1750-1850: A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN SOCIETY ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
A. Causes of Industrial Revolution: • What innovations sparked the Industrial Revolution? • Why was England the prime location for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
B. Capitalism: • How did the Industrial Revolution spark the rise of capitalism and what are the main characteristics of that economic system? • How did the economic conflict created by the rise of capitalism affect society?
C. Urbanization: • How did industrialization change the cities of England? • What were the environmental consequences of urbanization and industrialization?
D. Effects of Industrial Revolution: • How did society respond to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution? • How did industrialization change political ideas in society? • What are the main ideas behind socialism? • How did the ideas of Karl Marx lead to the development of communism? VOCABULARY TO KNOW
• Agricultural Revolution • Urbanization • Agrarian • Urban Pollution • Natural Resources • Depletion of Raw Materials • Enclosures • Tenements • Tools: Seed Drill, Hoe, Plow • Laissez Faire • Crop Rotation • Adam Smith • Entrepreneur • Market Economy • Steam Engine • Supply and Demand • Spinning Jenny • Private Ownership • Bessemer Process • Competition • Push Factor/Pull Factor • Profit • Invention/Innovation • Emergence of Middle Class • Population Distribution • Marxism • Factory System • Socialism • Child Labor • Communism • Fuel: Coal/Steam • Collective Ownership DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE •Britain Leads the Way •Natural Resources • Natural ports • Accessibility from all directions • Navigable rivers • Could build canals • Build steam factories • Abundant coal and iron supplies • Constructed and ran new machinery DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE •Demand and Capital • Huge skilled workforce • Increased demand for new goods • Entrepreneurs with large amounts of capital • Entrepreneur = someone who starts a business • Capital = Money used to invest on business •Stable Government • Supported economic growth • Strong navy
DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • During the 1700’s many people worked on farms and stayed in their small villages. • Self-Sustaining - They did not rely on many outsiders to survive. • Made their own clothing, grew their own food, built their own homes, etc. • Might exchange goods with neighboring villages. • Agricultural Revolution sparks industrialization • New innovations and inventions improved farming methods. • Using fertilizer from livestock, combining smaller fields, rotating crops • Jethro Tull’s seed drill - a mechanical device that allowed farmers to plant seeds in rows instead of scattered across a field.
DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • Enclosure • Rich landowners pushed for this process where common land is taken from peasant farmers, combined, and sold to the highest bidder. • Wanted to make larger fields that are easier to use new machines on. • This was pushed through by British Parliament • Caused more efficient farming • Needed fewer workers • Many peasants were now out of work • Small farmers sold land • Could not compete with large, efficient farms • Many left villages for bigger industrial cities DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • Population Booms in the cities • Caused by better farming • Less risk of famine • Healthier people were less likely to get sick. • Improved hygiene and medical care also contributed. • New Technologies • Coal • Powered steam engines that could pump water • Used to move water • out of mines, from a river to a holding pond • Iron • Began using coal to make higher quality and less expensive iron • Could now use it for the construction of heavy machines, steam engines, railroad tracks, and eventually bridges. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • The Advancement of the Textile Industry • Began back in the 1600’s, but continued through the 1700’s • Cottage Industry • Raw cotton sent to peasants • Spinners - Spun it into thread • Weaver - Wove it into cloth • Thread and Cloth sent to skilled artisans in town • Dyed cloth • Made clothing THE INDUSTRIAL AGE •The Process Speeds Up • Cottage Industry was slow! • Demand was increasing • Supply was falling behind • Supply and Demand Video • Supply and Demand Game • New Inventions • Flying Shuttle wove separate threads together into cloth • Spinning Jenny spun many strands at once • Water Frame spinning machine that was powered by water • Cotton Gin separated the seeds from the sticky cotton
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • Birth of Factories in Britain • Large machines could not fit in cottages • Manufacturers built huge buildings to house machines • Near fast rivers at first • Later, steam engines allowed factories to be built away from river banks. • Spinners and Weavers came to work at these first factories instead of in their own homes. • No more wasted time transporting products to new places • Output eventually ended the cottage industry
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • Improvement of Transportation • Increased production caused a need for better transportation • Turnpikes • Private roads built by businessmen • Charged travelers a toll (fee) to use • Canals • Shallow waterways dug by businessmen • Connected rivers, factories, and natural resources • Railroad • Steam Locomotive made it possible • Did not need to follow the river THE INDUSTRIAL AGE •New Industrial Cities Change Social Life • During the Industrial Revolution, many people quickly moved to these new, industrialized cities. • This movement is called urbanization • Push-Pull Factors • Push – Something that “pushes” people away from an area. • Small farms dying out • Pull – Something that “pulls” people into an area. • Demand for workers • A new social order is established within these cities SOCIAL CLASSES OF INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN
Controlled most of the money and land. Lived Wealthy lavishly in huge homes with hired help to take care of domestic issues. Owners/Operators of factories, mines, and railroads. Skilled artisans who developed Industrial products and new inventions. Lived Middle Class comfortably in nice homes with paved roads and good water. Women stayed at home. Similar to the French bourgeoisie Lowest class made up of farm and factory workers. Lived in poor slums in buildings Industrial called tenements with no running water, Working sewage, or sanitation systems. Drinking water Class was contaminated and disease spread rapidly. Everyone, including the children, worked in the factories and mines. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE • Child Labor • Children were hired as young • Different Jobs • Factories as seven years old • Spooling yarn • Small and Fast • Fixing broken threads • Mines • Able to move between • Opening and closing air moving parts of machinery vents and arms small enough to • Hauling carts of coal reach tight places. • Laws • Factory Acts • Wages used to keep family • 12-hour workday surviving • Minimum age of 9 • Not heavily followed or • Earned very little ~ enforced .25c/day! S T Question One: A How can you R T describe this E source? R
Question Two: Can you explain what you believe is going on in this source?
Question Three: Can you identify reasons why you believe the artist drew the picture in this way? Is the source, therefore, reliable? Tuesday, February 27, 2018 WHAT WAS IT LIKE TO WORK IN A FACTORY?
Identify and describe what it was like for kids working in the Industrial revolution. Explain why children were used for work in factories. Assess the arguments for and against child labor in factories and the reliability of these sources. This was drawn by a famous cartoonist, George Cruickshank, published in 1816. Remember there was no education for children at this time, and it was expected that by the age of 7 children would be working. What is happening? What is Cruickshank’s message? How useful do you think it is for us learning about conditions in factories?
Identify and describe what it was like working in a factory in the Industrial revolution. Life at any time can never be described as simply ‘good’ or ‘bad’. There are always different views about all kinds of different features about the past.
There are both positive and negative aspects of working in a factory
Identify and describe what it was like working in a factory in the Industrial revolution. Guaranteed work A house provided in factories for your family
Positive Some factories Good wages things about allowed children some Factory to work there Work so families could get more money
Excitement of Schools using new provided for technology children of factory workers Identify and describe what it was like working in a factory in the Industrial revolution. A C T I Why were V children used for I T work? Y In pairs, make a spider diagram of your ideas.
Explain why children were used for work in factories. They are powerless
They can fit They can be easily into replaced if small spaces accidents happen
Cheap labour
Explain why children were used for work in factories. A C USING EVIDENCE… T I V In History we find out about the past using different sources of evidence BUT I there is a problem, we have to work out if we can trust what we are seeing or T reading to give us an accurate or truthful idea about the past. Y TASK: • Look through the different sources provided about child labour in the 19th century.
• Think…which sources show that the writer/artist OPPOSES child labour and which sources show that the writer/artist AGREES with child labour?
• Throughout the task consider the reliability of each source to be able to come to a conclusion.
• Use your worksheet to write your answers.
Assess the arguments for and against child labor in factories and the reliability of these sources. 1. Identify and describe what it was like FOR A CHILD working in a factory in the Industrial revolution.
1. Working in a factory FOR A CHILD in the Industrial Revolution was …
2. Explain why children were used for work in factories.
2. Children were used for work in factories because …
3. Assess the arguments for and against child labor in factories.
3. I believe child labor was a good/bad thing because… INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS • Government’s (Non)Role in the Economy • Business leaders embrace “laissez-faire” economics • This was a “hands off” approach to the market • The government should not have any interference in the operation of the economy. • Advocated by Adam Smith • An unregulated market would help everyone • A free market would produce more goods at lower prices • Competition • A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest money in the economy INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS • Socialism Takes Off • Socialism is the idea that people as a whole would own and operate the means of production. • Wealth is distributed equally • Called capitalists evil • Blamed the free-market for the divide between rich and poor • Marxism Takes It A Step Further • Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto • Introduces Communism • Government owns all means of production with no social structure • Would come through class warfare. INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS GAME ROUND 1 – LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS
• You will move around the room and “challenge” each other for coins. • Each group will “set the price” for each “challenge” • 2 coins per win, 5 coins per win, etc. • This can change with each “challenge” • Once you have no coins left, you are out. • Round ends when 5 people remain with coins.
• But there’s more… ROUND 2 – SOCIALIST ECONOMICS • There will be two groups • Group A will be on the inside and move around. • Group B will be on the outside and remain still. • All “challenges” will cost 1 coin. • All coins won will be placed in the basket and redistributed from time to time. • The round will end when there are 5 people remaining with coins.
• But there’s more… ROUND 3 – COMMUNIST ECONOMICS • Everyone is required to play 15 challenges, but for free. • No coins are allowed to exchange hands • All money is shared in the community