Special Libraries, Winter 1991

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1991 Special Libraries, 1990s

Winter 1991

Special Libraries, Winter 1991

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, Winter 1991" (1991). Special Libraries, 1991. 1. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1991/1

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Advertising 8 Marketing: Steve Jananrs speriollibmrisr (ISSN: 0038-6723) is publiihed quarterly (Winter, Back lssurr L Hord Cover Reprints (1910-1965): lquire Sorine Summer. Fall. Annual Index in Fall Issue).bvSadal Libmr- Kraus Rqrint Corp, 16 East 46th St., New York, MY. Hardcopy, i;s ~~ociation,1700 Eighteenth St. NW, ~cnhi&ion; D.C. 20009 Mitrofilm 8 firofithe Editions (1910 to date): Inquire Univeoity Tel(202)234-4700 Fax (202)265-9317. Mi~rofilms, Ann Arbor, MI. Microforms of the current year are waibble only to current subscribers to the original. Special Libraries Assotiotion assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advancud by the contributors to the Indexed In: 8wk Review Indnx, Computer content$ Cumulative Association's pubtitions. Instructions for Contributors appwrs in Idxto Nuning adAlhd Hmbh literature, HidorirdAhfro&, Sperd librarier 81 (no. 4): (Fall 1990). A pubtitiin catalog is Hospital Literdurn Index, lnfemationd 8iMiogmphy of Book Re available from the Asmiation Headquarters. Editoriil viem do not views, lntmationrd BibIiogrophy of Petiodiral lilemhrre l.ibmry necessarily represent the official position of Spxial Librarii Am lh~twe,Mtrnogsmenf Indq and Srienre Cikrtbn Indsx. ciatiin. Acceptance of an advwtirement doer nd imply endorre- ment of the product by Special LibroiiAssociation. Abmdd i: Camb&eScientii;tAbstroct$ Inforination Srienn Abst~,INSPE~ libmry d, Infonation Srierwe Abstmch and Subscri tion Rates: Nonmembers, USA $48.00 per calendar PubhAhin Information Senire. year indudes the quarterly iaurnal, Sped /.ibmrh, and the monthly newsletter, Sperbli$add $1 0.00 postage brother cou~ Advrrtiring: Aueptanm of an advertisement does not imply tries including Canada. Speriol librarier is $12.00 to members, endorsement of the product by Special Libraries Asmiation. Spermlid is $3.00 to members, included in member dues. Single copi~ofSpermllibrmies(l981-)S9.00;singlempies ofS@list 1 time 4 times (July 1980-) S3.00.Membership Directory (not a partofasubscrip- tion) is $25.00. CIaims for missing issues will not be alkwd if Full page $625 $535 received more than six months from dote of issue. No cbims are Half Page 385 335 allowed because of failure to notify the Membership Departmentor Quarter Poge 240 205 the Circulation Department (see above) of a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files." Cover 2 840 740 Cwer 3 765 675 MembenshouMsend their communirationsto theSIAMembership Cover 4 885 795 Department, 1700 € hteenth Strwt, NW, Washington, DC 20009. Special Positions* 840 740 tonmember~ub~"knshoutdsend their communications to the SLA Circulation Department, 1700 Eighteenth St. NW, Washington, 'hing Cover 2, fating the Table of Contents, facing the lead artile DC 20009. or editorial.

Refund Policy: Dueto themt of processin a reimbu~ment,the For information on burabr cdvertising, contad Director, Market- Association's pliis that #No refunds wide issued for amounts ing 8 Meetings, SIA Tel(202)234-4700 Fax (202)265-9317. under S5.W." A 15%commission is allowed to recognized advertising agendason Changes of Address: Albw six weeks for all changes to become base price of display ad. No cash discount. effective. All communications should include both old and new addresses (with ZIPCodes) and should beammponied by a maihng MEMBERSHIP DUES: lobel from a recent issue. Member or Associate Member $75 Student Member $15 Postmaster: Send address changes to Specid Retired Member $1 5 libmrier, Special Libraries Association, 1700 Ei ht Sustaining Member $300; eenth St., NW, Washington, DC 20009. hnd!as; Sponsor $500 postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional Patron $1,000 offites.

@ 1991 by Spwd libraries Association. Materid protected by this copyright may be photocopied, with aedit, for the noncommercid purpose of xholorship or research.

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0 YES! Please tell me how to become a user of STN International. - Name - Title

Organization

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W This pa r introduces the reader to marketin and marketin planning in the context of special P"ibraries. It focuses on the ways that t\ e marketing p! anning process can help s ecial library/information centers identify the needs of their users, and to organize t 1eir resources to best provide the services the users need. The paper stresses the importance of gaining a better understanding of the needs of the current users and nonusers that the library/information center seeks to serve.

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Few libraries or information centers have marketing can do for the library. enough resources to do all they would like to do. In the case of a library, what is being mar- Identifying priorities and targeting resources keted is the utilization of the library and its are always important, even in thebest of times. ability to help the user locate information. In today's economic environment, they are What you are trying to achieve is not the necessities for survival. Many special libraries greatest profit, but the identified mission of the are struggling to justify their very existence, organization. and, sadly, some are being closed. The proper use of marketing planning provides a tool to What is Marketing Planning? focus limited staff, time, and money for maximum effectiveness. Marketing planning is a formal process through which the organization can fulfill its What is Marketing? mission. The process provides a structure for the organization to identify the user groups While many libraryfinfmationcenters have that the organization, within the context of its begun to realize that it is important to attract mission, seeks to serve and to identify their new users and retain old ones, they do not needs. Finally, the organization identifies, es- recognize that they can adapt for their own use tablishes, promotes, and evaluates a group of the basics of for-profit marketing. Marketing services and products aimedat satisfying those is identifying the targeted users (including needs current nonusers) and their needs, making sure While marketing planning is a process re- that your services fit the targeted users' needs, sulting in a product, i.e., the marketing plan, and promoting the services to the targeted only by going through the process can one users. The libraryfinformation center that re- develop the most useful plan. Like strategic mains "above" such techniques, is probably planning, the process is as important as the either financially secure or soon to be hiring a final document or plan. While even the best new director. plan does not assure performance, by asking I do not disagree with those librarians who the right questions it helps toidentify strengths, view marketing as a four-letter word. How- weaknesses, and priorities. ever, to me that four letter word is "need." Marketing planning also encourages com- Many librarians lack an understanding of what munication among the staff. I am continually marketing is and, when done properly, what amazed at how often different staff within the winter 199 1 Cqrli'ht 63 1991 Specid Libraries Assoiafmn I same organization are using different assump into subgroups or segments, which can include tions-including differing assumptions about a category of "heavy users." Identify this group the goals of, and priorities for, the organization. using the 80120 rule, 80 percent of your use is probably by 20 percent of your users. You The Mission, Goals, and Priorities might want to think of this group as a separate category. Other categories can be the different The key element to marketing planning is departments from which users come or the the identification of, and agreement on, the different services that different groups use. mission, goals, and priorities of the organiza- Users can often be divided into three to five tion. Establishing these factors is critical to all subgroups, depending on the services they future actions. use. Another category is nonusers. Why are The process of identifying the mission, they nonusers? How can that situation be goals, and priorities of the organization is an changed? Can you do outreach to them? What exercise many organizationshave never done. will convert them from nonusers to users? Yet spelling out the mission, goals, and priorities in writing and having a common The Marketing Planning Process agreement is critical when the organization must later make decisions about where to Marketing planning provides a formal, but allot resources, staff, and time. Rarely is there flexible, structure to integrate and focus mar- enough to accomplish everything. Priorities keting research. It provides a process through must be set based on the mission, goals, and which the organization can examine whether priorities of the organization. specific needs can be met within the organization's overall budget constraints. If The Needs all the needs cannot be satisfied, marketing planning provides a methodology for select- Once the organization has identified its mis- ing among them. sion, goals, and priorities, the organization Thus, marketing planning is the key to the must determine what groups have needs relat- success of most 1ibraryJinformation centers. ing to the mission, goals, and priorities. Fre- Some organizations do not believe they need quently, these include groups that the library1 marketing planning, or view it as a waste of informationcenter is not currently serving. Of time and money. But it wastes more time and the groups identified, how many are you now money to offer and promote the wrong ser- serving? If you are not serving them now, do vices while ignoring the needed services. you have the resources and knowledge to serve The process helps coordinate and focus staff them in the future? efforts in a systematic manner. It forces the A large component of marketing is meeting organization to recognize the assumptions the needs of the groups you want to serve. Yet underlying previous efforts and challenges the organizations often take these needs for granted. organization to justify or change those as- It is critical that you target their actual needs, sumptions. It encourages organizations to be not what youassume their needs are. Only then proactive rather than reactive-i.e., reduces can you evaluate whether the information cen- firefighting . ter is providing the optimum package of ser- The process establishes a timetable. Obvi- vices. Otherwise, resources are being wasted ously this is subject to change as circum- on providing and often on promoting the wrong stances change. The timetable provides mile- services. To identify users' or potential users' stones to see if progress is as anticipated and needs does not necessarily take a complicated identifies early in the process whether the and expensive market research effort. The best organization needs to take corrective action. way to identify these needs can be as simple as Marketing planning forces the identifica- asking the target groups. tion of costs in advance. Frequently, when an Many marketing plansdivide the user groups organization must prepare an estimated bud-

special libraries get in advance it becomes clear that the budget tablished that it is offering the right bundle of will not cover all expenses. In such cases, the services, designed to meet the identified needs organization needs to determine whether it of its user population, the next step is to pro- will turn to cheaper alternatives, increased mote the services. This is a place where many budgets, or a mixture of the two. While pain- librarylinformation centers can improve. In ful, this is preferable to discovering cost prob- some cases they design wonderful programs lems well into the project, when changes are a and services, but are remiss in promoting them. lot morecostly and theorganization has wasted They have already invested in the programs. much time and effort. They have already expended their sunk costs, By identifying and then maximizing including staff time and other resources. What strengths and minimizing weaknesses, the or- remains is to promote the programs so as to ganization puts itself in the best possible po- allow as many people as possible to take ad- sition relative to its current situation. The vantage of the opportunities generated by the process encourages an organization to focus expended funds. If the potential users do not on coming significant developments that will know about programs available, it is unlikely affect the organization. If the developments to happen. will have a major impact, some brainstorming to identify alternatives early on, like pre-bud- Image: geting ,can save wasted time, effort,and money All organizations have competitive advan- now, and firefighting later. tages and disadvantages. One of the largest The written marketing plan, whether the disadvantages and marketing problems for li- plan is one page or 100 pages, tends to reduce brariesfiformationcenters is image. Libraries1 misunderstandings, clarify concepts, and fo- information centers are often places in which cus attention on specifics. We all have at- all too many working adults, especially pro- tended meetings where it seemed crystal clear fessionals, never set foot. who is to do what as a follow-up or what the One of the early topics I discuss with new, meeting had concluded. Yet in conversations non-library clients interested in marketing re- afterwards it quickly became clear that there search is the importance of first checking ex- was a misunderstanding. The written word isting secondary sources so that they will not does not eliminate misunderstandings, but it have to bear the expense, both in time and helps to minimize them, as well as clarify and money, of reinventing the wheel. Yet many of focus the efforts of all staff. them have no idea what is out there, and have Since I know of few librarylinformation no idea where to go. When I suggest their centers with more resources, i.e., staff and librarylinformation center. I often hear a con- money, than they can effectively use, it is fession that they have not been there in years, always a matter of choices. Hopefully, if the if at all. librarylinformation center has established pri- Ironically, many librarylinformationcenters orities, it is more likely that the librarylinfor- give the information away for free, yet that is mation center will accomplish the most im- part of their image problem. Unfortunately, portant priorities, rather than the priorities that Americans often perceive something given the most vocal push. A clear list of priorities is away for free is of little or no value. Organi- a defense against being pushed in the wrong zations often try to counter this perception by direction. placing a value on something. The American Automobile Association gives away maps and The Special Marketing Problems of trip books free to members, but notes a price in Today's Library/lnformation Center thc comer (e.g., $3.95) of all print materials to remind users that it is of value. Other professional and trade associations often do the same Promotion: for directories and other materials to remind Once the librarylinformation center has es- members, although they get the material for free, it does have value. for good service, etc.? I informed him these Too many people still perceive library/in- were not the reasons, but that librarylinfor- formation centers as antiquated, not a place to mation centers have historically viewed client locate up-to-date information for today's fast- services as an important part of their mission. paced world. Be consciousof image. Be aware In marketing terms, one would view this of how both the users and nonusers in the strong service orientation as a competitive populations targeted as user groups perceive advantage. It is one of the great strengths and your facility. Be conscious in the set-up of assets of most library/information centers. your facility and in all of your outreach efforts of the image you are creating. Start Where You Are

Resources: At marketing planning seminars that I give From a financial viewpoint, times are tough to organizations, one question keeps coming and will probably get tougher. Whether you up over and over. Where do I start? The answer are located in a for-profit or not-for-profit is simplestart wherever you are. If you have setting, you are most likely in an environment done no formal planning in the past, it will take that is trying to cut costs or possibly looking some time and effort even with an experienced now at a cost-benefit analysis. The public consultant. On your own, it will probably take often perceives libmyfinformationcenters as longer. But the most important thing is to start. an area demanding large fixed amounts of NOW! resources for both staff and materials; at the This very simple question of "where to same time, they do not always have a clear start" can often be the stumbling block that understanding of the library's value. Thus, prevents any action. To get started, remember cuts for some will be only a matter of time. the following: To assure continued support and survival, expand your customer base andbe sure you are Start with where you are by reviewing doing all that is necessary to meet the users' what the organization has done to date. most important needs. An article in the Wall This not only provides you with the St. Journal (April 3,1989, pageB2) discussing background and history you will need to a small specialized research h,noted that move forward, but also provides a man- cost cutting efforts by some big companies ageable task with which to begin. might help the research h because companies are eliminating or cutting back in-house It is better to plan in depth the one or two libraries. most important marketing projects you On the positive side, staffs of librarylin- can implement, than to develop 15 formation centers are notoriously service ori- projects that never get done. The best ented. I recently hada fellow Executive Board marketing plan is the one that gets imple- member from the American Marketing Asso- mented. Too many organizations spend ciation tell me a wonderful story that bears large sums of money and staff time doing repeating here. We were talking about an issue a large, impressive market and/or strate- on which he was about to start work, but on gic plan that sits on the shelf. which he needed information. I suggested a particular source that I knew was available in Make sure the staff who will be imple- a library/information center. menting the plan are involved in the At our next meeting, he thanked me pro- creation of the marketing plan. In that fusely. He had been working with a corporate way, they both buy into the planning client on improving their customer service and process and help identify the real prob- was very impressed with the service orienta- lems and opportunities in developingand tion of the library. He wanted to know what the implementing the plan. library's secret was-high salaries, fatbonuses

special libraries Where Are You Now? ment or a planning group). Within each of these user groups, can any be broken Below are some of the questions an orga- down into subgroups? Whatdo you know nization needs to answer in order to develop about these user groups? Are you filling the marketing plan. Depending on your level their needs? Has research been done to of sophistication, you might find these very learn more about them, including focus basic or you might find them hard to answer. groups or phone or print surveys? Have Remember the strategic marketing planning the data to plan (see discussion of pri- process is aprocess. The process of creating the mary and secondary research below). plan and getting staff input and contributions is as important as the final document, in some Past history of your organization. What cases more so. Your goal should be to improve services, products, or concepts (e.g., in- your plan each year that you work on it. creased use of your facility) have you tried to market in the past? How success- What is the overall mission of the orga- ful/unsuccessful have you been? When- nization? Agree on this first. It is the ever possible quantify results (use ranges basis for all future decisions. If you have and guesstimates if you do not have ac- already gone through a strategic plan- curate statistics). Try to analyze why ning process, you should have agreed something was successful or not. Were upon mission, if not, do so. the same methods used two years in a row with success one year and not the Has the organization defined any overall next? If your organization did not keep goals and objectives based on the above? records in the past, start now. What infor- If not, can you define several (maximum mation do you need to track to evaluate five)? how goals are being met?

What are the organization's major Look at your current mission statements strengthsand weaknesses? Basically, you and objectives in light of your past his- are trying to define with what advantages tory. Dopast activitiesfit with your goals and disadvantages you have to work. and objectives? Particularly, did you focus on meeting your most important What are the major external factors af- goals? If you are planning to make major fecting the organization? Are there any changes from the past, be aware that coming changes, including economic, expectationshavebeen established based social or regulatory, that will affect the on past history that you will now need to organization? How will these changes change. impact the organization? Will they require changes by your facility? Do you Where Are You Going? need to plan for more than one possible outcome regarding coming legislation, Although the past is not always a predictor budgets, etc.? of the future, it is often the case, given the inertia of most individuals and organizations. Who are the major user groups you seek If an organization keeps going in a particular to serve? These are the groups to which direction,it should be due to conscious choice, you now provide services or that you not that "we have always done it this way." want to attract. You could also include Based on your mission statement and objec- groups from which you are trying to gain tives, identify some priorities in terms of ser- internal organizational support or likely vices to promote and user groups to target. user groups that had not used your facil- Depending on the organization, market re- ity in the past (e.g., the marketing depart- search available may already exist to inform

winter 199 1 you about the needs of yourtargetpopulations, and when. Identify the costs, including staff both current users and nonusers. time and expenses, as well as any outside If you do not have either primary research services. Include costs for everything from (research your organization has performed) or printing brochures and obtaining graphics as- secondary research (existing research about sistance to postage. By working out costs in your target population available elsewhere). detail early, you can often spot problems (e.g., make that your first priority. It is critical you you need to start earlier to meet your deadline) understand the needs of your target groups. or costs on which you had not counted. Ad- Services should be tailored to fit their needs. vance planning can often reveal ways to reduce Obviously, the more information you have the costs, possibly by piggybacking on some- about their needs in relation to your mission, thing else. It can also help identify work the better. crunches in advance so that certain projects You then need to identify the top priorities, can be rescheduled for a slower time. the projects that are the most critical to imple- Usually there are modifications to a plan as ment. One of the biggest mistakes made in circumstances change; advance preparation, library/information centers is that they spread however, will greatly increase your chances themselves too thin. In the initial planning for success. stages, first identify the top three priorities; The main objective is to start focusing and fully work through the requirements for planning your marketing efforts to best meet implementing these priorities before looking the needs of your users within the goals of your at the remainder. organization. The key is to get started. Re- Next, identify specifically who will do what member: not to decide is to decide.

Bibliography

Crompton, John L. and Charles W. Lamb, Kotler, Philip. Marketing Management: Jr. Marketing Government and Social Ser- Analysis. Planning. Implementation and Con- vices. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986. trol. 6th Ed., Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. Enis, Ben M. Marketing Principles. 3rd. Ed., Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing Lovelock, Christopher H. and Charles B. Co., 1980. Weinberg. Marketing for Public and Non- projit Managers, New York: John Wiley & Kotler, Philip. Marketing for Nonprofit Or- Sons, 1984. ganizations. 3rdEd.,Englewood,NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1987.

Arlene Farber Sirkin is President of the Washington Resource Consulting Group, In<, a Washington, DC marketing consulting firm. She received an MBA from the Wharton School in marketing with a concentration in planning. She also has an MLS in library and information services (Columbia University), an MA in communications (New School for Social Research) and a BA in education (Simmons College). She is on the adiunct faculty of the American University Graduate School of Business, where she teaches marketing, and on the Executive Board of the Amerkan Marketing Association's Wash- ington DC Chapter. She will be teaching SLA's Marketing and Public Relotions Middle Management Institute, 1991 -1 993.

special libraries Ethics and the News Librarian by Anne R Mintz

Librarians can encounter situations of ethical conflict in roviding services from the informationcenter in any number of possible scenarios. WhiP e it is impossible to prepare for each of them, there are guidelines which can assist in decision making. This paper was presented to the News Division at the 1990 SLA Annual Conference as part of a panel entitled "Ethics and the News," and addresses the topic of ethics as they relate to the librarians in news organizations; most of what follows, however, is applicable to all special librarians in the provision of information.

To publish a newspaper, editors and writers competition from all sides and a decreasing need information. Much of the information advertising base, may make for some difficult they use comes from first hand observation of times for writers and editors; those pressures events, or interviews with newsworthy people. may be directed immediately over to the However, in the publication of many stories, special librarian's arena, where the need to other than the stories which are straight news remember some of the values of the trade we coverage the writing staff needs background ply is essential. information on the situation, company, industry, and individuals involved in order to pre- Background pare for company visits, interviews with chief executives, or industry analyses. In addition, When my original article on information before they learn any of the above, they need malpractice was published in Online in 1984,' to know whether the competition has recently it had been developed in a vacuum; when I written about that subject and must know what expanded it in an article in Library Journal in the competition has said. AtForbes, thelibrary 1985,2thefeedbackwas simply amazing. What is used for confidential information on aregular I had said was on many people's minds, and basis to provide background for those stories, began to focus the issue for them. It is reassur- and there are parameters of professional being that over the past six years, such a large havior to which the staff must conform in literature on the subject has been created that providing that information. I suspect that many I can now refer you to entire bibliographies. people in media information centers are in Robert Hauptman's book, Ethical Concerns in similar positions in their organizations, even Librarianship,' contains an extensive listing though their publications or news broadcasts of writings, which has been recently updated are daily. in an annotated bibliography by Susan Kaplan For those people not in the media, but other of Bellcore in a new book, Information Ethics: types of companies or businesses, everything Concernsfor Librarianship and the Informa- I have to say about this topic today translates tion Industry,'edited by Anne Mintz. (I did not into that arena as well. For all of us, the and will not receive renumeration, lest this stresses of daily work may intensify the sound like an unadulterated unethical pitch.) pressure for action of some sort, no matter Furthermore, many programs and seminars what, and thus affect the decision making by are conducted on the topic of information the information specialists performing re- ethics, and people from most professions are search. The pressures of the news business becoming more concerned about exercising being what they are today, with increased proper professional behavior. winter 199 1 CoWright @ 1991 Spetml Libraries Armcbtion 7 Information Ethics: Concerns for Li- tain information which would otherwise brarianship and thelnformation Industry does be denied you. This is a golden rule in have the only compilation of all the codes of journalism and should be yours as well. ethics of information/library associations in North America; conspicuously, SLA did not Misrepresenting the work one can per- have a code. form. This is prevalent in the library What the topic of "ethics" boils down to is field, particularly among consultants and choices-behavioral, decision-making would-be information brokers. It includes choices. Ethics isn't easy. Donna Shaver of being able to meet a press deadline and the Portland General Electric Company in telling a journalist honestly if it can't be Oregon made a presentation on this topic at done on time before it is relied on for the SLA 1987 State-of-the-Art instituteS in publication. which she said the following: Incomplete or sloppy research. In a way, "Ethical issues are, by definition, diffi- this is also misrepresenting the work one cult issues, because if something isn't a can perform. (Reminiscent of the ques- problem, it isn't an issue. I would liken it tion "Do you want it complete or do you to fidelity in marriage. One is not making want it on time?) One example of sloppy an ethical choice to be faithful to one's research involved Dun & Bradstreet spouse if one is not attracted to anyone which became involved in a major law- else. There are no gold stars for doing suit with Greenmoss Builders in 1976; a what'seasy. It is only when theattraction 16-year old high school student working to another exists that the choice to be as a stringer for D&B filed inaccurate faithful is an ethical decision. Fidelity information from a federal bankruptcy means something only when it's difficult. court in Vermont. Making assumptions Ethical conduct, whether at the reference about data accuracy is also sloppy re- desk or in a smokey bar, may require search, as is using suspicious data from a doing something that goes against our source and not passing one's suspicions instincts because we have determined it along to the client. is right. When confronted with the knowledge that two users are requesting Presenting "half-baked" research or information on the same subject, ac- products. A stepchild of the previous knowledging that each user is entitled to example. confidentiality, we must refrain from sharing information in spite of our au- Industrial espionage. A major informa- tomatic desire to do so." tion broker related the tale of a potential client which wanted the broker to charter Unethical Behaviors a private airplane to fly over the construction site of a competitor's new plant Since editorial decisions aren't made in a and take aerial photos for the purpose of vacuum, but are relative to situations, guide- "competitive intelligence." The broker lines may be of use. But they can only be refused the job. guidelines, not rules to follow. I consider certain behaviors which are unethical also to Doing something illegal. That includes be "information malpractice," since we should copyright. At a now defunct brokerage know better than to engage in them. My own firm the mailroom would routinely pho- description of what constitutes information tocopy hundreds of copies of a well- malpractice is fairly simple: known newsletter each week rather than pay exorbitant charges for so many cop- Misrepresenting yourself in order to ob- ies. There was a specific copyright notice special libraries on the first page of the newsletter. While abreast of new sources and of new tech- the librarian couldn't prevent the firm nologies for retrieving them. To ignore from engaging in the practice, she re- continuing education leads to inadequate, fused to allow her department to be in- outdated service to clients. Proper educa- volved in any way. tional credentials and regular advanced Having stated that one should never do training and reading are a means of pro- anything illegal, there may be an excep- tection against the negligence which leads tion or two in one's lifetime. One col- to the incurrence of professional liability. league mentioned the conflict encountered regarding a decision to assist with Protecting your client's confidentiality the New York Times publication of the also means not discussing business away Pentagon Papers, in which everything from your desk, like in an elevator or one saw, touched, or read related to the local coffee shop over lunch. You never story had been illegally obtained. How- know who will steal a story idea after ever, this is one case where the exception overhearing talk of it even in the hallway might prove the rule. Breaking the law or library. Don't get into a situation where should be done as a fully-intention4 act your trustworthiness is diminished. of conscientious objection, a principle which should be used rarely and only Don't incur legal liability on behalf of with the complete support of the organi- your organization. You're putting both zation one is employed by, specifically of you atrisk-an unnecessary situation. with legal counsel and financial support in case of prosecution. Present reliable information to clients in complete form and in ~ontext.~ Purposely giving false information. This even includes giving data from a ques- Don't accept kickbacks from vendors. tionable source without a caveat. Don't This doesn't mean you can't be taken out give only one side of a story. to lunch by vendors, but don't let their good treatment of you at a conference Breaches of client/source confidential- color your bottom line decision on a ity. The second golden rule of journalism source or product. applies to special librarians as well. I need not say more. Provide feedback to vendors on subquality sources and poor data in data- Guidelines bases when you come across it. Informa- tion professionals should get involved in My other guidelines for the proper practice the process of demanding better quality of information vary somewhat from the Shaver data from vendors, both through build- list (see Appendix) and include areas other ing arigorous critical literature of sources than reference: and through direct communication with colleagues and vendors. Remember that Have a fundamental background in the vendors need your feedback as well sources and technologies before hanging as your business. While it isn't so easy out a shingle-know your stuff before with government agencies' data, you still you take money for it. have the power of your news organization behind you to pressure agencies into Take continuing education courses regu- cleaning up their acts-after all, an eager larly, read the professional literature and young writer would probably be glad to attend professional meetings, such as this do a story on that agency's taxpayer- one or those of other organizations. Keep supported information and all the prob- winfer 199 1 lems erroneous data could cause the "Censorship": translates into acquisi- municipality Sewed by your newspaper. tions policies.

Last on my list, read Robert Hauptman's "Special Problems": more geared to book!' He discusses real situations and public libraries, this section includes issues in a manner more detailed than we the treatment of homeless people, have time for today. A list of his chapter latchkey children after school, fees, headings tells you the areas in which bias in book reviews, etc. there are murky situations: "Consulting, Freelancing, and Infor- "Professing Professionalism": an mation Brokerage." important subject to us in special librariesbecause it relates to the issue He also gives several case studies at the end of whether our professional associa- of each chapter, clarifying the points he has tion with each other constitutes an just made. A highly-recommendedbook if you assumed knowledge base and be- are concerned about this topic. (I will not havioral code, by which a judge or receive a commission or other benefits from jury could determine whether a either Mr. Hauptman or Oryx.) defendant's behavior was indeed At this point I felt I needed to pull out my best professional. Thus, codes of ethics story which could highlight the subjects I've and their ultimate purpose. been covering-but I realized that the one I would choose to tell couldn't be told publicly. "Selection and Technical Services": And that's our primary problem in this area. the section covers cataloging and Working isolated from one another the way subject headings and biases. information professionals do, we sometimes experience situations which could be coped "Access Services": not as relevant in with better if we could talk to each other about special libraries as in public or school them. settings. In conclusion, libel lawyers are busy enough (if Forbes is any barometer!), and we don't need "Reference": includes the problems a story to attract a lawsuit because of faulty of practicing law or medicine at the information, especial1y if the origin of that faulty reference desk in lieu of requiring the information is the information specialist. If our client to seek a lawyer or a doctor. behavior is professional, cautious, based on a high base of education and training, is honest "Ubiquitous Computers": at what point anddemonstratesduediligence,we will continue does the reference librarian give up the to set astandard for informationprovision which search and who pays for what? will help to keep our organizations out of court on our behalfs. H

References Mintz. Anne P. "Information Practice and Hauptman, Robert. Ethical Challenges in Li- Malpractice: Do We Need Malpractice Insur- brarianship. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. 1988. ance?'Online 8 (no. 4): 20-26 (July 1984). 128 pp.

Mintz, Anne P. "Information Practice and Mintz, Anne P., editor. Information Ethics: Malpractice," Library Jowd 110 (no. 15): Concernsfor Librarianship and the Informa- 38-43 (September 15, 1985). tion Industry. Series editor, Jana Varlejs. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1990.96 pp.

specid libraries Shaver, Donna B. "Ethics Revisited: Are We mute ManagerneM Resource: IIow to Find, Making Progress?" In The Information Pro- Use, and Manage It. AMACOM. NY: 1981. fession: Facing Future Challenges. Wash- ington, DC: Special Libraries Association. 7 shaver, D~~~ B., N~~~ S. ~~~i~~~,and 1988. p. 105. Leslie W. Wykoff. "Ethics for Online Inter- mediaries,"Special Libraries 76 (no. 4): 238- Meltzer, Morton F. Informatio-The Ulti- 245 (Fall 1985).

Appendix In a 1985 article? Donna Shaver, Nancy Hewison, and Leslie Wykoff consolidated their guidelines for ethical conduct by online intermediaries which are translatable into other realms of the information provision business, including journalism. The list shows that completeness, context, and confidentiality are critical to the businesses we work in as well as the library setting. With permission, they bear repeating here:

Suggested Guidelines for the Ethical Behavior of Online Intermediaries

1. Theonline searcher has an obligation to both the setting and the request, and hisher institution and client to main- respect those boundaries. tain awareness of the range of information resources available in order to fairly 6.The online searcher must make clear and impartially advise the client. the appropriateness of the online search in meeting the client's needs, and the 2.The online searcher must strive to limitations of the search process for the maintain a reasonable skill level in the client's intentions. systems available to himlher for searching. 7. The online searcher must guard against tendencies to fill the client's needs as 3. The online searcher must eschew bias the searcher sees them or as the client in the selection of appropriate data- initially states them, but rather must bases and systems in order to meet the utilize appropriate interview techniques needs of the client. to ascertain the client's needs.

4. The online searcher must make the cli- 8. The online searcher must, if appropri- ent aware of the searcher's level of ate, apprise the client of major errors in expertise in searching a given database previous searches, both in strategy for- or system if that may affect the search mulation and database selection. results. 9. Theonline searcher must resist attempts 5. The online searcher should be aware of by the client to select inappropriate the level of confidentiality required by databases and/or systems. Donna B. Shaver Nancy S. Hewison Leslie W. Wykoff

July 1985.

Anne P. Mintz is Director of Information Services at Forbes Inc. winter 1991 1 1 Special Ethics for Special Librarians? by lean Preer

Special librarians have a dual identity arising from their work in libraries which support the goals of another profession or organization. They may find their professional values in conflict with institutional ones. The 1939 code of ethics for librarians recognized these sometimes competing obligations to institution, governin authority, users, the profession, and society. The 1981 code identified core va1 ues of the profession, including the highest level of service, confidentiality, access to information, and avoidance of conflict of interest. Starting with a presumption in favor of each of these values, the author proposes a two-part test for approaching the ethical dilemmas arising in special libraries. This article is based on a talk the author gave to the Washington DC Chapter in April 1990.

The invitation to speak has given me a published by the Special Libraries Associa- chance to consider one of the most difficult tion and is used as one of the texts in the aspects of professionalism-the ethical di- Catholic University of America's course on lemmas confronting librarians in special li- special librarianship. I have only just started braries. It is challenging because it raises reading Herb White's new book. Librarians questions not only about ethical practice itself, and the Awakening frominnocence, but if its but also how this might vary for a librarian index is to be believed, it does not deal with working in an organization with its own cor- professional ethics either. porate culture, priorities, and values. Is the What I do find in these books and many librarian's first duty to the corporation or to articles about special libraries are discussions the profession? How are conflicts in values about enhancing the visibility of the special resolved? An ethical choice may be heavily library, proving its worth to the organization, influencedby who calls the shots or who pays securing sufficient resources and staff to do the the bills. Questions of ethics become questions job correctly, and occupying a strategic loca- of power. tion on the organization chart. All of these are What makes special librarians unique in essential to providing effective service. Do the profession is that their libraries promote they preclude concerns about ethical conduct? the goals of another profession or organiza- Or should we conclude that because a librarian tion. So special librarians have adual identity. is an employee first the values of the organiza- In their book, Special Libraries at Work, tion will always take precedence over the Elizabeth Ferguson and Emily Mobley state values of the profession? unequivocally, "A special librarian is first an Does acompany doctor thinks of himself (or employee, a staff member of the parent or- herself) as an employee first and a doctor ganization, andsecond, alibrarian." Although second? Is the special librarian more like the this statement would seem to create potential company doctor, with particular expertise and conflicts in values, Ferguson and Mobley do an independent set of professional standards, not discuss professional ethics. Neither, ap- or the company clerk, ready to follow corpo- parently, does Ellis Mount whose book is rate rules?

Copyright Q 1991 Sped libraries Asmcmfmn special libraries The short-lived Statement of Professional principle/practice: the tension between Ethics approved by the ALA in 1973 raised the ideal of principle and the reality of this concern about ethics and independence: practice.

"It is me of this association, as it is In an era when many professions are just increasingly true of all professions, that discovering the importance of professional its individual members rarely act with that ethics, librarians can be proud of their long autonomy that is sometimes wrongly be- commitment to the expression of ethical val- lieved to characterize the activities of ues. In 1986, the Bureau of National Affairs most professional men and women. published a collection of codes of professional .. .Whatever may be true of other profes- responsibility for a variety of professions. The sions, it seems clear that the librarian volume can be found in the reference collec- rarely acts or can act without regard to the tion at George Washington University appro- agency of which he or she is a part, be that priately shelved between a Dictionary of agency a school, college, university, pub- Christian Ethics on one side and a copy of lic library, or private organization." Emily Post's Etiquette on the other. Indeed, many professional codes take on some of the Let me ask a few more questions: How many attributes of each, a set of transcendent moral of you are the sole library professional in your values along with rules of proper behavior for organization? How many of you report to the workplace. someone who is not a librarian? Before you The library profession is represented in the were hired, how many of you discussed profes- BNA compilation by the Statement of Profes- sional ethics with your prospective employer? sional Responsibility adopted by the Council On many fronts, and perhaps particularly in of the American Library Association in 1981. special libraries, librarians are still fighting the Over a half century, the librarian's code has battle over professional identity itself. When evolved from a detailcd mix of professional the information professional's work and its standards and personnel policy to a concise value are not yet understood by the very people statement of fundamentalprinciples. Compared who employ them, it is not surprising that the to others in the volume, it is dazzling in its ethical dimension of their work is overlooked clarity and brevity. Members of ALA receive as well. It is even more difficult for the sole a copy on each year's membership card. library professional to assert ethical values in Although no professional code of ethics can an organization unfamiliar not only with what provide absolu~esfor every situation, the librarians do, but also what they stand for. librarian's code can perform two valuable I would like to suggest some tensions that functions. First, its very existence informs the exist for the special librarian and then consider profession itself and those it serves of the core these tensions in light of the principles and values of its practitioners. Second, it creates a obligations of the librarian's Code of Ethics. presumption in favor of ccrtain values that These tensions can be described in various ways: must beconsciously overcome if library policy is made to the contrary. public/private: the tension between a In some ways, however, librarians working generalized duty owed to society or in special libraries have not been well served the profession vs. the specific private by these revisions. Just as the code has been duty owed to a particular library or focused and simplified, the ambiguities of organization; work in special libraries have continued and in some ways become more complex. Unlike he universal/particular: the tension be- Library Bill of Rights, thecodeof Ethicsisnot tween a general principle and the inter- amplified and interpreted. And because it is pretation of that principle in aparticular not enforced by the profession, thcrc is no setting or situation; and body of cases to provide guidance for particu- winter 1991 lar situations. In its current version, the code policies of the institution, to make regular seems to suggest that the librarian's first loy- reports on the work accomplished, and to alty is to a set of abstract principles. The make plans for improved success. "The librar- position of the special librarian, on the other ian," it stated, "represents the library-book hand, suggests that loyalty goes first to the power and book service-and should so rcpre- goals and values of the employer. The general sent it to win recognition for the institution code does not state how to proceed when these rather than for the individual." Such a com- are at odds or when provisions of the code mitment fulfilled obligations to organization, itself are in conflict. patron, profession, and society. It is here that the library profession's history Changes in technology have transformed provides some insight into the dynamics of the means of providing service. Ironically, ethical dilemmas. If the present code empha- many of the techniques which have enabled sizes the public, universal, and principled as- librarians to provide higher quality service pects of librarianship, earlier codes reflected have also introduced new ethical challenges. its private, particular, and practical nature as Here is a contemporary example: A partner in well. Early codes saw the librarian in a web of your firm asks that you routinely make mas- relationships with varying responsibilities- sive numbers of photocopies so that all the to the library's parent organization or govern- firm's attorneys can see important articles as ing authority, to the library's patrons, to the soon as possible. library profession, and to society. These early You are concerned, however, that this codes remind us that the values and priorities method of providing fast service and wide- of these different constituencies, all served by spread access to information conflicts with the librarian, might not only differ but conflict. copyright laws, a public interest. In this case, Together, the varying approaches taken by the presumption in favor of the highest level of the present and earlier codes suggest a way in service and access to information for aparticu- which special librarians can determine their lar organization is overcome by a general duty ethical obligations. Confronted by an ethical to society. Funhcrmore, you can demonstrate dilemma, the special librarian would start with that the possible costs of violation are high, a presumption in favor of the principles stated while legal alternatives would not involve in the 1981 code. Four obligations would seem substantial expenditures or diminished ser- to be of paramount importance: to provide the vice. In terms of relationships, the duty to highest level of service, to protect the confi- one's employer could thus be met while not dentiality of patrons, to avoid conflicts of sacrificing one'sobligation tosociety-at-large. interest, and to insure access to information. Many of you have probably struggled just to Then, in weighing a measure which might be convince management in your organization of contrary to those values, the special librarian the ongoing value of professional library ser- would consider whether a countervaling re- vice. You may fear that one wrong move will sponsibility to the library's parent organiza- endanger the very existence of your library. tion, to itspatrons, to the library profession, or What if the managing partner requests that you to society-at-large would overcome that pre- do a database search for his son's term paper or sumption. In balancing these interests, the that you order a book for his wife's birthday librarian would consider what alternative and charge it to the library? Do you object to measures might satisfy both sets of obliga- the use of your firm's funds for personal pur- tions. Here is how such a test might be applied: poses? Or do you squelch your objections lest the library suffer in next year's budget? Ap- Highest level of service. As a profession plying the test, you would start with the pre- born of missionary zeal, librarianship tradi- sumption that quality service precludes using tionally has put service as its highest ethical library funds for non-library expenditures. If obligation. A 1929 draft code enjoined the you then considered your duty to your library, librarian to make a loyal effort to carry out the its reputation, and its other patrons, I believe special libraries you could reject this unwarranted request. motive." In commentary on his 1922 code, Finally, in considering standards for high Bolton wrote, "If a librarian is in doubt about quality service, let me address the issue of the propriety of accepting a gift, he should at information malpractice. Despite several ar- least insist that the gift be public knowledge. ticles in the professional literature raising the Favors often come disguised in a form to flatter specter of information malprac tice, neither my the unsuspecting librarian. He should notjeop- research assistant nor a librarian in the univer- ardize his independence by accepting special sity law library could find any documented favors from business firms." cases. I am somewhat uncomfortableabout the What would Bolton think of today's adver- use of the term malpractice in any but the strict tisement for Dialog which features a librarian legal sense. The articles tend to lump together from Raytheon extolling its virtues, or the ad conduct ranging from merely bad practice lo for University Microfilms which pictures a some constituting negligence or breach of satisfied librarian and his library? While such contract. The problem with professional mal- an advertisement might afford beneficial vis- practice as applied to librarians is that we do ibility to your institution and to the profession, not have any agreement either on the meaning it might just as easily present a conflict beof professional or on commonly accepted tween the two. Your employer might view itas standards of practice. a chance for some free publicity. Your profes- The best known case involving the use of sional colleagues might regard it as a risky faulty information is Dun & Bradstreet vs. business lest the product fail to perform over Greenmoss Builders, decided by the Supreme the long haul or you and the vendor fall out Court in 1985. What you need to know about over poor service. If you are offered the oppor- Greenmoss is that it was not a malpracticecase tunity to appear in such an advertisement, the but a libel suit. Contractor Greenmoss sued presumption in favor of avoiding conflicts of Dun & Bradstreet for erroneously reporting interest should prevail unless your employer that the firm had gone bankrupt when, in fact, can make an overwhelming case for its impor- it was not the firm but one of its employees. tance to your organization and its library. The Supreme Court's decisioncentered around Given the possible negative consequences, the test to be applied in a libel suit not involv- this would be hard to do. ing a public issue or a public figure. Most Another potential conflict of interest arises interesting for special librarians, I think, is that from insider information. An early code sug- Dun & Bradstreet had based its erroneous gested that library work itself might present report on information gathered from state such conflicts, as where the librarian knows of records by a 17-year-old high school student. a parcel of land about to be acquired for a Rather than a cautionary tale against infor- branch library site. The code of conduct for mation malpractice, I would say this case librarians working in special collections deals stands for the importanceof using high-quality specifically with inside information on the rare informationprofessionals to retrieve and verify book trade. A special librarian also has access data. I tend to regard adherence to high stan- to the information of the organiza~ionserved: dards of professional practice as the most law firm, newspaper, accounting firm, trade effective malpractice insurance. association. The widely-reported case of a librarian us- Conflict of interest. Every librarian's code ing insider information involved the convic- has cautioned against conflict of interest. A tion of a librarian from Skaddcn Arps who version proposed by Charles Knowles Bolton used inside information about pending cor- in 1909 warned, "A librarian should be chary porate mergers to buy stocks. All the articles I of lending his name to a public controversy to have seen refer to the miscreant as a librarian add weight to the contention of a local faction although hisalmamater is never idcntifiedand or to commercial enterprises, even those that his professional status is unclear. In this case it have an educational interest or philanthropic does not matter, howevcr, whcthcr he was a

winfer 1991 bona fide librarian or not. His crime was not have compelling reasons for making such in- only contrary to professional ethics but in formation available internally and could thus violation of security regulations as well. The overcome the presumption. But since the FBI presumption in favor of avoiding conflicts of Library Awareness program targeled "suspi- interest involved in using inside information cious" patrons in academic, special, and tech- appears to be unassailable. nical libraries, it is imperative to havea written policy defining the limits of availability. Confidentiality. Along with other profes- Special librarians often say it is too costly sionals, librarians have a long-standing com- and time consuming to protect the confiden- mitment to protect the confidentiality of infor- tiality of corporate staff. Here is a low-tech mation about patrons. Here is another area, example. A staff member in your organization however, in which technology has had contra- frequently takes journals to his office and dictory effects. On one hand, automated circu- rarely returns them. When other staff members lation systems mean we no longerhavea list of request them, do you reveal the whereabouts earlierborrowers on thecheck-out card tucked of the journals? How do you balance the goals in each volume. On the other hand, we may of high-quality service, access to information, have an automated record of each patron's and patron confidentiality? In protecting pa- borrowing transactions over a period of years. tron confidentiality,who is thespecial library's In a special library, records of online searches patron? Is it the entire organization, in which may raise questions about the confidentiality case everyone is entitled to know who has of searches done for both corporate staff mem- borrowed what? Or is it the individual em- bers and for clients. Librarians seem to have ployee who might prefer that her reading not contradictory attitudes about this. An article be common knowledge? Starting with a pre- by Isbell and Cook reported that even online sumption in favor of confidentiality, might searchers in academic libraries who regarded you design a system which both protects the the confidentiality of online search records as confidentiality of your users and enhances the important as that of circulation records, access of other staff members to the material? nonetheless made information about searches available to other searchers and to other patrons. Access to information. Following the for- At SLA's 1987 State-of-the-& Institute, J. mulation of the Code of Ethics and the Library Joseph Pia showed some of the same confu- Bill of Rights in the late 1930s and the state- sion. In discussing confidentiality of search ment on the Freedom to Read in the early information as an aspect of high-quality service, 1950s, access to information began to assume Pia suggested that information professionals primary importance among professional val- protect themselves by asking whether a client ues. Defined in the current code as a duty to wants the information kept private and by fight censorship and to provide for an in- determining whether the client knows he can formed democracy, the obligation seems to require that the data be kept confidential. Fol- fall more heavily on public than on special lowing the presumption in favor of confidenti- librarians. But defined in the introduction to ality, I would suggest that ethical conduct the code as the duty to insure a free flow of requires that information about searches be information, the obligation falls on special kept confidential unless some compelling in- librarians as well. terest justifies its release or the patron waives While special libraries generally define their he privilege. mission as the provision of information ser- The general standard adopted by the Ameri- vices to corporate or association staff, some can Library Association in such matters is, I may haveestablished in their mission statement think, the appropriate one. Circulation and a secondary duty to supply information to the other patron information is held in confidence general public. In such a case, your private absent the presentation of a valid court order institutional duty might conflict with your requiring its release. A special library might more general societal one. Here is an example: special libraries Your library serves the staff of an associa- ferent kinds of service, the overall profes- tion that promotes the use of agricultural sional concerns are remarkably similar. chemicals. It also responds to inquiries from The librarian is an information expert who the public. You receive a report which de- can enhance the performance and further the scribes the harmful effects of agricultural objectives of the institution served by a special chemicals and proposes safe, low-cost, effec- library. Just as the pcrformance of these profes- tive alternatives. You route the report to the sionals is improved by adherence to ethical association's staff. Do you provide a copy of standards of conduct, so too is the pcrformance the report when requested, by an interested of information professionals. Articulating your citizen? a newspaper reporter? a high school own professional standards and identifying student? an environmental group? How do values shared across professional lines are first you respond when your boss tells you to deny steps in securing recognition of your profes- that your library has a copy? If you start with sional values within your organization. apresumption in favorof access to information, What additional role can the information can you find a way to fulfill the request and still specialist play in an organization to further the honor the concern of your employer? If your ethical dialogue while promoting the library organization drafts its own response to the and its services? Do what you do best-pro- report, might you distribute it along with the vide information: report itself? Should you redraft your mission statement? or turn the whole matter over to On copyright, detail obligations estab- your public affairs officer? lished by law, indicate the costs of non- ALA's 1975 Code of Ethics for Librarians compliance, and inform your company was the last to embody the notion of the web of about legal alternatives. relationships and the possibility of conflicting duties. It is indicative of the particular prob- On questions of business ethics gen- lems of special libraries that the American crally, provide information on what Association of Law Libraries modeled its own other companies in their field are doing code, approved in 1978, on this version of the and how ethical behavior supportsother ALA code and retained it, with modifications corporate goals. for its own needs, rather than adopting the 1981 Code of Ethics. On matters affecting the operation of I would suggest that the two-part test I have thelibrary,pointoutthe waysin which proposed might form the basis for identifying violations of its rules can undermine values shared between special librarians and high quality information service. If staff the organizations they serve. Common lo pro- routinely appropriate needed material fessional and business groups are a set of core or ignore the conditions of interlibrary values and a web of sometimes competing loan, the library may lose its good repu- professional relationships. The BNA compila- tation within the organization and tion includes codes of professional responsi- among its fellows. bility for various businesses whose institutions or firms might be served by a special library: Finally, on the risks of information accountants, architects,bankers, engineers, and malpractice, make available informa- insurance brokers. Each code details the mul- tion on the importancc of quality data as tiple obligations of these professionals to their an ingredient of corporate decision- clients, to their professions, and to the general making and the role of your library in public. Even more striking, each code articu- providing it. lates professional goals consonant with those of the library profession: to provide the highest As indicated at the beginning, ethics is an level of service, to protect patron confidential- areaof great challcngc to special librarians. By ity, to avoid conflict of interests. Despite dif- presuming the applicability of the standards of

winter 199 1 the librarian's Code of Ethics and balancing ethicalconductcanenhanceboth thequality of the librarian's obligations to the organization, your service and the standing of your library patrons, profession, and the public, I believe among those you serve.

Jean Preer teaches at the School of Library and Information Science at the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. In her courses and publications, she combines the perspectives of library science, law, and history. Professional ethics is a central theme of her course, "Libraries and Information in Society."

special libraries Start-up Information Centers: How to Keep Them in Business by Patricia I. Morrison

Corporate information centers can be especially vulnerable in their first years. There may be company profitability concerns, management changes, or marketing problems. The author, who has started up three corporate information centers in five years, shares her perspective on how to avoid losing the information specialist position or the information center in those early years. Many of these suggestions apply to other types 1 of corporate information centers as well.

Much has been written describing the one- for the ongoing success of the one-person person corporate information specialist's skills, start-up information specialist. personality, and continuing education needs. Guy St. Clair addresses those three topics in The Groundwork his 1987 article, "The One-Person Library: An Essay on Essentials Revisited,"' an update of Laying the groundwork is an important as- his initial 1976 article, "The One-Person Li- pect which can be casily overlooked. It hap- brary: An Essay on essential^.'^ pens during the interview stage. Besides all of There even exists a newsletter entitled One- the standard interview questions, the start-up Person Library.' Such resources are indeed information specialist should also cover three useful for one-person information specialists other elements. who work in an environment that demands different skills, traits, and responsibilities than All of the key employees in the company other types of information specialists use. who could affect the information center's But the one-person information center has success should be interviewed. to begin at some time and, for those at this beginning stage, there should be as much con- The goal is to discover if there are any key cern for keeping it in service those first years as employees who were ambivalent about or op- there is for solid, ongoing library management posed to, the development of a new informa- issues. tion cenler. If there are key employees whom the infor- Introduction mation specialist has not had an opportunity to interview, she should gently insist on meeting Since graduating from University of Cali- thcm, even if it means inconvenicnlly retum- fornia, Berkeley in 1984 with a Masters in ing for another intcrvicw. More often than not, Library and Information Studies, I havestarted it is these key people not met who will end up up three one-person corporate information detractors ralhcr than supporters. Mecting lhem centers: In each case, the information center during the interview stage will not only help had periods of vulnerability, with one case insure that they give a positive vote to the ending in outright dissolution. As a result of recruiter which will be difficult for thcm to these experiences, I have developed nine rules retract later, but it provides an opportunity for

winter 199 1 Copyright @ 1991 Special libraries Association 19 the information specialist to do some initial started up an information center, I was shuttled educating and marketing. to a new manager of lesser status within six months. In two of the three cases, the managers The information specialist should query were aware during the interview stage that this his or her prospective manager on the change would take place. My experience is that, main reason for the development of an when the informalion center acquires a less information center, and on the manager's powerful manager, it in turn loses power in the vision for how this mission can be ac- form of reduced management support, budget complished. allocation, and decision-making authority.

It is a good sign when the manager's answer Getting Grounded ties the information center to company profitability. It is an even better sign when the Once the position has been accepted, the manager has a concrete vision for how this will next challenge is to understand theprioritiesof occur. the corporate environment so that the informa- Here is an example of what can go wrong tion specialist can function advantageously when someof these questionsremain unasked: within it. Most information specialists under- When I asked this question of one prospective estimate the kingly position that corporate manager, his response was that the main mis- profitability plays in decision-making, and sion of the information center was to consoli- therefore in the library's longevity. The im- date journals corporate-wide.This isacommon, portance of profitability implies that certain and good, reason to begin a corporate infor- functions should receivea lot of attention from mation center, since savings, the other way to the start-up information specialist. increase company profitability besides revenue gain, may be invoked. If I had delved further, Oneof thestart-upinformationspecialist's however, I would have discovered that the primary functions must be that of internal journal consolidation was supposed to cover marketer of information services. information services costs, even though the combined costs of information center start-up Most corporateinformation specialists must and a one year salary for the position was market information services internally to their $120,000. If I had inquired still further about my clients, the company employees, but market- manager's vision for implementing consolida- ing is especially important for the start-up tion, I might have learned of his reluctance, for information specialist. Clients will not be ac- political reasons, to create and enforce a policy customed to using the information services that only one journal of the same title be held by unless coaxed by appropriate means and will the company, through the information center. not understand the potential of the information Consequently, the journals were never consoli- services unless coached. Even when these two dated and the information center never had the are accomplished,they will not make informa- opportunity to fulfill its mandate of paying for tion services usage a habit unless they receive itself. It was dissolved after one year. outstanding service. Most librarians know how to give good service. What they fail in is the The information specialist shouldattempt neglect of the all-out marketing and education to procure a guarantee that the position effort it takes to produce the questions which will report to the same manager for a they answer so well. It practically goes with- minimum of one year. out saying that if the information center is not getting enough business, it is not increasing It is unlikely that an unqualified guarantee corporate prof tability. For a long list of mar- will be forthcoming, but the manager might at keting ideas, Corilee Christou's "Marketing least state that no plans exist to change manag- the Information Center: A Blueprint for Ac- ers in the near future. In all cases where I tion" is helpful? special libraries The start-up information specialist must things take a downturn, three approaches may acknowledge and act upon the fact that help. "line staff' are generally more important than "support staff' for the information A proactive approach to problems yields center's longevity. the best results. Problems don't stay the same or go away; they get worse. The information specialist will probably report to a support position manager, such as in Bringing the problem to the attention of the Training and Development,Business S ystems, information specialist's manager, suggesting or Human Resources. Undoubtedly, the infor- solutions, and discussing the manager's ideas mation specialist will quickly become com- will help get the information center back on the fortable with the employees in thedepartment. track. Once apossible solution emerges, it is a It is necessary, however, to focus on getting up worthwhile exercise to write steps toward its to speed on the company's business or industry implementation and then follow them. Talk in order to serve the technical or line staff. To with no action is wasted time. offer a service which fulfills this group's need is to be valuable to the only group which Transferable skills can work to the infor- directly affects company profitability. mation specialist's advantage if the information center is jeopardized. The information specialist should insure she is worth information services' over- Often the skills already acquired by the head, and can prove it. information specialist can be useful company- wide skills such as budgeting, writing, man- A start-up information specialist is usually agement, research, and using computers for hired during a lucrative period for the com- information retrieval and manip~lation.~It is pany. But in most cases, company profitability useful to be prepared by knowing or creating recedes after the initia1"high." Company man- transferable skills, so that, should the informa- agement is invariably faced with cost-cutting. tion center fall upon hard times, the informa- Since a beginning information center does not tion specialist can still secure aposition within have a track record to protect it, it must rely the same company. This could buy just the instead on quickly achieving value. The infor- time needed to find an information specialist mation specialist's ever-present bugaboo is to position with another company if desired. also be able to prove the value that the information produced-in a world where the link If all else fails and the information spe- between information and its value is anything cialist is searching for a new start-up but clear. It is suggested that the start-up li- opportunity, the recent experience can brarian go a step further than mere statistics; be an advantage. value can be graphically pointed out by computing the ongoing cost savings of journal Consulting to companies as a start-up infor- consolidation or by finding out exactly how mation specialist could not only be lucrative the information was used to make money for and diverse, but there is no danger of losing a the firm. In the case of the value of information permanent position. Instead, the next start-up services, money does indeed talk. challenge awaits.

Losing Ground Summary - -- -- Despite best efforts, the information spe- The start-up corporate information special- cialist may discover that things seem to be ist can adopt a number of approaches at differ- slipping. Maybe business is slow, or all of it is ent stages to insure information center longev- coming from support staff. In any case, when ity by asking some key questions during the hiring interview, by linking the information wants to see the information center survive center to company profitability, and finally, if and flourish, it is no longer permissible to there should be a down-turn despite best ef- merely excel in information services, it is forts, by proactively choosing the most viable essential to be a savvy business person as solution. well. For the start-up information specialist who

References St. Clair, Guy. '"The One-Person Library: An mation center for a semiconductor firm, the Essay on Essentials Revisited." Special Li- second a busincss and finance information braries 78 (no. 4): 263-270 (Fall 1987). center for the corporate headquarters of a bank, and the third was a health benefits information center for a consulting firm. St. Clair, Guy. '"The One-Person Library: An Essay onEssentials."SpecialLibraries 67 (no. 516): 233-238 (MayJJune 1976). Christou, Corilee. "Marketing theInformation Center: A Blueprint for Action." Wilson Li- The One-Person Library: A Newsletter for brary Bulletin 62 (no. 8): 35-37 (April 1988). Librarians and Management. (OPL Re- sources. Ltd., PO Box 948, Murray Hill Willard, Ann M.. and Patricia Monison. "The Station, New York, NY 10156) Volume I-, Dynamic Role of the Information Specialist: 1984-. Two Perspectives." Special Libraries 79 (no. 4):271-276 (Fall 1988). The first was a scientific and technical infor-

Patricia Morrison, a past president of the Son Diego Chapter of the Special Libraries Association, and its 1990/91 Consultation Chair, is currently a reference librarian at Miramar Community College in San Diego, CA.

special libraries Agricultural Documents: ~c~uisitionand Control

by Helen Smith

-- Agricultural information is often disseminated via publications of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) and the United States Department of Agricul- ture (USDA). The nature of these documents ensures that their acquisition and management are cumbersome at best. A survey of libraries at Land Grant Universities determined the methods used to acquire, process, and maintain SAES and USDA publications.

Land Grant Universities supporting active and technology, it is necessary to evaluate agricultural programs historically have had to library collections,policies, and services.There deal with the unique problems encountered are many studies on managing state and fed- with agriculturalliterature. Traditionally, much eral documents but none recently that specifi- agriculturalinformation has been disseminated cally target agricultural documents. This is an via publications of the United States Depart- important area because of the special signifi- ment of Agriculture and the State Agricultural cance of these materials to the agricultural Experiment Stations. Indeed, the Hatch Act of literature. It is premature to describe the ad- 1887 mandated the publication of bulletins or vantages or disadvantages of the different reports for the transfer of information.' The methods ofbibliographic management of these 1914 Smith-Lever Act which initiated the materialsbecausethe methods themselves have Cooperative Agricultural Extension Service, not yet been defined. also stressed the dissemination of information.' Almost from the beginning, the Land Method Grant University libraries were confronted with the vagaries of government publications. This paper reports the results of a question- This created problems evident as early as 1927, naire administered in the summer of 1988 that especially with the cataloging and classifica- attempted to discover the methods that Land tion of these document^.^-^ The situation con- Grant libraries were using to acquire, process, cerning the control of, and access to, agricul- and maintain State Agricultural Experiment tural documents has received renewed interest Station and United States Department of Ag- in recent years, especially with coordinated riculture publications. The intent was not to microfilming projects and a Title 11-C grant produceastatistically reliable study,butrather that the University of Illinois received to im- to provide a general picture of the methods prove bibliographic used by the libraries in their collections. In this But how are these publications managed in way, concerns and interests of the libraries the Land Grant libraries today? Government could be discovered, and new research areas publishing has changed, especially since the explored. It was considered unrealistic for implementation of the 1980 Paperwork Re- libraries to provide detailed numbers or per- duction Act, and this may have a subsequent centages ofmaterials handled in specific ways. effect on how agricultural publications are At best the respondents were able to give managed.I0 In today's changing economics "guesstimates" derived from their perceptions winter 199 1 Copyi'ht Q 1991 Special libraries bssoliation 23 and overall knowledge of their collections. whelming majority received 95 to loopercent In late June of 1988, the questionnaire and of the publications through a traditional "Land an explanatory letter were sent to the agricul- Grantexchange,"oras outrightgifts. A smaller turaVscience librarian, or to the director of the group acquired 40 to 85 percent of their publi- library, of 50 Land Grant University libraries. cations through the gifts and exchange pro- Thirty questionnaires were returned with 29 grams. Purchases accounted forrelatively small usable responses for a 58 percent usable rate. amounts of materials. Some of the responding The survey was composed of 20 questions libraries indicated that microfilm was the item designed to have the respondents estimate the primarily purchased. percentages of the identified material treated In an effort to determine any trends in the in different ways, and to describe the changes area of agricultural documents, the respon- made in the recent past. The first nine ques- dents were asked whether their collecting actions pertained to publications from the State tivities had changed over the last five to ten Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES). years. Twenty-one percent mentioned no Questions ten through seventeen related to change, buttherest of therespondentsindicated United States Department of Agriculture problems such as they were no longer able to (USDA) publications. The final three ques- maintain a comprehensive collection, there tions were of a general nature. There was also was more difficulty in getting the individual an area for respondents to make additional documents (materials were not being sent to comments. libraries), and the cost of purchasing some items. Asaresult, some states no longercollect Acquisition of SAES Publications from all the other states and some no longer collect extension material extensively. These State governments have seen many of the problems may continue to have ramifications same budget constraints in recent years as the on major agriculturallibraries' abilities to serve federal government. This may affect the ac- the needs of their patrons. If costs continue to quisition of SAES publications which tradi- rise, libraries may increasingly have to depend tionally have been sent free of charge. There upon interlibrary loan for access to SAES may also be fewer series, or numbers in a series publications. published. Libraries too, have recently had to closely examine their policies due to lack of Control of SAES Publications space, increased cost of retention and binding of materials, and the increased cost of previ- Publications issued by the SAES are very ously free information. The initial questions often the research results of a project funded attempted to provide an idea of how the Land by federal or state moneys. They usually con- Grant libraries have controlled these acquisi- sist of a series entitlcd "bulletin" or "report," tion problems. often prefixed by "research" or "technical." Most of the responding libraries (62 per- Each number of the series then has an indi- cent) attempt to collect SAES publications vidual title and author. Because of their from all 50 of the states or collect from all monographic nature, these publications are states sending the publications free of charge. not always cited correctly (i.e., given their The 38 percent of the libraries which limited proper series title and number), resulting in their collecting concentrated on those materials difficulty in accessing the publications. Addi- from states in their surrounding geographic tional problems occur because of the non- area. Only 21 percent collected from ten or traditional nature of these publications. They fewer states. Apparently libraries consider these are irregular, frequently changing titles and publications important enough to acquire, and issuing bodies, and may have a "series within were still willing to process, bind, and house a series," creating more confusion. Location the materials. These publications may be ac- of this material also varies. They may be quired through a variety of methods. The ovcr- shelvcd by format (in the government docu-

special libraries ments department) or by subject (with other provided better access or control over publica- agricultural material), and even occasionally tions from their own state's agncultural ex- in a separate collection. periment station than they did for those from The importance of obtaining the series in- other states. The superior access took the form formation for locating these materials is evi- of more copies available, housed in a separate dent by the fact that ten of the responding location, fully or partially cataloged or ana- libraries catalog 90 to 100 percent of SAES lyzed, and the existence of a separate index or publications as series. Another six process 70 catalog (by author, title, and subject). Prac- to 85 percent of their collections in this way. A tices such as those listed above may have few libraries mention the publications as still resulted from pressure due to reference ques- being classified in the Dewey Decimal system, tions, interlibrary loan requests, and expecta- while the rest of the library is classified using tions of easier access and better control for the the Library of Congress system. Another sig- publications pertaining to the library's own nificant group of libraries do not catalog their state. SAES collection in either the Dewey or the The collecting of cooperative extension Library of Congress system, instead it is housed material was also addressed. Extension ser- in the government documents section of the vice material is written for the public and library. These publications are not frequently translates the research information into rec- cataloged as monographs, which may result in ommendations for the individual circumstances making their access more difficult for the users. of each state. Many of the Land Grant libraries A question concerning how these publica- collect the research (experiment station) ma- tions are accessed did not elicit any surprise terial and not the popular (extension service) responses. The Bibliography of Agriculture in material. Only five states said they attempted some form (print, online, or compact disc) was to acquire all extension publications. Other mentioned by over 50 percent of the libraries states were more restrictive. Nine collected responding to the question. Other modes of extension publications from either the states in access included the libraries' catalog (both their ownarea, or whatever came free of charge. card and online), other traditional agricultural Six libraries attempted to collect only those indexes (most notably the CAB International extension publications from their own state, publications),RLIN, and OCLC. One interest- two libraries collected from their state plus one ing observation is the variety of access tools other, and one library made retention decisions that were mentioned by the respondents. Such based on the content of the publication. Ob- variety serves to underline the need to use a viously extension service publications are not wide variety of tools to ensure complete access considered as important for Land Grant libraries to these publications. tocollect as the research information emanating The most popular response to the question from the experiment slations. With space, time, of physical location of these materials was the and money constraints, extension material may general stacks, with the documents depart- bc the first to be weeded or discontinued. ment as the second most popular location. A separate collection was mentioned by a few SAES System Pros and Cons libraries for at least some of their SAES publications, usually those from their own state. Librarians were questioned regarding their The point that many of these publications are views of the advantages and disadvantages of treated as journals is brought home by the fact their particular systems of bibliographic con- that 31 percent of the libraries house at least trol for the State Agricultural Experiment Sta- part of their collection with the journals. tion Publications and whether the system had seen any changes in recent years. Advantages SAES Special Problems mentioned both from libraries with the publications in the documents department,and those Twenty-one of the 29 responding libraries with the publications in the general stacks (as winfer 199 1 series), was that all the numbers of one series USDA. A somewhat smaller percentage (14 stood together and were easy to locate. Also, percent) collect from servicesavailable through this was a quick way to process the material, the GPO plus one or two other agencies, usu- and it is easy to browse. One disadvantage to ally those publishing statistical information. a collection in the documents department was One library listed 17 services, one listed six, the separation of the publications from the and one specified that they received or retained subject indexes which serve them. Often only only the scientific or technical documents. the Monthly Checklist of State Publications is One problem associated with collecting all de- at the documents site. Since many documents pository items is that more documents, espe- are not in library catalogs, patrons may have cially those containing statistical information, difficulty locating the series. Disadvantages to have moved toward non-depository status. collections catalogedas series in theLibrary of USDA documents were received primarily Congress system include, lack of analytics, through the depository system, with 69 per- difficulty in access due to the series corporate cent receiving 90 to 100percent of their USDA entry, frequent title changes, and no subject publications in this way, and another 17 per- access except through the indexes. The result cent getting at least 80 percent this way. Pub- is that the material is often overlooked and has lications are also reccived free of charge di- little bibliographic control. Knowledgeable rectly from the services themselves. Some staff was one advantage at a "branch" library. materials still need to be purchased however, Many changes have occurred in recent years, either directly from the GPO, or through other the most obvious being that fewer publications services, such as the American Statisticslndex are being published, fewer are being received (ASI) non-depository microfiche collection. (especially free), and that requests for this Compared to collecting activities for SAES information are on the decline. Some positive materials, more respondents (48 percent) felt changes include better control (due to online that their USDA collecting activities had not public access catalogs), and easier interlibrary changed in the past five to ten years. There loan retrieval (resulting in less of a need to were some changes mentioned however. A purchase the publications). few libraries indicated that more purchasing was necessary in order to ensure a complete Acquisition of USDA Publications collection, especially in the area of statistical publications. A number of libraries mentioned The United States government has seen a that there is less material being published, and variety of changes in information policy in the received from the USDA. The fact that the recent past. Concerns have been expressed depository copy for many documents is now with regards to increasingly restricted access being reccived on microfiche was another to government information.'' Theunited States change in the system. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is now publishing fewer documents, and more of the Control of USDA Publications information is availableonly on acostrecovery basis. Another problem with USDA publica- USDA publications pose many of the same tions is the frequent changes in title and issuing managerial problems as were seen with the bodies. SAES publications. Many of the documents The libraries were asked from what services are published as part of a series and this can of the USDA they were actively collecting. make access difficult. USDA publications Most of the responding libraries (38 percent) change titles and issuing bodies so frequently, indicated they collect from all those services retrieval can be complicated, especially to the available from the Government Publishing uninitiated user. Fourtcen of the responding Office (GPO) through the depository system. libraries use the Superintendent of Documents Twenty-eight percent of the libraries attempt (SuDoc) classification system for cataloging to collect from all of the services within the 90 to 100 perccnt of thcir USDA publications, and another four libraries process 80 to 89 of their collection in the stacks,another houses percent in this way. Cataloging in the Library 80 percent, and two house 65 to 75 percent of Congress system, as a series, was the second there. Other locations mentioned included with most popular method to process these docu- the journal collection, as a separate collection, ments with one library doing 95 percent of the in the Dewey collection, in a storage location, collection this way, and another four libraries and in a microforms area. All these locations classifying at least part of the collection as a housed less than 15percent of any one library's series in the Library of Congress system. A materials. few unique methods of classification were mentioned by other libraries. One library has USDA Special Problems 100 percent of the collection uncataloged, and shelved by series within the issuing bodies. Many government publications are now Another library has 90 percent of the collec- being published on microfiche and a question tion classified as a series in the Dewey Deci- was asked to determine how these publica- mal classification system. The importance of tions are being managed. Most of the libraries obtaining series information for USDA publi- agreed that 10 percent or less of their USDA cations is indicated by the fact that only one of publications were coming on microfiche and the responding libraries has 90 percent of heir another group estimated that 20 percent arrived collection classified as monographs in the Li- this way. Only two libraries felt that 50 to 70 brary of Congress system. Most libraries have percent of their USDA materials were in 0 to 9 percent of their USDA publications microformat. The materials on microfiche are classified as monographs. Other methods of usually arranged by their SuDoc classification handling the materials, especially the micro- number but are housed in a variety of loca- fiche publications, include AS1 classification tions. A microforms department, documents and National Technical Information Service fiche area, and a microfiche storage area were (NTIS) accession numbers. mentioned. Seven libraries indicated that they A question concerning the ways in which treated the microfiche in the same manner as USDA publications are accessed did not elicit their paper USDA publications, except for the any surprise responses. The standard agricul- shelf location (which was a microfiche cabi- tural tools of AGRICOLAIBibliography of net). One library bound the fiche in with the Agriculture and the Monthly Catalog of Gov- paper serial when appropriate. The same prob- ernment Publications were the most often lems occurred when trying to locate micro- mentioned items. Other tools included OCLC fiche documents as when locating other docu- and RLIN, American Statistics Index, local ments, i.e., the patrons must check numerous catalogs, USDA Bibliographies, inhouse se- locations to determine an item's availability. rial records, Government Reports Announce- ments and Index, and documents department USDA System Pros and Cons card catalogs. The variety and number of tools mentioned by each library indicates the need A final question in the USDA section re- to use a wide number of bibliographic tools in quested therespondents to indicate their views order to be as complete as possible in a search of the advantages and disadvantages for their for USDA information. system of bibliographic control of USDA pub- As was expected, most libraries house their lications, and whether the system had seen any USDA publications in the government docu- changes in the past five to ten years. Some ments section of the library. Indeed,48 percent advantages mentioned were that there was house 90 to 100 percent of their collection more access and better bibliographic control there and another 21 percent house 80 to 89 as online public access catalogs become op- percent in that section. The second most popu- erational. The SuDoc classification system lar location for USDA publications was the was mentioned as beneficial for serics control general stacks. One library houses 95 percent because all the items are kept together, provid- winter 199 1 ing rapid access. Personnel in government the library. Ten libraries indicated the use of documents sections have expertise with gov- both a card and an online catalog and seven ernment publications, and may be more libraries indicated that only a card catalog was equipped to handle patron requests. One li- available at the present time (although there brary, which had its own system for arranging were numerous plans to add an online catalog USDA publications, used a system similar to in the future). The existence of an employee the one used by the Bibliography of Agricul- specifically assigned to agricultural documents ture (which does not give SuDoc numbers) was investigated. Ten libraries said there was and simplified access for the patrons. It was no such employee, ten said the work was also felt that it is advantageous to acquire merged with other documents activities. The USDApublications directly from theagencies, remaining nine libraries indicated there was rather than depending on the GPO depository such aposition with the hours worked varying system. from two to 29 each week. Most of the respon- Disadvantages mentioned for some biblio- dents indicated that the agricultural documents graphic control systems include that the publi- were essential to an agricultural library. Some cations may be split between locations (paper of these publications were heavily used, es- versus microfiche, USDA separate from other pecially the USDA publications and those agriculture publications, etc.). Older publica- from the library's own state. The respondents tions do not have online access (a situation felt that even if the publications were not which is changing with the University of Illi- heavily used, they wcre essential. nois' Title 11-C grant). There is a continuing There were a number of general comments problem with the corporate author entry for from the respondents. There is a strong recom- many USDApublicationsand in general, there mendation for online catalogs to enhance ac- is very little bibliographiccontrol.Systems are cess to this type of information. It was noted complicated, cumbersome, and time consum- however, that priorities are difficult to set. ing. Patrons may think that the library does not What should libraries emphasize considering own the publications. There are numerous title their limited manpower and resources? One changes and also changes in the SuDoc classi- University was de-emphasizing agriculture, fication numbers. In many cases there is no and consequently so was the library. access to USDA publications via the library's catalog, either card or online. Eight libraries Discussion indicated that there had been nochange in their bibliographic control systems for USDA There are many areas of concern with regard publications. Others indicated a variety of to the management of SAES and USDA pub- changes. These include an increased amount lications. The information produced by these of access, which is creating more demand for organizations is important, but is often over- the publications, and more precise acquisitions looked by the researcher. Difficulty in access- records. One library has created a previously ing and locating this information only serves non-existent government documents section to make this situation more pervasive. The to achieve better control over its documents, increasing prevalence of online catalogs may and subsequently reclassifiedpublications from serve to alleviate some of this problem, as will theLibrary of Congress classification to SuDoc the increased access due to the Title 11-C grant classification. the University of Illinois received to catalog these publications. However, there are still General Questions problems associated with the systems. The high incidence of these publica tions cataloged A few general questions wcre asked to de- as series will still cause problems in locating termine what kind of resources the librarics the material unless online catalogs allow for had available. Eleven libraries indicated that the analyzing of individual series. Patrons will an online catalog was the primary catalog for still be required to utilize many different areas

special libraries of their library in order to access all the infor- if libraries could afford to fully analyze series mation on their topic. Cataloging problems on online catalogs and pull together seemingly abound as each new state or federal adminis- disparate corporate authors. The cost of ser- tration takes power and brings changes in the vices also comes into focus when collecting organization and in the names of departments activities are reviewed. With greater access to and agencies. Libraries will continue to have SAES and USDA materials in national bib- to deal with such problems. liographic services, it may prove beneficial to As in all cases of library management, the decrease expensive collection acquisition and importance of access to information must be management activities, and rely increasingly weighed against the cost of providing for that on interlibrary loan services to provide the access. USDA and SAES materials are impor- materials. Individual libraries must make their tant to researchers, but they may not be con- own decisions in these areas while keeping sidered important enough to provide for their their own priorities in mind. special access. Many problems would be solved w

References "An act to establish agricultural experiment Mathews, Eleanor. "Bibliographic Access to stations..." (March 2 1887). United States State Agricultural Experiment Station Publi- Statutes at Large 24: 440-442. cations,"lAALDQuarterly Bulletin32(4): 193- 199 (1987). "Anact to provide for cooperative agricultural extension work ..."( May 8 1914). UnitedStates Bailey. Martha J. "Microfilming State Agri- Statutes at Large 38: 372-374. culture and Forestry Documents." Microfilm Review 17 (2): 72-75 (May 1988). Forrest, Elizabeth. "Classification of United States Documents in an Agricultural Library." Thomas, Sarah E. "A Coordinated Program Agricultural Library Notes 2: 65-66 (1927). for State Agricultural Publications," College and Research Libraries News 49 (7): 425-430 Powers, William W. "Classification Scheme (JuIy/August 1988). for Government and State Publications," Ag- ricultural Library Notes 2: 137-138 (1927). "Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980" (PL96- 5 11, December 11,1980). United States Stat- Jacobs, Katharine. "State Publications: The utes at Large 94:2812-2826. Cataloguers' Viewpoint," Agricultural Li- brary Notes 11: 287-289 (May 1936). Hernon. Peter and Charlcs McClure. Federal Information Policies in 1980s Conflicts and "Who Said Agricultural Bulletins are Easy to Issues Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1986. Catalog?'Agricultural Library Notes 13 (3): 168-169 (1938).

Helen Smith is a Reference Librarian in the Life Sciences Library at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

winter 1991 A Space Station Library Service by Diane M. O'Keefe

In 1984, President Reagan directed NASA of the research will be on the leading edge of to begin the development of a permanently scientific discovery. Accordingly, the collec- based, manned space station. This space station will include a great number of serial tion, to be named "Freedom," will be as- publications. A core scientific reference col- sembled in the 1990s and will include com- lection of book publications will also be nec- ponents from the European Space Agency and essary. Major subject areas covered in the from Japan. Among the many purposes are collection will be materials science, biomedi- materials processing for commercial use, ser- cine, astronomy, physics, and space science. vicing and repair of satellites, assembly of Other disciplinesincluded will be meteorology, large space structures, scientific research, as pharmacology,pharmacognosy, heliology ,and well as being a startingpoint for future manned robotics. Specific technical information on the space exploration within the solar system. The satellites to be repaired and the structures to be space station will orbit the Earth in a low-earth built will also be required for the astronauts orbit and is designed for a six to eight-man who handle those functions, as well as technical crew. The crew will bechanged and the station information for repairing or modifying any resupplied every three to six months.' systems in the space station itself. Presumably, Information will be needed to support the a doctor will be one member of the crew and research of the scientists aboard the space will need medical references necessary to treat station. The duration of their stay in space will any trauma or ailment that might arise among make it impossible for the scientists to learn in the crew, including the area of dentistry. The advance everything they will need to know to doctor will also use the previously mentioned support their work in the space station. It is biomedical information to support ongoing also impractical tocommunicate large amounts experiments in this area which will be per- of information from Earth via satellite link- formed in the space station. ups to the space ~tation.~Thesituationwillbest Reading material of a purely recreational be served by the inclusion of a self-contained nature will also be an important part of the library service on the space station to meet the space station's library. In both the Soviet and information needs of the astronauts and sci- American spaceprograms, there has been much entists in space. study of the psychological problems that can The largest component of a space station accompany long-term habitation in space. library would be reference materials to sup- Separation from a normal Earth environment port the scientific and technical research in and the enclosed nature of the space station progress. Much of the materials will have to be environment can create great psychological the most current information available, as most stresses on the astronauts. The much lower

Copyright O 1991 Spetml Libraries Association special libraries level of sensory stimuli in such an environ- It is out of the question to consider a library ment also adds to the stress.' Measures must be of hard-copy materials as weight is an impor- taken in advance to prevent psychological tant consideration when transporting materi- problems that might arise during the six months als into space. The cost of sending cargo into or more the scientists and astronauts will be space aboard the space shuttle, which is the spending in the space ~tation.~ most probable vehicle to be used in the con- Providing reading material can help satisfy struction of the space station, is more than both the need for additional sensory stimuli and $3,00Operkil0gram.~Costalonemakes weight the need for an acceptable leisure activity to give a major factor in choosing the form of the relief hmthe ambitious work schedule which station's library. Grikhanov (1983) suggested has been the norm in all previous space station a library on microfilm for the Soviet space missions. The presence of recreational readmg ~tation.~At the time that he wrote, a microfiche material aboard the space station can lessen the library may have been the most reasonable feeling of isolation accompanying long-term choice, but advanced technology now offers a space duration and will also give the individual much better solution. Laser disk technology astronauts and space scientists an activity they offers the ability to have an entire library on a can enjoy privately, something that is difficult in few compactdisks.Each disk isapproximately such an enclosed and limited environment. The 16.1265 grams. A similar number of volumes providedentertainmentcanreducethe possibility on microfiche would weigh approximately of personality conflicts that can easily arise in 1,700 times as much and hard-copy books such a situation. would weigh about 38,000 times as much. The The recreational collection will also include cost of mastering the necessary compact disks one disk for each space station crew member would be several thousanddollarseach,89acost containing recreational reading tailored to the that would be offset by the tremendous cost crew member's individual tastes. This would savings when transporting the library into help provide the leisure activity necessary ta space. Also, the compact disk is a highly the maintenanceof good psychological health. durable format-an important consideration Both the informational and recreational because the material must withstand the stresses needs of the space station occupants can be of a shuttle launch. Several laser disk readers met by a self-contained library of materials could be incorporated into the space station to aboard the space station. A self-contained li- allow multiple users of the library. Laser disks brary is a better solution than the communica- could also bc used by the scientists to record tion of all information needed via satellite their observations and results of their experi- because, even with the massive data relay ments and could easily be nansported back to capabilities of the United States' TDRSS Earth. (tracking and data relay satellite system), it Development of the collection of materials will not be possible to meet all of the ongoing to be included in the space station library will information needs of the scientists aboard the have to be handled carefully because of the station;' furthermore, much of the TDRSS limited space. capabilities must be reserved for more essen- A general reference collection including a tial daily data relay, such as telemetry. The standard encyclopedia, almanac, and dictio- time factor is another consideration. Trans- nary as well as standard handbooks in all of the mission does take time, and with many scien- sciences would be a good beginning. Some tists working on multiple experiments, there materials, such as directories,could be left out may not be time for all of them to wait for their as they would have little use in that environ- data to be transmitted from Earth. Far better to ment. "Freedom" will be a cooperative project have the data readily available aboard the between sevcral nations and will be staffed by space station and to reserve the satellite com- crew of different religious backgrounds; con- munication system for more essential infor- sequently, the Bible, Koran, Torah, and other mation. sacred writings should be included. Also, be- winter 1991 cause of the multinational composition of the possible alternatives and costs involved indi- space station crew, it would be advisable to cate the possibility of a self-contained library include texts on the languages, customs, and service aboard the United States' proposed culture of each countryrepresented. This would space station "Freedom." This service should aid in good relations among the crew mem- take the form of a laser disk library with bers, which is a major consideration in any several access points and should contain re- long-term space mission. search information, general reference infor- Each disk included in the space station li- mation, and recreational literature. A library brary will also include its own indexing for of this type could be of great service to the ease of use of the materials included. space program and will help further efforts in All of the considerations of user needs, the exploration of space.

References US.Space Station, National Aeronautics and Cut Launch Costs?" Interavia Space Markts Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight 86(1) (March 1. 1986) p. 27. Center. Huntsville, AL. No. MCX-005. Grikhanov. Yuri A. "Self Contained Library Hathaway, Roy. "Developing Space Station Information Support for Lengthy Space Expe- Systems, " Space vol. 1 (September, 1985) p. ditions," Sovetskoe Bibliotekovedenie (6), 10-13. (1983) p. 89-100.

Kubis, Joseph F. and Edward McLaughlin. Rogers, Michael and Richard Sandza. "Com- "Psychological Aspects of Space Flight," puters of the '90s: A Brave New World," Annals of the New York Academy of Science Newsweek, (October 24. 1988) p. 52-57. 30(2) (1967) p. 320-330. * Saviers. ShannonS. "ReflectionsonCD-ROM: Santy, Patricia A. "Psychiatric Components of Bridging the Gap Between Technology and a HealthMaintenanceFacility (Hh4F)on Space Purpose,"SpecialLibraries(Fa11 1987)p.288- Station," Aviation, Space, and Environmental 294. Medicine (December. 1987) p. 1219-1224. Dodson, Carolyn. "CD-ROMs for the Library," Bulloch, Chris. "Will the 'Aerospace Plane' SpecialLibraries (Summer, 1987)p. 191-194.

Diane M. O'Keefe is librarian at Wyandotte Hospital and Medical Center, Wyandotte, MI, and a graduate of the Adult Space Academy in Hunrtville, AL.

special libraries Subject Access to Serial Publications in - Toronto Bank Libraries by Steven Blake Shuht

- - - W The situation among Toronto bank libraries is presented as an illustration of trends in subject access to serial publications. In manual systems serials are often uncatalogued and hence no direct subject access is provided. Once serial operations are automated, computerized printouts of serial holdings are easily obtained and some form of subiect listing may be provided. The advent of microcomputer-based library systems, however, has encouraged the implementation of full subject access to serial as well as monographic publications.

In March 1989,the five major bank libraries Index and Ulrich's International Periodical in Toronto, Canada were surveyed concerning Directory) and online searches such as the type of subject access provided to their Infoglobe, Financial Post Online, and Dialog serial publications. The bank libraries included are important tools for information retrieval in in this survey arethoseof the Bank of Montreal, the libraries surveyed. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Despite this impressivearray of access tools, (CIBC), 1Royal Bank, Scotiabank,andToronto all five Toronto bank libraries felt a need for Dominion Bank. As a result of this survey, it general subject access to their serial titles was evident that the impact of library automa- through their online catalogues. In no case has tion and particularly the latest generation of this becn fully implemented yet, but the aims microcomputer-based library systems had a and rcasons for subject cataloguing for serial significant impact on the type of subject access titles arc the same-the common need of the to serial publications offered in special librar- bank libraries to provide currcnt, accurate,and ies, at least in the business sector. comprehcnsivc coverage on business topics The question considered here was whether for their corporations. The printed subject in- and how to provide subject access to the serial dexes, CD-ROM products, and even the on- publications themselves, as opposed to the line bibliographic databases are all sevcral individual articles contained. It seems clear months behind in their indexing. Such a time that access to individual articles on a particular lag means that the most up-to-date information topic was largely through known references, can only be gained by going directly to the subject indexes (both printed and online), and serial publications themselves. Subject cata- perhaps serendipitous or directed browsing. loguing of serial publications is an efficient aid The standard published periodical indexes in to guiding library staff and users to the latest the bankinglbusiness field include American issues of these serials in order to retrieve the Banking Association (ABA)BankingLiterature most up-to-date information on an industry, Index, Business Periodicals Index, Canadian region, or othcr topic. Business Periodicals Index, Canadian News Some havc felt that the broad, generic sub- Index, Predicasts F&S Index (U.S. and Inter- ject headings which tend to be assigned to national editions), and World Banking Ab- serial publications are so vague and all encom- stracts. In addition to published indexes, CD- passing as to be virtually us~lcss.~There is an ROM products (e.g., Business Periodicals elemcnt of truth to the bclicf in that subject winter 1 99 1 Copyright 63 1991 Spetial libraries Asmiation 33 cataloguing for serials cannot be said to have Current awareness service supplements pe- the same importance as that for monographs. riodical routing services. The typical current Fortunately, classification and subject cata- awareness serviceprovides photocopies of the loguing are rarely, if ever, as tricky for serials tables of contents of selected journals to staff as they are for monographs? Some general members, who may then either request indi- news magazines, such as Time andNewsweek, vidual articles of interest be photocopied and do notrespond well to subjectanalysisbecause forwarded to them or visit the library to read or of the diversity of their subject matter. scan relevant material. An alternate method is Similar subject heading, such as "Business" for library staff to systematically scan current in a corporatebanking setting may easily be serial literature and notify personnel of new overused. It is more of aproblem in the manual articles in their subject areas. Similarly, se- environment, where the card catalogue may lected dissemination of information services acquire so many cards under a general subject periodically update bibliographic searches heading that it becomes a real trial to wade done online, adding more recent citations to through them all. In the case of an online those already retrieved. These methods are catalogue, it is true that for general terms the effective in retrieving information on a given hit rate may be so high as to engender similar subject from disparate sources. problems with searching, but the capabilities Whereas serial routing and current aware- of Boolean searching offer many possibilities ness services keep bank staff up-to-date in for restricting broad searches. On the other developments within their subject areas, sub- hand, periodicals such as Atlantic Insight and ject cataloguing of serial publications brings Journal of Canadian Studies, which are also these publications to the library staff's atten- nonspecific regarding subject matter, do admit tion when they do subject searches in the to specific description by geographic terms. library's online catalogue, either in response Numerous subject or industry-specific jour- to reference inquiries or in the course of nals, such as Canadian Footwear Journal and compiling bibliographies or literature surveys. Toronto Construction News respond well to Subject cataloguing of serial publications will subject analysis and access to them through also help bank staff intelligently select serials the library's catalogue is certainly desirable, for their routing lists. This need is particularly even if not a priority among library services. likely to be felt by new staff or by staff with Routing of periodicals is another method of newly-assigned responsibilities to monitor providing for upto-date subject access to the certain industries or geographical regions. information they contain. Four of the five bank At present, in order to select periodical titles libraries surveyed route copies of journals to for routing and current awareness service in bank staff. Only the Bank of Montreal Busi- three of the Toronto bank libraries, a complete ness Information Centre in downtown Toronto list of the library's serial publications arranged does not route journals, although their coun- alphabetically by title must be reviewed. At terpart in Montreal does. Even though it is a the Bank of Montreal Business Information high profile service for these information cen- Centre in downtown Toronto with 326 peri- tres, serial routing is also expensive in terms of odical titles, and even in the Toronto Domin- staff time and energy. Multiple copies are ion Bank Library with approximately 600 se- likely to be needed and there is the problem of rial titles, thereview is not an impractical task. priority on the routing lists and trying to keep At the ScotiabankLibrary,however, with over materials circulating in a timely fashion, 1,000 serial subscriptions,such an approach is combatting procrastination, transfers, vaca- clearly unsatisfactory. tions, and other absences. To be effective, None of the bank libraries surveyed have a serial routing is best restricted to core reading; classified arrangement of their serial publica- theCIBC Information Centreand the Scotiabank tions. All five Toronto bank libraries arrange Library, for instance, restrict their periodical their serials alphabetically by title. The ar- routing service to ten titles per person. rangement allows for easy retrieval of cita-

special libraries tions from periodical indexes, references, or serial publications is the degree to which li- bibliographies without the added step of brary operations are automated. In a manual searching the individual library's catalogue to environment, adequate access to serial publi- obtain a class number, as is necessary to locate cations is achieved by an alphabetical ar- a book in any of these libraries. The consis- rangement on the shelves by title, with refer- tency in arrangement of serial publications is rals from library staff, subject bibliographies, particularly striking when compared with the references, and periodical indexes (in print, diversity of shelf arrangement and classifica- CD-ROM, or online versions). Serial check-in tion for books in these same libraries. The and control of individual issues can be ac- Library of Congress classification is used for complished manually by means of a kardex shelf arrangement of books in both the CIBC system. This was essentially the system cur- Information Centre and the Scotiabank Li- rently in place at the Bank of Montreal Busi- brary. The Royal Bank Information Resources nessInformation Centrein downtown Toronto Centre arranges its books by the Dewey at the time of the survey. All the other Toronto Decimal Classification and the Bank of bank libraries have automated their serials Montreal Business Information Center, as check-in, holdings renewal, claiming, and well as the Toronto Dominion Bank Library, r~uting.~ use in-housesystems, that of Toronto Domin- The advent of the automated library serial ion being based upon the Federal Reserve systems at the end of the '60s and early '70s Bank of Chicago Research Library system. was based on access to a mainframe computer. The only exception noted to the alphabetical As computer technology has advanced, these arrangement of serials is that selected issues of library mainframe systems are slowly becom- some serials, such as directory issues, are ing obsolete and are no longer being sup- catalogued and integrated with the rest of the ported, hence the computer-produced subject collection, thus appearing in both the serial indexes which they made possible are also and bookonline catalogues. This takes place at becoming outdated. At the Royal Bank of threeof thebanklibraries. However, thenumber Canada Information Resources Centre, the of serials, their format, and the space available mainframe-based Library Serials System at for shelving necessitate various divisions for the Ontario Processing Centre can still be used storage in the different libraries. Newspapers to generate lists of serial publications by sub- are generally kept separate from journals. ject. A single subject heading field is provided Newsletters along with bulletins often form a for each serial publication. The printed list of third category of serial; at the Scotiabank Li- serials by subject contains just under 200 sub- brary the newsletters and bulletins are stored ject headings covering accounting, banking, in file cabinets. The CIBC Information Centre finance, and legal topics. Its usefulness is se- also contains 55 serial titles on microfilm. riously compromised by the lack of any Depending on retention policies, a storage authority or syndetic structure (i.e., cross ref- area for back issues may be necessary, sepa- erences, broader and narrower terms) for the rated from the main periodical display area. subject descriptors and by the limitation of The number of journals displayed varies con- only a single heading per record. Moreover, siderably. The CIBC Information Centre has since the system is no longer being adequately only 20 titles on its display racks, which are supported, problems have developed with up- adjacent to the main periodical storage area dating the readers list for periodical routing, where journals are shelved with their spines leading the Royal Bank's Information Centre visible in small shelf units orbins. On the other to begin to phase out this mainframe-based hand, the Scotiabank Library has 220 titles on serials system. The Library Periodicals Sys- its display racks. tem, a mainframe system originally designed In addition to the size of the serial collection for use in Ontario government libraries, is in an individual library, the other factor most likewise currently being phased out at the directly related to providing subject access to CIBC Information Centre. winter 199 1 With the impending demise of the old main- mented, other functions are taking priority in frame computer serials system, both theRoyal the Royal Bank of Canada Information Re- Bank of Canada Information Resources Cen- sources Centre over improving the subject tre and the CIBC Information Centre have access achieved through keyword access. turned to microcomputer-based systems. At The Microlinx system continues the separa- the Royal Bank, serial records were input into tion of serial and monographic cataloguing, a microcomputer system using the Microlinx which has been traditional library practice in software designed to interact directly with the the recent past.7 By definition, a serial is a mainframe computer of Faxon's subscription publication issued successively under the same service in Boston. Microlinx is thus sort of an title at intervals of a year or less, whose parts offshoot from a mainframe system. It provides are therefore somehow enumerated and which for automated serials receipt and claiming are intended tocontin~eindefinitely.~Because operations as well as for serials routing, view- serials are continuing entities, there are signifi- ing, and updating of the records and report cant differences between serials and mono- generation. The Microlinx system allows for graphs in library processing. Principal of these access to the serial records by keyword as well is that whereas monographs are usually cata- as by title, record number, and location. This logued once and then are finished as far as keyword feature is used by the Royal Bank to library processing is concerned, serials tend to augment the old subject list of periodicals have a life of their own. At the very least the provided by the Library Serials System. checking in of each new issue that is received The Microlinx system has a subject access means that processing a serial is a continuous capability, but this as yet has not been imple- task. Mergers, split offs, title changes, sub- mented at the Royal Bank. Subject access is scription cancellations, and renewals often dependent on a one to three-letter code based mean that serial cataloguing is also an ongoing on the Library of Congress classilication sys- process. tem (e.g., B is religion and D is history). These An alternative to this differentiated approach subject codes are not applicable to a bankingl is an integrated automated library system which business collection. A special project at the can handle acquisitions, cataloguing, circula- Royal Bank to evaluate the use of Microlinx's tion, and serials control. Although these dif- subject access feature6determinedthat it would ferent functions may each have their own file be possible to alter the LC subject codes to or module, an integrated approach means that represent items in a different authority list basic bibliographic data need only be entered (e.g., B for Banking, C forCredit,etc.), but the once, all functions drawing on this data as LC subject codes would have to be deleted needed, thus saving on disk space and enhanc- individually from each record, as there is no ing file management. global delete. A complete subject code table One such automated system, the Sydney would also have to be developed. Once all this Library system, was introduced into the were done, the Microlinx system would be ScotiabankLibraryin the Summer of 1987 and able to generate a report of its periodicals by became operational in the Fall of that year subject running on a Compaq 386125 file server with a In addition to the subject codes, Microlinx 300MB hard disk and Novel1 2.15 with six allows for headings to be added to a subject workstations9 The implementation of the se- field in the bibliographic record. These head- rials check-in and routing functions by the ings can be retrieved using the view command Summer of 1988 allowed bibliographic and printed using the print screen command, searching of periodicals by library catalogue but, at the time these banks were surveyed, users for the first time in the Scotiabank li- could not be used to generate a separate report. brary. Prior to this, as in the Bank of Montreal It is possible, however, that Faxon will be able Business Information Centre and the Toronto to develop this capability for the system. As Dominion Bank Library, serial titles were not the Microlinx system is still being imple- catalogued in any way.

special libraries The bibliographic records in the Sydney confusion. For instance, Businessweek, writ- Library system have a separate authority field, ten as one word on the magazine cover, is which is divided into author, corporate author, officially two words and CAmagazine is offi- conference, series, and subject types. Once a cially one word, although it looks like two term is entered into a record in one of these words on the magazine cover. Another prob- authority types, the system automatically en- lem is the presence or lack of periods after ters it into the appropriate evolving online abbreviations. For instance, if PC World is authority file. Separate online authority files entered under P.C. World, the periods are are thus maintained for authors, corporate au- necessary for online retrieval. thors, conferences, series, and subjects. These The ScotiabankLibrary also has some trouble terms are then available for later manipulation, with non-filing characters. When entering se- as well as for cataloguing and searching. rial titles, once a number of non-filing charac- In fact, what happens is that each authority ters has been entered, they became the default term is stored once in the system and then entry and were attached to inappropriate titles, linked through pointers to the relevant biblio- which therefore did not index properly. In graphic records. There is room for up to 20 of addition, the Sydney Library System has a these pointers or links to be added to any rather limited ability to format and produce individual record. "Global" changes can be reports; the Scotiabank Library has down- made with a single command, since the au- loaded information from the Sydney Library thority term need only be altered once for it to System and then reformatted it according to be changed on all affected records. Using a the abilities of their word-processing system, Sydney Library System option to define its Multimate. The Sydney Library System dis- own authority types, the Scotiabank Library plays the advantage of being able to handle has established additional authority types for multiple subject headings, provide online au- geographic terms and for formats, which are thority control of terms with a well-developed given as subdivisions of major subject head- cross reference structure, and the ability for ings according to LCSH. Carrying this prin- terms to be both searched online and used to ciple one step further, the Scotiabank Library generate reports in authority term order. wishes to limit each subject descriptor term to Whatever the automated system used, these a single concept wherever possible. Relation- features will be desirable for effective subject ships among terms are not expressed by access to serial titles in special libraries in the precoordinated index strings, but through the future. syndetic structure of the online thesaurus and A new microcomputer-based software pro- the capabilities of Boolean searching, com- gram for serials management called Davex PC bining, adding, or deleting these concepts. is being marketed by Serials Management New terms may be added in the cataloguing Systems (SMS), Canada Limited, of London, mode; to add cross-references to the online Ontario. An integrated system basedon Davex authority file, one must create a separate au- PC is being worked on, but is not yet fully thority mode. In this mode,onecan either enter operational. The CIBC Information Centre is new authority terms or modify existing ones the beta test site for this new library system. with such cross references as "USE," "USE. The serials management component of the FOR," "BT"=broader term, "NT"=narrower Davex PC system keeps track of serial hold- term, and "RT"=related term. ings and check-in information, vendor and The Sydney Library System is menu driven budget control, as well as serial routing and and easy to use, although the number of screens binding. The individual records are not too necessary to accomplish simple tasks is a bit different from those found in the Sydney Li- cumbersome and tedious for experienced us- brary System in that bibliographic information ers. Alternate title entries would certainly enis not given in MARC format, but rather in a hance online searching for serial titles in the list of numbcred fields. In the Davcx PC sys- Sydney Library System. Spacing can cause tem more informationon otherserialfunctions.

winter I991 such as check-in and routing, is kept with the together. basic title record than in the Sydney Library The rcsult of the Toronto bank survey is to System.Records can be accessed by title (both document three distinct levels of subject ac- full and received), keyword, ISSN number, cess to serial publications. The first level con- serial identificationnumber (SIN), and vendor sists ofamanually-basedsystem withno formal or purchase order number in the Davex sys- subject access to serial publications. This is tem. As with the Microlinx system, the capa- superseded by computer-aided systems in bility of keyword searching can be used for which the sorting capabilities of computerized subject access. serial management systemsare utilized togen- As the CIBC's serial records are converted erateprinted listsofserials arranged by subject. from their IBM batch system, they will retain The most recent development is the advent of the single-subject category assigned for the online library catalogues with subject access CIBC's "Journal by Subject" list. These sub- to both serial and monographic material using ject categories have been assigned through a Boolean searching capabilities. Online cata- code which refers to the selection of 32 generic logues with their own online authority files subject headings. These headings have been have already been implemented and the next developed by the CIBC Information Centre step in subject access will be to allow online based on the subject terms in the Business retrieval of material based on the syndetic Periodicals Index, which in turn are based on structure of the onlinc subject thesaurus (i.e., Library of Congress Subject Ileadings. They cross references such as broader, narrower, are the same headings as those used in the and related terms). Library's acquisition list to publicize newly- This trend in subjectacccss to serialpublica- acquired monographic material. Space for four tions is not limitcd solely to bank or evcn additional subject headings per serial title was special libraries. The New York University promised by the vendor for the Davex PC Library stopped producing its computerized system. printout of periodicals in the Fall of 1987, With their card catalog closed since 1986, replacing this with access through the the CIBC Information Centre has been using University's online catalogue BOBCAT. In Inmagic software for cataloguing their mono- the public library sector, thcre is a project to graphic collection. This cataloguing is now add subject acccss to the Guide to Periodicals being converted into a separate module of the and Newspapers in the Public Libraries of Davex system, called Davex Plus. As in the MefropolitanToronto (GPN), but this has been Sydney Library System, an online authority delayed due to the lack of funding.'' Much the file or thesaurus for subject terms is being same factors are undoubtedly at work in public developed complete with a cross reference and academic libraries, but the fact that their structure. The system will keep track and priorities are different along with their obliga- display the number of entries posted against tions to various bibliographic utilities means each subject term. When fully developed, the that thcy may not react as quickly or in quite system is expected to allow searching of the the same way as special libraries in the busi- book and serials modules either separately or nessbanking scctor.

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Professors J.G. Marshall and N.J. Williamson of thc Faculty of Library and Information Science of the University of Toronto, under whose guidance the research for this paper was undertaken. A very sincere expression of gratitude is also extended to the Toronto bank librarians whose cooperation made this study possiblc. They are Susan Merry and Roman Zurba of the CIBC, Marion Miwa of the Bank of Montreal, Ruth Smith of Toronto Dominion, Donald Krueger of the Royal Bank, and Colleen Warren, Susan Keith, and Lester Webb of Scotiabank.

special libraries References For a revealing profile of the CIBC Informa- Roy, Virginia M. "An Evaluation of tion Centre see Merry, Susan. "Inside a Major Microlinx's Subject Access Feature." Unpub- Banking and Business Library," Canadian lished paper submitted to Donald Krueger, Library Journal 42: 115-8 (June 1985). Systems Coordinator, Information Resources, Royal Bank of Canada. December 1988.

Smith. L.S. A Practical Approach to Serials Cataloguing (Foundations in Library and In- SerialsLibrariamhip (Handbooks on Library formation Science v. 2). Greenwich. CT: Jai Practice). London: Library Assoc., 1980. p. Press, 1978. p. 174. 39.

Osborn, Andrew D. Serial Publications: Their Osborn, Andrew D. SeriaIPublications: Their Place and Treatment in Libraries. 2nd ed. Place and Treatment in Libraries. Chicago: Chicago: ALA, 1973. p. 250. ALA, 1973. p. 3-13. Kovacic, Ellen S. "Seri- als Cataloguing: What It Is, How Its Done, Why Its Done That Way." Serials Review 11: The Bank of Montreal Business Information 77 (Spring 1985). Centre in downtown Toronto has now automated their serial management functions. Note that they are also the only one of the five The Sydney Library System was originally Toronto Bank libraries that did not report designed for Datapoint minicomputer hard- routing serial publications to bank personnel. ware and has a mini as well as a microsystem. See Desmaris, N. "Sydney Micro Library Sys- tem." Library Sofware Review 5: 306-315 Matthews, Mary and Steve Sherman. "How to (September/October 1986). Computerize Your Serials and Periodicals When You Don't Know How," Wilson Li- brary Bulletin 44: 8614 (April 1970). "San Oral communication from Robert Renaud, Francisco Library Claims Automation First," Manager of Systems, Metropolitan Toronto Library Journal 94: 1832-3 (May 1969). Research Library. 16 March 1989. Grosch, Audrey N. "University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library Serials System."Special Libraries 60: 349-60 (July 1969).

Steven B. Shubert is a Librarian and Archaeologist who divides his time between the North York Public Library in Metropolitan Toronto and the Akhenaten Temple Project at the University of Toronto.

winter 199 1 Research Activity Washington, DLSpecial Library Job Requirements: An Analysis of Wushington Post Job Advertisements 1 983-1 989 by Tobi A. Brimsek

This study examined special library job ad- ments as stated wererecorded. Ultimately, the vertisements in the Washington Post over a following categories of requirements were seven-year period from 1983 to 1989 to define established: 1) degree requirements; 2) man- trends in the kinds of knowledge, skills, and agement/supervisory background and/or ex- experience specifically required for the jobs perience; 3) experience level; 4) experience advertised. The resultant data was also evalu- type (i.e., a specific special library environ- ated from the perspective of expanding the ment); 5) languages spokenfwritten;6) online study to geographic areas other than Washing- skills/training/knowledge; 7) subject area ton, DC, for purposes of developing compara- knowledgefexpertise;8)communication skills tive data. (both oral and written); and 9) computer skills. The Washington Post isrecognized as a key It should be noted that positions advertised for source for special library job advertisements several weeksconsecutively or biweekly were for the metropolitan Washington, DC area. included only once in the study. Another study For the period of 1983-1989, and for the parameter was that education, skills, knowl- purposes of this study, 1,020 job advertise- edge, or experience had to be listed specifi- ments were considered. To be included, the cally as a requirement to be included. Elc- listing had to have a clear indication that the ments notedas"helpful,""desirable," "a plus," job was in a special library setting. Any adver- etc. were excluded from this analysis. tisements from which such a determination Table 1 indicates the number of jobs adver- could not be made were excluded from the tised over the years included in the study as study. well as the breakdowns among full-time, part- For each of the listings, all of the job require- time, and temporary positions.

Table 1. Number and Type of Jobs Advertised By Year Total Number Full-Time Part-Time Temporary Year of Positions # % # % # %

1983 6 6% 1984 1 .9 % 1985 0 - 1986 7 5% 1987 0 - 1988 6 4% 1989 2 2%

Totals 22 2% 40 special libraries 2. Highlights of Work Environments: Percentages of Jobs Advertised Hospital/ Technical & Association/ Consulting Corporate/ Healthcare Law/ Sci-Tech Year Nonprofit Firms Company Gov'tl Medical2 Law Firm Libs

'Includes jobs advertised by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Library of Congress (LC) ZExcludesNLM.

Table 2 highlights some of the types of to include salary ranges. In short, listed sala- special library environments for these jobs. ries for these positions are infrequent. While, The table accounts for 55% to 75% of the jobs as stated, the average number of special library in a given year. Other special library environ- advertisements running salary information ments which appeared in the advertisements averaged around 14%per year, it went from as but are not part of the table include newspa- low as 9% in 1989 to as high as 23% in 1983. pers, engineering, advertising agencies, pub- As mentioned, numerous categories of re- lishing, R & D firms, and museums, to name a quirements were developed from the analysis of few. It should also be noted that there were the advertisements. Following is a discussion of instances of a generic designation, that is, each of the previously specified categories. "special library," with no further type identi- fier in the advertisement. MLS Required As can be seen from Table 2, consistently ------the most heavily-advertised jobs in the Seventy percent of all of the jobs listed Washington Post in this timeframe were in the required an MLS or stated "MLS or equivalent law firm and association/nonprofit environ- experience" required. On an annual basis, that ments-not at all surprising in the Washing- requirement ranged from a low of 62% of the ton, D.C. metropolitan area. Only a small jobs advertised in 1986 to as high as 85%of the percentage of governmentjobs appeared in the jobs advertised in 1984. Percentages for 1983, Post, resulting in therelatively low government 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1989 are 73%, 72%, numbers. 70%. 70%. and 66% respectively. This re- Before specifically discussing the trends in quirement is solidly entrenched in a majority actual requirements, an interesting observa- of the special library listings under analysis. tion on salary data is appropriate. In terms of salaries listed, the average percentage of job Previous Experience ads with that data was approximately 14%per year. Though not calculated,it can be observed On the average, 50% of these job advertise- that, most frequently, the salaries listedrelated ments required some kind of experience. Ex- to hourly rates for the part-time or temporary perience was expressed in a number of ways. positions, followed closely by government One of these ways was a designated number of special library jobs. Governmentjobads tended years, ranging from one year to as high as ten A second type of required experience related 1983 - 2%' to a particular special library environment 1984 - 1% such as law, sci-tech, business, etc. Yet an- 1985 - 7% other category of experience required was 1986 - 3% cither skill or knowledge-based experience 1987 - 5% such as research, cataloging, environmental 1988 - 2% information, census information, etc. Again, 1989 - 3% an average of 50% of the jobs advertised 'Percentages reflect the percentage of required some type of experience. In 1988 and jobs advertised that year in 1989, however, there was a slight decrease from the average with 48% and 41% respec- Another corc component to special library tively of the jobs advertised in those years positions is subject expertise/knowledge. requiring experience. Overall, 6% of these advertisements required Management/supe~isorybackground, ex- a specific subject expertise. Reviewing the perience, or skills was another recumng theme advcrtisemcnts on an annual basis provided throughout the analyzed job advertisements. some insight to the distributionof this require- This requirement could overlap with the expe- ment ovcr the seven-year time span: rience requirement depending on how stated in the advertisement. For the purposes of this 1983 - 23%' analysis, any advertisement requiring a man- 1984- 8% agement component was considered in this 1985- 5% category. Seven percent of all jobs in the study 1986- 3% required this component. Broken down by 1987 - 3% year, the data, like the previous data reviewed, 1988 - 2% remained consistent: 1989 - 4% 'Percentage reflccts percentage of jobs 1983 - 10%' advertised that year. 1984 - 5% 1985 - 7% One of the most commonly occurring re- 1986 - 8% quiremcnts every year from 1983 to 1989 was 1987 - 5% online searching skills. Overall this require- 1988 - 7% ment appeared in over one-quarter of all jobs 1989 - 7% in special libraries in the Washington Post 'Percentages reflect the percentage of from 1983 to 1989. Following is the break- jobs advertised that year. down of jobs requiring online skills on an annual basis, with the percentages reflecting Fluctuations could be due to the types of the percentage of jobs advertised that year: special library jobs advertised in a given year.

Other Requirements

There were other components in these advertisements which occured less frequently but formed a consistent core level of requirement. One of these was language skills. Over- all, 3% of all of these jobs required spoken or written knowledge of at least one foreign lan- Hand in hand with the requirements for guage. On an annual basis this fluctuated online searching skills is the requirement for somewhat: knowledge of a particular database, database system, etc. Morc than 20 different online

special libraries tools appeared in these advertisements over Computer skills was another area showing the seven-year period. As would be expected, growth since 1983. In that year less than one Lexis, Westlaw, Medline, Dialog, BRS, SDC, percent of the special library jobs advertised and others were specifically listed. DROLS, required computer skills. It leaped to 10% of SCORPIO, JURIS, BASIS, and INQUIRE the jobs advertised in 1984, increased to 15% were also specilied. Throughout the sever- in 1987, and peaked at 17% of the jobs ad- year period there were some 347 tools speci- vertised in 1989. This is not a surprising trend fied including not only online tools but also in that special librarians have always espoused AACR2, LCSH, and MARC record format. technology to advance their leadership roles As with many of the other requirements, the and create new solutions to information han- level of occurrence of requirement for specific dling. Overall, 11% of all special library jobs tools was fairly consistent throughout the study advertised between 1983-1989 listed com- period. puter skills as a job requirement. Predictably,

Figure I Occurrence of Job Requirements by Cate ory 198kl989

+ Online -@- Computer Skills

--h- Management

--t Communication +- Subject Expertise -0- Language

Year

One component of the job advertisements this will continue to be the case. which appeared in 7% of all jobs analyzed is In summary, there seemed to be a core group communication skills. As discussed in this of requirements consistently appearing in the study, communication includes both oral and advertisements throughout the seven-yearpe- written skills. While this is an innate compo- riod. These included management skills, lan- nent of special libraries jobs, it was specifi- guage skills, and subject expertise. Online cally requiredin only 7% of the jobs advertised skills also belong to that group, but as with the in 1983, 1% in 1984, and did not appear as a MLS or equivalent experience, it is a compo- specific requirement again until 1988,where it nent set apart by its high level of occurrence in appeared in 2% of the jobs advertised that comparison with thesc other types of require- year. 1989 saw a greater increase in that 9% of ments. Communication skills inconsistently the jobs advertised had this requirement. This appeared throughout the study ycars, but had a requirement followed a somewhat different clear resurgence in 1989. Figure 1 depicts pattern from the others in this study in that it graphically the occurrence of these categories was not a constant in all years studied. of requirements. winter 1991 The question remains: Are the require- seem that the listed requirements for these ments changing as depicted in these Wash- jobs in special libraries mirror the challenges ington Post advertisements? The response is and opportunities of the field. that the requirements are expanding. Just as A final analysis of the data do indicate that the role of the special library is a growing and it may be useful to replicate this project in expanding one, so is the role of the information another geographical area to develop com- professional managing in those settings. Re- parative data. Specific newspapers and geo- quirements reflect the de facto operations of graphic locations have been considered. The special libraries and information centers- New York Times classifieds will be the next more online tools, more computer skills, source of study to get a glimpse of the metro- communication skills in meeting user needs, politan New York job market via the job ads. and of course, management skills. It would w

Tobi A. Brimsek is Director, Research, Special Libraries Association.

special libraries Current Research by Tobi A. BIirnsek Director, Research

This biannual column begun last year provides a forum for sharing information on research activity within the special libraries community. The research activity covered in the column will range from dissertations, academic or empirical research, to action or applied research projects, investigations, and studies carried out in the workplace.

Project: The Needs and Availability of Information on Contemporary Japan

Abstract: Questionnaires were mailed to 230 SLA members, randomly selected from 813 members listed in the Social Science Division of Who's Who in SpecialLibraries 1988189.Ninety -five responses were received providing a response rate of 41.3%.

The Japan Foundation 142 West 57th Street New York, NY 10019 Contact: Isao Tsujimoto

The results have been published only in Japanese with several summary tables in English.

Project: A Study of Resource Sharing by Business and Sci-Tech Corporate Libraries.

Timef rame: In progress Abstract: This project is a study of the resource sharing (networking) behavior of 300 business-finance and 300 sci-tech corporate libraries, based on a self- administered survey. Half the libraries in each group are from urban areas with high concentrations of corporate libraries, yielding a 2 x 2 analytic design. The following questions are addressed:

(1) How does resource sharing by corporate libraries differ from academic and public libraries? Do these library types differ in their reliance on formal networks, consortia, and informal networking practices?

(2) Among corporate libraries, are there differences in the resource sharing behavior of sci-tech and business libraries? winter 1 99 1 Copyright O 1991 SpecmI libraries Amxiation 45 (3) What role does proximity to other corporate libraries play in determining resource sharing patterns?

Sharyn J. Ladner, Assistant Professor Otto G. Richter Library University of Miami P.O. Box 248214 Coral Gables, FL 33 124

Funding: Research Grant, University of Miami Research Council, General Re- search Support Award. Funding period: 1990 calendar year.

Publications: Several articles are planned. The working titles for a two-part series of articles are: (1) "Resource Sharing Patterns, Practices and Attitudes: Business and Finance Special Libraries (2) "Resource Sharing Patterns, Practices and Attitudes: Science-Technology Special Libraries." A third article planned will compare science-technologylibraries in academic and public libraries and sci-tech corporate libraries.

Project: Survey of SLA Scholarship award winners 1979180 1989-90 Time frame: In progress Abstract: Since 1955 SLAhas devoted resources toencouraging qualified student. to undertake library or information science education on the graduate level by means of awarding scholarships. In an earlier survey of award winners, 1955-1978, SLA scholarship recipients were surveyed as to their attitudes about the awards and the effect of the award on their careers. Responses were also elicited about participation in SLA, types of library positions occupied, and other indicators of professional activity. The present project will bring the original survey up to date and show whether earlier findings are still viable or whether they have altered over time. The survey findings may be used as a basis for recommendationsthat the authors expect to make to the SLA Board of Directors regarding future directions of the Association's scholarship program.

Vivian D. Hewitt Past President SLA 1978179 862 West End Avenue New York, NY 10025

Muriel Regan Past President SLA 1989P0 Gossage Regan Associates 25 West 43rd Street, #812 New York, NY 10025

Publications: Hewitt, Vivian D., and Muriel Regan. "Whatever Happened to that Kid Who Got the Scholarship?"SpecialLibraries,October 1983,pp. 345-357. 46 SLA staff are also involved in a number of research proiects. Two of those currently in progress are highlighted below:

Project: Analysis of special librarian job advertisements in the New York Times 1983-1989

Time f rame: In progress

Abstract: This is areplication of a similar project conducted using the Washington Post. The results of that project appear in this issue of Special Libraries. The data in the New York Times are being analyzed to provide comparative data on job requirements in special libraries in the New York metropolitan area during the timeframe of 1983-1989. The planned analysis will include not only the New York data but will also consider the similarities and differences between the requirements in the New York and Washing- ton, DC metropolitan areas.

Researcher(s): Tobi A. Brimsek, SLA

Project: Profiles of association libraries and information centers and the individuals that run them.

Timef rame: In progress

Abstract: The purpose of this project is to develop profiles of United States and Canadian trade and professional association librarians/library directors and their special librarieslinformation centers. Participants have been selected from the United States Directory of National Trade and Profes- sional Associations and from the Directory of Associations in Canada. The profiles will be developed from the responses to questions in the following areas: I. Professional profile of the individual responsible for the library/information center; 11. Association characteristics and history; 111. Facilities; IV. Staff size; V. User population and requests handled; VI. Promotion and fees; VII. Financial; VIII. Librarylinformation resources; IX. Technology; and X. Services

Researcher(s): Tobi A. Brimsek, SLA The Special Libraries Association awards Special Programs Fund Grants annually. The project funded in 1990 is described below:

Project: The Quality of Information Services: Comparisons and Contrasts

Abstract: A team of Rutgers University investigators proposes to contribute to the development of client satisfaction measures that are applicable in determining the potential value of new information services. Using focus group and individual interviews, they will compare and contrast client and information specialist perceptions concerning the quality and value of current and future services. The goals for this study are twofold: first, to winfer 199 1 assist in illuminating the discrepancies between client and information service provider perceptions of information services; and, second to enhance future product development. The overall purpose is to initiate a line of investigation that will ultimately link research in client perceptions, the value of information, and information services design.

Researcher(s): Dr. Betty J. ~urock School of Information, Communication, and Library Science Rutgers University 4 Huntington St. New Brunswick, NJ 08903

specid libraries On the Scene 1991 /92 Candidates for SLA Office

For President-Elect CATHERINE "KITTY" SCOTT is the Senior Reference Li- brarian and Information Specialist for the Central Reference and Loan Services at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washing- ton, DC.

Past Employment: Chief Librarian,Museum Reference Center, Smithsonian Institution (1983-89); Chief Librarian and organizer of the National Air and Space Museum Library, Smithsonian Institution (1972-83); Chief Technical Librarian and organizer of the Bellcomm (AT&T)Library, Systems Engineering support for NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight (1962-72); Reference CATHERINE "KITTY" Librarian and Assistant Librarian, National Housing Center, Na- SCOTT tional Association of Home Builders Library (1955-72); Assis- tant Librarian, Export-Import Bank of the United States (1953- 55).

Education: B.A., (English and drama), Catholic University of America (1950); M.S.L.S., Graduate School of Library and Infor- mation Science, Catholic University of America (1955).

SLA Member Since: 1956.

SLA Chapter Activities: WashingtonDC Chapter: President (197 1-72); first Vice-PresidentlPresident-Elect(1970-7 1); Cor- responding Secretary (1968-69); Chair, Nominating Committee (1966-67); Chair, Publicity Committee (1963-68, 1973-75); Consultation Officer (197688); member, Consultation Commit- tee, (1975-present); member, Awards Committee (1989-90); Chair (1990-91).

SLA Division Activities: Aerospace Division: Chair (1980- 81); Chair-Elect and Program Chair (1979-80); Secretary (1968- 69); Chair, Nominating Committee (1969-70); Chair, Publications and Special Projects Committee (1978-79); BoardProctor (1986- 89). Science-Technology Division: Chair, Sci-Tech Group, Washington DC Chapter (1969-70); Chair-Elecflrogram Chair, Sci-Tech Group (1968-69). Museums, Arts & Humanities Divi- sion: member, speaker, Board Proctor (1986-89). NewsDivision: member. Library Management Division: member, Consultants Section.

SLA Association-level Activities: Director (1986-89); mem- winter 7 99 7 ber, Committee on Committees (1986-88); Board Proctor: Cata- loging Committee (1986-88); Networking Committee (1986- 87); Publisher Relations Committee (1986-89); Professional Development Committee (1988-89); speaker, Consultation Ser- vice Committee (1978, 1980 Conferences); moderator, Conuib- uting Session, Annual Conference (1990); Chair, Publicity Committee (1962 Washington, DC Conference); member, Local Arrangements Committee (1980 Washington DC Conference); member, Planning and Goals Committee (1972-73).

Other Professional Activities: member, American Society for Information Science: Publicity Chair, Local Arrangements Com- mittee, ASIS 1972 Conference; drafted ASIS "Eight Key Issues for the White House Conference on Library and Information Services" (member, ASIS Public Affairs Committee, 1979); member, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (1971, reappointed 1972-76, Vice-Chair 1972-73); NCLIS Copyright, Public Relations, and Public-Private Sector Interface committees; Delegate, Federal Library Committee, Pre- White House conference (1978); Observer, White House Con- ference on Library and Information Services (1979); Delegate FLICC/FLAG Federal White Houseconference (1990);President, Executive Council, Friends of Catholic University Library (1979- 86) member, Executive Council (1986-presen t); President, Catholic University of America Library Science Club (1971); Member, Board of Visitors, Catholic University School ofLibrary and Information Science and the Catholic University Library (1974-84);member, Local Arrangements Committee and Publicity Chair, 1974 IFLA Conference (Washington); registrant, IFLA 1976, 1982, 1985, 1988, and 1989 conferences. Over a 14-year period, consultations for the SLA Washington DC Chapter have included advising organizations in planning new libraries and museums, recommending improvements in existing services, and space planning. Consultationshave also included advising foreign governments, trade and professional associations,science research centers and museum boards, and both the corporate and nonprofit sector.

Honors: Smithsonian Institution: Secretary's Exceptional Ser- vice Award (1976); Apollo Achievement Award, NASA (1969); Catholic University of America Alumni Achievement Award for Public Information (1977); Medal for Distinguished Federal Service, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (1985); SLA Chapter Membership Award to the President (1972). Biographical listing in Who's Who of American Women (10th ed. 1977-78 to 16th ed. 1989-90); Who's Who in Wash- ington (1983-84, 1st and latest edition).

Publications: Aeronautics andspace Flight Collections,Editor and Contributor. New York: Haworth Press, 1985 (also published special libraries as Special Collections, vol. 3, nos 112. FalllWinter 1984). Inter- national Handbook of Aerospace Awards and Trophies, Editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. (Supple- ment, 1980, compiled under the sponsorshipof the Special Librar- ies Association, Aerospace Division). A Directory of Sources for Air and Space History, Contributor. Washington, DC: National Air and Space Museum, 1989. She has also published articles in SLA's Chapter and Division bulletins and other professional journals.

ANN W. TALCOTT is a self-employed library management consultant.

Past Employment: Library Network Support Manager, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ (1986); Market & Executive *&4?c Information Services Manager, AT&T-BL, Murray Hill, NJ (1985- 86); Murray Hill & short Hills Library ~ana~er,AT&T-BL (1976-85); Group Supervisor, Library & Services to Western Electric, AT&'T-BL, Naperville, IL (1970-76); Reference Librar- ian, AT&T-BL (1969-70); Cataloger, Alderman Library, Univer- sity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (196869). ANN W. TALCOTT Education: B.A., Vanderbilt University, (1967); M.A. in Li- brary Science, University of Michigan (1968); Certificate in Management,Smith Management Program, Smith College. (1985).

Member of SLA Since: 1969.

SLA Chapter Activities: New Jersey Chapter: President (1982- 83); First Vice-President (1981-82); Secretary (1979-81); Past President (1983-84); Chair, AwardsCommittee (1984-85,1986- 87); Chair, Finance Committee (1977-79); Chair, Nominating Committee (1985-86); NJSLA 50th Anniversary Committee (1984-85). Illinois Chapter: member.

SLA Division Activities: Library ManagementDivision: Chair (1987-88); Chair-Elect (1986-87); Past Chair (1988-89); Chair, Awards Committee (1989-90); Chair, Nominating Committee (1989-90); Chair, 1986 Program Committee, Boston Conference (1984-85). Business & Finance Division: member.

SLA Association-level Activities: Director, SLA Board of Di- rectors (1988-91); Chair, Strategic Planning Committee (1989- 90), member (1988-89); H.W. Wilson Award Committee (1986- 88); President's Task Force on the Value of the Information Professional (1986-87); Membership Records Committee (1986- 88); Ad Hoc Committee on Public Relations (1982-84).

Other Professional Activities: New Jersey State Library Net- winter 199 1 work Review Board (1988-present); mentor, New Jersey Library Leadership Institute (1988-present); Editorial Advisory Board, MLS: Marketing Library Services (1987-present); Lecturer, Rutgers School ofCommunications, Information & Library Studies (1988, 1989); Lecturer, University of North Carolina School of Library Science (1989).

Honors: SLA President's Award; Beta Phi Mu.

Publications: In addition to many articles in Chapter and Division bulletins, Ms. Talcott has published seven papers and given many talks of which the following are most representative of her present interests: "A Case Study in Adding Intellectual Value: The Executive Information Service"; Report of the President's Task Force on the Value of the Information Profes- sional, SLA (1987); "Your Money's Worth and a Whole Lot More," presented at the "Marketing Your Library: Outreach, Public Relations" Conference (1990).

For Treasurer

NICHOLAS E. MERCURY is Director of Information Ser- vices at System Planning Corporation, Arlington, VA.

Past Employment: Reference Librarian, Institute for Defense Analyses (1970-81).

Education: B.A., George Mason University (1980); M.S.L.S., Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Catholic University of America (1982).

SLA Member Since: 1980. NICHOLAS E. MERCURY SLA Chapter Activities: Washington DC Chapter: Immedi- ate Past President (1987-88); President (1986-87); President- Elect/First Vice-president (1985-86); Chair, Information Tech- nology Group (1984-85); Program Chair, Information Technol- ogy Group (1983-84).

SLA Association-level Activities: member, Pittsburgh Con- ference Program Committee (1988-90); Chair, Statistics Com- mittee (1984-85). member (1984-87).

Other Professional Activities: panelist of Special Libraries, Association of American Publishers, Professional and Scholarly Publications Division (1990); testified on behalf of SLA before House Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture (1989); appearance on behalf of SLA on USIA's Worldnet television program (1989); testified on behalf of SLA,

special librarier Public Hearings, Report of the Register of Copyrights, Library Reproduction of Copyrighted Works (17 U.S.C. 108) (1987); member, Board of Directors, Interlibrary Users Association of the Washington-Baltimore Area (1982-88); member, Steering Com- mittee, Committee on Information Issues (1984-88); Instructor, Annual Conference Professional Development Program (1985- 90); panelist, SLA's first State-of-the-Art Institute on "Govern- ment Information" (1986).

Other Professional Memberships: President, Board of Di- rectors Alumni Association, School of Library and Information Science, Catholic University of America (1988-89).

RICHARD E. WALLACE is Manager of the Technical Infor- mation Center at the A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company in Decatur, IL.

Past Employment: Manager, Information Services, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, IL (1971-1985); Science Librarian,Case WesternRescrveUniversity ,Cleveland, OH (1970- 71); Assistant Supervisor, Library Systcms, Deere & Company (1968-70); U.S. Army (19M8); Engineering Research Refer- ence Librarian, Deere & Company, Moline, IL (196546); Reader Services Librarian, Cuyahoga County Public Library, Cleveland, RICHARD E. OH (196445). WALLACE Education: B.S., (mathematics), Michigan State University (1963); M.S., (library science), Case Western Reserve University (1964); M.B.A., Illinois State University (1977).

SLA Member Since: 1963.

SLA Chapter Activities: Illinois Chapter: Board of Directors (1980-82).

SLA Division Activities: Food, Agriculture & Nutrition Divi- sion: Chair (1975-76). Library Management Division: Treasurer (198688); Chair, Finance Committee (1989-91). Business & Finance Division and Chemistry Division: member.

Association-level Activities: Publisher Relations Committee (1976430,1982-84); 1982ConferenceProgramCommittee (198G 82); Committee on Committees (1988-89).

Other Professional Activities: American Library Association, Oberly Awards Committee (1977-79); Rolling Prairie Library System, Board of Directors (1980-1984); Instructor, ILLINETI OCLC Users Group; Illinois Library Association; Illinois Heart- land Online Users Group. winter 199 1 Honors: SLA Scholarship Award (1963); Beta Phi Mu.

Publications: Editor and contributor, Food Science & Tech- nology: A Bibliography (National Agricultural Library, 1978); co-editor of March 1980 issue of Illinois Libraries.

For Chapter Cabinet Chair-Elect

= CHARLENE M. BALDWIN is Head Map Librarian and Manager of the CurrentPeriodicals,Newspapers, and Microforms Room of the University of Arizona Library, Tucson, AZ.

Past Employment: Reference Librarian, Science-Engineering Library, University of Arizona (1984-88); Chief Reference Librar- ian/Automation Librarian/Head of Circulation,Lockheed-California Company,Burbank,CA (1980-82); CorporateLibrarian,TetraTech, Inc., Pasadena, CA (197680); Cataloger, University of Ife Library, Ife,Nigeria(1975-76); Librarian,Munger AfricanaLibrary,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (1974-75). CHARLENE M. BALDWIN Education: B.A., (with Honors) California State University, Sacramento (1970); A.M., Graduate Library School. University of Chicago (1973).

SLA Member Since: 1977-83, 1984-present.

SLA Chapter Activities: Southern California Chapter: member, Program Committee, 1981-82; Chair, Community Re- lations Committee, 1982. Arizona Chapter: Immediate Past President (1989-90), President (1988-89), President-Elect(1987- 1988); Co-Chair, Long-Range Planning Committee (1989-90); Chair, Positive ActionfAffirmative Action Committee (1987- 89); member, Graduate Library School Curriculum Advisory Committee (1988-89); member, SLAfGLS Colleague Program (1987-90); member, BylawsCommittee (1987-88); Professional Development Officer (1985-87); NTIS Liaison Representative (198687); member, Nominating Committee (1985-86).

SLA Division Activities: Information Technology Division: ITE 199 1 Program Planner, San Antonio Conference (1989-91); Chair, ITE Government Information Section (1989-90); Chair- Elect, ITE Government Information Section (1988-89).

SLA Association-level Activities: member, H.W. Wilson Award Committee (1988-89).

Other Professional Activities: Friends of the Caltech Li- braries (1979-83): founding member; member, Board of Direc- tors; Vice-President (1982). AmericanLibrary Association (197 1-

special libraries 75. 1987-present): member, Map and Geography Round Table (1989-90); member, International Relations Round Table (1988- 1990). Arizona Online Users Group (1984-1990): Program Chair (1984-85); Chair (1985-86). Arizona State Library Association (1987-90): founding member, International Librarianship Round Table (1988); member, Program Committee (1988-89); Chair (1989-90). Member, Steering Committee, Transborder Library Forum/Foro Binacional de Bibliotecas (1989-91).

Honors: Phi Kappa Phi, Who's Who of American Women;Di- rectory of Librarians in International Development; Directory of Library and Information Professionals; ALA Librarian Career Resource Network Directory.

Selected Publications: Ms. Baldwin's interests include automation, international librarianship, and bibliography. She has authored over 60 publications and presentations, including monographs, journal articles,research reports, newsletter articles, book reviews, instructional manuals, and in-house bibliographies; presentations to chapter, regional, national, and international organizations have been published in conference proceedings and other sources. Ms. Baldwin's most recent works include "Computer- Assisted Reference Services in Map Librarianship: Electronic Access to Cartographic Information" Cjoint author), Crossing Borders: New Territories in the '90s.Phoenix, AZ: Arizona State Library Association, 1990,pp. 15-[22];"InformationManagement Projects in Developing Countries: The Challenge of Working with Varying Levels of Infrastructure" (joint author), to be presented at the IAALD 1990 VIII World Congress, Budapest, Hungary, May 1990, and to be published in its proceedings; "Information Access in Niger: Development of a West African Special Library ," Special Libraries 80: 1 (Winter 1989), pp. 31- 38; "From Stacks to Stacks: A Look at Information Management in Developing Countries," to be presented at the Annual Business Meeting of the Arizona Chapter, Special Libraries Association, Casa Grande, AZ, May 1990.

WILLIAM MICHAEL WOODRUFF is Manager. Commu- nications Center, at Hershey Foods Corporation in Hershey. PA.

Past Employment: Technical Communications Specialist, Hershey Foods Corporation (1979-81); Head of Cataloging, York,PACounty Library Systems (1977-78); Librarian,Lemoyne Middle School (1976-77).

Education: B.S. Ed., (library science), Shippensburg State University (1975); M.S.L.S., Villanova University (1980). WILLIAM MICHAEL WOODRUFF SLA Member Since: 1979. winfer 199 1 SLA Chapter Activities: Central Pennsylvania Chapter: President-Elect (1980-81); President (1981-82); Director (1982- 83); Chapter Consultant Officer (198344). Philadelphia Chapter: Director (1986-89); Chair, Technology Committee (1989-90).

SLA Division Activities: Food,Agriculture & Nutrition: Director (1980-81 and 1986-87); Awards Committee (1989-90). Library Management: member. Information Technology: member.

SLA Association-level Activities: Chair, New York Confer- ence Planning Committee (1989). Professional Standards Com- mittee (1982-84).

Other Professional Memberships and Honors: Governor's Advisory Council/Federal Advisory Council (1988-91); Chair, South Central Pennsylvania CE Council (1983-85); Secretary, Three Valley Online Users Group (1984); National Computer Graphics Association; Association of Records Managers & Ad- ministrators; Association of Information Managers.

Other Professional Activities: Mr. Woodruff has presented nine papers at various conferences, and has been a member of six panels over the last five years. He has served as a panelist at 1989 Pennsylvania Libraries Association session on the "Serials Di- lemma," and most recently as a panelist at the Greater Philadel- phia Law Librarian Association, 1990 Annual Institute on "Concerns for the Decade: The Librarian & MIS."

For Division Cabinet Chair-Elect

MARJORIE A. WILSON is Director, Research Information Services at SRI International.

Past Employment: Head, Cataloging and Reports Sections. Technical Information Services, Argonne National Laboratory, IL (1980-87); Head, Cataloging Section, Technical Information Services, Argonne National Laboratory, IL (1977-80); Materials Science Librarian, Technical Information Services, Argonne Na- tional Laboratory, IL (1975-77); Technical Librarian, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI (1973-75); Assistant Librarian, Head, User Semices,NRTS Technical Library, Aerojet MARJORIE A. Nuclear Co., Idaho Falls, ID (1971-73); Associate Librarian, WILSON Layman Library, Museum of Science, Boston, MA (1968-70).

Education: B.A., Tufts University, Boston (1965); M.S., in L.S., University of Washington, Seattle (1971); M.B.A., Keller Graduate School, Chicago (1990).

Member of SLA Since: 1974.

special libraries SLA Chapter Activities: SunAndreas Chapter: Director (1988- 90); Treasurer (1990-92).

SLA Division Activities: Information Technology: Chair, Technical Services Section (1984-85); Chair, Long-Range Plan- ningcommittee (1985-86); Chair-Elect (1986-87);Chair(1987- 88); Nominations Chair (1988-89).

Other ProfessionalMemberships:ORSAlITMS, ACM, ASIS, ALA.

Honors: Beta Phi Mu Library Honor Society. Chosen as LC Special Recruit candidate by UW faculty.

MELISSA L. YOUNG is the Manager of the Library Network Support Group with AT&T Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, NJ.

Past Employment: Library Manager. AT&T Bell Laboratories, Middletown,NJ (1986-88); Technical Reference Librarian, AT&T Information Systems. Lincroft, NJ (1982-86); Reference Librar- ian, Bell Laboratories, South Plainfield, NJ (1980-82); Librarian, Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA (1978- 80); Information Science Intern, Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA (1976-78).

MELISSA A. Education: B.A.. (biology) Gettysburg College (1974); YOUNG M.S.L.S., Shippensburg State University (1976); M.B.A., Monmouth College (1987).

SLA Member Since: 1976.

SLA Chapter Activities: New Jersey Chapter: 2nd Vice- President (Program Chair) (1989-90); Membership Chair (1988- 89); Hospitality Chair (1985-86).

SLA Division Activities: Telecommunications Division: Chair (1990-91); Chair-Elect (1989-90); Information Technol- ogy and Science and Technology Divisions: member.

Other Professional Activities: member, American Library Association; American Management Association; Brookdale College Advisory Group (1986-89).

Publications: Douglas C. McMurtie: Bibliographerandt-listo- rian of Printing (1979).

winter 199 1 For Directors M. HOPE COFFMAN is the Director of the Technical In- formation Center at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA., a position she has occupied since 1972.

Past Employment: Intern, Widener Library, Harvard University.

Education: B.A., Boston University (1969); M.S., Simmons College Graduate School of Library and Information Science (1972).

SLA Member Since: 1975.

M. HOPE SLA Chapter Activities: Boston Chapter: Long-Range Plan- COFFMAN ning Committee (1985-86,1984-85); member, 75th Anniversary Committee (1983-84); President (1982-83); President-Elect (1981-82); Chair, Program Committee; Chair, Education Com- mittee (l98&8 1); member, Program Committee (1980-8 1); and member, Scholarship Committee (1979).

SLA Division Activities: Library ManagementDivision: Chair, Nominating Committee (1987-88); Past Chair (1986-87); Chair (1985-86); Chair-Elect (1984-85); and Program Chair, New York Conference (1984).

SLA Association-level Activities: Chair, Public Relations Com- mittee (1989-90); President's Task Force on the Enhancement of the Image of the Librarian and Information Professional (1988-89); Board of Directors (1986-88); Chapter Cabinet Chair (1887-88); Chapter Cabinet Chair-Elect (1986-87); Long-Range Planning Committee (1987438); Awards Committee (1987-88); Chair, Ad Hoc Committee on Committee Programs at Conferences (1985-86); Professional Development Committee (formerly the Education Committee) (1982-85).

SLA Presentations: Hope has presented papers at numerous SLA conferences and seminars including: "Mentoring," presentation to Division Cabinet, Winter Meeting, Pittsburgh (1988437); Division and Cabinet Leadership Training (1986-87, 1987-88); ''Team Building," Anaheim Conference (1987-88); "Long-Range Plan- ning," presentation to Joint Cabinet, Nashville Winter Meeting (1985-87); "Program Planning," presentation to Chapter Cabinet, and "Professional Development Seminars," Committee presentation, Winnipeg Conference (1985); "Chapter Dynamics," presentation to Chapter Cabinet, New York Conference (1984); "Marketing Pro- fessional Seminars," Professional Development Committee presentation, New Orleans Conference (1983); and "Intemships," Educa- tion Committee presentation, Detroit Conference (1982). Hope also coauthored "Continuity in Change: Boston, the Oldest Chapter" with MargaretMillerand Ruth Seidman, New York Conference (1984). special libruries Other Professional Activities: member, the Massachusetts Planning Committee for the White House Conference on Library and Information Services (1989-90); Technical Committee on Technical Information, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) (1988-89); Advisory Committee for Special Libraries, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (1987-present); Guest Lecturer at Simmons College Graduate School of Informa- tion and Library Science,Special Libraries Coufse (1989,1984-85, and 1980); Given numerous presentations on the"Ro1e of Informa- tion Services in a Research and Development Environment"; participant in the Senior Management Development Program at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (1988-90); invited participant at "Preserving the History of the Aerospace Industry," a conference sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution, AIAA, GLENNON- Webb-Seamans Project for Research in Space History (1989); member, Beta Phi Mu; President, Simmons College Graduate School of Information and Library Sciences Chapter (1983-84); Advisory Training Committee for the Greater Boston United Way (1978-80); Corporate Unikd Way Keyperson, Draper Laboratory (1977); participant, Senior Management Development Training Program, Boston College Graduate School of Management (1976); Member of the American Library Association and the American Society of Information Science.

Honors: Cogswell Award (1976); Oustanding Achievement Award, Greater Boston United Way (1977 and 1979); Visiting Scholar at Huntington Library, San Marino, CA (1980); Visiting Scholar, Dove Cottage Library and Archives, Wordsworth Trust, Grasmere, Cumbria, England (1977); Visiting Scholar, British Museum, London, England (1977).

Publications: Numerous contributions to the Special Libraries Association's Boston Chapter Bulletin, the Library Management Division Bulletin, and other publications, including "Trends in Industrial Information Resource Centers," which appeared in Sci- ence and TechnologyLibraries, VI, No. 3 (Spring 198 1) pp. 41-54.

ELIZABETH BOLE EDDISON is Vice-president and Board Chair of Inmagic, Inc., a software company in Cambridge, MA, which she helped to found.

Partial Past Employment: helped clients by solving their information management problems, Warner-Eddison Associates, Cambridge, MA (1973-88); Assistant Librarian and member of the Board of Directors, ColegioNuevaGranada, Bogota, Columbia (1969-71); Vice-president, Association of American Foreign Service Women and Coordinator of Social Services, Urban Ser- ELIZABETH BOLE vice Corps, Washington, DC Public Schools (196549). EDDISON winter 199 1 Education: A.B., (political science), Vassar College, (1948); M.S., (library science), GSLIS, Simmons College, (1973). Nu- merous workshops, institutes, and courses.

SLA Member Since: 1972.

SLA Chapter Activities: Boston Chapter: member (1972- present); Program Committee (1979).

SLA Division Activities: Business & Finance: member; speaker and moderator at conferences and workshops. Informa- tion Technology: member. Library Management: member; Pro- gram Chairwinnipeg) (1983-85); Career Guidancechair (1985- 86); Professional Development Chair (1986-88); Chair-Elect/ Chair (1988-90). Speaker and moderator at conferences and workshops. Science and Technology: member; Chair, Tellers Committee (1988).

SLA Association-level Activities: Instructor, Annual Confer- ence professional development programs (1982-85); Member. Strategic Planning Committee (1989-90).

Other Professional Activities: Betty Eddison has made speeches and led workshops for the library, business, government, and education communities throughout the United States and in many other countries. Topics covered include database design, information management, small business management, women in business, and international education. Member, Editorial Advi- sory Board, Database Magazine (1988-present); member, Board of Advisors, International School of Information Management, Irvine, CA (1984-present); member, Advisory Council, Engi- neering Information, Inc., NY (1988-present); member, Citizens Advisory Committee, School Media Resources Center, Lexing- ton, MA (1989-present); member, Small Business Committee of the Governor's Business Advisory Council, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, (1985-89); member, Steering Committee, State House Conference on Small Business, Commonwealth of Mas- sachusetts (1986-88); member, Computer Applications Com- mittee, Cary Memorial Library, Lexington, MA (1986); member, Board of Directors, Information Industry Association (IIA), Washington, DC (1982-84); Chair, IIA Publications Committee (1983-87); Chair, IIA Small Business Committee (1986-89); member, Board of Directors, Associated Information Managers (1984-86); member, Advisory Committee on International In- vestment and Technological Development, U.S. Department of State (1980-83).

Other Professional Memberships: American Society of In- formation Scientists; Associated Information Managers.

special libraries Honors: Beta Phi Mu (1973); Alumni Achievement Award, GSLIS, Simmons College (1986); Disclosure Award, Business & Finance Division, SLA (1987); Knox Award, Associated Inforrna- tion Managers (1988); Entrepreneur Award, Information Industry Association (1989); listed in Who's Who in the East, Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in Finance and Industry, Who's Who of American Women, and Who's Who in the Computer Industry.

Publications: Columnist, "ETC Column," Business & Finance Division Bulletin, (1983-85); frequent contributor to the Library Management Quarterly; columnist, "Database Design Column," Database Magazine, (1984439); "How to Plan and Build Your Own Database," Database Magazine, 15-26, (June 1988);"A LAN Toolbox," Database Magazine, 15-22, (June 1989); "Teaching Information Professionals About Database Design," Database Magazine, 33-37, (February 1990); "Who Should Be in Charge?" Special Libraries, 107-109 (April 1983); "Strategies for Success (or Opportunities Galore),"SpecialLibranes,1 1 1-1 18(Spring 1990); Compiler, Wordr That Mean Business (Neal-Schurnan, 1981); numerous articles, manuals, guides, workbooks, and training manuals.

MARY ELLEN (MEL) JACOB is founder and principal of M.E.L. Jacob Associates, a consulting firm, and publisher of ENTRAK, a quarterly newsletter on environmental trends and reports affecting libraries and information services.

Past Employment: Vice-president, Library Planning Group, OCLC (1984-89); Director, Library Planning, OCLC (1982-84); Director,Users Services, OCLC (1977-1982); AssociateLibrarim (Technical Services), University of Sydney (1971-77); Systems Officer (Library), University of Sydney (1968-71); Reference Librarian and Systems Librarian. Sandia Corporation (1 964-67); MARY ELLEN Cataloger, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque (1963-64); Library JACOB Aide, Dearborn Public Library (1960).

Education: B.S., (Mech. Engr.),University of Michigan (1960); A.M.L.S., University of Michigan (1963); M.S., Engr. Sci., (Op. Res.) University of New South Wales (1979); Executive Program in Business Administration, Columbia University (1979).

SLA Member Since: 1963.

SLA Chapter Activities: Central Ohio Chapter: Long-Range Planning Committee; speaker at the recent SLA Great Lakes Regional Conference; working with planning committee for next Great Lakes Regional Conference.

SLA Association-level Activities: member, Research Com- mittee (1988-90); speaker at SLA annual meetings. Other Professional Activities: member, American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science; American Management Association; American Association for Information Science (Conference and Meeting Committee (1989-90, International Relations Committee 1989-90, Networking Committee 1982- 84, Standards Committee 1984-87); American Library Associa- tion; American Society for Mechanical Engineers (Central Ohio Chairperson 1986, Newsletter editor 1983-84); Planning Forum (Columbus Vice-president, Membership); World Future Society; Association for Computing Machinery; National Information Standards Organization 239 (Board member 1983-91, Vice- Chair 1985-87,Chair 1987-89, Past Chair 1989-9 1); International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Statistics Section, Secretary 1987-76; Association of College and Research Libraries continuing education course 111 1987-88; Beta Phi Mu.

Publications: numerous articles and several books including Planning in OCLC Member Libraries, Telecommunication Net- works: Issues and Trends, Strategic Planning for Libraries: A How-to-do-it Manual, and Domestic Technology: A Chronology of Events. Among the more than 90 articles are: "Special Libraries and OCLC" in The Special Library Role in Networks, "Special Libraries and Databases: A State-of-the-Art Report" in Special Libraries, "Costing and Pricing: The Differences and Why It Matters" in Bottodine, and "Book Catalogs: Their Function in Integrated Library Systems" in Special Libraries.

SYLVIA E.A. PIGGOTT is Manager, Business Information Centre. Bank of Montreal in Montreal, Canada.

Past Employment: Assistant to Director, McGill University Graduate School of Science and Information Studies, Montreal, Canada (1979-81); Documentalist, Teleglobe Canada (1981).

Education: B.A., (anthropology), McGill University (1977); M.L.S., McGill University (1979); a variety of computer science and management courses. SYLVIA E.A. SLA Member Since: 1977. PIGGOTT SLA Chapter Activities: Eastern Canada Chapter: President (1986-1987); Chair, Nominating Committee (1989-90); Chair, Consultation Committee (1989-91 ); Chair, Program Committee (1985-86); member, Long-Range Planning Committee (1988- 89); Associate Editor, Bulletin (1982-86); member, Union List Committee (1982-85); Chapterrepresentativefor Positive Action Committee (1989-90).

SLA Association-level Activities: Chair, Nominating Com- special libraries mittee (1988); member, Nominating Committee (1987); member, Public Relations Committee (1989-91).

Other Professional Memberships: Canadian Information Processing Society; American Society for Information Science; Association for Systems Management; American Management Association International;Canadian Library Association (Quebec representativeonCouncil,1984-85); QuebecLibrary Association (President, 1983-84); Association Pour L'avancement des sciences et techniques de la documentation.

Other Professional Activities: Chair, Advisory Board of ConcordiiUniversity Library StudiesProgramme; invited speaker to special libraries class, McGill University; regular panelist at McGill University Graduate School of Library and Information Studies for introduction program for incoming MLIS students; lecturer in library automation class, McGill University; invited speaker to business literature class, McGill University; member, Curriculum Committee for Self-study Report for Accreditation, McGill University Graduate School of Library and Information Studies; consultant in library automation.

Publications: Publishedarticlesand book reviews, contributed to Chapter Bullerin.

winter 1 99 1 Information-Rich, Knowledge-Poor: The Challenge of the Information Society by Ruth K. Seidmun President, SLA

------~-~~~~-- - Following is a speech SLA President Ruth Seidman presented to several Chapters I during her year as President-Elect. 1

Let me share with you some thoughts on an them work. Even celebrities, pseudo and oth- issue that confronts our society, and some erwise, come at us at a great rate. As Andy solutions that librarians can provide. Warhol is reported to have said: "Someday everyone will be famous for 15 minutes." First, the Challenge We are clearly "information-rich." We are also, I believe, knowledge-poor. What is the We are surrounded by information-in the difference between information and knowl- workplace, in the market-place, and in our edge? Information has been defined as data homes. Gertrude Stein once remarked: "Ev- that has been gathered and perhaps arranged, erybody gets so much information all day long but that has not been processed, synthesized, that they lose their common sense." The or understood. Knowledge, on the other hand, paperless society,once envisioned as the result is information that has been processed into clear of electronic data processing, seems far away perception, into understanding, into enlight- as we observe the piles of computer print-out enment. arriving daily in ouroffices. Books continue to To have knowledge is to have taken infor- be published at a great rate-about 50,000 mation and made it one's own. titles a year in the U.S. Should this not be In what way are we knowledge-poor? For enough, another 58,000 are published annually one thing, there isn't time to read, much less in Great Britain! Periodicals,both popular and absorb, even a small portion of what is pub- scholarly, continue to proliferate, as our shell- lished, whether in print or electronic format. shocked library budgets can attest. And the The process of forming knowledge takes time. number of government and company docu- But decisions must be made quickly, so that ments in a given year in the United States is action can be taken. Special librarians often indeed staggering. For scientific publication, see the phenomenon of a project engineer or a we can best understand this phenomenon as marketing manager who has an important the Law of Exponential Growth. Derek de meeting tomorrow (or maybe in half an hour!), Solla Price and others observed that numbers who needs to be brought up to date on some of publications and numbers of scientists subject matter in his or her field. It can be done, doubled every 15 years from 1660 to 1960. but not always very well. Another way to look at this is that half the Lest we think this phenomenon is limited to scientists who have ever lived are alive today. practitioners, and that scholars are exempt Not only are we flooded with publications, from the problem, consider the following. but we are also deluged with new products- Beverly Lynch, addressing a MidwestCollec- gadgets with complicated instructions to make tion Management and Development Institute,

special libraries described faculty as follows: to make room for more commercials by accel- erating the speed of movies and old TV pro- "The senior people on the cutting edge grams. Somehow, the developers of this do not use libraries in ways we would technology found a way to increase the speed like to think they do.. .a prominent soci- of an audio tapeUwithout(we are told) making ologist described how he worked-he the (voice) sound like Donald Duck." Further, wants to be protected from the library. "An early version of this device was used to He says, "My search procedures are speed up the sound of guns firing in the film disorderly and accidental ... The main 'Full Metal Jacket' This saved money on thing I require of libraries is that they ammunition and made the battle sound more build ever stronger brick walls to keep fierce." that mountain of literature from engulfing An extremely serious aspect for our society me. I require libraries to hide most of the of being knowledge-poor is adult illiteracy. literature so that I will not become de- While the demands of the workplace require lirious from the want of time and wit to greater and greater sophistication from the pursue it all ... The problem is not access, average worker, there are major problems with it is the reverse, containment. And when reading and computation skills, as well as with I need to poke a small hole here or there reasoning ability. An article in Supervisory to tap a tiny possible matter, I will send Management stated that there are more than 27 someone else on that risky mission, million adult Americans who are functionally someone indifferent to all that is left illiterate. They cannot fill outajob application, behindinthe alleyways when they leave... write a check, or read a newspaper. There also Were I now to browse the stacks, as I may be as many as45 million more adults who could do in the luxurious days of student are marginally illiterate. status or that of a very new assistant In the workforce, it is estimated that about professor, I would drown, or panic, and 14 million workers cannot read above the certainly lose my way." fourth grade level and 23 million read only at the eighth grade level. Yet one analysis indi- In addition to the proliferation of informa- cated that in the typical job, most of thematerial tion, we have socialization. People nowadays to be learned ranges between the ninth and know more and more about less and less. twelfth grade in difficulty. Over time, require- Specialization,as you know, is one reason for ments will become more and more stringent, the spate of new journals initiated every year. but the workforce seems to be falling farther Rather than being expert in an entire disci- and farther behind. Many American corpora- pline, such as medicine, law, physics, or so- tions have now embarked on massive educa- ciology, the educated person today knows tion programs to train their employees in basic only a sub-specialty of the field. However, that literacy. person would like to know what is going on in the rest of his or her discipline. Having barely How Can We Meet This Challenge? the time to keep up with the sub-specialty, it is impossible to know fully even what is sup- I'd like to suggest some ways in which posedly one's own field. This is indeed frus- information professionals ARE meeting this trating. challenge, and then indicate what the Special In what other ways are we knowledge-poor? Libraries Association, as an organization, is People have shorter and shorterattention spans. doing. Radio and TV commercials used to be 60 As individuals, information professionals seconds; now they are 30, 15, 10, or 5. I act as mediators between knowledge-seekers recently read an article in the New York Times and the proliferation of information that is about a time-compression machine. These available. In this age of technology, it is im- machines are used by television broadcasters portant to stress the personal role of the li- winter 199 1 brarian, whose expertise can help guide the You will recognize this librarian and this information seeker through a confusing maze library when you see them. They are of print and electronic resources. The special responding to the dilemmas of the infor- librarian is skilled in selecting a limited mation society with professional exper- number of items from the confusing multitude tise, with technological innovation, and of possibilities, thereby anticipating the with good management techniques. questions that will be asked by a specialized clientele. The librarian knows how to obtain What is Special Libraries Association the material rapidly. He or she then organizes Doing? the material in such a way as to make it readily retrievable. As a final step, the librarian has The Association strives to keep its members developed an ability to listen effectively, and on the cutting edgeof the profession. It does so to answer questions by using appropriate ma- through publications; through local, regional, terial. and international programming; and through The librarian can also work as a consultant continuing education. A few examples: de- to those who are setting up private files, con- signed for mid-level information profession- ducting end-user searches, and obtaining als, the Middle Management Institute offers neededmaterial for their own use and retention. 75 hours of instruction, to be taken over sev- These skills are the mark of a librarian who eral sessions, in five topic-related units such as provides value-added service to the organiza- "Marketing and Public Relations" and "Ana- tion, whether that organization is a company, lytical Tools." Recently, SLA initiated the a research group, a government agency, or an Executive Development Program, preparing a academic department. "Value-added service" small number of individuals for executive and turns information into knowledge-it fashions leadership positions. many separate and seemingly unrelated sources Another way in which SLA meets today's into something usable. challenges is by increasing public awareness How do you identify a librarian who gives of the information profession, so that the unique value-added service? skills and abilities of our profession can become better known. An active public relations pro- Sheor heisfuture-oriented, appreciating gram is at work to increase awareness of the the fast pace of our society, and watching abilities and accomplishments of special li- for trends. This person does not fear brarians. Our Government Relations program change, but welcomes it. makes SLA's voice heard in the public arena. Right now, the Association is participating in This librarian is part of the parent plans for the Second White House Conference organization's team, sharing its mission on Libraries and Information Services, to take and goals. This requires the librarian to place in July 1991. Its theme will be "Library achieve a detailed understanding of how and Information Services for Productivity, for the organization works, and what its pri- Literacy, and for Democracy" -a recognition orities are at any given time. of the library's potential role in addressing key issues faced by this country. Each type of This librarian is articulate, creative, and library has a significant role to play. Public innovative. library professionals, for example, have provided leadership in seeking creative solutions The value-added library is managed in a to the problem of adult illiteracy. SLA is cost-effective, productive manner. It is helping to frame the specific issues to be appreciated as a dynamic part of the considered at the Conference. We are particu- organization. It is not viewed as a ware- larly concerned with: house or an order desk. ways the library community can and

special libraries should work with the private sector in productivity and value, measures of client disseminating government information; satisfaction,and the impact of possible future technologies on libraries. I would welcome privatization/contracting out of govern- input from the membership as the Association ment libraries and information centers; continues to define its research agenda.

the growing role of librarians and infor- What About The Future? mation specialists in the globalization of information; There are many unsolved issues for special librarians as we face this information-rich, the important role played by corporate, knowledge-poor society. Some of these issues federal, and other special libraries and are: information centers; too few of our numbers are of the "value strengtheningpublic-privatepartnerships added" variety; as federal funding for library-related ini- tiatives dwindles; our potential is often unrecognized by the larger community; maintaining open access to government information to guarantee a democratic in the face of economic uncertainty, in- and economically sound society; formation facilities havebeen downsized or eliminated; - protecting the confidentiality of library records maintainedin public institutions; how will we handle electronic publishing? preservation of books and other publications; and, lastly, will the end-user revolution render us obsolete? and marketing the profession and other resources offered by librarians and infor- the library, whether in business, govern- mation specialists regardless of the type ment, or academia, is competing more of library or information center. and more for resources with other parts of the parent organization. Finally, SLA has decided recently to re- emphasize the importance of serious research to encourage innovation in meeting the chal- These and many more questions can and lenges of the information society. A standing should be raised. Dealing with such issues Research Committee has been established, assures us of continuedchallengesas we stride and a staff position in our Headquarters office into the 1990s. We must remain confident of has been assigned to this area. On the research our ability to be key players in the effort to turn agenda are such topics as the information- a knowledge-poor environment into one that is seeking behavior of library users, measures of knowledge-rich.

winter 199 1 References Price, Derek J. de Solla Liftle Science, Big Scardino, Alvert. "W's Pace and the Ads Science. New York: Columbia University Increase as Time Goes By," The New York Press, 1963. Times, September 11, 1989. p. D10.

Lynch, Beverly P. "Collections and the Li- "Functional Illiteracy: It's Your ProblemToo." bray User." Keynote address RTSD Midwest Supervisory Management,(June 1989) p. 22. Collection Management and Development In- stitute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Au- gust 17. 1989.

special libraries Cutting Periodical Costs Without Dropping Subscriptions by Ted Kruse

By careful examination of periodical purchasing methods, libraries can contain some of the ever-increasing periodical costs. Libraries can substitute controlled free subscriptions for paid subscriptions, negotiate with periodical agencies, use institutional memberships, obtain the lowest rate for subscriptions, purchase discounted packages of subscriptions, use multi-year rates, and specify air freight for overseas periodicals.

Ever-increasing periodicalcostshave forced brary costs are lowered by cancelling paid libraries to continuously review all periodical routing copies and reducing staff time in- subscriptions. Dropping titles is one obvious volved in routing periodicals. method of containing periodical costs. This Because of the increased computerization article explores several purchasing methods to of libraries, many librarians qualify for con- reduce periodical costs without canceling sub- trolled free computer magazines. These titles scriptions. must come in the name of an individual, not a general library address. Controlled Free Subscriptions Buy Groups of Subscriptions Substituting controlled free subscriptions for paid subscriptions reduces costs. Many Purchasing a group of titles from a publisher trade magazines are available free to people rather than several individual titles can reduce who meet the publisher's criteria for a free costs. Professional societies often offer a subscription. These magazines will state on package rate for subscriptions to more than their title page "sent to qualified persons" or one of their periodicals. For example, the have tear-out, postagepaid postcards to request American Concrete Institute offers its three free subscriptions. Publishers and their ad- periodical titles at a nearly 25 percent discount vertisers are interested in reaching people who when ordered as a package. In most cases, recommend, specify, or purchase equipment, these packages can be ordered through library materials, or supplies. subscriptionagents. Occasionally, it is cheaper With a few exceptions, library subscriptions to order the entire package of periodicals and do not qualify. However, libraries which pur- discard titles of no interest rather than purchas- chase and route these titles can substitute free ing individual titles. subscriptions sent by the publisher directly to routing recipients forpurchasedcopies.Nearly Overseas Shipping all publishers welcome the opportunity to expand their circulation by reaching more deci- The method of delivery on overseas peri- sion-makers. Circulation managers are more odicals can greatly influence the price. Sea than willing to send free subscription qualifi- mail is the least expensive, air mail is the most cation forms. In this case, the library actually expensive, and air freight is somewhere in the improves services to library users by assisting middle. Air freightisoften thebest buy because users in obtaining their own free copies. Li- some overseas publishers have arranged for winter 1 99 1 their titles to be air-freightedto North America gineering gives public libraries a 25% dis- and then placed in the U.S. Mail. This type of count. delivery narrows the time lag between the more expensive air mail and air freight. For Institutional Memberships example, a one-year subscription to Times of London costs $304 for air freight and $651 for Institutional or corporate memberships in air mail (1989 subscription prices). A slight associations held by the library's parent or- delay in receiving this newspaper by air freight ganization offer several cost-cutting opportu- cuts the cost by over 50 percent. nities. Institutional members often receive some to Negotiate Service Charges all of the association's publications as part of the membership package. One approach is to Negotiating with subscription agents for have the individual receiving all these publi- reduced service charges directly lowers costs. cations send them to the library and drop In spite of the sales claim that service charges library subscriptions. In most cases, the des- are set rigidly by headquarters' management ignated individual is overwhelmed with ma- or by a computer model, if pressed, many terial and is glad to send it to someone. Sending subscription agents will cut service charges a supply of library mailing labels to the indi- one-half to one percent to keep an account. vidual will improve the flow of materials Send the library's periodical list to other agents. through the inter-office mail to the library. If a lower charge is found, ask your existing Othcr institutional memberships provide a agent to meet the competitor's service charge. number of individual memberships as part of Another option is to offer to pay the sub- the institutional membership. scription list early for a reduction in service Otherorganizationsoffer member discounts charge. Many agents find this attractive and on periodical subscriptions. In some cases, have standard prepayment discount programs these member-priced subscriptions can be for paying slightly earlierin the year. Compare handled by library subscription agents. the service savings offered on early payment Purchasing or accounting departments can to the prime interest rate to determine if the be helpful in locating these institutional discount is large enough to consider. For ex- memberships because account systems often ample, an agent offering a 1.5% discount for provide a separate expense classification for paying one month early is, in effect, offering memberships. A list of institutional member- an interest rate of 18% per year. If the prime ships can also save money on purchasing rate is less than 18%,this is a favorable offer. nonserial publications. Not all agents' plans will be to the library's or library's parent institution's advantage when Multi-Year Subscriptions judged by the prime interest rate. Multi-year subscriptions on some titles can Get the Best Rate reduce subscription costs by 25%. Care must be taken to insure only periodicals of contin- Carefully checking subscription rates can ued need are placed on longer term subscrip- yield savings. Along with type of delivery, tion and the periodical is financially healthy to other factors also influence price. Is the agent survive the tcrm of the subscription. New providing the publisher's multicopy rate? Some titles, regardless of thediscount offered, should popular magazines have special bulk rates not be placed on longer term subscription. starting as low as five copies. Some expensive In periods of tight budgets, it will bedifficult newsletters offer a discount on even a second to find the additional money for long-term subscription sent to the same address. A few subscriptions. But, starting a few long-term publishers give special lower rates to some subscriptions each year will control periodical types of libraries. For example, Pollution En- costs. Some subscription agents provide as-

special libraries sistance in starting multi-year subscriptions value of the content of periodicals but also in staggeredover two or three years so renewal of the most cost-effectivemethod of purchasing. multi-year subscriptions will not cause varia- Asystematicreview ofpurchasing methodsof tions in the periodical budget. periodicals can yield savings without dropping Librarians need to be experts not only in the titles. H

Ted Kruse Is Technkal Services Librarian at the University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.

winter 1 99 1 IFLA 1990: Libraries-Information for Knowledge by Emily R. Mobley SfA Delegate, IFfA

The International Federation of Library The venue for the meetings was a spaciousand Associations andInstitutions (IFLA)conducted comfortable conference center in suburban its 56th General Conference August 18-24, Stockholm. There were numerous social events 1990 in Stockholm, Sweden. The conference and opportunities to network with information theme was "Libraries Information for professionals from all over the world. Knowledge." Paul Nauta, the Secretary Gen- Stockholm has a number of special libraries eral of IFLA, commented "this was the biggest which were open for tours. Ones of particular Conference in the history of IFLA," with a interest to SLA members were: The Art Library total of 5,000 persons present. One hundred (a department of the Swedish National Art andtwenty countries wererepresentedby 1,660 Museums); Federation of Swedish Industries delegates accompanied by 117 staff, 100jour- Library (industry and industrial history); nalists, 300 volunteers, 200 day visitors, and Pharmacia AB, Library (pharmaceutical 2,000 exhibition-onlyvisitors who viewed the company in Uppsala); Royal Dramatic Theatre, 170 exhibits attended to by 510 exhibitors. Archive and Library (the Theatre's archives Approximately 250 attendees came from the and library for drama and theatre arts); Royal United States. At least 10% of theU.S. attendees InstituteofTechnologyLibrary; ScaniaLibrary were Special Libraries Association (SLA) (automotive manufacturing-Saab); Statistics members, and the European Chapter of SLA Sweden Library; Supreme Administrative was well represented. Court Library; Swedish Employers' Confed- His Majesty King Carl XVI Gustaf opened eration Library; Swedish Environmental the Conferenceby speaking of the importance Agency Library; Swedish Instituteof Building of books and libraries as guardians of the Documentation; Swedish Telecom Library; freedom of speech. Hans-Peter Geh, President and the Swedish Trade Council Library. of IFLA, during his opening speech spoke not Information professionals in the United only on the Conference theme, but also on the States can take solace in knowing that our need to insure libraries remain central to the issues and concerns are shared globally. The process of providing access to information and impact of new technologies, rising prices, the helping to erase illiteracy. One notable quote value of our work, censorship, and educating was "I am very optimistic that libraries will, the public and ourselves wereamong the topics also in the future, continue to play their central debated both formally and informally. The role in communicating information, provided, formal programs were varied, numerous, and to underscore the problem once again, that offered a smorgasbord from which to choose. they adapt to the relevant situation, adopt new Interest in many of the topics was evident from technological developments, and employ the number of standing-room only sessions. correspondingly qualified staff in order to be Theexhibits did not measure up to the standards able to fulfill the many varied and specialized we have come to expect from SLA, Annual tasks which will be facing them." Conferences, but they were interesting from a The city of Stockholm and information different perspective. One aspect was the po- professionals in the area rolled out the red litical nature of some of the exhibits. I was carpet and copious food carts of hospitality. given, though not too graciously once he read

special 1ibrar;es my badge, a copy of Mommar Ghadify's delivery and copyright. Owners of copyrights speeches by a Libyan vendor. The Islamic Re- see copying as undermining publishers, sales. publicofIran's booth was virtually destroyed by depriving authors of financial benefit, extend- some Iranian exiles. Thus, armed policemen ing access at no extra cost, and allowing were present for the duration of the Conference. commercial and industrial interests to carry out profit-making research-which brings no Programs benefit to the author/publisher. At the same time, users see copying as giving wider access, The best paper of the Conference, from my improving intellectual activity, and economic perspective, was given by SLA member use of resources. The paper was particularly Michael Koenig. Entitled "The Information good in its discussion of the impact of tech- and Library Environment and the Productivity nology on copyright and vice versa. He made of Research," the paper reported the results of an interesting point that in the use of fax a study which attempted to determine the re- machines, most often three or four copies of lationship between the research productivity the same document are made: a photocopy for of pharmaceutical companies and the library sheet feeding; a digitized copy (what is trans- and information environment of those com- mitted from machine to machine and is a copy panies. The study found that the more pro- in the legal sense); the retransformed copy at ductive companies were characterized by the other end; and another photocopy which a greater openness to outside information; rather user often makes due to the instability of fax less concern with protecting proprietary in- paper. By the smct legal definition, the addi- formation; greater end-user use of information tional copies required by use of this technol- systems and more encouragementofbrowsing ogy could be considered infringement of and serendipity; greater technical and subject copyright. The author feels that the economics sophisticationof the information services staff; of interlending and document supply poses no and relative unobtrusiveness of managerial threat to the sales of copyright materials and structure and status indicators in the R & D that the conflict is more imagined than real. environment. Koenig stated that this paper Lena Sewall discussed the integrated hospital reports early information as the analysis is not library in her paper on "Development of completed. One hopes that Koenig will publish Hospital Libraries in Sweden." According to completed findings as rapidly as possible be- the author, this type of library which provides cause the study is of great importance to in- both medical and general library service, with formation professionals. a few exceptions in Denmark, Norway, and The impact of computer technology on Great Britain, is unique to Sweden. cartography was quite evident in the papers by Attendees found out that European libraries Ochman on "Digital Mapping on CD-ROM; encounter differential pricing of materials from Baarnhielm on "Map Catalogue and Graphic U.S. publishers during a presentation by Karen Interface from the PC Version of the Swedish Hunter on "Differential Pricing: STM Pub- National Atlas"; and Van de Waal'sUDocumen- lishers, Practices and Perspectives." IFLA at- tation and Interactive Cartographic Systems." tendees were challenged to work with pub- In her paper on "Problems of Performance lishers to move beyond differential pricing Evaluation in Academic Libraries," Roswitha arguments to a discussion of the broader issues Poll gave an excellent overview of the topic. confronting the international scholarly com- Although it was geared towards academic li- munity. braries, many of the problems she noted are A number of SLA members are active in relevant to special libraries. various working groups, round tables, and Graham Cornish's paper on "The Conflict sections of IFLA. Reports were received from Between Copyright and Document Supply: two members. Real or Imagined?" gave a good synopsis of Dorothy McGarry, Chair of the Section on the issues surrounding copying for document Classification and Indexing, reported on pa-

winfer 1991 pers covering classilication and indexing in "Newspaper Production Technology Today Nordic countries and the UDC in Finnish clas- and in the 20 Years to Come." Juhanni Allard- sification policy and recent events related to Kurikka, Sweden. (118) UDC at the international management level. She also reported that the Section's Working "Documentation and Interactive Carto- Group on Subject Authority Files was very graphic Systems." Hans Van de Waal, Neth- busy this year working on guidelines for subject erlands. (128) authority and reference entries. The Group hopes to complete drafts and revisions in the "Map Catalogue and Graphic Interface from coming year so that a final version of the thePC Version of the Swedish National Atlas." guidelines can be prepared at the next IFLA Goran Baarnhielm, Sweden. (124) meeting. SLA Executive Director David R. Bender "Digital Mapping on CD-ROM." Peter G. reported that the Round Table for the Manage- Ochman, Australia. (102) ment of Library Associations will focus upon five activities during the next year: the model "CD-ROM: Impact on the Interlending library association's project will provide as- Area." Graham P. Cornish, UK. (89) sistance to theFederation of Brazilian Library Associations; continued investigation by Hans "CD-ROM and the Reference Librarian: the Prins on the Image, Status and Reputation of Endof Innocence." Richard Biddiscombe, UK. Librarianship and Information Work project; (91) the creation of the Library Association Re- source Center; a seminar titled "Library As- "Introducing CD-ROM in a University Li- sociation on the Move--Effective Manage- brary-Problems and Experiences." Lilian ment and Flexible Planning" to take place Madsen, Denmark. (140) prior to the 1991 Conference; and a pre- conference program on Image and Status to "The Impact of CD-ROM on the End-User." take place at IFLA 1992. He also reported that Derek G. Law, UK. (69) the Working Group on Management established the following activities as its program "Strategic Planning as an Instrument of priorities for the next year: survey of current Improving Library Quality." Maurice B. Line, developments in management; cost recovery UK. (26) imperatives; case studies on comparative management issues; and review of training "Library Staff Development Consultancy: needs and curricula content. The group will A Means to Achieve a Better Library?" also sponsor a half-day workshop on man- Christopher J. Hunt, UK. (25) agement during the IFLA 1991 Conference. The papers listed below may be of particular "Measuring Academic Library Perfor- interest to SLA members. Copies have been mance." Barbara J. Ford and JoAn S. Segal, forwarded to the library at SLA Headquarters USA. (12) and are available upon request. The numbers in parenthesis refer to the paper number. "Performance Measurement in the Danish Libraries." Niels Ole Pors, Denmark. (1 1) "The Information and Library Environment and the Productivity of Research." Michael "Problems of Performance Evaluation in E.D. Koenig, USA. (106) AcademicLibraries." RoswithaPoll, Germany. (155) "How to Nominate Members for Standing Committees." 199 1. Hope E.A. Clement, "On the Problem of Library Collections Canada. (150) Requiring Constant Amendment and Updat- speciol libraries ing, as Exemplified by Patent Specifications Ivar A.L. Hoel, Denmark. (32) Which, Together with Other Literature, Con- stitute Legally Relevant Documentation when "The Conflict Between Copyright and Examining for Novelty." Gerhard Kruss, Ger- Document Supply: Real or Imagined?" Gra- many. (159) ham P. Cornish, UK. (44)

"Differential Pricing: STM Publishers, "The Philosophy Behind International Practices and Perspectives." Karen Hunter, Interlending and its Implications for the Visu- Netherlands. (35) ally Handicapped." Graham P. Cornish, UK. (63) "Cataloguing Simplification: Trends and Prospects." Karen Homey, USA. (27) "The Development of Library Technicians: A Review of Experience in Selected Coun- "The Strategic Management of Information: tries." Ian M. Johnson, Scotland. (81) An Essential Element in the Training of En- gineers." Jean Michel, France. (59)

- "Instnwting the User or Improving the The 57th Council and General Conference System: Research and User Feedback for In- of IFLA will take place August 18-24.1991 in teractive Library Catalogues." Micheline Moscow. The Conference theme will be "Li- HancockBeaulieu, UK. (76) braries and Culture: Their Relationship." Subtopics includeknowing and understanding "Why User Education and How Can Infor- each other, libraries as cultural centers, science mation Technology Help?" Nancy Fjallbrant, withoutboundaries,libraries andnew thinking, Sweden. (58) libraries and world art, libraries in a multinational state, library services to multicultural "Information Skills Across the Curriculum." populations, librarians as internationalists, Ann Irving, UK. (60) international book exchangeas aformof mutual cultural enrichment, children as creators of the "Distributed Intelligence in Library Systems: 21st century, libraries in the international up- Prospects and Problems." S. Michael bringing of children and youth, access to the Malinconico, USA. (13) information resources of world culture by modem technological methods, international "Development of Hospital Libraries in library networks, preservation and conserva- Sweden." Lena Sewall, Sweden. (78) tion as a means of retaining the cultural legacy of the world, and librarians and the system of "Automation at Landspitalinn Medical Li- continuous education. Members interested in brary." Solveig Thorsteinsdottir, Iceland. (79) attending may contact IFLA Headquarters for registration materials. The final program an- "Success Factors in Transforming a Tradi- nouncement contains many of details (regis- tional Medical Library into an Information tration fees, hotels, etc.). If you need the in- Center for the Future." Elisabeth Buntz, Nor- formation in a hurry, contact the author. way. (80) The Council which meets biennially to vote on officers, dues, and other business will con- "International Standardization of Require- vene during the 1991 conference. ments to Permanent Paper: A Status Report." H

Emily R. Mobley is Dean of Libraries, Purdue University, and a Past President of Special Libraries Association. She is the 1990 SLA delegate to IFLA.

winter 199 1 Masterminding Tomorrow's Information- Creative Strategies for the '90s

The Special Libraries Association 82nd Annual Conference San Antonio, TX June 8-1 3,1991

San Antonio-one of America's top 10 for the '90s," the 1991 Conference will focus largest cities retains a small-town warmth and on the organization and coordination required friendliness. While other Texas cities, such as to provide effective information services in Houston and Dallas, exhibit the hustle and the new decade. As thecomplexity of informa- bustle of modem living, San Antonio is a tion access increases, the information wonderfully leisurely place that loves flowers, professional's ability to pull together sources romance, fiestas, and music. Spe- and resources cia1 librarians attending the Con- will become ference will find many other more and charms as well. San Antonio is more critical. fun! And there's something Conference for everybody. History buffs programming can tour the will emphasize assertive missions. Shop- management, pers will migrate to innovative La Villita. For nature problem- lovers there's the solving, and Lucile Halsell strategic planning- essential Texas. And are skills for the you hungry? Don't miss any of the many fine '90s information manager. restaurants lining the River Walk. The River A number of Conference activities from Walk, gives you 2 l/2 miles of the most re- program content to tours to the exhibits are laxing, uanquilUget-away"availableanywhere highlighted on the following pages. in a U.S. urban setting. Mark your calendars now for June 8-13, General Sessions 1991. That's when you'll want to be in San Antonio ....for fun, relaxation, for meeting new SLA is pleased to announce that two out- and old friends, and most of all to attend the standing speakers have been engaged for the 82nd Annual Conference. general sessions on Monday and Tuesday, With a theme of "Masterminding June 10 and 11, 1991: Alan C. Kay and Joel Tomorrow's Information-Creative Strategies Arthur Barker. Joel Arthur environment. It was here that Kay conceived Barker is founder Dynabook, the powerful lap-sized personal and President of computer of the 1980s that would allow Infinity Limited, people to write anddraw anywhere. Dynabook Inc., an interna- was the inspiration for ALTO, the forerunner tionally-known of Apple Computer's Macintosh. Another consulting firm particularly celebrated contribution was that invented the Smalltalk, a high-level object-oriented pro- concept of "sua- gramming language used by non-program- tegic explora- mers. He pioneered the use of icons insteadof tion." He formed typed commands for telling computers what his company in 1978after directing theFuture to do next. Studies Department of the Science Museum of Minnesota for four years, and has been Division and Committee Programs busy ever since working with top management teams of the Fortune 500. While Mr. Barker The core of SLA's Conference is the busi- is known for a broad range of strategic ex- ness and informational sessions developed ploration tools that improve an organization's by SLA Committees and Divisions. All SLA ability to shape its own future, he is especially Divisions and most SLA Committees will known for his presentation on the "Power of host business meetings during the conference. Paradigms." It is from this lecture that he It is important for members to schedule at- drew the information and examples on which tendance at their respective business sessions; his first book is based; Discovering the Fu- it isan opportunity to stay abreastofactivities ture: The Business of Paradigms helps ex- and ongoing projects. Most importantly, it is plain how revolutionary change occurs. It a chance to voice opinions on projects and focuses on business needs and examples, but decisions that will guide SLA into the '90s. its ideas are useful for anyone interested in To augment the business sessions, SLA understanding more clearly how the future is Divisions have prepared sessions specifically determined. addressing issues of concern to the profession; sessions will discuss specific technical issues of interest to Division members and how those issues impact upon the profession as a whole. Session content includes:

Competitor Intelligence; Privacy Issues in Telecon Technology; Optical Storage Technology; International Information-Emerging Markets; the personal com- Proprietary Scientific Data; puter. Much of this attention resulted from The Petroleum Industry-and its future; work done at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Global Climate Change; Center (PARC) whose alumni are respon- Coping under Adverse Conditions; sible for much of the current leading-edge Nutrition; computer technology. Expanding Your Influence Beyond the The Golden Age of PARC occurred be- Library; tween 1971 and 1976, when Xerox gave a Environmental Auditing; and blank check to a group of young and talented Online Database Construction. computer scientists in a creative think-tank winter 199 1 Professional Development Programs pants will earn 0.6 continuing education unites (CEUs) and a certificate upon completion of SLA's Professional Development Program each course. provides appropriate learning opportunities for information professionals at every career Middle Management Institute. SLA's level. Whether you are an entry-level infor- Middle Management Institute (MMI) focuses mation specialist or seasoned manager, SLA's on the needs of information professionals with Annual Conference Professional Develop- five or more years of management experience. ment Program has a learning experience de- The MMI is the second step in SLA's Profes- signed to meet your needs. A broad range of sional Development Program which provides topics and activities will be offered at the a progression of learning opportunities. 1991 Conference. The San Antonio Confer- Developed to provide practical training in ence will feature 22 one-day continuing key areas of management, this certificate pro- education courses, two units of the Middle gram sharpens participants' skills through a Management Institute, and an advanced combination of expert instruction,and interac- management course for seasoned information tion learning exercises. The MMI is a 75-hour professionals preparing for positions at the program consisting of five integrated units. executive level. Units may be taken independently or as part of the complete MMI sequence. Continuing Education Courses. Since the Topics include: 1960s, SLA's continuing education courses have been instrumental in providing informa- management skills; tion professionals with the knowledge and analytical tools; skills to succeed. By preparing them for new human resources; responsibilities in library and information marketing and public relations; and management, SLA's continuing education technology and application. courses help members meet the changing requirements of the profession, enabling them Each unit is 2 1/2 days (15 hours) in dura- to advance their careers. tion. Participants em1.5 CEUs for complet- This year's 22 one-day continuing educa- ing each unit. A certificate of achievement is tion courses will take place Saturday, June 8 presented upon completion of all five MMI and Sunday, June 9. Topics such as artificial units. intelligence and managing new technologies Besides the Conference MMI opportunities, will be offered in the information management MMI units are offered in various geographic area. A new course on value-added service locations throughout the calendar year. The will be introduced this year to give members "Analytical Tools" and "Human Resources" an opportunity to explore the concept in depth units will be offered in conjunction with the and learn more about proven techniques. 1991 Annual Conference on Friday, June 7 Courses on working smarter, performance through Sunday, June 9. appraisal, and management communications will help participants sharpen key manage- Advanced Management Course. A new ment skills. course designed for experienced information SLA's Annual Conferencecontinuing edu- professionals with advanced learning needs cation courses offer entry and mid-level pro- will be introduced at this year's Annual Con- fessionals many topics to choose from. Those ference. This 1 112 day program will feature with more experience may want to take ad- Dr. Kevin Kearns, one of the most popular vantage of this valuable educational resource instructors from SLA's award-winning Ex- to supplement their knowledge in a particular ecutive Development Academy. area, or find out more about emerging tech- The program will focus on managerial deci- nologies and management concepts. Partici- sion-making and the tasks of leadership.

special libraries Employment Clearinghouse and Career The exhibits will be housed in the San An- Advisory Service tonio Convention Center. Exhibit Hall hours will be: The SLA Employment Clearinghouse is a service available to all Conference registrants Sunday, June 9 12-5 p.m. and employers. Through this service, job ap- Monday, June 10 10 a.m.-530 p.m. plications and employers are brought together Tuesday, June 11 10 a.m.430 p.m. to discuss future employment. Wednesday,June12 9a.m.-2p.m. If you have any questions about special librarianship and theinformation management SLA is pleased to announce that the following field in general, or your career in particular, organizations have purchased exhibit booths take advantage of SLA's Career Advisory in the this year's show: Service. Experienced SLA members will serve as counselors to help you find the answers you Disclosure need. EBSCO Full details will be provided in the Pre- Faxon liminary conference Program. International Library Systems DataTimes SLA Exhibit IEEE Readmore The exhibits are a vital and exciting com- R.R. Bowker ponent of the Conference. Nearly 400 exhibit Dow Jones & Co. booths will be set up at the San Antonio Con- Datatrek ference. This is your opportunity to meet with GTE Imagespan knowledgeable representatives of leading Information Handling Service manufacturers and suppliers specializing in Highsmith Company products and services relating to the field of Dawson library science and information exchange. UMI At this years' exhibit, you will have the opportunity to gather information on such For individuals unable to register for the products as: Conference's program sessions,but interested in examining the various products and ser- CD-ROM, vices in the Exhibit Hall, write for a compli- information storage and retrieval; mentary pass and specify the number of per- library automation software; sons attending. Send a self-addressed stamped optical publishing; envelope to SLA Exhibit, 1700 Eighteenth specialized books, periodicals, and di- Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009 rectories; and Conference attendees are urged to schedule library furnishings and supplies. ample time to visit the exhibits. This is your chance to influence new applications on infor- You will also learn about such services as: mation technology by interactingdirectlywith the producers and developers. alerting and search services; book jobbers; Conference Field Trips consultants; database search services; A special feature of the Annual Conference government information services; are the field trips. More than a dozen field trips indexing and abstracting services; and sponsored by SLA and the Divisions will be subscription agencies. conducted for the San Antonio Conference. Some trips will allow you to visit a place of winter 199 1 special interest to your Division. Others will "Cotton-Eyed Joe." Prance through a polka. allow you to learn about the geographic area Stroll with the mariachis or strut with some and its history. And some are just for your Dixieland jazz. This will be one event every- pleasure and enjoyment. one wants to attend. A full listing of these events will be detailed in the Preliminary Conference Program. You Conference Travel Information will be able to select from such diversions as: - -- Full Conference information-the Prelirni- Sea World; nary Program-will be mailed to all SLA Historic tour of Old San Antonio; members in March 1991. Along with detailed The Botanical Gardens; session information, official housing and reg- The Zoo; and istration forms will be provided. All Confer- The LBJ Library. ence attendees are urged to use these forms. While program planning is in the final stages SLA Fund Event of preparation, the following information concerning travel, housing, and registration Fiesta!!! Picture a giant block party San fees is final to help you plan your budget now. Antonio style. This will be a whirlwind celebration bursting with color, character, food, Air Travel. American Airlines and Conti- music, history andear-to-ear grins. Crackopen nental Airlines have been chosen as the official cascarones and throw them in the air. Grab co-carriers for the 82nd Annual Conference. some fresh tortillas and savory anticuchos. To make reservations on Continental Air- Slip up on a chalupa. Rock with a fajita or roll lines, call 800-468-7022 and ask for account with a tamale or two. Leave room for dessert number EZ6P33. Continental offers 50% off and don't forget the margaritas and beer. full coach or first class fares with no advance You've only started. Kick up your heels to the bookings required or penalties, or 5% off any

special libraries available fare. All rules and restrictions apply. ing long, time-consuming lines, advance reg- To make reservations on American Air- istration can also save you money. Registra- lines, call 800-433-1790 and ask for "Star tion fees for this conference are: File" S0261GW. American offers 50% off the coach fare for tickets purchased up to 14 days *Member, Advance in advance, 45% for tickets purchased up to 7 Cby May 1) $1 15 days in advance, or 5% off any available fare. All rules and restrictions apply. *Member, One Day $85

SLA Conference Hotels/Rates** *Member, On-Site $145 Single Double (after May 1) Rate Rate Marriott Rivercenter $112 $128 Nonmember, Advance Marriott Riverwalk $105 $120 @Y May 1) $140 Hilton $1 15 $130 Nonmember, One Day $105 Hyatt $105 $120 La Quinta $64 $74 Nonmember, On-Site Menger $59-73 $73-83 (after May 1) Plaza $90 $105 Studenmetired/ $65 Gunter $80 $90 Accompanying Person

** Remember to use the SLA Housing Form * SLA member rates apply to SLA. ASIS, supplied with the Preliminary Program. Res- ARLISINA, AAL, and MLA. ervationswillnot be honored by hotels without utilization of this form. No reservations muy On-site registration will take place in the be called or faxed into the Housing Bureau. San Antonio Convention Center, beginning Friday, June 7, at 12 noon. SLA works hard to help its members get the If you have any questions regarding the best value for their money. Seminars, field Annual Conference, or if you are a nonmem- trips, and special events are planned so that ber and wish to be placed on the mailing list to attendees receive the most for each dollar receive a preliminary program, please contact spent. In keeping with this philosophy, SLA is Manager, Conference and Exhibits, 1700 pleased to inform its members thatregistration Eighteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC, costs for the 1991 Annual Conference have 20009. once again been maintained at the same rates The Conference Program Committee, the as previous years. Conference Planners, the Texas Chapter, and A sizeable attendance is expected at this the Association staff are all working to put Conference, and advance registration is together a memorable conference. strongly recommended. In addition to avoid- Y'all come!

winter 1 99 1 Book Reviews

A Guide to OptkalStorage Techmlogy, by John author lists various applications including A.McCormick. Homewood, II: Dow Jones Irwin, self-publishing, which he considers to be an 1990. ISBN: 1-55623-320-5 economical, in some cases even profitable, venture. One example of self-publishing is given in which Arthur Anderson & Company Librarians and records managers have at published their manuals and software on CD- least one challenge in common-the need for ROM and supplied them to 15,000 employ- cost-effective information storage technol- ees worldwide. The savings in shipping alone, ogy. Whether the information to be stored is in this case, paid for the conversion from print proprietary or public, problems of space, cost, to CD-ROM in a single year. file integrity, and ease of use are in need of Each type of optical storage technology is solutions. reviewed with regard to the method of pro- The author of this book, John McCormick, duction, how it works, what it costs, and maintains that the only viable solution is appropriatelinappropriateuses. The language optical storage. McCormick is East Coast is highly technical, but the writing is concise Bureau Chief for Newsbytes News Network, and clear. a computer industry wire service, and his Perhaps the most useful section of the book writings haveappearedin over 300computer- is Appendix I, a Comparison of Various related publications. Technologies Used to Store or Distribute McCormick describes, compares, and Information. The index outlines the capacity, evaluates CD-ROM, WORM, Erasable, features, cost, and best uses of each medium. Digital Paper, and other High-Density, Other appendices include a resource list of OptoMagnetic Storage Devices. We all know companies and organizations involved in op- what CD-ROM is, but what is WORM? It is tical storage, and a buyer's guide for CD- Write Once Read Many, as opposed to Read ROM, WORM and erasable with details on Only Memory. While some consider theread- selected drives. There is also a selected list of only feature of CD-ROM a drawback, business-oriented CD-ROMpublicationswith McCormick points out the advantages of the prices and ordering information. inviolable nature of information stored in this The audience of the book appears to be MIS way, particularly with regard to computer departments, judging by the technical orien- viruses and the dreaded accidental erasure. tation of the text, but information specialists of In a further discussion of CD-ROM, the any stripe will find useful, practical, and up-to-

special libraries the-minute optical storage answers here. "Integrating Public and Technical Services Staff to Implement the New Mission of Li- Jean Fisher braries" by Jennifer Cargill deals with the Mead Data Central changing mission of libraries now that auto- Momstown, NJ mation has relieved staffof many routine tasks. The author believes that "libraries and librarians will remain guardians of information" but Human ResowcesManagementin Libraries, by that "methods of accessing the information Gisela M. Webb. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth will continue to diversify." Cargill advocates Press, 1989. 130 pp. ISBN: 0-86656-938-3 organizational change, an increased use of multifunctional positions, and the integration of public and technical services to meet future The subject of human resources in libraries needs. is one that has not been explored to any great "Challenges for Information Services Li- extent until recently. Human Resources Man- brarians to Meet the Needs of an Information- agement in Libraries (a monograph published Based Society" by Frances Benham urges us simultaneously as The Journal of Library Ad- to "rethink priorities and roles" in light of ministration Vol. 10, No. 4) is a welcome ad- today's sophisticated technology. dition to the literature. In this collection of "Allocation of Staff in the Academic Library: eight articles, edited and introduced by Gisela Relevant Issues and Consideration of a Ratio- M. Webb, the individual authors share their nale" by Donald G. Frank points out that the opinions regarding future needs and coming allocation of professional and classified staff trends in human resource management within is a complex, sensitive process which should the library profession as theUInformationAge" be done within the context of organizational unfolds. Each article has a specific and diverse goals and priorities. Since human resources focus but certain themes and trends are ap- account for over 50% of the expenditures of parent. The ever-increasing effects of change the library, staff needs to be used effectively upon libraries and library staff have created and efficiently. The author concludes with the the need for more sophisticated human re- question that we in the field will need to sources management in libraries and for a answer,"on whatbasis shouldstaffbeallocated book like this one. to a particular activity?" "The Role of Library Education in Meeting "Creating a New Classification System for the Personnel Needs of Public and School Technical and Supervisory Library Support Libraries" by Teresa Heyser and Richard G. Staff"by Lucy R. Cohen is a description of the Heyser addresses the challenge facing schools University of Michigan Library Personnel of library and information science in provid- Office Classification study. The author goes ing a relevant curriculum. It also suggests through the processes of setting goals, data competencies for public and school libraries gathering, data analysis, and the implementa- based on a review of relevant literature. It tion of results. Especially useful are the appen- reinforces what most library professionals who dices containing the position description have sought employment after graduation have questionnaire and library task analysis forms. known for some time now that employers want "Training for Change: Staff Development employees with interpersonal,communication, in a New Age" by Anne Grodzins Lipow management, entrepreneurial, marketing, and reemphasizes the fact that staff is the most leadership skills. The authors believe that important resource in any library. There is a "Librarianship, in general, if it is to survive critical need for staff development in light of must take on a much more active role. The all the changing mission, tools used, and patrons too true image of the passive/reactive librarian in libraries. As the author points out, "our must come to an end, and strong leadership response to change has up to now been stepped demonstrated if the profession is to survive." up staff development programs with a focus on

winter 1 99 1 training; we need now to move to training opment of libraries, what Ben Franklin's programs that focus on change." Leathern Apron Club was all about, or the kind In "The Technicolor Coat of the Academic of education you need to be a school librarian Library Personnel Officer: TheEvolution !?om media specialist (or maybe you want to know Paper-Pusher toPolicy Maker," DanaC. Rooks what one does). Gates states that this book is emphasizes the fact that personnel adminis- about "libraries, librarians, and tration is a relatively new and specialized librarianship ...what they havebeen, what they function in most libraries. The human resource are now, what they should be, and what they officer has the critical role of "Change Agent" may become. It does not exhaust these sub- in helping libraries survive by adapting to the jects; it only introduces them." Modesty aside. future. the book superbly fulfills its function as an "Accountability of Human Resource Pro- introductory reference text for the under- fessionals" by Frances 0. Painter advocates a graduate, graduate, or career-switcher con- proactive approach to human resource man- templating or beginning a course of profes- agement in libraries, providing a fitting con- sional study. clusion for the collection. The book is in three sections: the historical The collection, though small, is thought "Story of Libraries," "Librarianship as a Pro- provoking and enjoyable reading. Human fession" (with generous information about the Resources Management in Libraries provides standards, issues, and trends in the expanding valuable insights for the effective information area of library education), and the extensively manager. updated "Types of Libraries and Library Ser- vices." These 19 chapters are strengthened by SandraSaddy good notes, a five-page bibliography, and an Librarian appendix with items like Dewey's 1876 "The Resource Centre Profession," the Library Bill of Rights, and Huronia Historical Parks more recent ALA Council statements. Each Midland, Ontario Canada chapter briskly informs in readable, stream- lined fashion-no padding here. Absent is dull and elitist jargon which could derail a novice's (or anyone's) ardor about the field and almost naturally (but not necessarily) typifies the more specialized reading we must eventually battle. Chapter 18, "Special Libraries," is a typical example of Gates' method in the third section. She gives an historical overview Introduction to libmrknship-Third Edition, (John Cotton Dana and the origins of special by Jean Key Gates. New York, NY: Neal- libraries), discusses the variations the word Schuman Publishers, Inc, 1990.234 pp. ISBN "special" currently has (along with theofficial 1-55570-065-9. SLA Bylaws definition), and gives salient characteristicsof the special library regarding collections, services, staff, training, and pro- Does this title seem elementary or inappro- fessional associations. Federal, state, public, priate for Special Libraries readers? Don't be school, academic, and research libraries are fooled: Gates' third update of her text is a similarly outlined, some with more attention bracing tonic for special librarians immersed to recent problems and trends-the academic in a demanding career and perhaps remote and research libraries for example. The total from the "big picture" days of library school effect leaves the reader with a powerful im- and their first professional job. Maybe you've pression of the wide range of many functions forgotten the impact of Trajan on the devel- and services of today's libraries. Gates also special libraries emphasizes the variety of non-print formats Journal of Interlibrary Loun & lnformaflon needed and used by patrons and librarians Supply. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, alike. 1990. ISSN: 1042-4458 The only serious lack here is the total ab- sence of any salary examples. Although com- pensation statistics become quickly dated and This new quarterly journal about interli- vary widely by location, some 1989 figures brary loan is the first of its kind in North would have been at least a point of reference. America. It looks at the past, present, and Gates' other material is so scrupulously up- future of interlibrary loan on a local, regional, dated that this omission, clearly intentional, is national, and international basis. Interlibrary hard to fathom. An introductory text is admit- loan activities in the United States, Canada, tedly not the ideal place for much discussion of England, Australia, and the Third World are this controversial issue, but neither is it fair to described, examined, and analyzed. ignore the matter entirely. One of the book's The editor, Leslie R. Morris, Director of strongest messages is the rigorous educational Libraries at Niagara University Library in requirements librarians need to keep apace in Niagara University, NY, has created aperiodi- the '90s; shouldn't the reader have an idea cal that is well-balanced in scope, audience, what to expect in return? and types of articles. The columns, surveys, Nevertheless, most of Gates' effort is and essays are about non-technological, as praiseworthy. The last chapter, "Librarianship well as technological problems. Two of the and Information Science," imparts sense and problems are: how do we create universal order to an often cryptically defined area. She electronic messaging, and what is the corre- characterizes this hydra-headed newcomer as lation between the level of use journals receive the vehicle which has brought librarianship and the amount of mutilation in them based on out of the library and into virtually every their subject categories? Topics of a general environment and endeavor. interest include an interlibrary loan workshop in Gates' proposition (quite correct, I believe) Colorado, a brief history of IFLA (International that the history of libraries "reflects the social. Federation of Library Associations and Institu- economic, cultural and educational needs" of tions) and its activities, and theresults from The society makes the historical chapters (antiq- Interlibrary Loan Policies Directory swey, uity to nineteenth century America) vivid and which was submitted to 2,00Opublic, academic, entertaining reading. Not surprisingly, Chap- and special American and Canadian libraries. ter 6 ("The Seventeenth Century to the Twen- From this survey, an analysis is made about tieth Century")is a bit lightweight-but that is transmission methods, average turnaround time, forgivable given the staggering and daunting books, foreign libraries, and periodicals. developments during those golden (in many Many of the surveys and essays provide areas) centuries. Gates' short shifting of eigh- ample statistical data for librarians to compare teenth century France is balanced by a finely an institution's interlibrary loan service with detailed account of the growth of nineteenth others throughout the United States and the century American libraries. Yet there are no world. This information may also help them apologies needed for the book's introductory determine, among other things, if they should nature. It is so full of well-indexed, essential make changes in their interlibrary loan poli- information that its value as a basic text in cies, purchase a telefax machine, and/or buy schools or a quick reference source on your indexes on compact discs. bookshelf cannot be underestimated. Although this first issue is interesting and addresses various interlibrary loan concerns, the Brian Convery editor wants to expand the scope of this journal Librarian to include articles on "interlibrary loan news in Video and Film Center your area, comparisons of different systems of The Free Library of Philadelphia interlibrary loan transmission, interlibrary loan

winter 199 1 costs, electronic publishing and interlibrary rational planning models such as Planning, loan, experience with foreign interlibrary loans, Programming,and Budgeting System (PPBS), specialized types of interlibrary loan, i.e., Management by Objectives (MBO), Zero music, and all aspects of interlibrary loan." Based Budgeting, and others. Strategic plan- Regardless of how successful he may be, ning and incremental planning are also dis- this publication is important to interlibrary cussed. Chapter three, "Rationalism and Incre- loan librarians in public, academic,and special mentalism in Planning and Decision Making," libraries. It will improve communication gives perspective to the two major planning among librarians and provide valuable infor- styles. In chapter four, "Planning and Decision mation that may help them to solve problems, Making: What Do The Managers Do?", five standardize many of their forms, equipment, studies of managerial behavior are analyzed. and policies, find resource organizations,and The final chapter, 'The Case for Future Plan- learn about "the enhancement of interlibrary ning andPolicy Perspectives,"reviews the many loan as a specialization and career growth attempts at planning for libraries,analyzes them position in library organizations." There should in relationship to changing concepts, and dis- be a strong desire among interlibrary loan cusses the implications of various factors to the librarians to read this journal, to conmbute to future of planning and policy formulation. An it, and to subscribe it. extensive selected bibliography follows the text. Four case studies in the appendix illustrate in- Arena L. Stevens cremental planning in actual situations. Reference Librarian The author represents libraries as complex Indiana University Northwest Library social institutions. As a result, larger libraries Gary, IN are emphasized but the concepts of planning and decision making can certainly be applicable to small special libraries which are part libmy Phnniq and Poky hlaking: llm leg~yof of largerorganizations. She particularly makes the hblk and Priwte sector^; by Redmond the case for "an alternative planning style, one Kathleen Molz. Metuchen, NJ.: The Scarecrow that is incremental and pluralistic in nature, Press, Inc., 1990.21 9 pp. ISBN 0-81082272-5. flexible in operation,and further characterized by intuitive, judgmental, and experimental factors that are incapable of quantification." Library planning is essential to libraries @. 72). The background and concepts con- large and small. Most library managers have tainedin this volume should beof interesttoall some concept of where they are going and how library managers. they plan to get there, but few have studied the Professor Molz is exceptionally qualified to theory and history of library planning. In this author this volume. She has written other books very concise volume Professor Molz provides on planning and policy formulation including the theoretical framework necessary to un- National Planning for Library Service 1935- derstand the dynamics and complications of 1975 and Federal Policy and Library Support. planning and why it is not always a rational She has extensively documented her current process. She does not tell the reader how to work. A total of 284 citations are made in the plan. That topic is left to other works. 141pages of the main text. That is followed by This book consists of five chapters, a se- a selected bibliography that does not repeat lected bibliography, four case studies, and an The majority of the works cited in the foot- index. "The Emergence of Library Adminis- notes. According to Dr. Molz, the bibliogra- tration" discusses the development of adrnin- phy presents a "selection of the writings that istration theory and its early applications. The have been used in shaping my knowledge of second chapter, "Planning for Library Ser- planning within both the public and private vice: A Derivative of the Public and Private sectors." The four case studies that follow the Sectors" describes governmental attempts at bibliography help the reader apply the concepts presented in the text. ingly sophisticated one built on basic library Library Planning and Policy Making is the skills and thoroughly integrated into the cur- second in the Scarecrow Press series on library riculum at all levels from high school to gradu- administration. As stated in the preface by ate school and beyond. series editor Lowell Martin, the purpose of the The volume is divided into several sections: series is to prompt the reader to think-this General,Bridging theGapBetween High School volume certainly accomplishes that goal. and College, Library Skills in a Community College, Library Skills in Colleges and Univer- Janice Boyer sities, Library Skills for Off Campus Programs, Assistant Director for Other Considerations for Integration of Library Administrative Services Use Skills, and The Past and the Future. University of Nebraska at Omaha In a well-thought out introductory chapter, Patricia Breivik notes that libraries have been almost comvletely overlooked in recent reports~dvc&ngeducational reform and urges librarians to take a more active role. She deplores the tendency of librarians to confine their writing and other professional activities to library publications and organizations. She points out that the priorities of a few research libraries are not representative of academic libraries as a whole. The section on library skills for college-bound high school students is presented in a Library Use Skills in the General Education thoughtful, balancedrnanner. Barbara Mac Adam Currkulum edited by Maureen Pastine and Bill and Barbara Kemp offer perceptive comments Katz. Binghampton, NY: The Haworth Press, on the development of critical thinking skills in 1989.334 pp. bibliographic instruction. Particular1y useful are the chapters dealing with growing non-uadi- tional constituencies, such as adult independent Maureen Pastine, Director of Libraries at learners, students enrolled in offcampus pro- Washington Stateuniversityand former Chair grams and courses, and international students. of the ACRL Bibliographic Instruction Sec- The role of microcomputers, CD-ROMs, tion, and Bill Katz, Professor of Information and end-user searching are analyzed from Science and Policy, SUNY, at Albany and several points of view and practical sugges- former editor of Reference Quarterly, have tions areoffered. Many authors throughout the compiled a welcome addition to the literature volume offer insightful comments on improv- of library instruction. The authors, including ing librarian-facultyrelationships. In summary, librarians from community colleges, four year the descriptions of some of the innovative and colleges, and universities, have extensive ex- effective library instruction programs offered perience in planning and administering user by the compilers make this volume a valuable instruction programs. The focus of this collec- resource for all involved in library instruction tion of articles is the integration of library use programs at any level. skills and research methodologies into the general education curriculum of colleges and Margaret Manion universities to ensure students' ability to use Science and Technology libraries and new technologies for life long Reference Librarian learning. The premise is that an effective li- University of Lowell brary education program should be an increas- Lowell, MA

winter 1 99 1 Microcomputer Mamgement & Maintemnce puter Management & Maintenance. Appendix for Libruries, by Elizabeth 5. Lane. Westport, A is a glossary of microcomputer terms, with CT: Meckler Corp., 1990. 205 pp. ISBN O- definitionsfor wor&like'~analog,""hardwired," 88736-552-1. and "spooling." Appendix B is a short bibliog- raph y, divided into two parts to correspond with the two sections of the book. Lists of library- MicrocomputerMmgement & Maintenance oriented and popular journals are provided in in Libraries developed from a perceived need AppendixC,with journal title, publisher,address, for a source on computer maintenance. The and brief annotation. Finally, Appendix D lists author, believing that management and main- several organizations and online services related tenance of computers are closely linked, inte- to the useof microcomputersin libraries,although grated both of these areas into her book. Mi- it is by no means a comprehensive directory. A crocomputerManagement & Maintenance does brief description is included for each entry, not discuss particular brands of computer along with address and telephone number. hardware or software in detail, but rather pro- A book which covers both the management vides a comprehensive overview of the issues and the maintenance issues of microcomputers and problems in setting up a computer facility in in libraries is a worthwhile and welcome addi- the library. In Microcomputer Management & tion to the library literature. Microcomputer Maintenance, the author considers microcom- Management & Maintenance is concise, prac- puters for both patron and staff use, making it an tical, and easily understood. It lacks intense appropriate guide even for libraries that do not examination of specific machine characteris- provide public access. tics, such as bits and bytes, and focuses on the MicrocomputerManagement& Maintenance broader issues of justifying, selecting, and pro- is divided into two parts. Section One covers the tecting what can be a considerable investment management of microcomputer facilities in li- for any library. The clearly organized text and braries. This section contains nine chapters, numerous appendices make Microcomputer covering topics such as orientation and training, Management & Maintenance a source that will system requirements and needs assessment. beconsultedoften, rather than readand forgouen. Chapter Two, whichcoverstheplanningprocess, includes a sample outline for arranging docu- Sara A. Hook-Shelton mentation into a formal proposal. Liberal use of Head Librarian subheadings throughout the text makes it easy to Indiana University School of Dentistry find specific information, while bulleted lists Indianapolis, IN provide handy checkpoints for later reference. In Section Two, the author concentrates on the maintenance of microcomputersandperiph- erals. Chapters Eleven and Twelve discuss Corrections preventive and responsive maintenance. These The headings for Figures 2 and 3 in the chapters are subdivided by type of hardware, article "Special Librarians to the Core: with specific instructions on care and simple Profiles with the MBTI" are incorrect. repair techniques. Chapter Eleven also exam- Figure 2 appearing on page 334, should ines environmental factors, such as dust and spills, which are associated with maintenance read "SLA Member Survey Participant* Female." Figure 3, appearing on page problems. Two tables are included which list 335, should read "SLA Member Survey tools and other supplies essential to cleaning and Participants-Male." simple hardware repair. Chapter Thirteen focuses on maintenance costs, including in-house Author Steven J. Bell's name was maintenance, evaluating repair facilities, and spelled incorrectly in the Summer 1990 service contracts. issue of Special Libraries. Four appendices are provided in Microcom-

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