ1998 ᒤ 2 ᵏˈPP12-18Ǆ 13.㜑⌱ˈǉ൓㓿Ǌѝ䈁઼ਸᵜо⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁ᵜሩ∄[J].ᆱ⌒བྷᆖˈ2008 ᒤǄ 14.䠁ᜐᓧˈ䐘᮷ॆӔ䱵㘫䈁[M]ेӜ˖ѝഭሩཆ㘫䈁ࠪ⡸ޜਨˈ2003 ᒤǄ

15.㪻ඊᶮˈਔ㉽㘫䈁ѝ⨶䀓Ⲵ㤕ᒢ䰞仈[J].ཆ䈝оཆ䈝ᮉᆖˈ2001 ᒤˈㅜ 11 ᵏǄ 16.ᾬ㓒⠅ˈ䜁㔤ই˖ሩਈ䈁⨶䇪઼ⴞⲴ䇪Ⲵ∄䖳⹄ウ[J].儈ᮉо㓿⍾ˈ2007 ᒤˈㅜ 1 ᵏǄ 17.ᵾᾐˈӾ࣏㜭ሩㅹ⨶䇪ⴻ䇠㘵ᤋᖵՊ≹㤡ਓ䈁ѝ᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽Ⲵ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕[D].俆䜭ᐸ㤳བྷ ᆖˈ2011 ᒤǄ 18.㖇俉᷇ˈǉ俉⑟оѝ㾯᮷ॆӔ⍱Ǌ[M].俉⑟˖ѝഭᆖ⽮ˈ1961 ᒤˈPP44-45Ǆ 䈝ᮉᆖ, 1997 ᒤˈㅜ 1 ᵏǄ״䈝ᡀ䈝[J].ѝഭ״ࡈݹ߶,ǉ൓㓿Ǌо.19 ਨˈ2004 ᒤˈPP17-18Ǆޜằᐕˈǉᯠ㓖²²䎠䘋֯ᗂҖǊ[M].ਠे˖ਠे㢪ᵟമҖ.20 21.傜Ҁẵˈ≹䈝൓㓿઼ਸᵜⲴ㘫䈁ㆆ⮕²²ެ䇪઼ਸᵜⲴᓏоᆈ[J].ഭཆཆ䈝ᮉᆖˈ2006 ᒤǄ

22.喀᱅ˈ䠁㤩᷌᭮൘䬦ⴈᆀк²²ǉ൓㓿Ǌ઼ਸᵜо⧠ԓѝ᮷䈁ᵜ[D].㾯ेབྷᆖˈ2009 ᒤǄ 23.ԫьॷˈǉ൓㓿≹䈁᮷ॆ⹄ウǊ[M]. ↖≹˖⒆ेᮉ㛢ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2007 ᒤǄ 24.֏⍥ˈǉสⶓᮉоेӜᮉา᮷ॆǊ[M].ेӜ˖ѝཞ≁᯿བྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1999 ᒤǄ ⭠⒈᱐ˈᇇᮉ᮷ᵜ㘫䈁Ⲵ⽮Պ᮷ॆᖡ૽৺ަ㘫䈁⨶䇪ѻ∄䖳[J].䮯⋉䙊ؑ㙼ъᢰᵟᆖ䲒.25 ᆖᣕˈ2003 ᒤˈㅜ 3 ᵏǄ 26.⦻⋫ᗳ˖ǉѝഭสⶓᮉਢ㓢Ǌ[M].俉⑟˖สⶓᮉ᮷㢪ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1998 ᒤˈP48Ǆ 27.⦻ᲃᵍˈǉสⶓᮉоᑍഭ᮷ॆ˖ޣҾᐼ㝺㖇傜ᣔᮉ䇪оѝഭᣔᮉ䇪Ⲵ∄䖳⹄ウǊ[M]. ेӜ˖ьᯩࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1997 ᒤǄ 28.⦻⾿⾕ˈ੤≹⁡ˈǉ᮷ॆо䈝䀰Ǌ[M].ཆ䈝ᮉᆖо⹄ウࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1998 ᒤǄ 29.⦻ր㢟ˈ㘫䈁ѝⲴ᮷ॆ∄䖳[J]. 㘫䈁䙊䇟ˈ1984 ᒤˈㅜ 1 ᵏˈP27Ǆ 30.㛆䖹ˈ䈝䀰᮷ॆ㘫䈁ѻ䈟䈁[J].к⎧、ᢰ㘫䈁ˈ2001 ᒤˈㅜ 4 ᵏǄ 31.䇨ᔪᒣˈᕐ㦓ᴖ˖䐘᮷ॆ㘫䈁ѝⲴᔲॆоᖂॆ䰞仈[J].ѝഭ㘫䈁ˈ2002 ᒤˈㅜ 5 ᵏǄ 32.䇨䫗ˈǉ㘫䈁ᾲ䇪Ǌ[M].ेӜ:ཆ䈝ᮉᆖо⹄ウࠪ⡸⽮ˈ2009 ᒤǄ 33.ᶘ၌ˈ൓㓿᮷ᵜ㘫䈁䫖ᇊ⧠䊑⹄ウ[D].ѝഭ⎧⌻བྷᆖˈ2010 ᒤǄ 34.Ҿ⺅ˈǉѝഭ᮷ॆоสⶓᮉⲴߢᫎǊ[M].⊸䱣˖䗭ᆱӪ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ˈ1989 ᒤǄ 35.䎥㔤ᵜˈǉ䈁㓿ⓟⓀ²²⧠ԓӄབྷѝ᮷൓㓿㘫䈁ਢǊ[M].俉⑟˖ѝ഻⾎ᆨ⹄ウ䲒ˈ 1993 ᒤˈPP39-44Ǆ Պˈ2011 ᒤǄޜǉ൓㓿Ǌ˄઼ਸᵜ؞䇒⡸˅[M].俉⑟൓㓿.36 37.ǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ[M].⧟⨳൓㓿ޜՊˈ2005 ᒤǄ Პᐼ䠁Ⲵǉݸ⸕Ǌˈᠸᇍᵳ䈁Ҿ 1826 ᒤǄ.38

ȺɥɟɤɫɟɟɜȺȺȻɢɛɥɢɹɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵɧɚɪɭɫɫɤɢɣɹɡɵɤ\ ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɹɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹɌ ± ɆɊɨɥɶȻɢɛɥɢɢɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢɫɥɚɜɥɢɬɹɡɵɤɨɜɆ ȺɪɚɩɨɜɢɱȻȼɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɫɥɨɜɨȻ ȺɪɚɩɨɜɢɱɉɟɪɟɜɨɞȻɢɛɥɢɢɅɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟɢɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢɆɨɫɤɜɚ-29 ɧɨɹɛɪɹɝ- ɆɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚȻɢɛɥɢɢɫ-15. ȻɢɤɦɚɧȾɠɄɟɥɥɨɭȾɠɇɟɢɫɤɚɠɚɹɫɥɨɜɚȻɨɠɢɹɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚȻɢɛɥɢɢɂɡɞ-ɜɨɇɨɚɯɋɉɛ

ɉɵɩɢɧȺ. ɇɊɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɩɪɢȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɟIɉɝ ȺɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɇɈɩɵɬɢɫɬɨɪɢɢȻɢɛɥɢɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɫɜɹɡɢɫɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦɢɧɪɚɜɚɦɢɋɉɛ 1892. ɑɢɫɬɨɜɢɱɂɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚȻɢɛɥɢɢɧɚɪɭɫɹɡɵɤɋɉɛ ɅɨɝɚɱɟɜɄ. ɂɂɡɞɚɧɢɹɪɭɫɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜȻɢɛɥɢɢɀɆɉʋɋ-ʋɋ- 80. ɊɢɠɫɤɢɣɆ. ɂɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜȻɢɛɥɢɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɇɨɜɨɫɢɛ ɂɚɧɧɭɚɪɢɣ ɂɜɥɢɟɜ ɚɪɯɢɦɈɩɵɬɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɪɭɫɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜɋɜɹɳɉɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɇɨɜɨɝɨɁɚɜɟɬɚɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɫɋ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɨɦ- Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɨɦɂɡɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɹɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭɢɡɚɩɚɞɭɨɬȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚɅɋ-114. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɉɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵɇɨɜɨɝɨɁɚɜɟɬɚɧɚɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣɹɡɵɤɆ&-6. 49ɋɟɥɟɡɧɟɜɆ. ȽȺɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɭ"ɆɢɪȻɢɛɥɢɢʋɋ 102-104. 50ɇɚɣɞɚɘəɧɞɟȼɚɚɪɞɇɚɧɨɜɵɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɎɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɯɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯɉɟɪɫɚɧɝɥɩɨɞɪɟɞȺɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚȺȺɊȻɈɋɉɛ 51ɎɟɞɨɪɨɜȺȼɈɫɧɨɜɵɨɛɳɟɣɬɟɨɪɢɢɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɋɉɛɆ ɈɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟɊɚɛɨɬɵ± 1940-ɯɝɨɞɨɜɎɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɋɉɛȽɍɋɉɛ 52.ǉ൓㓿ᯠ䈁ᵜǊ˖http://bible.kuanye.net/zhuti/71.htm 䈝ᡀ䈝˖http://bbs.kachiusha.net/thread-11761-1-1.html״ǉ൓㓿Ǌо.53 54.᮷ॆ䍏䖭䇽˖http://www.dictall.com/indu/255/25453404003.htm 55.൓㓿ѝ䈁ᵜⲴ㘫䈁⢩⛩৺৏ࡉ˖http://www.chinacath.org/article/bible/edition/2008-01- 29/1675.html. 56ɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɟɜɨɞhttp://www.rusbible.ru/ 57ɆɟɬɨɞɵɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚȼɟɬɯɨɝɨɁɚɜɟɬɚ http://bogoslov.ru/text/375197.html 58. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵȻɢɛɥɢɢ http://www.pravenc.ru/text/209473.html 59.ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ*D]HWDUX. 60ɂɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ Ⱥɥɮɟɟɜ . əɡɵɤɍɱɢɬɟɥɹɢɠɚɪɝɨɧɤɚɛɚɤɚɉɟɪɟɜɨɞȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧɛɵɬɶɬɨɱɧɵɦɢɛɥɚɝɨɝɨɜɟɣɧɵɦ.

㠤䉒 йᒤⲴ⹄ウ⭏ᆖҐ⭏⍫ণሶ㔃ᶏˈ൘䘉йᒤ䟼ᡁᆖࡠҶѠᇼⲴуъ⸕䇶ˈᦼᨑҶ䖳 Ѫ᡾ᇎⲴуъᢰ㜭Ǆᡁҏ⴨ؑ⹄ウ⭏⭏⍫䟼Ⲵ䞨ǃ⭌ǃ㤖ǃ䗓ˈ㔉⇿њӪ⮉лҶ䶎ᑨ⧽䍥 Ⲵഎᗶˈ⴨ؑйᒤᶕⲴᆖҐՊᡀѪᵚᶕਁኅⲴࣘ࣋ʽ ∅俆ݸˈᡁ㾱㺧ᗳᝏ䉒ᡁⲴሬᐸ²²⦻ᆷᷛᮉᦸǄᰐ䇪ᱟ൘⨶䇪ᆖҐ䱦⇥ˈ䘈ᱟᡁ ྩˈъ䇪᮷Ⲵ䘹仈ǃᤏᇊᨀ㓢ǃ䇪᮷Ⲵ৽༽؞᭩㘱ᐸⲴᚹᗳᤷሬ઼ᑞࣙǄ䇪᮷᫠߉䗷〻ѝ ཊ⅑䈒䰞߉֌䘋ᓖˈ࿻㓸䇔ⵏ䍏䍓ൠ㔉Ҹᡁ␡࡫㘼㓶㠤Ⲵᤷሬˈᑞࣙᡁᔰᤃ⹄ウᙍ䐟ǃ㙀 ᗳᤷሬǃ৽༽؞᭩Ǆ↓ᱟ㘱ᐸⲴᑞࣙо啃࣡ˈᡁⲴ∅ъ䇪᮷᡽㜭ཏᗇԕ亪࡙ᆼᡀǄُ↔ᵪ Պˈሩ㘱ᐸ␡㺘ᝏ䉒ʽ ↔ཆˈ䇪᮷ᗇԕ亪࡙ᆼᡀˈᡁ䘈ᓄᝏ䉒᮷⌅ᆖ䲒㔉ᡁᦸ䈮Ⲵᡰᴹ㘱ᐸˈ↓ᱟ⭡ҾԆԜ ⲴՐ䚃ǃᦸъǃ䀓ᜁˈ䇙ᡁᆖࡠҶуъ⸕䇶ˈᒦӾԆԜ䓛кᆖࡠҶྲօ≲⸕ǃ⋫ᆖǃྲօ ѪӪ༴һǄ਴ս㘱ᐸѕ䉘Ⲵ⋫ᆖ㋮⾎ˈ䇔ⵏⲴᐕ֌֌仾ǃ✝ᗳழ㢟ⲴՈ㢟૱䍘ˈаⴤ␡␡ ањሩ⽮Պᴹ⭘ⲴӪǄ൘↔ˈੁ਴ս㘱ڊӪⲴḷ߶ˈྲօڊ઼࣡ᝏḃ⵰ᡁˈ䇙ᡁ៲ᗇҶ◰ ᐸ㺘⽪␡␡Ⲵᮜ᜿઼䉒᜿ʽᝏ䉒ᆖ䲒Җ䇠ˈ䲒䮯઼⨝ѫԫ৺ᡰᴹ㘱ᐸ൘ᆖҐˈᙍᜣ઼⭏⍫ ѝሩᡁⲴᮉ㛢ษޫ઼⇧࠷ޣᘰʽ ᴰਾˈᡁ㾱ᝏ䉒ᡁⲴ਼ᆖ㔉ҸᡁⲴᑞࣙˈԆԜѪᡁ᫠߉䇪᮷ᨀ׋Ҷнቁᔪ䇞઼ᑞࣙǄ ᡁቔަ㾱ᝏ䉒਼ᆖ൘ᡁᆖҐ઼⭏⍫ѝሩᡁⲴ啃઼࣡ᑞࣙǄ