Abdul Aziz Ab Rahim, 148 Abdul Aziz Mohamad, 73, 99 Abdul Ghafar Bin

Index

Abdul Aziz Ab Rahim, 148 Anglo-Muslim law. See also specific Act Abdul Aziz Mohamad, 73, 99 Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, Abdul Ghafar bin Baba, 61–62 38–39 (See also specific State) Abdul Hadi Awang, 102 British colonialism and, 37–38 Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 45–46, 55–56, 65, codification of, 36–39 140, 144 during independence period, 38–39 Abdul Kadir Sulaiman, 70–71 liberalism versus, 17 Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad, 143 Secular/religious binary and, 23 Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad v. Kerajaan Negeri shariah courts and, 5 Selangor (2008), 143 state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135 Abdullah Badawi, 98–99, 101, 104 substantive provisions, 57 Abdullah Zaik Abd Rahman, 122 use of term, 5 Abdul Rahim Sinwan, 150, 151 Anwar Ibrahim, 68 ABIM. See Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement Apostasy, 66–67, 74 (ABIM) Arifin Zakaria, 73, 99 Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, 25–26 Article 3. See “Religion of the Federation” clause Adenan Satem, 84 Article 121 (1A) Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, “Religion of the Federation” clause, relation to, 38–39. See also specific State 141–145 Adrianus Petrus Hertogh v. Amina Binte Mohamed shariah courts versus civil courts, 58, 61, 62, 64, (1951), 59 80, 89–90 Afghanistan, Islamic law in, 1, 162 Article 11 Coalition, 97–98, 102–104, 122 Agrama, Hussein, 14, 47 Asad, Talal, 14, 15, 28 Ahmad Fairuz, 74, 106 Asri Muda, 40 Ahmad Ibrahim School of Law, 144 Authoritarianism Ahmed, Shahab, 16–17, 40 Anglo-Muslim law and, 17 Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, 59–61, 72–73 legal institutions and, 3–4 Alauddin Mohd Sheriff, 74, 106 Azmi Mohamad Azam, 81–84 Algeria, Islamic law in, 162 Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Aliens Ordinance (1933), 51 Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 81–84 Allah, Liberty and Love (Manji), 145 Allah, use of name, 147–148 Bahrain, Islamic law in, 162 Alliance (coalition government), 52–53, 55, 95, Balan, Nantha, 151 140–141, 157 Balbir bin Abdullah Iwn. Mahadzir bin Mohd Nor All Women’s Action Society, 94, 96, 97–98, 151 (2006), 76 Amina Binte Mohamed v. HE Consul-General for Bangladesh, Islamic law in, 162 Netherlands (1950), 59 Barisan Nasional (BN), 84, 110, 112, 157 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 37 Bashi, Vilna, 50

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Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, 105, 106 equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, Berita Harian, 9, 27, 93, 102–103, 113, 114 53–54 Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd v. Jabatan Agama Islam of Indians, 53 Wilayah Persekutuan (2013), 146 oath of, 54 Blurred boundaries, 20–21 Codification of Islamic law, 36–39 “Body snatching” cases, 64–68, 99–101, 143 Colonialism Bon Tai, Edmund, 77, 136–137 immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50 Borders Bookstore, 145–146 Islamic law and, 37–38 Boto’ Binto Taha v. Jaafar Bin Muhamed (1985), race, treatment of, 50–51 58–59, 61 Communications Commission, 135–136 Bright boundaries, 20–21 Community versus individual rights, 72–73, 92 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 104–105 Comoros, Islamic law in, 162 British colonialism Comparative background, 10 immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50 Concerned Lawyers for Justice, 151 Islamic law and, 37–38 Conference of Rulers, 115 race, treatment of, 50–51 Constitution British High Commission, 109 overview, 11, 49 Brunei Darussalam, Islamic law in, 162 Article 3 (See “Religion of the Federation” Buddhism, 7–8 clause) Burials, 64–68 Article 8 (equality), 42, 55–56 Article 11 (freedom of religion), 19–20, 56–57, 70, Case law. See also specific case 71–72, 77, 79, 82, 142, 147–148 overview, 11, 63–64 Article 12 (4) (religion of minors), 84–86, 115 burials, 64–68 Article 121 (1A) (See Article 121 (1A)) child custody, 58–59, 84–89 Article 153 (quotas for Malays), 54 conversion, 19–20, 68–84 (See also Conversion) Article 160 (2) (definition of Malay), 51, 54 division of marital property, 58–59 Article 160B (authoritative text), 39, 86 name changes, 71–72 Bahasa Malaysia version, 86, 114 as “technical accounts,” 26 burials and, 64–65 Catalyst for judicialization of religion, legal system child custody under, 84–86 as, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157 conversion under, 69, 70–71, 115 Catholic Lawyers Society, 96 equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, Central Bank of Malaysia, 145 53–54 Chang Ah Mee, 84–85 family law under, 63 Chang Ah Mee v. Islamic Religious Affairs freedom of religion under, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, Department (2003), 84–85 82–83 Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor (1988), individual versus community rights, 91–92 138–141 Islamic Family Law Act versus, 42 Child Act (2001), 89 “Islamic state” debate and, 95, 130 Child custody, 58–59, 84–89 media coverage, 97 China, immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51 Ninth Schedule, 57, 82, 95 Chinese-Malaysians race, treatment of, 51, 53–54, 74–75 citizenship of, 53 “Religion of the Federation” clause (See demographics of, 7–8 “Religion of the Federation” clause) immigration of, 49–51 sermons on, 119–122 MCA (See Malayan Chinese shariah courts versus civil courts under, 58, 61, Association (MCA)) 62, 64, 80, 89–90 public opinion and, 110 special interests of communities, 54 2008 elections and, 110–112 as undermining Islam, 125–126 Chinese newspapers, 113 Constitutional Theocracy (Hirschl), 2 Christianity, 7–8 Conversion Chua Jui Meng, 61 Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Citizenship Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 80 of Chinese, 53 case law, 19–20, 68–84

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Conversion (cont.) “Religion of the Federation” clause compared, child custody and, 84–89 156–157 under Constitution, 69, 70–71, 115 Supreme Constitutional Court, 156 legal pluralism and, 19–20 Elections, 2008, 110–112 Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004), Expansion of grievances, 22–23 19–20, 71–75 Ezra Zaid, 145, 146 Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79 Fahri Azzat, 77, 137, 150–151 Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Faiza Tamby Chik, 72–73, 86, 141–142, 148–150 Religious Affairs (2003), 80 Family law. See also specific case race and, 74–75, 81–82 child custody, 58–59, 84–89 secular/religious binary and, 18–19 under Constitution, 63 in shariah courts, 75–76 division of marital property, 58–59 Zaina Abidin bin Hamid v. Kerajaan Malaysia legal pluralism and, 18–20 (2009), 76–78 reform efforts, 133–134 Council of Religion and Malay Custom, 38–39 secular/religious binary and, 16 Courts. See Legal system Fatimah Fong Abdullah, 116 Cover, Robert, 31 Fatwas (legal opinions) communication contrary to, 44 Dakwah, 4–5, 41, 91 in Dalip Kaur case, 67 Dalam Perkara Permohonan Perisytiharan Status defined, 31, 34 Agama Si Mati Mohammad Adbullah @ diversity of, 34 Moorthy a/l Maniam, 100 force of law, 31 Dalip Kaur v. Pegawi Polis Daerah (1992), Islamic Legal Consultative Committee and, 65–68 43–44 Das, Cyrus, 150 in popular legal consciousness, 131–132 Data collection, 8–10 shari’a versus, 35 Dawson, Benjamin, 71–72, 150 Sisters in Islam, against, 135–136 Death penalty, 138 Federal Constitution. See Constitution Democratic Action Party (DAP), 61, 100–101, Federal Mosque Resolution, 104 112, 115 Federal Religious Council, 41 Department of Islamic Development Malaysia Federal Territories (JAKIM), 41, 46, 117–122 Administration of Islamic Law Act (1993), 43–45, Department of Syriah Judiciary (JKSM), 144 46, 70–71, 76, 88, 135 Deviant sects, 132 Islamic Family Law Act (1984), 41–43, 129 Dewan Pemuda Masjid Malaysia v. SIS Forum Islamic Religious Affairs Council, 70–72, 100, (2011), 135 141, 151 Dirks, Nicholas B., 16 Islamic Religious Affairs Department (JAWI), Dispute transformation, 21, 22 145–147 Distorting the Law (Haltom and McCann), 27 Shariah Civil Procedure Act (1998), 45 Diversity in religion in Malaysia, 7–8 Shariah Criminal Offences Act (1997), 44, 68, Division of marital property, 58–59 130, 135, 145 Djibouti, Islamic law in, 162 Shariah Criminal Procedure Act (1997), 45 Drug trafficking, 138 Federation of Malaya Agreement (1948), 52, Dupret, Baudouin, 33 53–54, 57 Dzulkifli Ahmad, 92 Fiqh in Egypt, 156 The Economist, 104–105 Islamic Family Law Act and, 129 Edelman, Murray, 28, 91 shari’a versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135 Egypt siyasa versus, 36 Constitution, 25, 156–157 state monopoly of religious law and, 32 family law, reform efforts, 133–134 Fire Arms (Increased Penalties) Act (1971), 138–139 fiqh in, 156 Fitzpatrick, Peter, 23 Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162 Focus on Malaysia, 7–8

Fong Mee Hui, 116 Ibrahim Ali, 111 Freedom of religion. See also specific case IDEAS (Institute for Democracy and Economic under Constitution, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, 82–83 Affairs), 131 conversion (See Conversion) Ideological mobilization, legal system as avenue individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92 for, 24–26 jurisdiction and, 73–74 IIUM. See International Islamic University of name changes and, 71–72 Malaysia (IIUM) restrictions on, 31 Ijtihad, 34, 35 Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (Isma), 122 Galanter, Marc, 3, 24–25, 92 Ikhtilaf, 34 Gamson, William A., 22 IKIM. See Institute of Islamic Understanding Gandhi, Indira, 89, 111–112 (IKIM) Germany, Christian Democratic Union, 98 Immigration to Malaysia, 49–51 Goidel, Kirby, 30 Independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39 Gomez, Laura, 50 India Government Involvement in Religion Index, 7, 31 immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51 Grundnorm (basic norm), 23–24, 138, 145 “shared adjudication model” in, 19 Guardian, 104–105 Indian-Malaysians Guardianship of Infants Act (1961), 86 citizenship of, 53 demographics of, 7–8 Haji Sulaiman Abdullah, 141 Hindu Rights Action Front, 108–110 HAKAM. See National Human Rights Society immigration of, 49–51 (HAKAM) MIC (See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC)) Hallaq, Wael, 32–33, 35–36 public opinion and, 112–114 Haltom, William, 27 2008 elections and, 110–112 Hanafi school, 34 Indira Gandhi v. Pathamanathan a/l Krishnan Hanbali school, 34 (aka Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah) (2016), Hanipah Farikullah, 135–136 26–27, 88–89, 111–114, 126–127 Harakah, 9, 27, 105–106, 113, 114 Individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92 Haris Ibrahim, 87, 136 Indonesia, immigration to Malaysia from, 50 Harmonization, 144–145 Informal accommodation, unavailability of, Hashim Yeop Sani, 67–68 106–108 Herald, 147 Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs Hertogh, Maria, 59 (IDEAS), 131 Hinduism, 7–8 Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM), 41, Hindu Rights Action Force, 108–110 46–47, 135 Hindu Sangam, 96 Interfaith Commission, 98–99, 103 Hirschl, Ran, 2 Internal Security Act, 61 Hishamudin Mohd Yunus, 151 International Commission of Jurists, 151 Historical background International Herald Tribune, 104–105 overview, 11, 31–33 International Islamic University of Malaysia British colonialism, Islamic law under, (IIUM), 41, 43, 144 37–38 Iran immigration to Malaysia, 49–50 family law, reform efforts, 133–134 independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39 Islamic law in, 162 race, treatment of, 50–51 Iraq, Islamic law in, 1, 162 “Religion of the Federation” clause, 54–57 Isa Abd. Ralip, 114 Hj Raimi bin Abdullah v. Siti Hasnah Vangarama Islamic law bt Abdullah (2014), 117 overview, 1 Hobsbawm, Eric, 39 British colonialism and, 37–38 Hooker, Michael Barry, 38 codification of, 36–39 (See also Anglo-Muslim Human Rights Watch, 151 law) Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 14 deviant sects and, 132 Hussin, Iza, 38 fatwas (See Fatwas)

Islamic law (cont.) legal studies and, 4 fiqh (See Fiqh) legal system as catalyst for, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, ijtihad, 34, 35 122–123, 157 ikhtilaf, 34 media and, 93–94, 112–114 during independence period, 38–39 political studies and, 3–4 interpretation in, 33–36 “radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26 kafir dzimmi, 120 kafir harbi, 120 Kafir dzimmi, 120 liberalism versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131 Kafir harbi, 120 madhhab, 34, 35 Kaliammal Sinnasamy v. Federal Territories modern state versus, 32–33 Islamic Religious Affairs Council (2005), 128 mujtahid, 34 Kamariah binti Ali v. Kelantan State Government object of law versus essence of law, 39–40 (2002), 88 in other countries, 1, 2, 3, 162 Kanesalingam, Shanmuga, 77, 80, 87, 136, 137, pluralism in, 33–36 150–151 public policy and, 132 Kaur, Dalip, 65, 68 schools of jurisprudence in, 34 Kedah semantics, importance of, 39–41 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 65 sermons, 46, 117–123, 135 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment shari’a (See Shari’a) (1962), 39, 65–66, 67–68, 69 siyasa, 36 family law in, 37 state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135 Fatwa Committee, 65–68 taqlid, 35 Islamic Affairs Department, 69 uniformity of, 131–132 Kelantan usul al-fiqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135 family law in, 37 Islamic Legislative Consultative Committee, PAS in, 95 43–44 Kelsen, Hans, 24 Islamic Missionary Foundation, 41 Khoo Tak Jin, 84 Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), 40, 92, 95, 102, Koh, Philip, 150 106, 113–114, 132, 135, 155 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 98 Islamic Religious Council, 43–44, 64–65 Koya, Latheefa, 76 Islamic Renaissance Front, 133 Kuala Lumpur. See Federal Territories “Islamic state” debate, 95, 130 Kulasegaran, M., 112, 115 Islam in Liberalism (Massad), 28 Kuwait, Islamic law in, 162

Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan Latifah bte Mat Zin v. Rosmawati bte Sharibun v. Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd (2015), 146 (2007), 143 Jackson, Sherman, 31 Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976), 5, Ja’fari school, 34 40, 77, 84, 86, 88, 96–97, 98, 115 JAKIM. See Department of Islamic Development Lawyers Defending Islam (Peguam Pembela Malaysia (JAKIM) Islam), 103–104, 114 Jamaah Islah Malaysia (JIM), 92, 94, 104, 113–114 Lee Swee Seng, 89 JKSM (Department of Syriah Judiciary), 144 Legal pluralism, 18–20 Johor Legal system. See also specific case family law in, 37 advantages of litigation, 24 Islamic Religious Council, 151 as catalyst for judicialization of religion, 2–4, Joint Action Group (JAG) for Gender Equality, 137 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157 Jordan, Islamic law in, 162 dispute settlement in, 13 Josiah, Ivy, 102 ideological mobilization, as avenue for, 24–26 Joy, Lina, 71–75, 101, 102, 104, 128 secular/religious binary, shaping, 15 Judicialization of religion strength of in Malaysia, 8 overview, 63–64, 155–157 Liberalism as conflict between Islamic law and liberalism, 2 overview, 1–2 defined, 2 Anglo-Muslim law versus, 17

as enabler of Muslim legal mobilization, 152–154 Massad, Joseph, 28 Islamic law versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131 Mather, Lynn, 21, 22 mobilization of liberal NGOs, 97–102 Maududi, Syed Abul A’la, 139 Libya, Islamic law in, 1, 162 Mauritania, Islamic law in, 162 Lim Kit Siang, 112 MCA. See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004, 2005), McCann, Michael, 25, 27 19–20, 71–75, 91–92, 99, 104–106, 126, 130, MCCBCHST. See Malaysian Consultative 141–142, 148 Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Long Seh Lih, 136–137 Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism LoyarBurok, 137 (MCCBCHST) MCCHR. See Malaysian Centre for Madhhab (schools of jurisprudence), 34, 35 Constitutionalism and Human Rights Mahathir Mohammad, 41, 60–61, 62, 95, 142 (MCCHR) Makkal Osai, 9, 27, 112–113 Md Hakim Lee, 70–71 Malacca, Administration of Muslim Law Md Hakim Lee v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Enactment (1959), 39 Persekutuan (1998), 70–71 Malanjum, Richard, 74, 76, 106 The Meaning and End of Religion (Smith), 14 Malay Administrative Service, 51 Media Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 52, 55, 61, Constitution, media coverage of, 97 110–111 judicialization of religion and, 93–94, 112–114 Malayan Communist Party, 52 role in popular legal consciousness, 26–27 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 52, 55, Menteri Dalam Negeri v. Titular Roman Catholic 110–111, 112 Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (2013), 147–150 Malayan Law Journal, 93 Merdeka Centre for Survey Opinion Research, 111, Malayan Law Journal Unreporteds, 93 125, 131 Malayan Union Plan, 52 Merry, Sally Engle, 26 Malay Civil Service, 51 Methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125 Malay College, 51 MIC. See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) Malay Reservations Act (1913), 50–51, 54, 55 Ministry of Home Affairs, 147–148 Malaysia. See speciﬁc topic Ministry of Women and Family Development, Malaysiakini, 93–94, 97, 99 96–97, 98 Malaysia Nanban, 9, 27, 112–113 Mogarajah, Jeyaganesh, 86–87, 96 Malaysian Bar Council, 73, 97–99, 102, 136–137, 151 Mohamad Haniff Khatri Abdulla, 87, 107, 143, Malaysian Centre for Constitutionalism and 148, 151 Human Rights (MCCHR), 136–137, 150–151 Mohamed Nazri, 115 Malaysian Civil Liberties Society, 97–98 Mohamed Yusoff, 68 Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Mohammad Imam, 72–73, 141–142, 148 Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism Mohd Alias Ibrahim v. RHB Bank Bhd (2011), 145 (MCCBCHST), 73, 77, 94, 96–98, 99–100 Mohd Azmi Abdul Hamid, 103 Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), 40, Mohd Syaﬁq Abdullah @ Tiong Choo Ting 73, 92, 94, 98, 104, 113–114, 132 v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sawarak Maldives, Islamic law in, 162 (2015), 117 Malik Imtiaz Sarwar, 96, 102 Morocco Maliki school, 34 family law, reform efforts, 133–134 Mamdani, Mahmood, 15–16 Islamic law in, 162 Maniam, Moorthy, 99–101, 102, 104, 108, 128 Muhamad Juzaili Mohd Khamis v. State Manji, Irshad, 145 Government of Negeri Sembilan (2015), Marina Mahathir, 135 150–151 Marriage Muhammad (Prophet), 33–34 under Islamic Family Law Act, 42 Muhammadan Marriage Ordinance (1880), 37 secular/religious binary and, 18–20 Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah, 88–89, 111–112 Marriage and Divorce Act. See Law Reform Mujtahid, 34 (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976) Multimedia Commission, 135–136 Masooai, Revathi, 106–108 Muslim Lawyers Association, 73

Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, 152–154 Peletz, Michael G., 36, 42 Muslim Organizations for the Defense of Islam Pembela, 6, 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122 (Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Pembela Islam), 6, Penal Code, 68 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122 Penang Muslim Professionals Forum, 104, 122 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic 78–79 Extremism (Othman), 135 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment MyConstitution Campaign, 136–137 (1959), 39, 67 Myriam v. Mohamed Ariff (1971), 58–59, 61 Islamic Religious Council, 78, 151 The Mythology of Modern Law (Fitzpatrick), 23 Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79 Nafsiah v. Abdul Majid (1969), 58, 61 Perak Najib Abdul Razak, 84, 111, 113–114, 122 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, Name changes, 71–72 79–80 Narrowing of grievances, 21, 22–23 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment Nasir Bin Disa, 144 (1965), 39 National Council for Malaysian Islamic Affairs, 41 Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, National Human Rights Society (HAKAM), 73, 79, 80 97–98 family law in, 37 National Registration Department (NRD), 71, Islamic Religious Council, 151 73–74, 75, 81, 84, 107, 151 Shariah Criminal Enactment (1992), 79–80 Nedunchelian Uthiradam v. Nurshafiqah Mah Perkasa, 111 Singai Annals (2005), 85–86 Perlis, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment Negeri Sembilan (1964), 39 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment, 39 Persatuan Aliran Kesedaran Negara v. Minister of Chief Religious Enforcement Officer, 151 Home Affairs (1988), 114 Chief Shariah Prosecutor, 151 Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia Islamic Affairs Department, 151 (PERKIM), 98 Religious Council, 151 Pew Government Restrictions on Religion Shariah Criminal Enactment, 150 Index, 7 Nekoo, Ravi, 76, 96 Pluralism New Straits Times, 93 codification and, 36–39 New York Times, 104–105 in Islamic law, 33–36 Ng Wan Chan, 64 Police Watch, 108 Ng Wan Chan v. Majlis Ugama Islam Wilayah Popular legal consciousness Persekutuan (1991), 64–65 overview, 12, 124 Norani Othman, 135 civil courts in, 128 Constitution as undermining Islam, 125–126 Oath of citizenship, 54 deviant sects, Islamic law and, 132 Office of Islamic Affairs, 41 economic issues and, 127–128 Office of the Mufti, 43–44 fatwas in, 131–132 Oman, Islamic law in, 162 fiqh versus shari’a in, 134–135 “1Malaysia,” 111 importance of court cases, 128 Operation Lalang, 61, 93–94 Islamic law versus liberalism in, 128–129, 130–131 Ottoman Empire media, role of, 26–27 Islamic law in, 16, 36 methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125 Mejelle, 37 minority rights paradigm, 127 Muslims, 125–127, 131–132 Pahang, Administration of Muslim Law non-Muslims, 127–128 Enactment (1956), 39 nonuniformity among Muslims, 126–127 Paiva, Aston, 150–151 public policy, Islamic law and, 132 Pakatan Rakyat, 110, 157 salience of court cases, 128 Pakistan, Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162 secular/religious binary in, 128–129, 130–131 PAS. See Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) shared assumptions, 128–131

shariah courts as faithful expression of Islam, “Rights talk,” 21 126, 129–130 “Rights-versus-rites” binary. See Secular/religious uniformity of Islamic law and, 131–132 binary Printing Presses and Publications Act (1984), 93–94 Roberts v. Ummi Kalthom (2966), 58, 61 Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Roff, William R., 37–38 Religious Affairs (2003), 79–80 Rule of Law Index, 8 Public opinion. See also Popular legal consciousness Sabah overview, 11–12, 91–92 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, informal accommodation, unavailability of, 84–85 106–108 Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, 84–85 international dimension of, 104–106 Sadat, Anwar, 25 liberal NGOs, mobilization of, 97–102 Sajo´, Andra´s, 13 media and, 93–94, 112–114 Salleh Abas, 139–141 Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, Sarawak 152–154 Barisan Nasional (BN) in, 84 sermons and, 117–123 Islamic Affairs Department, 81 2008 elections and, 110–112 Sathiyaseelan, Shamala, 86–87, 96, 102, 128 Saudi Arabia, Islamic law in, 162 Qatar, Islamic law in, 162 Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM), 136 Qur’an, 33–34, 128–129, 156 Schonthal, Benjamin, 3, 21 Secular/religious binary, 47–48 Race overview, 4–6, 155–157 British colonialism, treatment under, 50–51 colonial origins of, 15–16 Constitution, treatment under, 51, 53–54, 74–75 as constructed categories, 14–18, 23 conversion and, 74–75, 81–82 family law and, 16 race-based parties, 52–53 ﬁqh and, 48 use of term, 50 Islamic law versus liberalism, 28–29 “Radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26 legal system shaping, 15 Raja Abdullah, 37 political context of, 23–24 Rajasingam, Subashini, 87–88 in popular legal consciousness, 128–129, 130–131 Rashidah bt Mohamad Myodin, 75–76 resistance to, 30, 133–134, 158 Rebit, Roneey, 81–84 shari’a and, 48 Regulation of religion in Malaysia, 7 shariah courts and, 31–32 Reid Commission, 55, 140 women and, 16, 133–134 “Religion of the Federation” clause Selangor overview, 12, 138, 155 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment Article 121 (1A), relation to, 141–145 (1989), 77 Borders Bookstore case, 147–150 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment Catholic Herald case, 146–147 (1952), 38–39, 41–42 Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor Department of Islamic Affairs, 145 (1988), 138–141 Fatwa Committee, 135–136 Egypt compared, 156–157 Islamic Affairs Department (JAIS), 98, 116, harmonization and, 144–145 117–118 historical background, 54–57 Shariah Criminal Offences Enactment (1995), liberal litigation as enabler of Islamist legal 31, 145, 146 mobilization, 152–154 Sermons, 46, 117–123, 135 in other countries, 162 Shabudin Yahaya, 102 other countries compared, 55–56 Shachar, Ayelet, 158 text of clause, 1, 138 Shaﬁ’i school, 34 transgender rights case, 150–151 Shamala Sathiyaseelan v. Jeyaganesh Mogarajah ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri (2004), 5–6, 86–87, 96–97, 126, 128, 144, Selangor (2016), 146–147 148–150 Religious freedom. See Freedom of religion “Shared adjudication model,” 19

Shari’a Susie Teoh Bee Kue, 69–70 fatwas versus, 35 Syria, Islamic law in, 162 ﬁqh versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135 use of term, 39 Tamil Nesan, 112 Shariah Advisory Council, 145 Tamil newspapers, 112–113 Shariah courts Tan Cheow Hong, 116 civil courts versus, 5, 31–32, 58–62, 64, 89–90 Tan Cheow Hong v. Fatimah Fong Abdullah @ conversion in, 75–76 Fong Mee Hui (2011), 116 hierarchy of, 45 Tan Seri Nazri Aziz, 114 as imagined expressions of Islam, 126, 129–130 Tan Sri Syed Nasir Ismail, 60 unreviewability in civil courts, 58–62, 64, 80, Tan Sung Mooi, 84 89–90 Tan Sung Mooi v. Too Miew Kim (1994), 84 women, challenges facing, 135 Tan Yi Min, 116 Shariah Judicial Department, 98 Taoism, 7–8 Shariah Lawyers Association of Malaysia, 73, 98, Taqlid, 35 104, 113–114, 151 Teoh, Leonard, 150 Shia Islam, 132 Teoh Eng Huat v. Kadhi (1990), 69–70 Sin Chew, 9, 27 Terengganu Sin Chew Jit Poh, 93–94 Administration of Islamic Law Enactment Singh, Gurdev, 65, 66–67 (1996), 70 Singh, Karpal, 64–65, 107 Administration of Muslim Law Enactment Singh, Soon, 68–70 (1955), 39 Sinnasamy, Kaliammal, 99–101, 108 PAS in, 95 SIS Forum v. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Bin Syed Thangathoray, Saravanan, 87–88 Jaafar Albar (Menteri Dalam Negri) Thomas, William Isaac, 124 (2010), 135 Tilly, Charles, 26 Sisters in Islam, 94, 96, 97–98, 122, 124, 133–137, 151 Time, 104–105 Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah, 78–79, 101, 106–108 Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Sivanesan, A., 112 Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri (2010), 119, Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 14 147–150 Somalia, Islamic law in, 1, 162 Too Miew Kim, 84 Soon Singh v. Malaysian Islamic Welfare Transgender rights, 150–151 Organization of Kedah (1994, 1999), 68–70, 93 Treaty of Pangkor, 37, 55, 57 Sreenevasan, Ambiga, 102 Tuan Haji Hamid Araby bin Haji Md. Salih, 62 Sri Lanka Tunisia, Islamic law in, 1, 162 Buddhist law in, 3 Tun Salleh Abas, 61 constitutional law in, 21 Sri Ram, Gopal, 73 United Arab Emirates, Islamic law in, 162 The Star, 93–94 United Kingdom, colonialism and State Government of Negeri Sembilan v. Muhamad immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50 Juzaili Mohd Khamis (2015), 150–151 Islamic law and, 37–38 “State-in-society” approach, 15 race, treatment of, 50–51 State monopoly on religious law, 31–32, 41–47, 135 United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM), 94, 97–98 40–41, 52, 54–55, 61, 62, 95, 102, 111, 115, 151 Subashini Rajasingam v. Saravanan Thangathoray United Nations (2007), 87–88, 101, 128 Commission on Human Rights, 105 Subramanian, Deepa, 116–117 Human Rights Council, 105 Sudan, Islamic law in, 162 United States Sukma Darmawan, 68 Affordable Care Act, 29 Sukma Darmawan Sasmitaat Madja v. Ketua Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores Inc. (2014), 29–30 Pengarah Penjara Malaysia (1999), 68 Congressional Human Rights Caucus, 105 Sullivan, Winnifred, 15, 22–23 Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 29 Sultans, 52, 55, 57, 140 rights-oriented discourse in, 29–30 Sunni Islam, 34 State Department, 105

Usul al-ﬁqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135 Women Lawyers’ Association, 96 Utusan Malaysia, 9, 27, 93, 103, 113, 114, 122 Women’s Aid Organization (WAO), 94, 96, 97–98, 151 Vellu, Samy, 110 Women’s Centre for Change, 94, 96 Viran a/l Nagapan v. Deepa Subramanian (2014, World Justice Project, 8 2015, 2016), 116–117 Yemen, Islamic law in, 162 Wall Street Journal, 104–105 Yngvesson, Barbara, 21, 22 Walton, Douglas, 40 Yusri Mohamad, 92 Wan Afrah Binti Dato’ Paduka Wan Ibrahim, Dato’, 89 Zaid Kamaruddin, 92 Washington Post, 104–105 Zaina Abidin bin Hamid @ S. Maniam v. Kerajaan What is Islam? (Ahmed), 16–17 Malaysia (2009), 76–78 Women. See also speciﬁc organization Zainah Anwar, 133 legal challenges facing, 135–136 Zainul Rijal Abu Bakar, 114, 150, 151 secular/religious binary and, 16, 133–134 ZI Publications, 145–147 shariah courts and, 135 ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri strategies of, 134–135 Selangor (2016), 146–147