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Water Quality Status of River Yamuna Presented in This Report Is for the Period 1999- 2005

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Water Quality Status of River Yamuna Presented in This Report Is for the Period 1999- 2005 Assessment and Development of River Basin Series: ADSORBS/41/2006-07 WWAATTEERR QQUUAALLIITTYY SSTTAATTUUSS OOFF YYAAMMUUNNAA RRIIVVEERR (1999 – 2005) CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS) November, 2006 e-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.cpcb.nic.in Assessment and Development of River Basin Series: ADSORBS/41/2006-07 WWAATTEERR QQUUAALLIITTYY SSTTAATTUUSS OOFF YYAAMMUUNNAA RRIIVVEERR (1999 – 2005) CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India) Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar Delhi – 110 032 Website : www.cpcb.nic.in e-mail : [email protected] CPCB 200 Copies, 2006 _____________________________________________________________________ Published By : Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi - 32 Printing Supervision & Layout : P.K. Mahendru and Mrs. Anamika Sagar Composing & Laser Typesetting : Mohd. Javed Printed at : National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi - 12 FOREWORD The River Yamuna, the largest tributary of River Ganga has been one of the most prominent & important rivers of India. Unfortunately, certain stretches of River Yamuna are very polluted. Various urban centers e.g. Delhi, Mathura, Agra etc., which are located on the banks of Yamuna river, draw fresh river water for various activities. In return, almost the entire wastewater generated by these centers is disposed off into the river. This is the prime reason for deterioration of Yamuna River water quality from urban agglomeration of Delhi up to Chambal River Confluence. The objectives of the monitoring studies undertaken for water bodies are to assess variation in water quality with time, significance of various outfalls into water bodies, effectiveness of various steps undertaken for pollution abatement etc. With these objectives, Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring the entire Yamuna river stretch alongwith major polluting sources since 1976. Several reports had already been published based on these monitoring studies. A project related with monitoring of Yamuna water quality under Yamuna action plan has been assigned to CPCB by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment & Forests. The present report covers the findings of studies under NRCD project and National Water Quality Monitoring Programme of CPCB. The water quality status of River Yamuna presented in this report is for the period 1999- 2005. It is believed that this report would be useful to various agencies engaged in the work of restoring and preserving the water quality of Yamuna River. (V. Rajagopalan) Chairman, CPCB CONTRIBUTION Overall Guidance & Supervision : Dr. B. Sengupta Project Coordinator : Dr. S. D. Makhijani Dr. C. S. Sharma Assistant Project Coordinator : Sh. N. C. Durgapal Sampling & Analysis : Sh. A. Manoharan Sh. S. K. Arora Sh. N. C. Durgapal Sh. B. K. Jakhmola Sh. Vinay Gangal Sh. R. K. Rustagi Sh. G. K. Ahuja Dr. S. S. Raghav Sh. J. K. Bhatia Sh. Y. D. Pandey Sh. Satvir Singh Sh. Mirajuddin Ms. Meenu Mishra Ms. Gargi Gurtu Sh. Lakhmi Chand Sh. Ram Kishan Sh. B. L. Meena Sh. R. C. Mishra Sh. R. S. Sharma Ms. Kavita Yadav Ms. Tuhina Tripathi Ms Chetna Anand Ms. Pratibha Nair Ms. Shashi Devi Ms. Vineeta Sh. Mahavir Singh Sh. Rameshwar Sh. Ramesh Kumar Manjhi Sh. Suresh Sahu Data Compilation, Interpretation and Report Writing : Sh. N. C. Durgapal Report Editing : Dr. C. S. Sharma Computer Typing, Graphics : Sh. K. P. Srivastava presentation & Layout setting Sh. N. C. Durgapal Drawing : Sh. Ramesh Sahi CONTENTS Page No. Executive Summary 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Yamuna 1 1.2 Tributaries of River Yamuna 4 1.3 River Flow Characteristics 4 1.4 Segmentation of Yamuna River 7 1.5 Rate of Fall 9 1.6 Yamuna River Catchment Area 10 1.7 Uses of Yamuna River Water 12 1.7.1 Abstractive Uses 12 1.7.2 In Stream Uses 16 1.8 Pollution Sources of River Yamuna 17 1.8.1 Point Source of Pollution 17 1.8.2 Non-point Source of Pollution 20 1.8.3 Pollution due to in stream uses of water 21 1.9 Water Quality Issues in Yamuna River 22 2.0 MONITORING NETWORK FOR RIVER YAMUNA AND METHODOLOGY 25 2.1 Sampling Locations 27 2.1.1 River Sampling Locations 27 2.1.2 Drain Sampling Locations 31 2.2 Monitoring Methodology 34 3.0 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF YAMUNA RIVER 37 3.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Yamuna River Water 37 3.1.1 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 40 3.1.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 41 3.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 42 3.1.4 pH 42 3.1.5 Ammonia and TKN 43 3.1.6 Conductivity 43 3.1.7 Other Physico-chemical Characteristics 43 3.1.8 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of River Chambal at Udi 44 3.2 Bacteriological Characteristics 45 3.3 Micro-pollutants Characteristics of Yamuna River Water 46 3.3.1 Heavy Metals 46 3.3.2 Pesticides 48 3.3.3 Micro Pollutants characteristics of Chambal River at Udi 49 3.4 Micro-pollutants Characteristics of Yamuna River Sediment 49 3.5 Statistical Evaluation of Yamuna Water Quality Data 50 3.5.1 Seasonal variations in water quality 54 3.5.2 Seven Year (1999-2005) average water quality status 59 3.5.3 Standard deviation of various parameters 59 3.5.4 Percentile for various parameters 60 3.5.5 Parametric correlations 60 4.0 YAMUNA RIVER WATER QUALITY – STRETCHES AND TREND 80 4.1 Water Quality in Various Stretches of River Yamuna 80 4.2 Water Quality Trend 86 5.0 POLLUTION – CONTRIBUTION TO RIVER YAMUNA FROM URBAN CENTERS 89 5.1 Pollution Contribution in Yamuna from Delhi 89 5.2 Pollution Contributed by Drains of other Urban Centers 99 5.3 Micro-pollutant Characteristics of Major wastewater Drains Joining River Yamuna 100 5.4 Sediment Micro-pollutant Characteristics of Major Drains Joining River Yamuna 102 5.5 Najafgarh Drain – The Biggest Polluter of River Yamuna 103 5.5.1 Physico-chemical Characteristic of Sub Drains joining Najafgarh Drain 110 5.5.2 Micro-pollutant Characteristics of Sub Drains joining Najafgarh Drain 110 6.0 MEASURES REQUIRED TO BE UNDERTAKEN FOR RESTORATION OF YAMUNA RIVER WATER QUALITY 112 6.1 Measures to Control Domestic Pollution 113 6.2 Measures to Control Industrial Pollution 114 6.3 General Pollution Control Measures 115 ANNEXURES (I) Physico-chemical characteristics of River Yamuna i (II) Physico-chemical characteristics of River Yamuna at additional xlviii locations (III) Physico-chemical characteristics of River Yamuna in terms of some lvi additional parameters (IV) Heavy Metals in Yamuna River at Palla and impact location lxiii (V) Pesticides in Yamuna River at Palla and impact location lxxviii (VI) Micro-pollutants Characteristics in Sediment of Yamuna River at lxxxix Palla & impact locations (VII) Water quality at various stretches of River Yamuna xcv (VIII) Trend of Yamuna water quality at various locations xcix (IX) Physico-chemical characteristics of Drains joining River Yamuna cv (X) Micro-pollutant Characteristics of Drain water cxlv (XI) Micro-pollutant Characteristics of Drain Sediment clxii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ¾ Total length of the River Yamuna from its origin near Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga River at Allahabad is 1376 kilometer. The total basin area of the river is 366223 km2 which covers part of geographical area in the states of Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & NCT – Delhi. ¾ The flow of the Yamuna River varies significantly during monsoon and non- monsoon seasons. The river constitutes maximum flow i.e. around 80% of the total annual flow during monsoon period. During non-monsoon period the Yamuna cannot be designated as a continuous river but segregated into four independent segments due to the presence of three barrages from where almost the entire water is being diverted for various human activities. ¾ The river water is used for both abstractive and in stream uses. Irrigation is the important use of Yamuna Water followed by domestic water supply, industrial and other uses. ¾ The sources contributing pollution are both point & non-point type. Urban agglomeration at NCT – Delhi is the major contributor of pollution in the Yamuna River followed by Agra and Mathura. About 85% of the total pollution in the river is contributed by domestic sources. The condition of river deteriorate further due to abstraction of significant amount of river water, leaving almost no fresh water in the river, which is essential to maintain the assimilation capacity of the river. ¾ About 580 km long river stretch in between Wazirabad barrage and Chambal river confluence is critically polluted. This stretch is characterized by high organic contents, high nutrients, significant depletion or increase in dissolved oxygen, severe odours etc. The 22 km long Delhi stretch is polluted severely. ¾ Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring River Yamuna at 19 locations alongwith its main tributary, the Chambal River at Udi. Twenty eight major drains outfalls into Yamuna are also being monitored to measure the pollution load contributed by these drains into the river. ¾ This report covers the findings of monitoring studies undertaken between the periods from 1999 to 2005. ¾ Though, there was gradual increase in organic pollution from origin till the river reaches Delhi, but the water quality is quite good in this stretch of river. The organic pollution level increase significantly at Delhi and BOD level does not confirm the standard till the confluence of river Chambal. ¾ In the critically, polluted stretch of Yamuna river from Delhi to Chambal confluence, there was significant fluctuations in dissolved oxygen level from Nil to well above saturation level. This reflects presence of organic pollution load and persistence of eutrophic conditions in the river. ¾ Bacteriological contamination is significantly high in the entire Yamuna River stretch. Total Coliforms are generally well above the prescribed water quality standard even sometimes at Yamunotri also.
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