Flat Water Sports Facility in East Christchurch Resource Document

Flat water sports facility in east Christchurch

Resource document

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 1

Flat water sports facility

This is a resource document for those interested in a feasibility assessment for a flat water sports lake and facilities in the east of Christchurch. Questions and input on its content to Chrissie Williams, Programme Leader, Natural Environment Recovery Programme: [email protected] 027 702 7457

Contents Contents ...... 2 Introduction ...... 4 Post earthquake provision for flat-water sports...... 8 Opportunities and advantages of a lake/off-river facility near Kerr’s Reach ...... 9 Challenges and disadvantages of a lake/off-river facility near Kerr’s Reach ...... 9 Comparison of 2.2km lake, 1.2km lake and Avon River ...... 10 Table 2: Investigations / technical information required ...... 12 Appendix 1: Christchurch West Melton Zone Committee recommendations and NERP projects ...... 19 Appendix 2: Final Issues and Options Paper, 20 December 2011 ...... 20 Appendix 3: Sport and Recreation People Places and Spaces Plan February 2013 ...... 23 Appendix 4: L&R New Zealand Ltd report ...... 24 Appendix 5: Criteria for an international rowing venue ...... 31 Appendix 6: Criteria for a waka ama racing venue ...... 32 Appendix 7: Whitewater course ...... 32 Appendix 8: History of rowing lake advocacy ...... 36 Appendix 9: Media on lake ...... 41 Appendix 10: South Island rowing and water sports venues ...... 45 Lake Ruataniwha ...... 45

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 2

Lake Hood ...... 46

Pegasus Lake ...... 46

Appendix 11: Overseas international standard rowing venues ...... 47 Sydney International Regatta Centre, Penrith lakes, Sydney ...... 47

Dorney Lake, Eton ...... 49

Proposed Cambridge Sport Lakes ...... 50

Appendix 12: References ...... 51

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 3

Introduction For many years Canterbury Rowing and other water sports have been advocating for a flat water facility close to Christchurch. They consider Kerr’s Reach on the Avon River/Ōtākaro does not have the capacity for current and future needs, has poor accessibility and is not safe. This has been exacerbated by the earthquakes as the river has become shallower and narrower through liquefaction and lateral spread.

In 2000 a flat-water multi sports facility, Lake Isaac Watersports Park, was proposed by Canterbury Rowing to develop an international-class rowing lake in Christchurch1. The land available was owned by the Diana Isaac Wildlife Trust with an agreement to rent the land on a 99 year renewable lease. Preliminary estimates were that the facility, fully developed to international standard, would cost over $23 million, with positive economic impact on Christchurch and Canterbury. The Trust approached Christchurch City Council (CCC) for planning and capital funding. The Council was aware of the increased risk from bird strike by constructing a lake close to the airport, so identified alternative sites including Environment Canterbury land, Bottle Lake Forest Park, the Avon Heathcote Estuary /Ihutai and Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere.

In 2004 the cost estimate had increased to $30.4m and a March report concluded the Lake Isaac proposal posed too great a risk of bird strike hazard at Christchurch International Airport and should not proceed2. A June 2004 report to Council3 included a preliminary report from OCEL Consultants Ltd, Feasibility study for a proposed flat water racing facility at Bottle Lake Forest4, as an alternative to Lake Isaac. This study indicated the construction of the proposed flat water facility was fully feasible, and recommended more detailed engineering investigation to develop detailed costing.

The Council agreed to provide $200,000 in 2004/05 for feasibility investigations for a flat water facility at a site which would not pose a risk to airport operations, and to provide $11m capital for this facility over four years. It is unclear why the Bottle Lake Forest Park proposal was not further investigated, and Henderson’s Basin was then suggested as a possible site.5

1 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/Council/Agendas/2003/April/CommunityLeisure/FlatwaterSports.pdf 2http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/council/proceedings/2004/march/cnclcover18th/suppgeneralmanagerstrategicdevelopment.pdf 3 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/council/proceedings/2004/june/cnclcover30th/Clause1AttachmentApdx4. 4http://resources.ccc.govt.nz/files/thecouncil/meetingsminutes/agendas/2004/June/CnClCover30th/Clause1AttachmentFWApdxB.pdf 5 See Appendix 6: Criteria for a waka ama racing venue

Sprint Race course - Course lanes  The race course shall have lanes that are:  250 and/or 500m long;  at least 10 - 12.5m in width for races run in a straight line;  30 - 35m in width for races involving turns;  at right angles to the start and finish line;  at least 2m deep;  not unduly influenced by currents. Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 4

 Races with a length of 500m shall be run on a straight course. W6 races may involve turns at each 250m or 500m as set for that event.  Races with a length of 1000m and above shall be run on either a 250m or 500m course and involve turns at the 250m or 500m mark.  The race course shall have at least three (3) and no more than ten (10) lanes.  In straight races the lanes may be split in two. In this case outrigger canoes must finish with the turning flag to the side to which they started.  A lane or area shall be designated so that the competitors may proceed safely to the start line without interfering with the racecourse. When racing is in progress paddlers who are not racing are not permitted on the race course.

Appendix 7: Whitewater course There are synergies and benefits of having a number of sporting, recreational, cultural, and educational activities co-located in a critical mass readily accessible to an urban population. A whitewater course as a facility that could be included in an east Christchurch water park.

Description of a whitewater course A modern stand-alone whitewater course is o a “U” shaped concrete channel o with a small lake from which water is pumped up to the top of the channel where it flows over various designed features to create rapids and swift-flowing water o the pumps are large and located underground for aesthetic and noise reasons o the standard parameters for such a course, patterned on the Olympic model, are a length of about 300 meters, a slope of 2% (20 m/km), and a flow rate of 17 cubic metres per second. This is the minimum, and most modern courses are longer, with the latest ones having two or more parallel courses to enable novices and children to be separated from the rafting and expert kayakers

Consideration needs to be given to: o Course design o designed to accommodate commercial rafting from the outset and are not merely single purpose facilities for elite athletes. o Water volume – capacity of total system volume in lower pond (~ 28,000m3) o Water quality – primary contact recreation standard required (so should not connected to flat water lake if water quality there of lower standard) o Electrical costs for pumping – courses need to have energy usage managed carefully

Communities all over the world are building whitewater parks, partly to reclaim their over-developed urban waterways and to create visitor attractions and community recreational facilities for the 21st Century. There are 40 whitewater parks under construction in the USA, and there are whitewater parks in 16 countries globally, including in Athens and London, and four in China. One is being constructed in Rio de Janeiro Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 5

Examples of whitewater parks are: o Penrith Whitewater Stadium in Sydney o Penrith has a rowing lake and whitewater course co-located. o The rowing lake is an integral component of the stormwater system o Facilities and services are shared o Auckland has just approved a whitewater stadium in Manukau o Columbus, Georgia, USA, has o bike and walking trails, a whitewater course, and birding, all wrapped together and marketed as an ‘outdoor urban escape’ o the concept is marketed by the Columbus Tourism Association o there is a river walk, river performing arts centre, river bike trail, ecological restoration and whitewater adventure.

Why Christchurch? Christchurch has a number of comparative advantages for whitewater activities. o A critical mass of current adherents o Christchurch has a large and active kayaking population, evidenced by having the two biggest clubs in New Zealand. o The number of participants in kayaking in Christchurch is estimated at 8-9% of the population over 16 years of age. This is around 30,000 people who kayak more than once a year, and it does not include all the high school age students who participate in pool-based canoe polo and outdoor education activities that include paddle sports. o At the participation level, kayaking is similar to Netball and Snow Sports. o Infrastructure to support growth in participation (instructors, CPIT for professional guides, Outdoor Education, clubs, retailers and manufacturers.) o A splendid range of ‘wild’ rivers, lakes and estuaries. o Canterbury’s rivers are a wonderful resource, with the west Coast being a premier international whitewater destination. o Abundant groundwater and surface water to use in a non-consumptive urban facility o A tourism gateway to the South Island with a good visitor infrastructure, including the International Airport and accommodation, and other sporting facilities o Existing rafting businesses of long-standing o Engineers and construction expertise (Arrow Construction built the Penrith course) o Climate o A very accessible location if sited within east Christchurch.

Co-location of whitewater course and flat water sports lake A whitewater course does not need to locate next to the flat water sports lake, but there are benefits in doing so: o the possibility of using the pumps to shift stormwater in/out of the lake/river/stormwater system Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 6

o shared use of facilities with other sports o cross-training and cross-pollination of ideas amongst sports o benefits to tourism and passive recreation by having a number of activities to do/see in one easily accessible place.

Benefits o a visitor attraction o major events o economic and technical (sports science and coaching excellence) benefits of having an Olympic level whitewater course in the city. o There are international, national and regional events that can be attracted to Christchurch - World Cup Slalom and Wildwater Racing; Oceania Cup; World Championships; ICF Juniors, Seniors and World Championships; NZ Nationals; South Island Secondary Schools; Canterbury Secondary Schools - for international events the overseas teams will come to Christchurch to train for a few months o Whitewater Slalom; Wildwater racing, with sprint events held on the course and longer races on Canterbury wild rivers; Freestyle; Fun events for Christchurch residents; Multi-sport events; Made for TV sponsored events – “Top Town’, Weetbix etc o increased youth participation in kayaking, but also in rowing, flat water kayaking, and in much higher competitive performance standards. o ability to train all year round given the facilities, and attract northern hemisphere teams to New Zealand in our summer to train. o commercial rafting operation to bring in revenue o in a safe urban location with public transport and cycleway access will enable youth to participate in whitewater sports. o synergies available when such outdoor activities are all in a ‘one-stop-shop’ o a draw card for the more passive recreational people – walking, dog walking, picnicking, Cafes, sports coaching, and basic infrastructure can be spread across multiple markets. (as it was with QE2)

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 7

CCC’s Metropolitan Sports Facilities Plan in 2008 noted the development of rowing and other flat-water sports was inhibited because of constraints at Kerr’s Reach (silting and weed build-up reducing navigable water time). The plan had as priorities to make incremental improvements to safety and river conditions at Kerr’s Reach through education, silt and weed removal, and the development of shore facilities such as parking, lighting, access, signage and storage; and to continue to investigate the development of a flat-water sports facility at Henderson’s Basin.

Post earthquake provision for flat-water sports Following the Canterbury earthquakes in 2010/2011 Canterbury Rowing suggested that land zoned as residential red zone adjacent to Kerr’s Reach could be excavated to form a lake as an international rowing venue6 and water sports park of length at least 2.15km.

A 2013 report for Sport Canterbury completed by L&R New Zealand Ltd. has priorities: . As an important core requirement (Category A) to continue use of the Avon River/Ōtākaro for water sports o including water sports such as rowing, kayaking, canoeing, waka ama, dragon boating, sailing and standup board paddling; and land based activity such as road cycling, mountain biking, BMX as well running, walking and other recreational activity, including a possible white water course o creating a hub for a wide variety of sport and recreation activity based at Kerr’s Reach. o this hub would sustain significant day by day utilisation as well as hosting local, regional and national events such as BMX, criterium cycling and cross country running.

. A project considered to be a desirable use (Category B) of the Avon River corridor is the increased and enhanced on-water (ie lake or widened river) and off- water (ie flat-water club and event ancillary facility) provision for flat-water sports including racing. o a lake, or similar, was in Category B as it was considered dependent on flood management strategies, and subject to further assessment through a feasibility study as well as funding priorities of the other agencies and possible funding partners. o an in-river facility would require straightening and widening of the river in the vicinity of Kerr’s Reach o shore facilities would be light built structures to include start / finish towers, boat storage for various rowing and kayak clubs, shared spaces including meeting room, gym (including up to 60 ergometers), ablutions, offices and lighting o could be an international rowing course of 2.15+km or as a smaller more training focused facility. Sports other than rowing could hold national competitions on a lake of 1.2km in length

Appendix 8 for more detail on the history

6 see Appendix 5

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 8

Opportunities and advantages of a lake/off-river facility near Kerr’s Reach  Increased accessible water for development of flat-water sports to increase participation and membership and support high performance athletes.  Reliable and safe water conditions – and permanent lane buoys  Located within the city meaning accessible for most users  Opportunity for shared resources (ancillary provision/ event provision / and combined services and programmes) o Shared facilities mean efficiencies in capital, renewal, maintenance and running costs  A major feature in the proposed Avon River Park o Add to the use and vibrancy of the corridor o On the proposed city to sea cycle and walking route.  A venue for flat-water events that could be booked for exclusive use o Relative ease of hosting events as facilities permanent o Accessible for spectators and supporters o Events within the city increase exposure for sports

Challenges and disadvantages of a lake/off-river facility near Kerr’s Reach . Cost . Considered feasible only if there are benefits for flood protection and management - CCC are yet to determine this . Potential unsuitability of land and soils because of difficulty and cost of mitigating liquefaction and lateral spread in a future seismic activity . Large quantities of silt from excavation which would have low value as a construction material . Finding a suitable site: o Length of water body in terms of an international racing venue for rowing . Rowing NZ has no formal facilities strategy o International and national event and high performance training venue is Lake Karapiro. o Lake Ruataniwha is the South Island national event venue.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 9

Comparison of 2.2km lake, 1.2km lake and Avon River International rowing requirements (2.2km long lake) will add a significant cost to what might be required for a stormwater storage facility or a more recreationally oriented facility.

Table 1: Comparison of 2.2km lake, 1.2km lake and Avon River

2.2km lake 1.2km lake Avon River Provides for  Rowing events  Other flat-water sports events  Training for all flat water sports, but capacity,  Other flat-water sports events  Training for all flat water sports accessibility and safety issues increasing  Training for all flat water sports Advantages  Increased accessible water  Increased accessible water  Will continue as training venue even if lake  Reliable and safe water conditions  Reliable and safe water conditions constructed  Permanent lane buoys  Permanent lane buoys  Caters for longer distances (once Avondale  Bookable  Bookable bridge re-opens)  Relative ease of hosting events  Relative ease of hosting events  Some existing facilities Disadvantages  Cost  Cost  Existing poor water quality  Maintaining good water quality  Maintaining good water quality  Water weed  Conflict with other infrastructure including major  Conflict with other infrastructure  Narrow roads  Likely to be separated from Kerr’s Reach  Crowded  Competes with Ruataniwha and Lake Hood  Competes with Lake Hood Cost Very high High Low Site Difficult Moderately difficult Exists availability Minimum size Dimensions: 2.2kmx135mx4m 135m width A = 297,000 m2, V = 1,190,000 m3 Dimensions: 1.2kmx160mx4m Ideal size Dimensions: 2.2kmx162mx4m A = 192,000 m2, V = 768,000 m3 162m width A = 356,400 m2, V = 1,426,000 m3

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 10

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 11

Table 2: Investigations / technical information required Investigations / technical information required Issues Who can help with information Strategic fit  Fit with Sport NZ facilities strategy Richard Lindsay  Fit with Rowing NZ facilities strategy Gerry Dwyer o Describe the current arrangements in NZ for international and national rowing events  Fit with Sport and Recreation Recovery Plan Sport Leaders Group  Fit with Christchurch City Council metro sports facilities plan CCC staff Design  Location and orientation of lake  Describe the existing environment and its significance  Lake size and facilities  Ancillary facilities  Amenity and other facilities ALIGN - Sam Martin, Ann Wilkins; Creative  Describe the impacts, both direct and indirect, that will occur and Intentions – Geraint (Geg) Howells may potentially occur as a result of o Construction of the facilities o Use of the facilities  Detail management measures required so that potential adverse impacts are prevented or minimised.  Likely timeframe Social benefits  Links with other Avon corridor projects Avon Ōtākaro Network – Evan Smith  Recreation - water sports, cycling, triathlon Rowing, waka ama, kayaking, dragon  Sport hub boating, sailing, surf lifesaving, cross country, road running, athletics, bike, triathlon  Other activities located in the area – housing, business  Consider construction effects on residents, including the transport of material to and from the site Economic benefits  Business opportunities Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 12

Investigations / technical information required Issues Who can help with information  Business case for international standard rowing lake compared with See Appendix 6 for criteria for international Rowing NZ/Canterbury Rowing a more recreationally oriented facility. rowing events Sport NZ/Sport Canterbury SGL – a lifestyle, leisure and community consulting practice http://www.sglgroup.net/ Hydrogeology ECan – Helen Shaw ECan – Hisham Zarour

 Consider both ECan – Kelly Palmer o a completely excavated lake and o a partially excavated and partially raised above ground with elevated banks high enough to cope with stormwater CCC – Mike Gillooly, Graham Harrington inflows  Is a variable depth lake feasible?  Describe the existing groundwater system and prepare a The lake will be created by excavating in to Groundwater model the ground water table o Determine groundwater flow direction o Groundwater gradient o Tidal effects on water levels  Determine the effects of the lake on the hydrogeology o Effect of lake structure and edge treatment on groundwater  Discuss the feasibility of accepting stormwater into the lake from Initial indications from CCC are a lake near the surrounding catchment Kerr’s Reach would not have benefits for flood management  Is there conflict with existing and planned flood management infrastructure  Calculate the water supply options for the lake, water losses and Evapotranspiration losses (area in m2 x water balance 0.005m/day) o Inflow – groundwater inflow through the base and sides of the lake; stormwater i.e. surface flow from adjacent catchments in high rainfall events o Losses – evapotranspiration o Outflows – groundwater outflow, weirs,  Evaluate the integration of whitewater course with the lake o Does pumping for the whitewater course add benefits for stormwater o Would pumping help aeration of the lake  Determine the normal water level and range of water level To retain the water in the lake the ground achievable for the lake must either be relatively impervious or self- Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 13

Investigations / technical information required Issues Who can help with information sealing or the natural ground water flow must be constant  Discuss lining requirements for the lake o Edge treatment – eg lining of the littoral zone (0-1.2m below water level) required for wave attenuation o Lower lake slopes and bottom o How would this affect the groundwater gradients and flow?  Lake side slopes required for wave attenuation Pegasus lake has side-slopes between 1:3 and 1:5  Identify any wells, bores and natural springs in the area  Is a source of fresh water needed - capable of filling the lake and maintaining a low flow through - to ensure water quality o Is a supplemental flow needed to maintain levels during competitions Establishing and maintaining high water quality  Determining water quality to be targeted – secondary? Primary?  Determine the existing groundwater quality beneath the site  Identify the likely pollutant and nutrient inputs into the lake  Describe how surface water and groundwater quality will be impacted by the proposal  Describe any stormwater treatment required for water entering the lake  Calculate depth of lake required to minimise microalgae and The control of algal growth is a key issue macroalgae (aquatic weed) growth for the lake as high algal populations lead to discolouration and other aesthetic issues. Pegasus lake is 5m deep for this reason  What water circulation will be required Geotechnical information GNS  Undertake detailed soil/geology investigations over the proposal area o Soil composition and soil parameters o Results for geotechnical boreholes o Results of cone penetration tests  LiDAR  Seismic risk for the area GNS

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 14

Investigations / technical information required Issues Who can help with information  Existence of natural hazards, lateral spread, liquefaction Widespread liquefaction and lateral GNS, NIWA spreading potential for the area exists  What mitigation of liquefaction and lateral spread would be required  Provide a map and description of the HAIL sites registered in the Davina McNickel, ECan LLUR o Assess the risk from these sites o Describe he site investigations required at these sites o Describe mitigation options for sites where contamination is confirmed  Options of methods of excavation  Use and value of silt /soil extracted Meteorological  Wind direction  Wind strength  Wind mitigation Infrastructure  Potential conflict with existing and planned infrastructure CCC, SCIRT Biodiversity/Landscaping  Map and describe existing vegetation and biodiversity values Lincoln University  Develop a landscape plan for the area including areas for amenity and biodiversity outcomes  Rationalise planting for amenity and biodiversity with the requirement that: “The course must be sheltered from wind as far as possible. If not, there must be no natural or artificial obstacles (such as woods, buildings, structures) in the immediate neighbourhood of the course which might cause unequal conditions on the water.”  Identify any weeds and pests which may cause adverse impacts on the proposal  Describe what management measures would be required to prevent or mitigate the impacts of weeds and pests during the construction and operation of the facility o eg how water fowl will be managed to minimise bacterial contamination of the water o eg egeria at Kerr’s Reach – risk of spread into the lake Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 15

Investigations / technical information required Issues Who can help with information  Determine the potential for increasing habitat and breeding grounds for nuisance mosquito and midge populations  Increased bird-strike risk for aircraft because of the lake? Archaeological and cultural  Wahi tapu or wahi taonga which may be impacted NZHPT, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu  Detail any permits required which Sites of European significance which may be impacted Legislation and regulation  Describe the relevant statutory documents  Resource consents required by Environment Canterbury  Resource consents required by Christchurch City Council  Likely conditions on consents Environmental management and maintenance  Management Plans required for compliance with the consents Costs - Capital cost, ongoing operational costs

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 16

ALIGN has done some preparatory design work for a water sports park

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 17

As has the Avon Ōtākaro network:

2.25kmx250m 1.25kmx250m

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 18

Appendix 1: Christchurch West Melton Zone Committee recommendations and NERP projects Chapter Name Aspect Action Other Groups Resp Date ZIP Due Year NERP NERP specifics Zone Date Project Committee (Z) # or NERP implementation (N) 4.2 Recreation & RR1 Waterway (a) Investigate; (b) develop a co-ordinated To be identified, 3 yrs Jun 2016 2016 13 Promote and advertise N Relaxation corridors programme to CCC, ECan, Local, currently available Recommendation provide for Community, facilities; maintain and 1.7 multiple develop international standard flat-water Groups, Mana develop recreation recreation, and white-water courses, taking into whenua corridors, networks and relaxation and account: facilities; provide for amenity uses. passive recreation, visual · Potential for these facilities to benefit: amenity and community wellbeing during rebuild. o native biodiversity Support repair and development of a o stormwater management network of walking paths, cycling and o flood management mountain bike tracks and other recreation o other recreation and relaxation activities facilities. Provide access for people with · Preference for new artificial lakes over disabilities. Consider modification of existing waterways establishment of water sports areas alongside · Accessibility of potential locations to the Avon River/Ōtākaro. encourage participation by younger age groups

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 19 Appendix 2: Final Issues and Options Paper, 20 December 2011 Relevant extracts from Places and Spaces for Sport and Recreation in Greater Christchurch: Final Issues and Options Paper, 20 December 2011

Venue for Flat Water Sports

Kerr’s Reach on the Avon River has been the home for flat water sports. Pre-earthquake it had become overcrowded and had on-going problems with weed growth. Post-earthquake the River is usable but shore facilities are damaged and the riverbed has been elevated. Most rowing activity has relocated to the Kaiapoi River and the lower reaches of the Waimakariri River.

Planning for a new flat water course for rowing, kayaking, waka ama and dragon boat for training and competitions has been underway for more than five years and was recognised in the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Plan.

Lake Ruataniwha has extensive event infrastructure in place and is the venue within the Canterbury region used for national events. The national high performance centre and an international rowing course have been established for some years at Lake Karapiro in the Waikato. A Christchurch option would create a facility to meet the current and future demand from rowing and other water sports for a safe training facility. The water area required to meet training demand will also accommodate a competition course.

Several locations have been identified to date including:

. Assist with facilities to safely access the Waimakariri River as a transitional measure until a long term solution can be delivered . Excavation of a course at Kerr’s Reach including use of land designated as red zone and protect one site for combined shore facilities for rowing and kayak. The viability of development of shore facilities will need to be determined regarding land stability and access to services such as water, wastewater and power within a red zone area. This option would require the support of Central Government, Ngai Tahu and others. It has the advantages of being located within the city meaning a shorter commute for most users and becoming a major feature in the proposed Avon River Park on the City to Surf cycle and walking route. . Excavation of a course at a new dry land location. This is likely to be on the outer fringe of the city and will need to be well clear of airport flight paths. Location is as yet unknown. Likely to be a longer commute for users. . A saltwater location option similar to other centres such as Wellington Harbour, Nelson Haven and Otago Harbour. Primarily a training venue located in Lyttelton Harbour where there is navigable water at all tide times. Could be co-located with yachting and waka ama facilities. Longer commute for users than Kerr’s Reach but relatively direct via the Lyttelton Tunnel. This is the least preferred location across the country for flat water sports. Windows of opportunity to participate are far less due to wind, wave height and tides, while the corrosive nature of salt water provides increased maintenance time and costs. Access after school for school kids on bikes is also essential. . Lake Crighton is approximately 6 km south east of Dunsandel in the Selwyn District is also a possible location for a flat water course. This option would need to be explored further before it would be included or discounted from final options.

Any of these options would potentially provide a suitable course to host triathlons of all lengths

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 20

Report Table 25. Rowing

Regional Participation Active New Zealand data does not allow for comparison between Canterbury and national participation. (Greater Christchurch Regional profile – indicates possibly 10% over 34 years, 55% female membership) Smaller membership (Under 1,000); small regional increase ’07-’10 School representation only – small (under 1,000) National Adult Participation Not ranked by ACTIVE NZ (SPARC ACTIVE NZ Survey) National profile not available Membership growth plans / Prior to the earthquake, waterways were at capacity (i.e. capping was in place) indicating participation in part was driven more by supply projections than demand Pre-earthquake there was a projected decrease in the number of young people (0-14 years) in Greater Christchurch area. RSO membership data indicates currently around 80% of rowing members are juniors. A decline in membership of young people in the sport in the medium term is likely to have implications for senior and masters membership in the long term National Facility Strategy No formal facilities strategy but international and national event and HP training venue at Lake Karapiro. Lake Ruataniwha is South Island national event venue. Pre-EQ supply and demand for Waterways, particularly Kerr’s Reach were at capacity indicating participation in part was driven more by available space than demand to places and spaces participate Impact of EQ on network Almost all shore facilities at Kerr’s Reach are a total loss. Clubrooms damaged. Some temporary accommodation organised until long . closed indefinitely term plans are determined Avon River un-rowable due to temporary sewer discharge and river bed elevation. . temporary Pressure on use of the Waimakariri and Kaiapoi Rivers. Development plans / aspirations Pre-EQ had been seeking a new flat water course in the Christchurch area. / opportunities for places and Desire a facility that can be developed for national/ international event, which would include accommodation. The flat water facility would spaces need: . 2.15km straight course, plus an assembly area and ideally protected/separated return traffic lane (for safety) . depth of 4m (would cut out weed growth, while the fill could be used in reclamation process of red zone land . 8-10 lanes (135m - 162m wide) would mean all sports (rowing, kayaking, dragon boating, waka ama) are catered for, 6 lanes is minimum (108m wide) would mean nationals could not be held . year round training requirement for rowing to remain a leading rowing region. . lighting of course would enable safer use during hours of darkness to optimise use for evening and early morning especially in winter. . shore facilities would be light built structures to include start / finish towers, boat storage for various rowing and kayak clubs, shared spaces including meeting room, gym (including up to 60 ergometers), ablutions and offices. . bike path alongside course for use by coaches. Continued use of Avon River. Rebuild facilities at the Avon or adjacent to another purpose-built facility elsewhere (on strengthened land at Kerr’s Reach). Develop basics for training and high performance – then add infrastructure. International/National/Regional 8 lane course at Kerr’s Reach event venue

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 21 Main High Performance training Kerr’s Reach venue Regional administration venue Kerr’s Reach Preferred network composition Single main hub Discounted options Henderson’s Basin, Lake Isaac, Saltwater course, Waimakariri River, Kaiapoi River, Lake Crighton Commence development in 0-3 Provision of facilities to enable safe access to the Waimakariri River for rowing yrs Commence development in 4-10 Establishment of rowing course by forming an inner city lake in red-zone area by Kerr’s Reach and development of related shore facilities yrs Shared use Kayaking / canoeing, Dragon Boating, Waka ama

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 22 Appendix 3: Sport and Recreation People Places and Spaces Plan February 2013 Sport and Recreation People Places and Spaces Plan was completed in February 2013. It includes the following:

‘A lake may have merit but at this point not enough work has been done and the needs of other users beyond rowing including the community will need to be taken into account.’

‘Any such facility would come from other needs, eg. flood management.’

Table 2 Priority Development Projects

Years 1-3 Flat water course for training and shore facilities Re-develop training course at Kerr’s Reach. Light construction shore shared facilities. Floodlights to increase useable hours. Explore club cooperation on shared facilities

5.5 Avon Sport and Recreation Hub

Kerr’s Reach on the Avon River has been the traditional home for flat water sports in Greater Christchurch. Alongside the river there has been extensive use for recreation including walking, cycling and running. This area provides a unique and potentially world leading opportunity to develop a hub for a wide variety of sport and recreation activity. This includes water sports such as rowing, kayaking, waka ama and dragon boating to land based activity such as road cycling, mountain biking, BMX as well running and other recreational activity. This hub would sustain significant day by day utilisation as well as hosting local, regional and national events such as BMX, criterium cycling and cross country running.

Sport Canterbury has contracted a planner to undertake a study with the many and varied user groups who could benefit from a hub around the Avon Corridor. This will inform a planning process to design a potential east side sport and recreation hub. The opportunities that exist in this area are huge and require significant consideration by decision makers and investors.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 23 Appendix 4: L&R New Zealand Ltd report Sport Canterbury contracted (Principal, Jackie Fanning) to identify and assess the potential requirements and opportunities for sport, recreation and physical activity provision along the Avon/Ōtākaro River Corridor. This report was released in April 20137.

Category A: Considered an Strongly Potential for Advantages / Disadvantages important core requirement for Supported by: sport sport/recreation & physical /recreation activity replacement or new (i.e. hub or precinct no pre-existing). Sections Off-water . Consultation Yes Opportunities/Advantages 6.2 provision to . Relevant . Replace and improve necessary ancillary provision 7.2.2 support flat- governing body . Opportunity for shared ‘hub’ provision (off-water) 7.2.4 water sport . Strategic . Opportunity to introduce more equitable provision between the flat-water sports 7.4.2 club/formal context Challenges/Disadvantages/Inhibitor training (eg . This study . Replacing ancillary provision (especially if in one location) without increasing surface water area will not alleviate shared ancillary pre EQs challenges of accessibility, accessibility and safety club facility/ies) . Cost – to provide ancillary facilities and to remediate river which is important for flat-water training use as well as . sections of narrower river to flush sediment, if below Kerr’s Reach, may make flat-water use more difficult ie width remediate river required for rowers and for flat-water users to pass each other

Sections River access for . Consultation No Opportunities/Advantages 6.2 recreational . Relevant . Distributes flat-water use along river, therefore encouraging recreational use away from proposed flat-water sports 7.2.2 /informal flat- governing body ‘hub’ 7.4.4 water use . Strategic . Provides neighbourhood access context . Potential to have a concentration of recreational flat-water use at Owles Terrace (and possibly a commercial . This study venture) utilising the wider river in this area/estuary and wetlands . Encouraging another active mode of transport between the city and the east Challenges/Disadvantages/Inhibitor: . Need for river weed control along length of river . Cost of providing and maintaining a number of access points . Cost of enhancing Owles Terrace area Category B: Considered to be a Identified as worth Potential to be Advantages / Disadvantages desirable use of the Avon River further in a sport / Corridor. Potential additional consideration but recreation hub facilities/activity or extension of subject to funding or precinct facilities identified in Category A. and / or other criteria. Sections Increased and In Category B as Yes Opportunities/Advantages 6.2 enhanced on- subject to flood . Flat-water events within the city – relative ease of hosting / and accessible for spectators and supporters 7.2.2 water (ie lake or management . Adds to the use and therefore vibrancy of the corridor (as well as increased exposure for sports) 7.2.4 widened river) strategies. . Increased accessible water for development of flat-water sports to increase participation and membership and

7 L&R New Zealand Ltd (2013). Identification of community sport, recreation and physical activity requirements and aspirations for the Avon river corridor, Christchurch: Consultations and preliminary planning report. Prepared for Sport Canterbury. April 2013

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 24 7.2.6 and off-water (ie Subject to further support high performance athletes. 7.4.2 flat-water club assessment . Reliable and safe water conditions – and permanent lane buoys and event through a . Opportunity for shared resources (ancillary provision/ event provision / and combined services and programmes) ancillary facility) feasibility study as . Shared facilities = efficiencies in capital, renewal, maintenance and running costs provision for flat- well as funding . Booking capacity water sports incl. priorities of the Challenges/Disadvantages/Inhibitor racing. other agencies . Cost and possible . CCC is yet to establish if there is need for an increased body of water re flood protection and management funding partners. . Potential unsuitability of land and soils re cost of mitigating liquefaction and lateral spread if future seismic activity . Length of water body in terms of a racing venue for rowing

6.2 Provision for Flat Water Sports (including Standup Paddle Boarding), White-water Canoeing and Wind Sports

The Ōtākaro/Avon River since Maori settlement has been an important body of water since the time of Maori settlement. Since the post-colonial era rowing has had a long post-colonial history on the river. In more recent times, Kerr’s Reach has been the focal point for a number of flat-water sports with a second area of flat-water activities at Owles Terrace.

A. Alternative venues for flat-water and wind sports training are not ideal for all users e.g. teaching children/school groups (because tidal conditions cause timetabling constraints, the variable water conditions and the need to travel a distance from the city) or for boats that are only suitable for flat-water conditions.

Some of the flat water sports and/or clubs/individuals such as waka ama and canoeing/multisport who have transferred some of their use to Lyttelton Harbour have recognised the benefits of the harbour for non-beginners and endurance training – and are likely to continue this in the long-term. However, the Avon River/Ōtākaro is the home of a number of flat-water sports clubs and has the advantage over the harbour for club activities where participants are less able to travel and for winter week training (due to its potential as a well-lit hub of flat-water activity and being a confined area that is not a great distance from shore activity.)

B. There is a high demand for flat-water provision within the city shown by the congestion on the Avon/Ōtākaro pre-earthquakes. A detailed assessment of water capacity required meeting latent demand pre-earthquakes and the post-earthquake situation is beyond the scope of this initial study. However, it is recognised that water demand pre-earthquakes was beyond the capacity of the Avon River/Ōtākaro at peak times and to a level where accessibility, safety and enjoyment for water users was regularly compromised.

The lack of capacity of the Avon/Ōtākaro pre earthquakes inhibited the potential growth of the sports and the distance of alternative venues post earthquake continues to do so (ie clubs not fully capitalising on increasing participation and potential membership such as through school programmes).

As with all other sports wanting to be accommodated in a redeveloped Avon River Corridor, the benefits of this location include the proximity to the city, hence accessibility for participants (including public transport links or walking or cycling there), and exposure of the sports to other users of the corridor. There are also benefits of having a hub of flat-water activity and provision within the city, which is discussed in Section 7.

C. Post earthquake flood protection and management will be a significant function of a redeveloped Avon River Corridor. The CCC is responsible for flood management and mitigation and is currently developing a Stormwater Management Plan for the Avon River/Ōtākaro as well as a Land Drainage

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 25 Recovery programme for greater Christchurch. The outcomes of this planning will have a significant impact on the river. There is willingness by the CCC to consider the benefits of flood management for flat-water sports

D. The Avon River/Ōtākaro will likely continue to be a popular venue for endurance training, even if a lake is developed, as users can travel any distance without the need to turn around.

Future provision to support flat-water training on the Avon River/Ōtākaro involves adequate access to the water from facilities, proximity of boat storage and ancillary facilities, lighting (as there is a significant amount of night training through winter), river width and depth back to at least pre-earthquake conditions, river weed control, and safety considerations on and off the water e.g. visual connection from tracks to river and the use by many people of the ancillary facilities and surrounds.

The narrowing of sections of the Avon River/Ōtākaro has been stated as a possible strategy to improve flow rates and thus flushing of sediment – although this strategy may be only relevant to the upper Avon River/Ōtākaro (ie upstream of Fitzgerald Ave). Flat-water considerations of such a strategy should consider locations and length of narrower areas, the width of rowing boats and the ability of flat-water uses to pass each other.

E. The most significant challenges the Avon presented for flat-water use (prior to earthquake damage) was capacity, accessibility and safety. This was concentrated around Kerr’s Reach (the base of rowing and canoeing) and immediately downstream.

Increased water surface through flood management strategies would transfer some use off the Avon River/Ōtākaro (especially if there are incentives such as exclusive use through lane booking). Encouraging casual use access at other areas of the river will also assist with reducing congestion as will the continued use of Lyttelton Harbour by some. However, many flat-water sports/clubs want to continue to use the Avon River/Ōtākaro for long- distance/endurance and non-structured training. Given the above, even with increased water, overcrowding on the Avon River /Ōtākaro could possibly still occur at times but is likely to be less than the pre-earthquakes situation.

The development of a shred ancillary facility for flat-water clubs at Kerr’s Reach (or at another site) without increasing surface water would place further pressure (relative to pre-earthquake situation) on capacity, accessibility and on-water safety.

F. All sporting codes, wind sports and white-water canoeing want to increase participation and increase and retain membership. Provided that the sporting codes create sufficient opportunities (as they have all indicated – through school programmes and encouraging new users)), a greater water capacity in an accessible location will facilitate this.

For flat-water sports a less congested Avon River/Ōtākaro will improve the training environment for athletes and may encourage them to progress in their sport. In addition, having high performance training around younger participants (i.e. as role models), as well as hosting regular club and inter-club competitions and regional events, will help gain and maintain people’s interest in the sports.

Teaching young children to sail in a safe environment (including the Yachting NZ ‘Sailing Have a Go’ programme) is also a potential use of increased water surface. There is also a possibility of specialised sailing events and sailing sprint events making use of a water body. The feasibility of sailing use requires further investigation and needs to consider other sailing facility planning currently occurring in Christchurch.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 26 Within and between these sporting codes, the more boats on the water at a given time is beneficial in terms of the social aspect of the sport – which for many is a big reason for participating.

G. The requirement for flood management strategies may provide an opportunity to have an event venue for most flat-water sports – including some wind sports and new water-sports such as standup paddle boarding.

The infrequent use of the river for competitions and events is because it is narrow and does not have an adequate straight and wide stretch of river. The logistics of hosting an event are also difficult given all the other users on the river and the inability to or difficulty of booking the area around Kerr’s Reach.

The ability to host flat-water competitions and events in a Christchurch city location that is participant, spectator and supporter friendly (including proximity to the airport) and in a visible location – will help increase event participation and profile, as well as adding to the vibrancy of the corridor and the city.

Reducing the difficulty of hosting events and the costs involved in running an event (e.g. no need to transport boats and event equipment) will also make events more feasible and affordable for organisers and participants (e.g. compared to Lake Hood or Lake Ruataniwha). All of the water sports consulted have a desire to increase the number of local and regional competitions they run as well as hosting higher-level competitions.

H. A 1.15+km water body is an adequate event venue for all flat-water sports except rowing. The sharing of a water body suitable as a race venue (as well as for structured training and for beginners) strengthens the justification for necessary ancillary facilities.

CanoeNZ have stated there is no obvious water body in New Zealand for a national performance centre and would consider Christchurch as a possible location (also considering Rotorua and Auckland) – but would not have a base at Lake Ruataniwha.

The Ngā Kaihoe o Aotearoa (the Waka Ama national body) supports the drive to grow Waka Ama in the South Island.

The Aoraki Dragon Boat Association Inc. sometimes hosts the national competition in Christchurch and expects more teams from the North Island to compete if the event is in an accessible location.

The dimensions and positioning of a water body for wind sports requires further investigation, however a 1.15km length is considered useable. The length of a race course for Standup Paddle Boarding has not yet been confirmed, however, sprint racing could occur on a 1.15km length.

I. The width of a water body for event use of 8-10 lanes (135 – 162m wide) and would mean all flat-water sports (rowing, canoeing, dragon boating, waka ama) are catered for. A started above, the width of a water body for wind sports requires further investigation.

J. Canterbury Rowing would like a 2.15+km racing water body within the Avon River Corridor. However, the key provision for rowing in Christchurch is as a training venue, and therefore requiring a water body greater than a 2.15km race distance. The lack of adequate training provision in the city means Christchurch loses high performance athletes to other centres with better training facilities. As a Regional Performance Centre, Christchurch is an important regional sporting pathway tier for high performance athletes. The benefit of Christchurch as a location for high performance training is that it is close to where athletes and coaches live; there is off-water training provision, and the proximity of tertiary education institutions (where athletes can study) and the regional Centre of Excellence

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 27 K. Lake Ruataniwha is an excellent venue with purpose-built ancillary facilities. Lake Ruataniwha is the main South Island rowing racing venue for South Island and national competitions. Canoeing also hold their annual South Island competition in conjunction with the rowing regatta.

Although travel to Twizel from Christchurch (for both Christchurch rowers and other teams flying into Christchurch) is not ideal – Rowing NZ have stated that it is not a deterrent for rowing teams competing in the bigger competitions. The Arawa Canoe Club state that North Island paddlers are put off by the distance to travel (including needing to bring their own boats). For sporting codes such as waka ama and dragon boating the requirement to get enough boats to Twizel to run an event makes it unfeasible.

L. Lake Ruataniwha as the South Island rowing racing venue may become redundant if a 2km+ race venue is built in Christchurch. If this were the situation, then the two biggest rowing events in New Zealand – the NZ Rowing Championships and the Maadi Cup (both held every second and alternate year at Lake Ruataniwha) - would likely transfer to Christchurch.

M. Lake Hood in Ashburton also has adequate on-water rowing racing provision but lacks ancillary facilities and power. The 100km travel from Christchurch with boat is not ideal and likely to be a deterrent for some teams competing in city competitions. Plus, it is relatively difficult to host regular small and larger competitions outside the city. This site does, however, function as an adequate race venue.

N. The Waimakariri River was the event venue for the 2007 New Zealand University Shield and Tamaki Cup races (the Men’s and Women’s Championship Eights). This venue is approximately 30 minutes from central Christchurch and is a good on-water rowing venue – although it has a river current making it difficult to place racing lane buoys.

O. A 2.15+km water body in Christchurch is only necessary as a rowing race venue for competitions and race practice on a correct course length. That is, the need for an additional 1km racecourse is only for the purpose of holding rowing events in Christchurch.

Some local interclub rowing racing did occur on the Avon River pre-earthquakes, and given this it is likely that any enhancement of provision will be to at least pre-earthquake river conditions such use will be able to continue.

P. However, upon further investigation it may be identified that a 2.15km+ additional water body within the city would be well supported with training and competition use. As stated previously, a detailed assessment of water capacity is required to meet pre-earthquakes demand and latent demand and the post-earthquake situation is beyond the scope of this initial study. However, given that enhanced flat-water provision will only be a reality as a secondary function of flood management – then a 1km+ water body would be considered ideal provision for all flat-water sports except as a racing and race practice venue for rowing.

Q. There is a benefit to the sharing of ancillary facilities within the flat-water sports and other water sport use). This is discussed in Section 7.2.2.

R. The enhancement of Owles Terrace Reserve for flat-water recreational use is a location worth further consideration. Due to the possibility of enhanced wetlands and the width of the Avon River/Ōtākaro in this area, as well as the proximity of the Avon Heathcote Estuary/Ihutai, there is scope for this to be a focal area for recreational flat-water activity.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 28 Such use of this area could reduce some of the congestion on the Avon closer to the city. It would also enhance the vibrancy/busyness of the South New Brighton Reserves and likely have secondary spend benefits for New Brighton. Issues around environmental sensitivities (i.e. disturbance to birds) are discussed in Section 7.4.4.

The provision of casual use / family recreation on the water is supported by the Avon-Ōtākaro Network.

S. Recreational use of the Avon River/Ōtākaro for flat-water activities should also be facilitated through access banks at suitable locations along the length of the river.

T. The elevation of the Avon River/Ōtākaro bed and water quality are negative aspects for both casual and formal water-based use. The justification to dredge some or significant sections of the river is not just from a water user perspective but is compatible with other desires for the Avon River/Ōtākaro e.g. good surface water quality (this is discussed further in Section 7.4.5).

U. White-water canoeing aspirations for a slalom course within the Avon/Ōtākaro (and as part of a flat-water facility), as with other sports, is due to its accessibility for those training and for competitions.

White-water canoeing in Greater Christchurch and Canterbury is relatively well catered for (compared to other regions in New Zealand) with the natural environment. Provision within a redeveloped Avon River Corridor would be a new sport for the inner city. The cost of providing such specialised provision, the amount of used (including potential commercial use) requires further investigation.

Sections 7.2.2 Compatibility between water users of increased and enhanced water provision As discussed in Appendix 3.1.3, all of the flat-water sports in Christchurch want a shared flat-water facility within the Avon River Corridor.

Their use (as well as some wind sports’ use) of both on-water and off-water provision is the same or similar. Access from storage buildings to the water (whether a lake or river or both) is required – albeit there may be some difference in preferences regarding ramps, step and pontoons. An outside area near storage sheds for a ‘wash down’ area, briefing/debriefing and used for boat maintenance, is a requirement in common.

If a lake were developed, then all flat-water sports would like access to both the lake and river (refer to Section 6.2). A coaching cycle lane next to the water is also a requirement in common. The installation of lane markers will help facilitate share use (e.g. bookable lanes or some lanes dedicated to specific sports).

The requirements for ancillary provision and amenities for club use, training and events are similar (start/finish towers, event administration/club meeting room, gym, storage, offices, ablutions, etc.) within the flat-water sports and potentially with other potential sporting uses. Tracks in the adjacent corridor would be used for warm-up and cross training.

The width of a water body suitable for events (i.e. width of lanes and number of lanes) and the desired depth of water for events do differ between some of the flat-water sports – but is a resolvable design and management issue. There is also the issue with an extended length of a water body specifically for rowing events, the details of which would be part of a next feasibility study stage.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 29 Christchurch is already the regional performance centre for rowing and they have a regional development officer. Waka ama, surf-lifesaving and canoeing have indicated that they will likely have a regional development officer in the future and/or a possible requirement for shared office space within a ‘hub’ facility. The benefits of sharing these facilities also include combined high performance training/education sessions (e.g. nutrition/cross training) and the possibility of sharing specialised equipment (refer to Section 7.2.1).

Increased capacity of car parking and an additional outside space for use during events is also a common event requirement – which is also compatible with other users of the area and potential hub/precinct.

The compatibility between formal / club use and casual use of flat-water sports, as illustrated by the pre-earthquake situation at Kerr’s Reach, can be strained due to congestion. Casual use of a bookable water facility (i.e. a lake) could be problematic regarding casual use of booked lanes – but likely to be a resolvable management issue especially if the water body is part of a managed hub. Casual use could only take place if participants had their own boats – or – if part of a facility with a reception and equipment hire (which would also have safety management issues). However, it may be that recreational provision is better encouraged elsewhere e.g. at Owles Terrace.

Increased water surface and better distribution of casual use along the length of the Avon River will increase compatibility by reducing congestion between formal club use and casual users.

Section 7.4.2 Flood Management – potential for increased water surface Whether a flood management strategy for the Avon River Corridor is a widened river or an adjacent lake – this increased water body has exciting potential for the flat-water sports (and some wind sports) training and event provision in Christchurch. There are benefits for organised use of a lake over a widened river – in that it is a confined facility and is therefore easier to manage.

Use of a lake could be managed to allow for the booking of lanes or the whole water body – and have permanent lane markers. The creation of a lake also increases surface water provision to more of an extent than widening the existing river. A lake also ‘frees up’ the river for important endurance training and for recreational use. The confined area of a lake is also suitable for teaching children.

To maximise benefit for flat-water use, an area of at least approximately 1.15km is required (and of a substantial width) that it is non-tidal. Therefore, an additional benefit of a lake over a widened river is that it is separate from the river and can be developed to meet user requirements without adversely affecting (or complicating the enhancement of) the river’s aquatic and ecological functions, flow and its natural course. This is an issue of particular interest for Ngai Tahu (around mahinga kai sites and protection and restoration of the Ōtākaro/Avon River) and the Avon-Ōtākaro Network who “… strongly advocate that any proposal for a flat water facility must work in harmony with the natural state of the river and its environment.”

In addition, a river is recognised as a public domain and therefore managed use of a section of river is likely to meet public resistance

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 30 Appendix 5: Criteria for an international rowing venue

FISA rule book 2011: Appendix 1 - By-Laws to Rules 35 to 37 – Courses 1. FISA Manual for Rowing Championships In addition to conforming to the Rules of Racing and to the Racing Byelaws a course and all its technical equipment must also comply with the specifications and descriptions given in the latest edition of “The FISA Manual for Rowing Championships”. 2. Stretches of water 2.1. General A standard international course shall be straight and shall not have less than 6 racing lanes. It shall provide fair and equal racing conditions for six crews. For a course constructed after February 2001, there must be a minimum of eight racing lanes. In addition to the 6 racing lanes there must be sufficient water width available to allow crews to get to the start, to warm up and to cool down safely. For a World Rowing Championship or Rowing World Cup regatta it is recommended to have a minimum of 8 racing lanes available, plus sufficient water width on both sides of the course to allow for both safe traffic patterns and for moving lanes in case of unequal conditions. 2.2. Length of Water The minimum length of water necessary to contain the standard course is 2,150 m. For a course for Masters the minimum length is 1,150 m. 2.3. Width of Water The standard international course shall be at least 108 m wide i.e. 13.5 + (6 x 13.5) + 13.5 = 108m. The minimum recommended width of the course for a World Rowing Championship or Rowing World Cup regatta shall be at least 135 m i.e. 13.5 + (8 x 13.5) + 13.5 = 135 m. This width is a minimum and is only acceptable if a low level TV road is provided alongside the full length of the course. The ideal recommended width of the course for a World Rowing Championship or Rowing World Cup regatta shall be at least 162 m i.e. 27 + (8 x 13.5) + 27 = 162 m. This width allows for traffic movements beside the course and for TV coverage from the water. 2.4. Depth of Water For a standard international course the depth of water must be at least 3 metres throughout all racing lanes at the shallowest point if the depth over the course is unequal. However, it is recommended that a course should have a minimum depth of 3.5 metres. A number of old, artificial courses were constructed with an even depth of 2 metres. As long as they remain with an equal depth at all points on the course then they can still be accepted as a standard course. 2.5. Local Conditions The course must be sheltered from wind as far as possible. If not, there must be no natural or artificial obstacles (such as woods, buildings, structures) in the immediate neighbourhood of the course which might cause unequal conditions on the water. On a standard course there should be no stream. Any stream existing should be so slight as not to give rise to unequal conditions on the different lanes. The running of the race must not be influenced by natural or artificial waves. The banks must be so designed as to absorb and not to reflect waves.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 31 Appendix 6: Criteria for a waka ama racing venue Sprint Race course - Course lanes  The race course shall have lanes that are:  250 and/or 500m long;  at least 10 - 12.5m in width for races run in a straight line;  30 - 35m in width for races involving turns;  at right angles to the start and finish line;  at least 2m deep;  not unduly influenced by currents.

Consideration needs to be given to: o Course design

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 32 o designed to accommodate commercial rafting from the outset and are not merely single purpose facilities for elite athletes. o Water volume – capacity of total system volume in lower pond (~ 28,000m3) o Water quality – primary contact recreation standard required (so should not connected to flat water lake if water quality there of lower standard) o Electrical costs for pumping – courses need to have energy usage managed carefully

Examples of whitewater parks are: o Penrith Whitewater Stadium8 in Sydney o Penrith has a rowing lake and whitewater course co-located. o The rowing lake is an integral component of the stormwater system o Facilities and services are shared o Auckland has just approved a whitewater stadium in Manukau o Columbus, Georgia, USA, has o bike and walking trails, a whitewater course, and birding, all wrapped together and marketed as an ‘outdoor urban escape’ o the concept is marketed by the Columbus Tourism Association o there is a river walk, river performing arts centre, river bike trail, ecological restoration and whitewater adventure.

8 Built in 1999 for the Sydney Olympics. Only commercially sustained pumped whitewater facility in existence with a history of financial success. Its steady growth in patronage and net profit builds a strong case for the viability of other whitewater parks in urban centres. Source: WPI Ltd, designers.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 33 o The number9 of participants in kayaking in Christchurch is estimated at 8-9% of the population over 16 years of age. This is around 30,000 people who kayak more than once a year, and it does not include all the high school age students who participate in pool-based canoe polo and outdoor education activities that include paddle sports. o At the participation level, kayaking is similar to Netball and Snow Sports. o Infrastructure to support growth in participation (instructors, CPIT for professional guides, Outdoor Education, clubs, retailers and manufacturers.) o A splendid range of ‘wild’ rivers, lakes and estuaries. o Canterbury’s rivers are a wonderful resource, with the west Coast being a premier international whitewater destination. o Abundant groundwater and surface water to use in a non-consumptive urban facility o A tourism gateway to the South Island with a good visitor infrastructure, including the International Airport and accommodation, and other sporting facilities o Existing rafting businesses of long-standing o Engineers and construction expertise (Arrow Construction built the Penrith course) o Climate o A very accessible location if sited within east Christchurch.

Co-location of whitewater course and flat water sports lake A whitewater course does not need to locate next to the flat water sports lake, but there are benefits in doing so: o the possibility of using the pumps to shift stormwater in/out of the lake/river/stormwater system o shared use of facilities with other sports o cross-training and cross-pollination of ideas amongst sports o benefits to tourism and passive recreation by having a number of activities to do/see in one easily accessible place.

9 SPARC Recreation Survey, and Lincoln University AERU reports.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 34 o Whitewater Slalom; Wildwater racing, with sprint events held on the course and longer races on Canterbury wild rivers; Freestyle; Fun events for Christchurch residents; Multi-sport events; Made for TV sponsored events – “Top Town’, Weetbix etc o increased youth participation in kayaking, but also in rowing, flat water kayaking, and in much higher competitive performance standards. o ability to train all year round given the facilities, and attract northern hemisphere teams to New Zealand in our summer to train. o commercial rafting operation to bring in revenue o in a safe urban location with public transport and cycleway access will enable youth to participate in whitewater sports. o synergies available when such outdoor activities are all in a ‘one- stop-shop’ o a draw card for the more passive recreational people – walking, dog walking, picnicking, Cafes, sports coaching, and basic infrastructure can be spread across multiple markets. (as it was with QE2)

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 35 Appendix 8: History of rowing lake advocacy 1. In 2000 a flat-water multi sports facility, Lake Isaac Watersports Park, began as a proposal by Canterbury Rowing to develop a world class rowing lake in Christchurch10. Canterbury rowing initiated this because they considered rowing had outgrown its venue at Kerr’s Reach. Canterbury Rowing formed a charitable trust (Christchurch International Rowing Centre Charitable Trust – CIRCCT) to drive the project. 1.1. The land on which the lake was to be formed (274m wide x 2,500m long x 4.0m water depth) was owned by the Diana Isaac Wildlife Trust. CIRCCT had an agreement to rent the land on a 99 year renewable lease. 1.2. A concept plan was developed by CIRCCT and endorsed by rowing New Zealand, FISA (Federation Internationale Des Societes D’aviron) and Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC). A $50,000 funding contract had been entered into with the Ministry of Economic Development for the preparation of an economic feasibility study. 1.3. Preliminary estimates were that the facility, fully developed to the required international standard, could cost over $23 million to complete. 1.4. An economic impact study prepared by APR Consultants reported “from comparison with other facilities and events there is evidence to suggest that Lake Isaac would have significant positive economic impact on Christchurch city, the wider Canterbury region and New Zealand. Annually the lake could expect to attract to Christchurch city an extra 10-12 national sporting events. The extra annual expenditure in Christchurch associated with these events was assessed to be in the order of $3.5 million, which is equivalent to the evaluation of an extra 45 to 50 new jobs. In addition Lake Isaac as a world class facility was considered capable of attracting major international competition for several passive water-sports and multi-sport events.” 1.5. The Trust needed to progress detailed design for the lake to refine cost estimates and to make an application to Environment Canterbury for resource consents (estimated cost $1m) to excavate into the flood plain, to use of natural silts and sediments to seal the gravels in order to maintain the lake level, and protection from flooding. The physical digging of the lake, banking, levelling, and testing was estimated to cost $12 million and take three years. The associated necessary amenities were estimated to cost $11 million and take one to two years.

2. The Lake Isaac Watersports Park Trust made a submission to the 2003/04 Annual Plan seeking $12.4 million (including GST) for the park. The Council allocated $150,000 in 2003/04 for investigations to be undertaken on the provision of a Christchurch flat water sports facility. The investigations were to include an independently reviewed business case which establishes a demand for such a facility in Christchurch, its operational viability, available land options (including all aspects of environmental, transport and other impacts), construction costs and bird strike risk for the airport.

3. In Feb 2004 a report to Council11: 3.1. Identified alternative sites 3.1.1. An 2003/2004 analysis of alternative sites was carried out using a range of factors with each factor given a weighting:

10 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/Council/Agendas/2003/April/CommunityLeisure/FlatwaterSports.pdf 11 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/council/agendas/2004/february/communityleisure18feb/flatwater.pdf

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 36

3.2. Reviewed the operational viability of the flat water sports facility and validate that viability. 3.2.1. Annual operating budgets were prepared which showed a surplus of $9,000 for a Stage I facility and $63,000 for a Stage II and III facility. 3.2.2. These budgets were reliant on annual revenue charges from four local rowing clubs, 12 school rowing clubs, two canoeing clubs and 30 dragon boat teams. 3.2.3. The budgeted cash operating expenses (ie excluding depreciation) for Stage I were $188,000 and for Stage II and III $310,000. It was intended to operate Lake Isaac as a commercial operation that would require additional costs than that currently being incurred at Kerr’s Reach.

3.3. Reviewed and validated the capital and operational budget, which has currently been developed for the facility and any budget for a revised proposal. 3.3.1. The Lake Isaac proposal for a new venue was considered in three stages, Stage 1 being a training and competition course to replace Kerr’s Reach. Stages 2 and 3 identify further improvements which would upgrade the course to host national and international events respectively. The cost for Stage 1 was estimated at $15.45 million, with Stages 2 and 3 adding a further $14.92 million to give a total estimated cost of $30.37 million.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 37

3.3.2. The Lake Isaac Trust proposed a combination of funding sources including Christchurch City Council, central government, community agencies, companies, corporates and private individuals. The Council has been asked to fund $11M to assist with the funding of Stage 1.

3.4. Explained the “public good” in relation to a flat water sports facility. 3.4.1. Characteristics of a Public Good . Non-excludable – i.e. the good/service is available to everyone and entry/consumption to it cannot be restricted. . Non-rival – i.e. consumption of the good/service by an individual does not exclude or inhibit consumption of it by another . Benefits accrue to the general public rather than a specific group e.g. facility users 3.4.2. In considering public good in relation to the proposed flat water facility assumptions made as to how the facility will be operated and managed were:. . The areas around the flat water facility will be largely open to public access for walking, cycling, picnicking etc., except perhaps when a major sporting event is taking place. . Public access will generally not be restricted and will for all intents and purposes be a park. . The water space itself at the flat water facility will be available for public usage most of the time ie an individual with a non-engine powered craft could arrive, launch the craft and use the water space. (There will be a fee for this use)

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 38 3.5. Whether a Christchurch facility needs to meet international standards.

3.6. Assessed long term operational risks 3.6.1. Insufficient revenue to cover annual operating costs 3.6.2. A decline in patronage due to a drop off in participation in flat water sports - The first rowing club in Canterbury was formed in 1861 and the sport has always enjoyed steady support. Secondary school rowing has become a major sporting activity for schools. Multi-sport disciplines have increased in popularity over the years as has dragon boat racing, in spite of the lack of open water space. Interest in flat water sports is not expected to decline and could well increase with the focus on recreation for health benefits. 3.6.3. Natural hazards such as floods, earthquake damage and bird strike . The Diana Isaac Wildlife Trust was having discussions with ECan over the use of its land to enhance primary flood defence for the area. Earthquake damage is no greater risk than that for a natural water facility and buildings as the lake is dug into the ground and is not reliant on a liner to retain the water. . The Council was working on a nuisance bird management strategy which will/could impact on design and operational issues at Lake Isaac. 3.6.4. Occupational, safety and health (OSH) issues - The Lake Isaac Water Park Trust was very conscious of these issues and was having discussions with Water Safety New Zealand with respect to design, equipment required, policies and procedures to address OSH issues.

4. In March 2004 further information was provided on bird strike in relation to the airport and issues associated with the Lake Isaac Watersports Park proposal12. In relation to the issue of bird management and the risk of bird strike at the airport, there was a short term need to identify the problematic species and define the issues arising out of the specific issue related to aircraft bird strike. 4.1. Bird Management Strategy - The Council identified the need to establish an overarching strategy to deal with nuisance birds in Christchurch and surrounding areas. This strategy will form part of the overall biodiversity strategy for the city. It is expected that the strategy would include fouling of waterways and private properties and other areas, increasing populations of some species displacing other more desirable species and the risk to various commercial operations. 4.2. Birdstrike and the associated risks for the Airport - The risk assessment carried out by Phil Shaw from Ecosure Pty Ltd and independently reviewed by Professor David Elms, an expert in risk management, concluded that the Lake Isaac proposal poses too great a risk of an unacceptable level of bird strike hazard at Christchurch International Airport and should not proceed.

5. A June 2004 report updated the Council on matters relating to possible sites for a flat water rowing facility13. 5.1. Investigations noted a potential site at Bottle Lake Plantation. 5.2. A preliminary report from OCEL Consultants Ltd, Feasibility study for a proposed flat water racing facility at Bottle Lake Forest, was prepared14. This site was considered for an international competition standard flat water facility instead of Lake Isaac. 5.2.1. The requisites for the site to be an economic option a number of key points needed to be satisfied: . The ground must either be relatively impervious or self-sealing or, alternatively, the natural ground water level must be high, this to retain the water in the lake. . The site needs to be close to flat to minimise the volume of excavation required.

12 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/council/proceedings/2004/march/cnclcover18th/suppgeneralmanagerstrategicdevelopment.pdf 13 http://www1.ccc.govt.nz/council/proceedings/2004/june/cnclcover30th/Clause1AttachmentApdx4. 14http://resources.ccc.govt.nz/files/thecouncil/meetingsminutes/agendas/2004/June/CnClCover30th/Clause1AttachmentFWApdxB.pdf

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 39 . The soil to be excavated should be easy to excavate and easy to dispose of, preferably of some commercial value so that it can be sold to recoup part of the expenditure. . There must be a ready source of fresh water capable of filling the lake and maintaining a low flow through. 5.2.2. This broad brush review of the key features of the Bottle Lake Forest site indicates that the construction of the proposed flat water facility is fully feasible . the sand material can be readily excavated and disposed of, despite the large volumes involved, . the hydrogeology is favourable and the coastal hazard is low. . construction issues associated with excavating and retaining sand in an area with a high natural groundwater level - a direct consequence of the favourable hydrogeology - can be dealt with effectively and economically. . There is no risk from the adjacent land fill site. . In comparison with the site originally proposed close to the airport the Bottle Lake Forest site is closer to the city and is not complicated by bird strike issues. . It would appear to warrant more detailed engineering investigation to develop detailed costing.

6. In June 2004 the Council agreed to: 6.1. provide $200,000 in 2004/05 for feasibility investigations on a preferred site for a flat water facility, not being Lake Isaac or any other site which would pose a risk to airport operations. 6.2. Provide $11m capital for this facility: 6.3. 2005/06 $600,000 6.4. 2006/07 $3m 6.5. 2007/08 $3.6m 6.6. 2008/09 $3.8m

7. It is unclear why the Bottle Lake Forest Park proposal was not further investigated.

8. In April 2008 Canterbury Rowing regional manager John Wylie was advocating for a new 2km course at Henderson's Basin, a flood plain in south-west Christchurch. The Henderson's Basin scheme is an alternative to a course planned for Lake Isaac, which is opposed by Christchurch International Airport due to bird-strike fears. The council was exploring the Henderson's Basin scheme as part of an ambitious sports plan, but plans to upgrade facilities at Kerr's Reach, and Owles Terrace while the Henderson's Basin project is under consideration.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 40 Appendix 9: Media on lake The Press, 8 April 2008: Rowing pushes new 2km course Rowing enthusiasts are campaigning to ensure a proposal for a man-made rowing course is included in the Christchurch City Council's spending plans. A 2km flat-water course has been proposed by Canterbury Rowing for Henderson’s Basin, a flood plain in south-west Christchurch. Canterbury Rowing regional manager John Wylie is calling on sports groups and residents to urge the council to include the proposal in the annual spending plan. "At the moment it has to get back on the long-term plan. We will be making submissions and encouraging all our sports groups to make sure we get on it." The council's draft annual spending plan is out for public consultation until April 21. The Henderson’s Basin scheme is an alternative to a course planned for Lake Isaac, which is opposed by Christchurch International Airport due to birdstrike fears. Wylie hopes the Lake Isaac backers will support the Henderson’s Basin scheme, which has won airport approval. The council is exploring the Henderson’s Basin scheme as part of an ambitious sports plan launched last week. The council also plans to upgrade water sports facilities at Kerr’s Reach, on the Avon River, while the Henderson’s Basin project is under consideration. Wylie said the project could be funded by using spoil excavated during construction of the water course to raise nearby flood-plain land so it is suitable for housing.

The Press, 3 June 2013: Rower guns for new facility The earthquakes uncorked the opportunity to build an international-quality flat-water sport facility in the eastern suburbs red zone, Christchurch rowing stalwart John Wylie says. He dreams of a course beside the Avon River, somewhere near the current rowing facilities at Kerr’s Reach that would be 2.5 kilometres long, 300 metres wide, 4m deep, with 10 lanes. The dream is not well advanced or funded, but Wylie lobbied the city council to include the facility when plans are drawn up to solve drainage issues in the east. He noted land had slumped, the river narrowed, the estuary risen and the Avon River didn't drain to the east as it used to. A flat-water sport facility could be part of the solution. "Whatever the drainage solution that comes up . . . leave a footprint for a flat-water sport facility," he said. The facility could be used by rowers, kayakers, canoeists, waka paddlers, dragon boat enthusiasts and, if water quality was satisfactory, triathletes. Wylie estimated that digging the hole would cost $40 million, but said "major contractors" had told him "we will dig this for nothing if we can have the soil". They would use it as fill in subdivisions and other projects. Rowers and paddlers had "always been on the back foot in Christchurch" because of poor facilities, Wylie said. Matters got worse post-quake. There were too many users for the narrowed Avon River and poor water quality often prevented training. "We've done what we can to keep the sport operating. “In the next two to three years we believe we need to find a solution," Wylie said. Lake Hood, near Ashburton, was a popular rowing and paddling facility, but too far away for serious athletes who trained daily. There was little point digging a smaller lake. "Do it once and do it right. "We're a minority sport, we understand that," he said, but New Zealand was a successful rowing and paddling nation. "Our performance on the water [at the London Olympics] was very much a source of national pride," he said. "We're living with what we've got, but it could be a lot more desirable to have a water facility that would be a positive outcome from the earthquakes." The lake would not be a standalone sporting facility, but a civic drainage facility with a dual purpose as a sport venue.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 41

The Press, 2 December 2013: MP Gerry Brownlee makes sporting declaration Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee wants to use the vacant residential red zone to make Christchurch the "sporting capital of New Zealand". Brownlee said yesterday that the large amount of land in the city's east could become home to a large recreational water course - and solve the area's flooding problem at the same time. Combined with the stadium planned for the central city, Christchurch could achieve "sporting capital" status, he said. The comments come as demolition is accelerated in the residential red zone, with all flatland residential areas due to be cleared by the end of next year. Brownlee said he had previously been reluctant to speak about what could be done with the vacant land while residents were still making decisions about their future. However, 6500 people had now shifted out. Christchurch was a sporting city and could be recognised for that in the future, he said. The red-zoned east could become an addition to the city's sporting facilities, with a water course "unique in the Southern Hemisphere". The park could service rowing, triathlon and open water swimming. "You can't leave the shingle stopbanks there forever." Brownlee said he had "taken a couple of hours out" to speak to people involved in building internationally-acclaimed Dorney Lake, near Windsor, while he was in London for Margaret Thatcher's funeral. He understood the Olympic rowing lake had a drying impact on the surrounding land. Brownlee said the water park plan would need to involve the Christchurch City Council, but there was nothing formalised yet. "It's a discussion that needs to be had. It would be a massive asset to the city. “I’m happy to be held to it if it's a very long timeline." Canterbury Rowing regional manager John Wylie was unaware Brownlee was looking at the water park concept. He said the organisation had been advocating such a plan for years, and hoped Brownlee's comments were "an indication there is an ability to do it". An earlier plan for a water park between Sparks and Cashmere roads was shelved after the earthquakes. Wylie hoped a watercourse could be "piggybacked" with drainage work in the eastern suburbs. The quakes had narrowed the Avon River and rowers based at Kerr’s Reach could not go beyond the Avondale Bridge. High-performance and senior rowers had been training on the Waimakariri and Selwyn rivers in the interim. Wylie said the capacity for water sports to grow was there.

The Press 14 December 2013: Can Christchurch become NZ's sporting capital? When Canterbury rowing chief John Wylie looked out over London's Dorney Lake, he got a glimpse of what Christchurch could have had - and could yet get. The much-lauded Olympic watersport venue near Windsor in the bucolic Berkshire countryside was modelled on a plan devised a decade ago for Lake Isaac, a purpose-built flat-water sports venue proposed for the Harewood-McLeans Island area. Lake Isaac was scuppered after Christchurch International Airport objected to the potential risk of bird strikes. But Wylie passed its plans to FISA, international rowing's governing body. The plans were snapped up for the Dorney Lake development, hailed by many as the best of the 2012 London Olympic venues. But Wylie and other water sports advocates hope Christchurch could get its own aquatic amphitheatre designed along Dorney Lake lines. They have enthusiastically applauded Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee's latent conversion to the cause. Brownlee said this month he wanted to use the vacant residential red zone to make Christchurch the "sporting capital" of New Zealand. The centrepiece would be a water course "unique in the southern hemisphere", a facility that could both solve the area's flooding problem and serve as a venue for sports such as rowing, kayaking, triathlon and open-water swimming. New Christchurch Mayor Lianne Dalziel also sounds enthusiastic. Speaking to the South Island Property Council forum this week, the former Christchurch East MP said the city was "of course more than capable of being the sporting capital New Zealand; some would say we are already".

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 42 "But what about thinking of the water table in the east and the use of an introduced watercourse as a mechanism for dealing with these issues?" Brownlee's support is music to Wylie's ears. The 73-year-old Canterbury Rowing general manager has devoted 58 years to rowing and remains dedicated to seeing a flat-water sports venue established in Canterbury. Wylie wasn't aware of Brownlee's interest until the minister's comments were published in The Press, but they certainly piqued his interest. He said creating a lake in the eastern suburbs to serve as a "drainage solution for Christchurch and a multisport hub" would be "a win-win situation". A 2.5-kilometre-long, 10-lane lake could be used for water sporting events up to world championship standard. But, equally importantly, it would also be a training facility and a recreational amenity. He has identified "three alignments, within the red zone, that would give us just under 2.5km", but he won't name the locations because the sporting codes "are piggybacking on what needs to be done as a drainage scheme". Wylie said the alignments should suit the prevailing wind, which "actually runs from north to northeast in the morning and gradually swings around". The water course would need to be "just under 200m wide" to accommodate 10 lanes, each 13.5m wide. It should be 4m deep and ideally, like Dorney Lake, have a 30m-wide return lane so crews could comfortably pass each other. Wylie stressed rowing wouldn't be the only beneficiary. Other water sports would also be catered for and there could be tracks for walkers, joggers and rollerbladers. Codes could share amenity buildings because the days of "stand-alone facilities are gone".

Wylie said there was "a lot of emotion about anything that affects the river and water”. “But we've got to stop pretending that the main drain [the Avon River] is a premier sports venue. We've got to build something that suits its purpose and we need to piggyback on a wider community benefit." He points to the success of Lake Hood, the artificial recreational and sporting lake created near Ashburton, in conjunction with housing developments. Lake Hood was being doubled in size and would be eventually equal in size to "Hagley Park, underwater". Penrith Lakes - venue for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games rowing regatta where New Zealand single sculler Rob Waddell won a gold medal - served as a "stormwater runoff" for the Blue Mountains catchment and had "opened up the area for development". It's also used as an open-water swimming venue. "This would do the same thing for Christchurch," Wylie said. Christchurch-based Canoe Racing New Zealand Grant Restall sees similar potential. He went to a world championship at Lake Juran, a 2250m-long facility in Zagreb, Croatia, which was surrounded by restaurants and cafes in a "quite inspirational" development, 2km from the CBD. "It was a focal point for the city." Lake Juran is used for rowing, kayaking and open-water swimming competitions, but also recreational aquatic activities. Football, basketball, beach volleyball, softball, mini-golf and mountain biking are options in the precincts, and children's playgrounds. Wylie agreed with the multisport focus. "The back of a boat shed would make a pretty good squash court".

Swimming New Zealand's open-water swimming high performance manager Philip Rush says a "multipurpose" flat-water venue in Christchurch would be a potentially attractive proposition for his sport, which uses Lake Taupo for its national championships. Olympic-style 10km open-water swimming events are increasingly being held in a controlled environment like a purpose-built lake, rather than in wild venues, such as the ocean. The 2012 Olympic race was held in The Serpentine Lake in London's Hyde Park and the next world championships will be on a rowing course in Kazan, Russia. Rush said the development proposed by Brownlee would be "an asset to Christchurch, although [Swimming New Zealand] would say obviously a swimming pool [to replace QE II] would be fantastic first".

So why should water sports get their way and what about the cost? Wylie says there is a glaring need for a safe and accessible place to train and compete. The Avon is "too congested". Its banks have narrowed "two to three metres either side, and in some places even more." Rowing's traditional Kerr's Reach venue was "a three-lane course, but it has narrowed since the quakes and now it's a two-lane course". "We can't take any more rowers on now; we literally can't put any more on the river. “Since the closure of the Avondale Bridge, there's no water

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 43 access below Kerr's Reach. We have 500 schools rowers on Wednesday afternoons and we used to have to fit them into 5km of river. Now it's barely 1.5km; it's getting more dangerous." Crews were training on the Waimakariri River but Wylie said that wasn't ideal, especially for school-age rowers because it's "a big, wild river". "We took the bottom out of a new four [boat] three weeks ago. Where there was deep water last time they went out, there was a shingle bank. It left a 5m gash [in the boat's hull]." Restall said kayakers were also finding the Avon River more congested.

Wylie said the scuppering of Lake Isaac had set sports such as rowing back years, resulting in an exodus of elite Canterbury rowers, like James Lash - a member of the New Zealand lightweight four that won two World Cup titles this year and were "pipped at the post in the world champs" - to train and compete at Lake Karapiro, near Cambridge in the Waikato. "If you regard rowing as one of the more successful national sports, which we are, it's almost appalling that we don't have better facilities [in Canterbury]," Wylie said.

But, rowing already has two elite venues at Karapiro and Lake Ruataniwha, near Twizel, 3½ hours’ drive from Christchurch? Does it, in all conscience, need another? Wylie agreed there would be an impact on Ruataniwha in terms of Canterbury rowers training there. But accommodation facilities at Karapiro were already stretched, with more than 100 rowers training there last winter. "If we had [a flat-water] facility here, I believe we could almost see Rowing New Zealand peel off some of the junior and under-23 development programmes to Christchurch. As a sport, we are big enough and have enough growth to be able to work from more than one location." Besides, Wylie believed there could be an economic spinoff for the city. Major world championships might come to New Zealand only once every 25 years, but a world masters rowing regatta would bring "3000 overseas visitors to wine, dine and stay in Christchurch for a fortnight". "A lot of other sporting events would gravitate to it."

Canoe Racing New Zealand chief executive Mark Weatherall said while his sport would be unlikely to attract a world championship, having a specialist flat-water venue would be a significant boost in terms of potentially hosting events but also for training purposes.

Wylie said excavation costs could be recouped. Lake Hood cost $7 a cubic metre to dig out, mainly because of the cost of diesel. "Our guestimate is it could be done in Christchurch for $10 per cubic metre now, with the change in diesel price. There'd be four million cubic metres of spill, that's $40m if you're paying for it. But Christchurch is going to need a helluva lot of soil for top dressing new subdivisions. We've already had at least a couple of our major Canterbury contractors approach us and say they would dig [the lake] for nothing if they could get the fill. There’s an economic value to the spill."

Wylie, who when he was awarded the New Zealand Order of Merit three years ago said he wouldn't retire till he saw a flat-water facility become a reality, said it had be built. But he warned, "the world is full of 1.8km [rowing] courses that have been abandoned". Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra was a classic case. "It was meant to be a longer course but it was reduced because it would have meant taking a bit of the Governor-General's front lawn. So it became a 1.8km course. Canberra could have had one of the most beautiful courses in the world, but no-one goes there now because it's not long enough. If we are going to do it, do it properly."

Wylie hoped Sport Canterbury would step in and advocate for potential venue users in discussions with the city council and the Government. The regional sports trust is looking at the issue but chief executive Julyan Falloon wanted to talk to the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority and organisations like the Avon Corridor support group and "do due diligence" before making substantive public comment. Brownlee has loosened the floodgate stops with his pronouncement, but there's a lot of water to flow under this particular bridge yet

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 44 Appendix 10: South Island rowing and water sports venues

Lake Ruataniwha

 Lake Ruataniwha is located in the Mackenzie Basin in New Zealand’s South Island. An artificial lake, it was formed as part of the Waitaki hydroelectric project. It lies on the traditional boundary of the Canterbury and Otago provinces with the town of Twizel two kilometres to the north.  It is named after Ruataniwha Station, a large sheep station in the area, part of which was purchased by the NZ Electricity Department as the site for the township of Twizel. Ruataniwha was a Maori chief who was drowned when the canoe Arai-te-uru sank near Moeraki in the 12th century  The lake is approximately 4.5 km in length and covers 3.4 square km.  It was formed by the New Zealand Ministry of Works as part of the Upper Waitaki Power Project between 1977 and 1981  Lake Ruataniwha is fed by the output from the Ohau A power station and also by an overflow discharge from Lake Ohau down the normally dry bed of the Ohau River.  Ruataniwha discharges through a natural gap in the dam into a canal which feeds the Ohau B power station.  The lake functions as a surge reservoir for the power scheme.  The lake has been developed by the Ministry of Works into a major recreational resource for the area with a large number of trees and a holiday park on the lakeside.  Lake Ruataniwha is the main rowing venue in the South Island and shares national rowing events such as the National Championships and National Secondary School Championships on alternate years with Lake Karapiro. The lake typically hosts an average of 5 major rowing events a year.  The lake’s facilities can accommodate 600 rowing boats and 2000 competitors.  The rowing course has eight lanes.  The course has been custom built for rowing which means the course meets the international criteria for such aspects as depth and width among other criteria.  South Island Rowing is continuously improving the facilities for the rowing fraternity at this venue.  Water levels need to be stable for rowing regattas on Lake Ruataniwha. Meridian Energy maintains constant water levels (both height above sea level and the flow of water during events.  The regatta control building contains a first aid room, drug testing area, administration rooms, storage rooms and on the upper floor, facilities for judges and the timekeepers, as well as a commentary room.  The lake is also used for swimming, yachting, canoeing and windsurfing.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 45 Lake Hood

 Lake Hood is a man-made recreational lake located 6 km south-east of Tinwald  It was opened in 2001  It is 2.3 km long by 1 km wide and is more than 80 hectares  It features an eight lane rowing course and separate water skiing and jet skiing areas, and is home to Water Ski Lake Hood.  It is increasing in popularity for rowing, as it is not as susceptible to wind as the main South Island rowing venue, Lake Ruataniwha  A substantial housing subdivision, serving as a satellite suburb of Ashburton has been built surrounding the lake.

Pegasus Lake

 Part of Pegasus Town development. Lake completed in 2009  A 14 hectare recreation lake; maximum depth 5m; over 4km of shoreline; a recreational equipment hire facility; its own island accessible by suspension bridge, with a large waterfall  Lake lining is rock  Shore/edge treatment is Massblock wall, rock outcrops and 11 pebble and sand beaches  Total replacement value $3,300,000 in 2009  Primary function is high quality amenity lake with aesthetics, and clear water, clear of scum, debris and odour.  Is intended for use for water sport activities such as kayaking and sailing, and is being used for sporting events such as dragonboat competitions and triathlons.  Lake designed for water quality suitable for secondary contact recreation (boating), but it has been used for recreational swimming by the public and for racing in triathlons (primary contact).  Aim to minimise the risk of potentially toxic algal blooms.  A number of measures are being undertaken to protect the quality of the lake water15, including: o using a catcher when mowing grass close to the lake o planting only trees species that do not shed leaves or needles

15 Beca 2008. Lake Management Plan

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 46 o controlling bird populations near the lake o treating the lake edges to discourage mosquitos and midges o filtering the stormwater discharge from the town centre and o a solar powered mixing system is used to limit the stratification of the water.  Extensive ground investigations identified that the majority of the soils occurring beneath the development had a high liquefaction potential. In particular a large area adjacent to the shore of the proposed lake was identified as being prone to lateral spreading in excess of 250mm and seismic induced settlements over 100mm. o To mitigate against this risk significant ground improvement works were required to consolidate and densify soils around the lake shore16. o These earthworks included a mix of vibroflotation and vibroreplacement o Where this was tested and found not to meet the acceptance criteria, excavation and recompaction/replacement was undertaken.  Lake is important for management of stormwater and flooding in severe storm events and is to be used for stormwater retention, but not for treatment. Aims to attenuate peak storm flow rates for 1 in 10 year and 100 year events to pre development flows17.

Appendix 11: Overseas international standard rowing venues

Sydney International Regatta Centre, Penrith lakes, Sydney

 The Penrith Lakes Scheme is a mining and restoration project built on the site of a former sand and gravel quarry near Penrith in Sydney's west.  Originally, the Penrith Lakes Development Corporation (PLDC) had mined the quarries. PLDC was charged with overseeing the rehabilitation of the site into community facilities, including the creation of a system of interconnected lakes in the old quarry sites.  After rehabilitation of the former sand and gravel quarry was completed, the first stage of the canoe/kayak and rowing facilities at Penrith Lakes opened in July 1995, with competition facilities opened on 12 March 1996.  Following Sydney's successful bid and the creation of the Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA), oversight of the construction of the A$36 million facilities for Olympic rowing and canoe/kayak became the responsibility of OCA.  Architects were for course layout - O'Hanlon Design, for start & finish towers – Conybeare Morrison, and for the pavilion – Woods Bagot Architects.

16 BECA Infrastructure Limited (2009). Pegasus Town Development – Works to Mitigate Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading at Town Centre and Lake Edge - Revised Report 17 Pegasus Lake Drainage AMP 2009. http://www.waimakariri.govt.nz/Libraries/Activity_Management_Plans/FINAL_VERSION_Pegasus_Lake_Drainage_AMP_AMP_JANUARY_2009.sflb.ashx

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 47 Facilities  A 2.3 km purpose built canoeing and rowing competition course  Consistent 5m depth  9 lanes for rowing or 12 for canoeing  Rock-coated, wave absorbing banks to ensure fair competition  1500 m warm-up lake to allow competitors to practice while a race is in progress  1000-seat pavilion, and seating for 30000 people in temporary stands along one bank of the rowing and canoeing course  Architecturally designed start and finish towers  Storage for 80 craft, plus space for workshops, venue management, medical support and meeting rooms.  5km bitumen track around the lake used by cyclists, triathletes and paralympians for training in a traffic free zone with access to swimming facilities.  Landscaped parkland surrounding the lake open to the public for picnics and recreation  Penrith Lakes Environmental Education Centre (PLEEC) provides school students of all ages with a venue to learn about the native flora and fauna of the area and the relationships between people and the environment. It is visited by almost 10,000 students every year

Environment  During the quarrying of sand and gravel and the construction of the project dust was controlled through controlling work areas, watering of haul roads and grassing or mulching completed areas promptly. Sediment, erosion and spill control was in place to ensure the adjacent Nepean River and already completed lakes were protected.  Work includes the establishment of a natural ecosystem in the lakes and surrounding parklands. This involves the planting of hundreds of thousands of native trees and shrubs, the introduction of native fish, and the maintenance of water quality standards. o To help maintain the ecosystem of the lake system and the purity of the water, the lake was stocked with 25000 native underwater plants. While an impressive environmental initiative, the introduction of the water plants was not without considerable problems for sports planners. Following periods of unusually heavy rain, many plants broke off from the bottom of the lake and had the potential to become entangled in the shells and oars of rowers and canoeists. To overcome the problem and ensure it didn't impact on Olympic competition, an extensive harvesting program was put in place to keep the weed down to a minimum during the Games. o Amongst the important contributors to maintaining the ecological balance are the fish and macro invertebrates that inhabit the lakes. . Many species of native fish have been found breeding successfully in the lakes. European Carp has been controlled through netting and the introduction of 12000 native Australian Bass. . Macro-invertebrates feed on algae and decaying plant and animal matter and provide a food source for fish. o The native trees and shrubs are currently being propagated on site at the Muru Mittigar Aboriginal Cultural Centre’s native nursery. Wildlife lake - a dedicated wildlife lake is currently under construction in the north of the area to provide a breeding haven for local and migratory birds. The design of the lake and foreshore includes a variety of habitats such as sheltered wetlands, islands, underwater reefs, grasslands and woodlands to support the terrestrial and aquatic fauna that will visit and live in the area. Over 75 species of water birds already visit or nest in the area. o Cumberland woodland - areas of the woodland with natural heritage significance have been preserved throughout the quarrying process. These pockets of remnant woodland are located on the escarpment overlooking the quarry site and a couple of small pockets within the scheme. They are now preserved under the Endangered Species legislation. Design of the adjacent landscapes has integrated the remnant pockets to provide sustainable areas of woodland

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 48  A water quality management plan using natural systems coupled with engineering solutions and regular testing has ensured that the water in the rowing and warm-up lakes is safe for swimming. o Macrophytes, or aquatic plants, play an important part in creating the ecological balance in the lakes. In conjunction with micro-organisms they provide a natural means of water purification. o Light and oxygen in the lakes are monitored regularly to ensure the levels remain suitable for these plants. o Changes to conditions, such as increases in water levels or a build-up of fine dirt particles can lead to a reduction in clarity of water and change the growth characteristics of the plants. At Penrith Lakes an environmental strategy has been developed to manage extreme variations in weather and nutrient conditions to protect and nurture the developing lake ecosystem. o PLDC uses natural and constructed wetlands on the site to filter water that comes from surrounding areas, stripping unwanted nutrients and fine soil particles from the water. The wetlands polish the water and produce swimming quality water for the recreational facilities on site.  All buildings are energy efficient and designed to maximise natural light and ventilation. Solar panels and a water reclamation scheme are also in place.

Dorney Lake, Eton

 Dorney Lake is a modern world-class rowing and flat-water canoeing centre at Windsor, 25km from London.  The Lake is set in 450 acres of parkland which includes an arboretum and nature conservation area.  Planning took place over several years between the 1980s and 1990s and construction started in 1996. The lake was finished in 2006.  The Lake is 2,200 metres long and has eight lanes each 13.5 meters wide. It is a minimum of 3.5 metres deep  The parallel return/warm-up channel is up to 5 lanes wide and is 2.5 metres deep  Although the facilities were already world-class, improvements were needed to ensure the venue met the particular requirements of the Games. An additional cut-through was created at the 1,400m mark to allow competitors to get from the return lane to the competition course. Previously the only cut-through was at the 600m mark. Two bridges were also installed. The first spans the new cut-through, while the other has replaced the existing finish line bridge with a wider one.  It was the venue for the rowing and kayak events in the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012. Dorney Lake had previously hosted the Rowing World Cup 2005, the Coupe de la Jeunesse 2005 and the World Rowing Championships 2006. It also hosted the World Rowing Junior Championships in 2011. After the Games Eton Dorney is being used as a world-class training and competition facility  As well as sporting activities it provides year-round corporate and private hospitality facilities. Functions from 12 to several thousand people can be accommodated, using any combination of land and water.  Constructed and privately-owned by Eton College, Dorney Lake is managed and operated by the registered charity Dorney Lake Trust. Dorney Lake is private property with public access

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 49 Environmental  4 million tonnes of gravel, 1,970,000 cubic metres of topsoil and subsoil and 585,000 cubic metres of basal clay were extracted during construction of the main Lake and Warm-Up Channel  To minimise disruption to the local community material extracted was removed on a special conveyor belt to a point two miles away for collection by lorry there.  For many years pre-construction fertiliser use was restricted on the then fields to ensure high-quality water  Algae growth is discouraged by using barley bales that can be seen at either end of the Lake  The Lake is fed from underground aquifers (streams) percolating through a natural gravel filter.  In line with the Buckinghamshire Biodiversity Plan Dorney Lake hosts an increasing number of birds, mammals and invertebrates. There are up to 140 different bird species that frequent the area, many passing through on their migratory journeys.  Waste recycling practices are applied wherever possible to both sporting and hospitality activities  A Nature Conservation Area is being grazed by sheep as part of the land management strategy to attract yet more birds, including some which like the wading pools and 'ephemeral' wetlands that have been landscaped into the site

Proposed Cambridge Sport Lakes  A Multi-Sport Outdoor Centre for Cambridge  Cambridge Sport Lakes will be located 3 miles north of Cambridge, bounded by Milton Country Park to the south and the village of Waterbeach to the north.  They will be one of the country’s largest purpose-built sports facilities and competition venues for rowing, triathlon, BMX, cycling and canoeing.  The 220-acre (multi-sport outdoor centre offers facilities suitable for international competition while preserving essential green space for the region.  The lakes will be connected to the River Cam at the south end and run immediately north-easterly, widening towards Waterbeach.  Plans to establish the £25m centre were first announced in 2004 and received planning permission in 2007 - subject to the developer agreement being in place.  In March 2013 an agreement was completed by the developer, landowners and South Cambridgeshire District Council. The agreement requires the area around the lake to be open to the public - including 100 acres of woodland.  Before building works can begin, a raft of conditions relating to drainage, flood risk assessments, impact on the River Cam and land drains - which run adjacent to the planned lake - must also be addressed.

Key facilities  A total of 3.2 km of wash-free multi-lane water  A 2 km, 8-lane international standard competition course at least 100m wide optimally designed for safety and excellence: • Lanes 12.5m wide. • An off-course boat launching area.

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 50 • 1000m x 4 lanes above the start for warm-up and training runs. • 320m x 4 lanes beyond the finish for warm-down. • Aerodynamically-designed landscaping to minimise windspeed on the lakes; competition course orientated with the prevailing wind; fair wind conditions maximised across racing lanes and a sheltered start area. • Waterside coach paths.  An additional stretch of sheltered and easily supervised water suitable for teaching novices  An indoor rowing and sculling tank and boat storage area.  Centrally located changing facilities, classroom/ seminar room and gym.  A Centre of Excellence will be developed at the Lakes serving Cambridgeshire and the Eastern region.  Professional instruction will be made accessible to all through community outreach and sports development programmes.  A triathlon facility suitable for day-to-day training and hosting all levels of competition.  A 3-mile long cycle circuit built to international competition standards.  A combined competition and training BMX track.  A lake stocked with fish for angling.  A network of cycle paths connecting to Cambridge and Milton Country Park.  Educational and nature trails.  Ample car parking with grandstand viewing.

Appendix 12: References L&R New Zealand Ltd (2013). Identification of community sport, recreation and physical activity requirements and aspirations for the Avon river corridor, Christchurch: Consultations and preliminary planning report. Prepared for Sport Canterbury. April 2013

NIWA (2012). Guidelines for Artificial Lakes: Before construction, maintenance of new lakes and rehabilitation of degraded lakes Prepared for Ministry of Building, Innovation and Employment. October 2012 http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines%20for%20artificial%20lakes.pdf

Places and Spaces for Sport and Recreation in Greater Christchurch: Final Issues and Options Paper, 20 December 2011

Resource document, Flat Water Sports Facility, Chrissie Williams, 21 May 2014 Page 51