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The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Coastal Karst Features in West Central Florida

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The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Coastal Karst Features in West Central Florida University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 9-30-2010 The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Coastal Karst Features in West Central Florida Keith Michael Garman University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Cell Biology Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Oncology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Garman, Keith Michael, "The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Coastal Karst Features in West Central Florida" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3444 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The biogeochemistry of submerged coastal karst features in West Central Florida by Keith Michael Garman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-major Professor: James R. Garey, Ph.D. Co-major Professor: Valerie J. Harwood, Ph.D. Kathleen M. Scott, Ph.D. John H. Paul, Ph.D. Date of Approval September 30, 2010 Keywords: anchialine, biodiversity, cave, spring, geochemistry © Copyright 2010, Keith Michael Garman DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Sherry. Without her tireless support and participation in hundreds of exploration and research dives, this work would not have been possible. I have been very fortunate to have her in my life and to share so many adventures with her. Many of these adventures were part of obtaining the data on which this paper was based. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partially supported by a NASA astrobiology grant and NSF grant 0221834 and 0344372 to J.R.G and from research grants provided by the National Association for Cave Diving to K.M.G. The authors thank research diver Sherry Garman for assistance with diving. The authors also thank Subsurface Evaluations Inc. of Tampa, Florida, and Jetsam Technologies of Port Moody, BC, for additional support. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................x PREFACE ..............................................................................................1 Cave Systems ..............................................................................................2 Anchialine Cave Systems ........................................................................................3 Anoxic Marine Basins..............................................................................................3 Sulfur Cycling in Anoxic Marine Basins .....................................................3 Nitrogen Cycling in Anoxic Marine Basins.................................................5 Examples of Anoxic Marine Basins ............................................................6 Black Sea .........................................................................................7 Crater Lakes .....................................................................................7 Blue Holes and Cenotés ...................................................................8 Benthic Macrofauna in the Gulf of Mexico ...........................................................11 Current Study ............................................................................................13 References ............................................................................................14 CHAPTER ONE: FAUNA AND WATER QUALITY OF HABITATS IN THE SUBMERGED KARST FEATURES OF WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA ............18 Abstract ............................................................................................18 Introduction ............................................................................................19 General Hydrogeology of West Central Florida ........................................20 Submarine Groundwater Discharge ...........................................................22 Anoxic Marine Basins................................................................................26 Water Quality of Springs ...........................................................................27 Cave Fauna ............................................................................................27 Current Survey ...........................................................................................29 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................31 Water Quality Measurements ....................................................................31 Seepage Rates and Velocity .......................................................................32 Particulate Analyses ...................................................................................33 Cave Flora and Fauna Collection and Identification .................................33 Identification of Bacteria Types .....................................................34 Bacteria Counts ..............................................................................34 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................35 i Freshwater Sinkholes and Karst Windows ................................................35 Eagle’s Nest Sink (aka Lost Sink) .................................................35 Description .........................................................................35 Water Quality.....................................................................36 Flora and Fauna .................................................................36 Ward’s Sink ...................................................................................38 Description .........................................................................38 Water Quality.....................................................................38 Flora and Fauna .................................................................40 Arch Sink .......................................................................................40 Description .........................................................................40 Water Quality.....................................................................41 Flora and Fauna .................................................................41 Jewel Sink ......................................................................................42 Description .........................................................................42 Water Quality.....................................................................42 Flora and Fauna .................................................................44 Coastal Springs Wall Spring (aka Health Spring)....................................................44 Description .........................................................................44 Water Quality.....................................................................45 Flora and Fauna .................................................................47 Salt Spring ......................................................................................49 Description .........................................................................49 Water Quality.....................................................................50 Flora and Fauna .................................................................56 Gar Spring ......................................................................................57 Description .........................................................................57 Water Quality.....................................................................58 Flora and Fauna .................................................................58 Cauldron Spring .............................................................................59 Description .........................................................................59 Water Quality.....................................................................59 Flora and Fauna .................................................................60 Spring #822-241A ..........................................................................60 Description .........................................................................60 Water Quality.....................................................................64 Flora and Fauna .................................................................69 Double Keyhole Spring..................................................................71 Description .........................................................................71 Water Quality.....................................................................72 Flora and Fauna .................................................................74 Sulphur Spring ...............................................................................74 Description .........................................................................74 Water Quality.....................................................................79
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