An Introduction to Care for Our Common Home

A Catholic Response to

The Catholic Voice The Science

Photo courtesy of UCLA: Laurence C. Smith

(Photo courtesy of Catholic Relief Services annual report 2013)

Survivors shown amid the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, November 2013. Scientist Albert Behar of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Greenland, The Solution July 2012, with the robotic boat he designed to study melt water runoff. Photo credit: Jim Parkin / Alamy

works/ - it -

Credit: http:energyinnovationact.org/how

A non-polluting power generating wind turbine There is an urgent need to develop policy so in Texas illustrates Pope Francis’ call for that in the next few years emissions of carbon “substituting for fossil fuels and developing dioxide and other highly polluting gases can sources of .” [26] be drastically reduced… [26]

By Steven J. Coleman A Catholic Response to Global Warming

By Steven J. Coleman

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 3

Section 1 – THE CATHOLIC VOICE

Laudato Si’ On Care for Our Common Home ………………………………………… 4

Global : A Plea for Dialogue, Prudence ……………..…… 6 and the Common Good

If You Want to Cultivate Peace, Protect Creation ………………………….….… 7

The Global Retreat of Mountain Glaciers ……………………………………………….... 8

Stabilizing the Climate and Giving Energy Access to All …………….… 9 with an Inclusive Economy

Declaration of the Health of People, Health of Planet …………………...…. 9 and Our Responsibility Section 2 – THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

The Historical Data of Global Warming ………………………………………………..…… 10

Basic Chemistry and Physics ………………………………………………………………………...…. 11

The Consequences of Global Warming ……………………………………...………………... 12

Predictions for the Future …………………………………………………………………………………... 17 Section 3 – THE SOLUTION

A Path Forward ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……. 18

The Need to Put a Price on Carbon ………………………………………………………………. 20 Section 4 –

Almost Out of Time! ……………………………………………………………………………………….….…… 21 Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2019 (EICDA) 21

Official Catholic Support for H.R. 763 ……………………………………………….….……. 22

Lobby Support by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops ……….……. 22

Catholic Climate Covenant Advocacy ……………………….…………………………………. 22

Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 23

About the Author ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 24 An electronic copy of this document may be downloaded from http://bit.ly/catholic-ccl 2 INTRODUCTION

This publication is designed to provide Section 4 – A Call to Action. We are a basic understanding of Catholic Social almost out of time. There is an opportunity teaching on care of creation, the science of to enact federal legislation to reduce carbon Global Warming and the actions we can pollution. Our members of Congress need take to fight climate change. It may be read to hear your voice, our voice, the Catholic in an hour. There are references at each voice. The bipartisan Energy Innovation step if the reader wishes to go into greater and Carbon Dividend Act (H.R. 763) is a depth on the topic. Please read the Encycli- House bill. Help this bill become law. cal, Laudato Si’. The issue of global warming is Section 1 – The Catholic Voice, ex- complex but the message is simple: plores Catholic Social Teaching on Care of Creation. We start with two pages of • Global warming is real. Human activ- quotes from the Pope Francis’ encyclical, ity is the major cause. Laudato Si’ on Care for our Common • Global warming is changing the world Home. We focus on global warming and around us today. climate change. There are selections from • Urgent action is called for. statements written by Bishops, Popes • If we do nothing new (business as and Vatican study groups. Links to the usual), the consequences are dire. complete statements are provided. The message is clear and strong: We have a Collectively, the popes have moral responsibility to act to prevent spoken: further degradation of God’s creation. • In his 1990 World Day of Peace Mes- It calls for urgent action. sage Pope John Paul II said: “…the Section 2 – is a summary of the ecological crisis is a moral issue.” 1 Science of Global Warming, and the • In his 2010 World Day of Peace Mes- impact it is having on the earth. We start sage Pope Benedict said: “If you want by explaining the basic chemistry and to cultivate peace, protect creation.” physics of global warming; continue with the data that demonstrates its effects over • In his 2015 Encyclical, Pope Francis time; share the consequences and “costs”; said: “If present trends continue, this and end with projections for the future if century may well witness extraordi- we continue to use fossil fuels at our nary climate change and unprece- current rate. dented destruction of ecosystems, with serious consequences for all of Section 3 – The Solution, describes us.” (see page 4) what can be done: How we as Catholics can make a difference. And how we as church Take a moment to quiet your mind are called to make the Catholic Voice heard and soul, and to be open. Offer this – in the parish and throughout our com- simple and powerful prayer: Come, Holy munity; with family, neighbors, lawmakers, Spirit, Come. and business and corporate leaders.

You may access a video presentation of this material at http://bit.ly/video-ccl 1 http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/peace/documents/hf_jp- ii_mes_19891208_xxiii-world-day-for-peace_en.html

3 THE CATHOLIC VOICE Laudato Si’ On Care for Our Common Home Pope Francis Encyclical, June 2015

Pope Francis writes not just to Catholics cates that we are presently witnessing but, “In this Encyclical, I would like to en- a disturbing warming of the climatic ter into dialogue with all people about our system. In recent decades this warm- common home.”[3] ing has been accompanied by a con- stant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be as- signed to each particular phenome- non. Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, pro- duction and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or ag- gravate it. …yet a number of scientific studies indicate that most global warming in recent decades is due to It is my hope that this Encyclical Let- the great concentration of greenhouse ter, which is now added to the body of the gases (carbon dioxide, , nitro- Church’s social teaching, can help us to gen oxides and others) released mainly acknowledge the appeal, immensity and as a result of human activity. Concen- urgency of the challenge we face. I will trated in the atmosphere, these gases do begin by briefly reviewing several aspects not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays re- of the present ecological crisis, with the aim flected on the earth to be dispersed in of drawing on the results of the best scien- space. The problem is aggravated by a tific research available today, letting them model of development based on the inten- touch us deeply and provide a concrete sive use of fossil fuels, which is at the heart foundation for the ethical and spiritual of the worldwide energy system. Another itinerary that follows.”[15] determining factor has been an increase in “We see growing sensitivity to the envi- changed uses of the soil, principally defor- ronment and the need to protect nature, estation for agricultural purposes.”[23] along with a growing concern, both genuine and distressing, for what is happening to “Warming has effects on the carbon cy- our planet.” [19] cle. It creates a vicious circle which aggra- “The climate is a common good, belong- vates the situation even more, affecting the ing to all and meant for all. At the global availability of essential resources like level, it is a complex system linked to many drinking water, energy and agricultural of the essential conditions for human life. production in warmer regions, and leading A very solid scientific consensus indi- to the extinction of part of the planet’s bio- 4 diversity. The melting in the polar ice caps policies so that, in the next few years, and in high altitude plains can lead to the the emission of carbon dioxide and dangerous release of methane gas, while other highly polluting gases can be the decomposition of frozen organic materi- drastically reduced, for example, sub- al can further increase the emission of car- stituting for fossil fuels and develop- bon dioxide. Things are made worse by the ing sources of renewable energy.” [26] loss of tropical forests which would other- “…the ecological crisis is … a sum- wise help to mitigate climate change. mons to profound interior conversion. It Carbon dioxide pollution increases the must be said that some committed and acidification of the oceans and compromises prayerful Christians, with the excuse of the marine food chain. If present trends realism and pragmatism, tend to ridi- continue, this century may well wit- cule expressions of concern for the envi- ness extraordinary climate change and ronment. Others are passive; they an unprecedented destruction of eco- choose not to change their habits and systems, with serious consequences thus become inconsistent. So what they for all of us. A rise in the sea level, for ex- all need is an “ecological conversion”, ample, can create extremely serious situa- whereby the effects of their encounter tions, if we consider that a quarter of the with Jesus Christ become evident in world’s population lives on the coast or their relationship with the world around nearby, and that the majority of our meg- them. Living our vocation to be pro- acities are situated in coastal areas.”[24] tectors of God’s handiwork is essen- “The work of the Church seeks not only tial to a life of virtue; it is not an to remind everyone of the duty to care for optional or a secondary aspect of nature, but at the same time “she must our Christian experience.”[217] above all protect mankind from self- –––––––––––––––––– destruction”.[79] Authors note: Laudato Si’ is much more “Climate change is a global problem than a conversation about the pollution of with serious implications, environmental, the atmosphere and environment. It calls social, economic, political and for the dis- us to care for creation and care for the poor. tribution of goods; it represents one of But there is an urgent (the Popes choice of the principal challenges facing words) message about climate change that humanity in our day. There has been a we must get right and we must start now. tragic rise in the number of migrants seek- This booklet tries to bring the moral call, ing to flee from the growing poverty caused the science and the social action together to by environmental degradation.” [25] respond to this urgent need. Please read “There is an urgent need to develop the entire Encyclical.

NOTE: Numbers in brackets indicate corresponding paragraph numbers in the encyclical. Bold has been added for emphasis. Link: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa- francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html

5 THE CATHOLIC VOICE Global Climate Change: A Plea for Dialogue, Prudence and the Common Good A statement of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, June 15, 2001

As people of faith, we are convinced that obligate, our taking action intended to “the earth is the Lord's and all it holds” (Ps avert potential dangers. In other words, 24:1). Our Creator has given us the gift of if enough evidence indicates that the pre- creation: the air we breathe, the water that sent course of action could jeopardize hu- sustains life, the fruits of the land that mankind’s well being, prudence dictates nourish us, and the entire web of life with- taking mitigating or preventative action… out which human life cannot flourish. All of According to reports of the IPCC, signif- this God created and found "very good." icant delays in addressing climate change We believe our response to global climate may compound the problem and make change should be a sign of our respect for future remedies more difficult, painful, and God’s creation… costly. On the other hand, the impact of At its core, global climate change is not prudent actions today can potentially about economic theory or political plat- improve the situation over time, avoiding forms, nor about partisan advantage or more sweeping action in the future… interest group pressures. It is about the Now we face two central moral ques- future of God’s creation and the one human tions: family… • How are we to fulfill God’s call to be As Catholic bishops, we make no inde- stewards of creation in an age when pendent judgment on the plausibility of we may have the capacity to alter “global warming.” Rather, we accept the that creation significantly, and consensus findings of so many scientists perhaps irrevocably? and the conclusions of the Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a • How can we as a “family of nations" basis for continued research and prudent exercise in a way that action… respects and protects the integrity of God’s creation and provides for the In facing climate change, what we common good, as well as for economic already know requires a response; it and social progress based on justice?... cannot be easily dismissed. Significant levels of scientific consensus – even in The common good calls us to extend our a situation with less than full certain- concern to future generations. Climate ty, where the consequences of not act- change poses the question: What does our ing are serious – justifies, indeed can generation owe to generations yet unborn?

Link: http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/environment/global- climate-change-a-plea-for-dialogue-prudence-and-the-common-good.cfm

6 THE CATHOLIC VOICE If You Want to Cultivate Peace, Protect Creation Pope Benedict XVI: Message for the Celebration of the World Day of Peace 2010, January 1, 2010

The report is also available in booklet form from the USCCB, Publication No. 5-431

…Respect for creation is of immense large numbers of people in different coun- consequence, not least because “creation is tries and areas of our planet are experienc- the beginning and the foundation of all ing increased hardship because of the God’s works”, and its preservation has now negligence or refusal of many others to become essential for the pacific coexistence exercise responsible stewardship over the of mankind… environment…

The environment must be seen as God’s This means that technologically gift to all people, and the use we make of advanced societies must be prepared to it entails a shared responsibility for all encourage more sober lifestyles, while humanity, especially the poor and future reducing their energy consumption and generations… improving its efficiency. Can we remain indifferent before the Encouragement needs to be given, for problems associated with such realities as example, to research into effective ways of climate change, desertification, the deterio- exploiting the immense potential of solar ration and loss of productivity in vast agri- energy. Similar attention also needs to be cultural areas, the pollution of rivers and paid to the world-wide problem of water aquifers, the loss of , the in- and to the global water cycle system, which crease of natural catastrophes and the is of prime importance for life on earth and deforestation of equatorial and tropical whose stability could be seriously jeopard- regions? Can we disregard the growing ized by climate change… phenomenon of “environmental refugees…? Can we remain impassive in the face of ac- The Church has a responsibility to- tual and potential conflicts involving access wards creation, and she considers it her to natural resources? All these are issues duty to exercise that responsibility in pub- with a profound impact on the exercise of lic life, in order to protect earth, water and human rights, such as the right to life, air as gifts of God the Creator meant for food, health and development… everyone, and above all to save mankind Man thus has a duty to exercise respon- from the danger of self-destruction… sible stewardship over creation, to care for There exists a certain reciprocity: as we it and to cultivate it… care for creation, we realize that God, Sad to say, it is all too evident that through creation, cares for us…"

Link: http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben- xvi_mes_20091208_xliii-world-day-peace.html

7 THE CATHOLIC VOICE

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Located at the Vatican, The Pontifical Academy of Sciences is one of the oldest scientific institutes in the world. It has been studying climate change and issues periodic findings. Presented here are three summary papers published since 2011. Note how the clarity and urgency has intensified.

The Global Retreat of Mountain Glaciers A report by the Working Group Commissioned by the Pontifical Academy of Science, May 11, 2011

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, one of political, and economic considerations have the oldest scientific institutes in the world, contributed to the identification of this issued a sobering report on the impacts for threshold, which has been adopted by the humankind as a result of the global retreat international climate negotiations.” of mountain glaciers as a result of human activity leading to climate change. Three Recommended Measures:

In their declaration, the working group 1. “Reduce worldwide carbon diox- calls, “on all people and nations to recog- ide emissions without delay, using all nize the serious and potentially irreversible means possible to meet ambitious interna- impacts of global warming caused by the tional global warming targets and ensure anthropogenic (resulting from human the long-term stability of the climate activity) emissions of greenhouse gases and system. …These actions must be accom- other pollutants, and by changes in forests, plished within a few decades.” wetlands, grasslands, and other land 2. “Reduce the concentrations of uses. By acting now, in the spirit of com- warming air pollutants (dark soot, mon but differentiated responsibility, we methane, lower atmosphere ozone, and accept our duty to one another and to the hydrofluorocarbons) by as much as 50%, stewardship of a planet blessed with the to slow down climate change during this gift of life.” century while preventing millions of pre- mature deaths from respiratory disease … “The temperature guardrail for avoiding and millions of tons of crop damages “dangerous anthropogenic interference” is every year.” now proposed to be at 2° C warming (above the pre-industrial level), although many 3. “Prepare to adapt to the climatic scientists argue and many nations agree changes, both chronic and abrupt, that that 1.5° C is a safer upper limit. Scientific, society will be unable to mitigate.”

Link: http://www.catholicclimatecovenant.org/catholic_teachings/Pontifical-Academy- of- Sciences_Glacier_Report_050511_final.pdf

8 THE CATHOLIC VOICE Stabilizing the Climate and Giving Energy Access to All with an Inclusive Economy Statement of the Joint Pontifical Academy of Sciences/Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Workshop on Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility – May 6, 2014

Humanity has entered a new era. people, yet the negative impacts on the en- Our technological prowess has brought vironment are being felt by the three billion humanity to a crossroads… who have no access to that energy. “… Today we have changed our natural We need, above all, to change our con- environment to such an extent that scien- victions and attitudes, and combat the tists are redefining the current period as globalization of indifference with its the Age of the , that is to say culture of waste and idolatry of money…” an age when human action, through the “Our message is one of urgent warning, use of fossil fuels, is having a decisive im- for the dangers of the Anthropocene are pact on the planet. If current trends con- real and the injustice of globalization of tinue, this century will witness indifference is serious. Yet our message is unprecedented climate changes also one of hope and joy. A healthier, safer, and ecosystem destruction that will more just, more prosperous and sustainable severely impact us all…” world is within reach.” “…About fifty-percent (50%) of available energy is accessed by just one billion

Link: http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/events/2014/sustainable/statement.html

Declaration of the Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility Pontifical Climate Change, Air Pollution and Health Workshop – Nov 5, 2017

“With unchecked climate change and air and . By moving rapidly to a pollution, the very fabric of life on zero-carbon energy system – replacing , Earth, including that of humans, is at oil and gas with wind, solar, geothermal grave risk. We propose scalable solutions and other zero-carbon energy sources, dras- to avoid such catastrophic changes. There tically reducing emissions of all other cli- is less than a decade to put these solu- mate altering pollutants and by adopting tions in place to preserve our quality of life sustainable land use practices, humanity for generations to come. The time to act is can prevent catastrophic climate change, now.” while cutting the huge disease burden caused by air pollution and climate change. Principal Findings There are 12 proposed actions for We have already emitted enough pollutants a complete solution. Perhaps most im- to warm the climate to dangerous levels portant is proposal number three, which (warming by 1.5°C or more). The warming emphasizes decarbonizing the energy as well as the caused by climate system as early as possible and no lat- change, combined with the unsustainable er than mid-century, shifting from coal, use of aquifers and surface water, pose oil and gas to wind, solar, geothermal and grave threats to availability of fresh water other zero-carbon energy sources.

Link: html http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/events/2017/health/declaration.html 9 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

This section summarizes the Facts about our world and the impact it is having on our common home. • We start by looking at increasing global temperature, melting of Arctic Sea ice and alongside the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. • We then study the basic chemistry and physics of global warming; • continue with the data that demonstrates its effects over time; • share the consequences and “costs”; • and end with projections for the future if we continue to use fossil fuels at our current rate.

The Historical Data of Global Warming 1. Temperature

Pope Francis says “….Drawing on the results of the best scientific research available today, letting them touch us deeply and provide a concrete foundation for the ethical and spiritual itinerary that follows.” [15] 2. Arctic Sea Ice Let’s begin with four charts that illustrate the profile – the telling fingerprint, if you will – of global warming. They are simple, straight- forward, measurements taken over decades – and are not disputed:

1. Average Global Surface Temperature 2. September Arctic Sea Ice Coverage 3. Observed Sea Level Rise 3. Sea Level Rise

4. Atmospheric CO2

We see increasing average global tempera- tures, melting of Artic Sea ice and rising sea levels. The fourth chart shows increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. in Change Level Sea CREDIT: COPENHAGEN DIAGNOSIS 2009 2009 DIAGNOSIS COPENHAGEN CREDIT: On the following pages we’ll examine each 4. Atmospheric CO2 chart in detail, and then look at the chemistry and physics as it relates to the charts.

10 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Average Global Surface Temperature

C) o

1990 –

Relative to 1961 to Relative Temperature Anomaly ( Anomaly Temperature

• = current yearly temp.

The chart above shows a temperature the year-to-year variations that sometimes increase of about one degree Celsius (1.8 confuse the conversation. We are interested degrees Fahrenheit) over the last 160 in Climate. Climate is measured in 20-, 50-, years. Half of that increase has happened and 100-year increments. Climate is dif- in the last 40 years. Note that the data is ferent from weather. Weather is what we presented in decade averages, taking out experience today, this week and this year.

September Arctic Sea Ice Coverage

T: NSIDC

CREDI

Kilometers Square of Millions

In summer some of the Arctic Sea ice the Arctic Sea ice has decreased by approx- melts and in winter the ice-covered area imately 50%. This change affects weather increases. Arctic ice reaches its yearly min- patterns most significantly in the Northern imum in September. In the last 35 years Hemisphere.

11 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Observed Sea Level Rise vs. IPCC Projections

The worldwide ocean levels have been rising rapidly and steadily over the last 40 years. The red line is data from tidal gauges and the blue line is from sat- ellite measurements. The shaded area was

the forecast made in Centimeters in Change Level Sea 1990. The actual is at the top extreme of CREDIT: COPENHAGEN DIAGNOSIS HTTP://SKS.TO/MODEL2009 that forecast. A major cause of sea level rise is the heat- ing of the oceans by global warming and on sea level rise. A second major cause of the thermal expansion of the water. When ocean rise is melting of land ice, glaciers something gets hotter it gets bigger. Note and ice in Greenland and Antarctica. the melting of sea ice has very little effect

Atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory This chart shows the

steady increase in the amount of CO2

(carbon dioxide) lion found in the atmos- phere in parts per

million. Over the per Mil Parts

– past 60 years, the 2 amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by more than 80 parts per million, a 25% in- CO Atmospheric crease. The red line CREDIT: NOAASYSTEMS EARTH RESEARCH LABORATORY that bounces up and down each year affects the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere. In the summer is oxidized, increasing carbon dioxide. there is increased plant growth, which de- Compare the increase in CO2 with the tem- creases CO2. In the winter plant matter perature increase seen in the first chart.

Next, let’s look at the role CO2 plays in global warming. 12 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Basic Chemistry and Physics

Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere

“Normal” CO2 Elevated CO2 280 PPM* 400 PPM and Rising CREDIT: AN INCONVENIENT CREDIT:AN TRUTH; GORE

*PPM = parts per million

Increased CO2 in the atmosphere is the 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a byproduct of main cause of global warming. As CO2 in- burning carbon-based fuels (coal, oil creases, the “blanket” gets thicker and the and ), traps heat. earth gets warmer. Over the last 6000 2. The concentration of CO2 is rising. years the atmospheric CO2 was 270 to 280 3. We’ve burned twice the amount of parts per million (PPM). Since the Indus- fossil fuels as needed to account for trial Revolution atmospheric CO2 has in- the observed rise. The rest has gone creased dramatically. The chart on page 12 into the ocean and is causing ocean shows the increase over the last 60 years. acidification, or it is taken up by In 2014 we hit 400 ppm. vegetation and the soil. Greenhouse gases have special chemis- We have known about the heat trapping try. They allow visible light from the sun property of CO2 for over 150 years, ever to pass through but they partially block since Irish scientist John Tyndall in 1859 infrared radiation from the earth back into stuck some CO2 in a tube, shone light space. Infrared radiation is how the earth through it, and found that the temperature cools. The higher the concentration of rose higher when there was more CO2. greenhouse gases the more the blockage, Burning of long-buried causes creating a thicker and thicker blanket the increase in atmospheric CO2, and the around the earth’s surface. Carbon dioxide, increase in CO2 causes the earth’s tempera- methane and water vapor are all green- ture to rise. The increased global tempera- house gases. CO2 is the most prolific green- ture is affecting our climate. This is global house gas. warming. There are three basic facts about climate change and humanity’s role in it: 13 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

The Consequences of Global Warming

What does climate change look like? From the illustrations on this page one can see a multitude of ef- fects: stronger storms, more flood- ing, deeper droughts, frequent wildfires, massive snowstorms. These are weather effects, but weather is not climate. Climate is measured over long time periods – 30-, 40-, 100-years. Weather is what we experience now and next week. Tracking climate change over time enables scientists to predict the probability researchers at MIT and Princeton found of these weather events happening. For ex- that with climate change, such a devastat- ample, in August of 2011 Hurricane Irene ing storm could hit that area every three to spun through …parts of the eastern US. 20 years2. The “100-year flood”, an event Many hurricane analysts suggested it was that used to happen only once every 100 a “100-year storm event”. In February 2012 years, may now be expected to happen

2 Ning Lin, et al. “Physically Based Assessment of Hurricane. Surge Threat under Climate Change.” Nature Climate Change 2, 462–467 (2012) 14 more often. Some ask whether a particular more than doubled over the last 20 years. flood or storm is a result of global warming. Today, the world experiences over 400 The answer is, “not directly”. But the im- weather-related disasters per year. They pacts of global warming on climate enable leave a frightening toll in their wake: al- scientists to predict increased probability most 90 million people requiring immediate of extreme weather events. assistance due to personal injury, property Melting of Arctic ice is a direct result loss, exposure to epidemics, disease or of global warming. Loss of ice changes the shortages of food and fresh water. reflectivity of the region as more of the The main gradual changes are rising sun’s energy is absorbed by the ocean. This earth surface temperatures, rising sea lev- cyclical pattern exacerbates the problem. els, desertification, changes in local rainfall Warming of polar regions decreases the and river run-off patterns with increased driving force of the jet stream. This causes precipitation in high latitudes and de- the jet stream to slow down, wander and creased precipitation in sub-tropical wiggle. This results in a weather pattern latitudes, salinization of river deltas, accel- known as the polar vortex. This wiggle erated species extinction rates, loss of bio- affects the temperatures in the northern diversity and a weakening of ecosystems. parts of the US and in the South- The impact of this gradual change is con- west. siderable. It reduces access to fresh and Rising sea levels, as a result of thermal safe drinking water, negatively affects expansion and of land ice melt increase the health and poses a real threat to food secu- likelihood of storm damage during hurri- rity in many countries in Africa, Asia and canes. The storm-surge of a large weather Latin America. In some areas where system sits on top of an elevated ocean lev- employment and crop choices are limited, el. Superstorm Sandy was not necessarily decreasing crop yields have led to famines. attributed to climate change, but the dam- Desertification and other forms of land age and flooding was certainly made worse degradation have led to migration… Grad- by the fact that the sea level had risen. ual environmental degradation due to Global warming directly caused the sea climate change has also affected long-term level to rise. water quality and quantity in some parts of Increasing temperatures and changes in the world, and triggered increases in hun- rainfall patterns have an incredible impact ger, insect-borne diseases such as malaria, on people and the economy. The results of other health problems such as diarrhea and global warming are evidenced in species respiratory illnesses. It is a contributing extinction, changes in pest population, the factor to poverty, and forces people from spread of disease, agricultural losses and their homes, sometimes permanently… increases in allergies. The impact on people Likewise, health outcomes and food in- and the economy is severe. security lead to displacement and poverty The report, Forum 2009: Climate which might result in competition for Change, outlines the magnitude of the scarce resources and strains on mostly al- human cost of climate change. From page ready limited government capacity to deal 12 of the report we read: with deteriorating conditions and might “…In addition to the increased severity ultimately lead to conflict… [the] WHO of weather events, the sheer number of Global Burden of Disease study shows that weather-related disasters (storms, hurri- long term consequences of climate change canes, floods, heat waves, droughts) has affect over 325 million people today.” 3

3 Forum 2009: Climate Change-The Anatomy of a silent Crisis Link: http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/human-impact-report-climate-change-the-anatomy-of-a-silent- crisis/ 15 THE 100 Years of Carbon Dioxide Emissions SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

When we add up each nation’s production contributed 30% of the global total of of carbon dioxide over the last century, it carbon dioxide. China and Russia each is obvious that certain countries have con- contributed less than 8%. Most countries tributed more than others to the buildup in Africa and Latin America contributed of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. less than 1% each.4 From 1900 to 2004 the United States has

Climate Change Deaths: an Average of 150,000 per Year

The World Health Organization (WHO) Look closely at the two maps. The estimates that 150,000 people die each sources of global warming are in the devel- year from illnesses and injuries related to oped countries in the Northern Hemisphere climate change. The effects of climate (top chart – red and orange indicate the change fall disproportionately on the poor greatest contributors). The damage is and vulnerable who cannot protect them- being felt in the developing countries of the selves from extreme temperatures, flood- Global South (bottom chart – red and or- ing, and disruptions to their food and water ange indicate the highest death rates). The supplies.4 Church speaks out against this injustice.

4A Climate for Change by Katherine Hayhoe and Andrew Farley

16 THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

Predictions for the Future

“If present trends continue, Global Temperature 1900 to 2100: Up this century may well witness and Up 1980 extraordinary climate change Tempera and an unprecedented – destruction of ecosystems, 2000Average ( with serious consequences to Relative ture for all of us.” Laudato Si’ [24]

Global temperatures O F)

have already risen by 1.8°F since the beginning of the Industrial Era. However, much greater changes are expected over the rest of this century. If CO2 levels could be frozen at expect a warming on the order of two to 2000 levels (yellow area), we would still see 6°F. If we continue to depend on fossil fuels an additional 0.5 to 1°F warming. If our for our energy (orange area), temperature production of heat-trapping gases is signifi- changes are likely to be… on the order of cantly reduced (blue area), we can still six to 13°F.

Sea Level Relative to 2000 (in inches) (in 2000 to Relative Level Sea Sea level has risen ten Sea Level Rise 1900 to 2100: Up and Up inches over the past cen- tury, mostly due to the expansion of warming ocean water. Over the last few decades, sea level rise has accelerated. This accel- eration is happening be-

cause land-based ice sheets and glaciers are melting faster, adding more water to the world’s oceans. During this century, sea level could rise “A rise in the sea level, for example, from seven to nearly 60 inches, depending can create extremely serious situa- on how quickly Greenland and other ice tions, if we consider that a quarter of sheets melt.5 the world’s population lives on the coast or nearby …” Laudato Si’ [24] 5 A Climate for Change by Katherine Hayhoe and Andrew Farley 17 THE SOLUTION A Path Forward

“The blame, if we fail to stand up and priority in the parish budget. We can be demand a change of course, will fall on mindful in our use of disposables, recycle us, the current generation of adults. Our more, consider composting, encourage car- parents honestly did not know that their pooling and or biking to church functions, actions could harm future generations. We, etc. These changes are important because the current generation, can only pretend of the message we send, the symbolic pres- that we did not know.” ence, as well as the carbon pollution saved. — Dr. James Hansen6 We can become a clear voice for change using our Catholic teachings as a founda- Now that we know, what do we do? tion. The laity can form a Care of Creation team. Pastors can speak from the pulpit On a personal level and on a parish level about our call to be good stewards. All can we are talking about conversion – a change write to their members of Congress advo- of heart. A change of heart that is inspired cating for legislation that will lower our by God’s call to be good stewards of the carbon emissions and provide incentives to earth; a change of heart that comes from replace fossil fuels with renewable energy compassion for our brothers and sisters options. around the world whose very survival is threatened by climate change. So how do we get started? We need to adopt a new mindset – a mindset that recognizes that this problem Grounded in our faith, we can join is ours to solve. This new mindset leads to the Catholic Climate Covenant and changes in our daily living patterns. It in- take the St. Francis pledge – spires us to use our Catholic Voice to be- http://catholicclimatecovenant.org/ come advocates for creation. about-us/. The St. Francis Pledge is a promise and a commitment by Catholic A conversion, a new mindset, leads to individuals, families, parishes, organiza- new behaviors. We can make lifestyle tions and institutions to live our faith by changes: using the most efficient light protecting God’s Creation and advocating bulbs, adding insulation and replacing on behalf of people in poverty who face the windows in our homes, changing our diet, harshest impacts of global climate change. driving and flying less, taking public trans- We can pray, learn more about climate portation, making miles per gallon a change, assess how to make changes, act on priority when purchasing a newer car. those findings and advocate for systemic We can make changes at our Church. change. The parish can include a prayer for The first step is to conduct an energy audit. creation in the prayers of the faithful. Next is to follow through with the recom- mendations when energy savings become a (continued on next page)

6 The Case for Young People and Nature: A Path to a Healthy, Natural, Prosperous Future, p. 22 Link: http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2011/20110505_CaseForYoungPeople.pdf

18 How to not become discouraged! Often as we learn of the severity and Finally when the problem seems too big magnitude of climate change and its effects or too far advanced, we can remember to on God’s creation we can become discour- light one candle rather than curse the aged. This is a very big, complex issue. The darkness. Be that light. use of fossil fuels has been an integral part CO2 is not Red or Blue of our society for the last century. It can seem impossible to come up with solutions. Nature does not care what politicians But we, as people of faith, are called to be say. Nature cares about the laws of physics beacons of hope and a voice for the voice- and the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. less. In the past, we have taken on what We need to remember: Politicians do not appeared to be insurmountable challenges create political will, they follow it. The (e.g. ending slavery). We can do it again. Catholic Voice can influence our politicians. We can offer the moral framework for We need to speak for God’s creation, we addressing this issue. We can provide the need to speak for the poor. We need to initiative, energy and strength to make speak for future generations – for our the needed changes. Inspired and guided by grandchildren and their children. the Holy Spirit, we can make a difference. There is a great deal of noise in the Prayer is essential if we are to be bea- public discussion. That noise fosters uncer- cons of hope and agents of change. Use tainty. It says the science is unclear. The simple prayers. One small but powerful science, in fact, is very clear – global warm- prayer is: Come, Holy Spirit, Come. That’s ing is happening and it is primarily caused it, just four heartfelt words. Another prayer by human activity. Surveys of the peer- is to Mary. A single Hail Mary reminds us reviewed scientific literature (from we are not alone. And finally, pray the Our 1991 to 2012) and the opinions of Father, the prayer that Jesus taught us. experts consistently show a 97–98% Finding companions for the journey is consensus that humans are causing key to maintaining hope. Jesus sends his global warming.7 followers out two by two. We all need part- The Catholic advantage is that we have ners and supportive communities, particu- wise council to sort through the noise. We larly when we are feeling overwhelmed. are Republican, Democrat, and Independ- We can find those partners in our family, ent, conservative and liberal. We can act friends and neighbors as well as in our together to find common solutions to pro- Church – a Church called to take Christ’s tect future generations. We can wake up teaching out into the world. We can create our politicians so they hear the Catholic our own community by joining or forming a Voice. “In this Encyclical, I would like to Care of Creation team in our parish. We enter into dialogue with all people about can find others to journey with us at the our common home.”[3] Catholic Climate Covenant (as mentioned There are solutions. There are ways to above); Citizens Climate Lobby (explained decrease carbon dioxide pollution. The next on the next page); and/or with a myriad of section looks at one such solution. faith-focused and local environmental groups.

7 Link: http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-scientific-consensus-advanced.htm

19 THE SOLUTION The Need to Put a Price on Carbon

“There is an urgent need to develop Here is how it would work: policies so that, in the next few years, the 1. We collect a carbon fee (sales tax) at the emission of carbon dioxide and other highly wellhead. The fee is based on the amount polluting gases can be drastically reduced, of carbon emissions of the fuel. for example, substituting for fossil fuels 2. The cost of carbon will be built into and developing sources of renewable everything and passed on to the energy.” [26] consumer. There are several solutions that are 3. All of the revenues generated by the fee possible, including regulation or Pricing will be returned directly to individual Carbon. Pricing carbon has three basic households to compensate for higher forms: a) Cap and Trade, b) tax, and c) prices. This is to ensure that we do not Revenue Neutral Carbon Fee and Dividend. weigh down the economy, or harm the As an engineer, a businessman and a poor. Catholic, I have looked for a solution to 4. The producers and consumers will then global warming. Stating the problem is not be motivated to reduce carbon in every- enough. For hope to remain alive, to enable thing us to focus our energy and intent, we need 5. Border adjustments will protect US to work toward an effective solution. I have business and encourage other countries found one that gives me hope. to put a similar price on carbon. There is a conflict A Revenue Neutral Carbon Fee will • Burning of fossil fuels is an integral part provide a comprehensive solution. It will of our society and our economy. not kill jobs. A study by Regional Economic Models Inc. (REMI), an independent com- • Burning of fossil fuels is the major cause pany, was commissioned by Citizens Cli- of global warming. mate Lobby (a non-partisan, non-profit If we put a price on the burning of fossil organization). The study found that the fee fuels, we will engage the whole economy in and dividend would significantly cut CO2 solving the problem. Most of our daily deci- emissions and create jobs. How is this pos- sions are affected by cost. With a price on sible? By returning the fee to individual carbon, as we experience increased costs, households, the money is not removed from we will decrease our carbon use. We are a the economy. The study shows that the div- very creative society. The free market will idend to a family of four will be $288 per find the right balance between conservation month in the tenth year. In twenty years and carbon-free energy alternatives. the CO2 emissions are projected to be cut A comprehensive solution by 52% and 2.8 million jobs will be added to the economy. A Revenue Neutral Carbon Fee would provide a comprehensive solution.

20 A CALL TO ACTION

Almost Out of Time! Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – a UN Special Report, October 2018.

The report was requested by the United Na- seemingly small 0.5°C. Coral reefs, a primary tions (UN) as part of the Paris Climate Accord sea-life habitat, would decline by 70-90 percent in 2015. It’s an exhaustive study. Ninety-one with global warming of 1.5°C, whereas virtually authors and editors from 40 countries citing all would be lost with 2°C”. (A world without 6,000 scientific references compiled it. The re- coral would cause a massive disruption of the port is like a fire alarm going off in your kitch- oceans’ food chain.) en; We are almost out of time! Limiting The report finds limiting global warming to global warming to 1.5°C would require rapid, 1.5°C would require “rapid and far-reaching” far-reaching and unprecedented changes transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, in all aspects of society … transport, and cities. Global net human- “One of the key messages that comes out caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) very strongly from this report is that we are would need to fall by about 45 percent by already seeing the consequences of 1°C of global 2030, from 2010 levels, reaching ‘net zero’ warming through more extreme weather, rising around 2050.” Limiting warming to 1.5°C is sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, among possible within the laws of chemistry and phys- other changes.” ics but doing so would require unprecedented “The report highlights the difference changes. between 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming, a

A link with additional information on the UN report: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/11/pr_181008_P48_spm_en.pdf

Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2019 (EICDA) H.R. 763 Introduced in the House of Representatives on January 25, 2019

A bipartisan group of House representatives • It will be effective: This policy will reduce has introduced HR 763, the Energy Innovation America’s emissions by at least 40% in the and Carbon Dividend Act (EICDA). This legis- first 12 years. lation seeks to reduce national carbon pol- • Good for People: It will improve health and lution emissions by over 90% by 2050 by save lives. Additionally, the carbon dividend pricing carbon at $15 per metric ton and in- puts money directly into people’s pockets creasing $10 every year. This level of ambition every month to spend as they see fit, helping would be a significant step towards addressing low and middle income Americans. the climate challenge of our shared future, es- • Good for the economy: The policy will cre- pecially as it impacts our poor and vulnerable ate 2.1 million new jobs, thanks to economic neighbors. growth in local communities across America. HR 763 is a market-based, revenue-neutral approach, which would impose a fee on the car- • Bipartisan: Republicans and Democrats are bon content of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and working together cosponsoring this bill. The products derived from those fuels, at the point majority of Americans support Congress of production or import. Proceeds from the fee taking action on climate change, including would be distributed monthly to American tax- more than half of Republicans. payers in the form of a "dividend". Studies indi- • Revenue Neutral: The fees collected on cate a large majority of taxpayers, including carbon emissions will be allocated to all those in lower income brackets, would benefit Americans to spend any way they choose. from the dividend program. The government will not keep any of the fees Highlights of H.R.763 include: collected.

Link: https://citizensclimatelobby.org/energy-innovation-and-carbon-dividend-act/

21 A CALL TO ACTION

Official Catholic Support for H.R. 763 U.S. Bishops’ Domestic Chairman Reacts to Bipartisan Carbon Pricing Bill – January 25, 2019

After the introduction of the Energy Inno- of climate change are becoming increasing- vation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2019 ly apparent, the need for legislative solu- (EICDA) yesterday, Bishop Frank J. tions like this is more urgent than ever. Dewane of Venice, Florida, Chairman of Fundamentally, this bill is about ensur- the U.S. Bishops’ Committee on Domestic ing that the full spectrum of costs associat- Justice and Human Development, wel- ed with emissions— comed the legislation as an important economic, social, and environmental—are step forward in addressing climate change. accounted for. Failing to consider the The bishop’s statement reads in part: health and well-being of people, including “This bipartisan bill is a hopeful sign future generations and the planet, means that more and more, climate change is be- that ‘businesses profit by calculating and ginning to be seen as a crucial moral issue; paying only a fraction of the costs involved’ one that concerns all people. If enacted, (Laudato Si’, no. 195). This proposed legis- this proposal is expected to result in signif- lation is one possible remedy to addressing icant reductions in greenhouse gas emis- these imbalances…” Noting that continued sions. At a time when the dangerous effects study is warranted.

Link to Bishop Dewane’s complete statement: http://www.usccb.org/news/2019/09-020.cfm

Lobby support by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops Catholic Social Ministry Gathering, Washington DC – Feb. 2-5, 2019

At their annual conference, a gathering of the economic well being of communities over 600 participants from around the and families. The EICDA was introduced to country support for environmental stew- the gathering as well as Bishop Dewane’s ardship was highlighted. A message taken welcoming letter. The participants then to Congress included support of bi-partisan lobbied on Capital Hill requesting Con- carbon emission legislation which ad- gressional support of EICDA, and other dressed climate change, while safeguarding Catholic social issues.

Catholic Climate Covenant Advocacy

As the most significant piece of bipartisan ergy Innovation and Carbon Dividend climate legislation to be introduced since Legislation. “In the absence of pressure 2009, you are encouraged to ask your from the public and from civic institutions, House Representative to co-sponsor this political authorities will always be reluc- bill and ask your Senators to introduce a tant to intervene…”[181]. The link below similar bill on a bipartisan basis. will help you connect to your Representa- Urge your Representative and both tive and Senators. Please feel free to add Senators to Support (Co-sponsor) En- your own language to the suggested letter!

Link: https://catholicclimatecovenant.salsalabs.org/SupportEIDCAAA/index.html

22 SUMMARY

Grounding Principles • Global warming is real. Human activity is the major cause. • Global warming is changing the world around us today. • If we do nothing new (business as usual), the consequences are dire.

Catholic Social Teaching supports these findings and encourages action to mitigate climate change. Pope John Paul II says: “…the ecological crisis is a moral issue.” Pope Francis says: “If we destroy Creation, Creation will destroy us.” Pope Benedict tells us: “If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.”

Action Plans • Pray: Come, Holy Spirit, Come (or your own prayer) • Take the St. Francis Pledge • Change mindset (conversion) • Make lifestyle changes • Influence change at your parish • Use your Catholic Voice to influence politicians

The Solution • The need to put a price on carbon

• As we establish a price for CO2 pollution, we will engage the whole economy in solving the problem

Resources: • Book: Laudato Si’ On Care for Our Common Home by Pope Francis, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Copyright 2015.

• Book: A Climate for Change by Katharine Hayhoe and Andrew Farley, FaithWords/Hachette Book Group, Copyright 2009.

• Explaining climate change science & rebutting global warming misinformation. Link: http://www.skepticalscience.com

• Group Study: Climate Change: Our Call to Conversion. A Four-Session Process for Faith Communities. Link: https://www.ipjc.org/climate-change-our-call-to-conversion/

• In-depth Scientific Information: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers. Link http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf

• Revenue Neutral Carbon Fee and Dividend: Citizens’ Climate Lobby. Link: http://citizensclimatelobby.org

• Catholic Climate Covenant: Link: http://catholicclimatecovenant.org/about-us/

• An Action Plan for The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta: Link: http://www.archatl.com/catholic-life/refreshatl/

• Prayers of the Faithful: Link: http://bit.ly/pof-ccl

23 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Steven J. Coleman graduated from the He developed his knowledge of the University of Dayton with a Bachelor of Me- science of climate change through extensive chanical Engineering. He pursued graduate private study. In 2013 He took a college level study in Biomedical Engineering at the Uni- on-line Coursera course entitled “Climate versity of Dayton and Worchester Polytechnic Literacy; Navigating Climate Conversation” Institute. offered by the University of British Columbia. Steve worked for over 30 years for Ther- (See: Coursera.org). In 2015 he continued his mo Electron Corporation and Thermo Affili- on-line study with an intensive course from ated companies. He held various positions the World Bank. with the company working as an engineer, Eager to share his knowledge, Steve pre- strategic planner, new-venture start-ups sented “A Catholic Response to Global Warm- leader, acquisitions analyst, and manager. ing” twice in 2014 at his parish, St. Dennis He retired in 2005. Catholic Parish in Madison, WI. Steve fol- His Catholic faith has always been very lowed up on his presentations with a three- important to him. He received a Master week intensive study on the issues, providing Teacher Certificate from the Diocese of participants with ideas on how they could act Boston and worked as a Master Teacher on their calling to care for God’s creation. The for High School and Adult Education Pro- result of Steve’s efforts was the formation of a grams at Immaculate Conception Parish, Care of Creation Team at St. Dennis. The Marlboro, MA. Team helped reduce the of the parish by over 40 percent; which included the installation of solar collectors. Steve works with Citizen Climate Lobby concentrating on Catholic outreach, and is active with Catholic Climate Covenant. He has made presentations in Wisconsin, Illi- nois, Florida, Maryland and Arizona, and has participated in numerous webinars. Steve lives on a farm in Marshall, Wis- consin, with his wife Kathy, their daughter, son-in-law, and two of their grandchildren. The solar panels on his home are the energy source for his home and car. Steve may be contacted at [email protected]. Steve’s favorite prayer Come, Holy Spirit, Come guides all he does as he strives to care for our common home.

CCL Citizens’ Climate Lobby EICDA Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act H.R. 763 Acronyms used IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in this publication: REMI Regional Economic Modeling Inc. USCCB United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

Special thanks to Trudi Jenny and Larry Coleman for their many contributions to this publication.

24 Version 3.0 — April 5, 2019