Climate Action in Figures (2018)

CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 1 |

Climate Action in Figures

Facts, Trends and Incentives for German Climate Policy 2018 edition 2 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | IMPRINT

Imprint

Published by Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Public Relations Division · 11055 Berlin · Germany Email: [email protected] · Website: www.bmu.de/english

Edited by BMU, Division IK III 1, Mareike Welke, Martin Weiß, Till Tibbe

Text Caterina Salb, Sarah Gül, Charlotte Cuntz, Yannick Monschauer, Josef Weishäupl (Ecofys)

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Date May 2018

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Climate Action in Figures

Facts, Trends and Incentives for German Climate Policy 2018 edition 4 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | LIST OF CONTENTS

List of contents

Foreword...... 6

1. Briefing...... 8

2. Why is Germany committed to an active climate policy?...... 10

2.1 Global responsibility as an opportunity for the future...... 10

2.2 Consequences of climate change...... 13

2.3 Adaptation to climate change...... 16

3. What are the current climate action targets and instruments?...... 18

3.1 International climate policy...... 18

3.2 European Climate Policy...... 19

SPOTLIGHT 2018: EU climate targets and climate change policy...... 22

3.3 German climate policy...... 24

4. How are emissions in Germany developing?...... 26

4.1 Emissions in Germany – past, present and future ...... 26

4.2 Energy sector...... 29

4.3 Industry...... 34

4.4 Transport...... 38

4.5 Private households...... 42 LIST OF CONTENTS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 5

4.6 Commerce, trade and services (CTS)...... 44

4.7 Waste and recycling management...... 46

4.8 Agriculture...... 48

4.9 Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)...... 50

5. What does climate action mean for the economy and society?...... 52

5.1 Jobs ...... 52

5.2 Investments...... 54

5.3 Innovation...... 55

5.4 Energy security...... 56

5.5 Funding for climate action...... 58

5.6 Sustainable consumption...... 59

6. Glossary...... 61

7. Abbreviations...... 64

8. Endnotes...... 67

9. Bibliography...... 68 6 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | FOREWORD

Foreword

The Paris Agreement represents the decision by the aimed at achieving extensive greenhouse gas neutral- international community to resolutely combat climate ity by the middle of the century. The Climate Action change. Countries, non-governmental stakeholders, Plan contains guiding principles for 2050, as well as cities and municipalities are cooperating very closely milestones and strategic measures up to 2030. For the to establish a climate-friendly economy and society. first time, specific reduction targets were agreed for The momentum this is generating could also be felt all sectors – energy, buildings, transport, industry and at the 23rd Climate Change Conference (COP23) in agriculture. November 2017. The signal sent from Bonn was that we will work in concert to ensure that the Paris Agree- The Climate Action Plan 2050 provides guidance for ment is successfully implemented. a successful transition to a modern, greenhouse gas neutral society. However, the approaches and instru- Efforts in this direction are underway at European ments to be used have not yet been specified. Clearly, level as well. Last year, we reformed the Emissions there will be impacts on social structures, economy, Trading System. We have also divided the 2030 reduc- education and training, employment, housing, trans- tion goal among the Member States, allocating targets port and consumption. In this sense, climate action for sectors such as transport, buildings and agriculture, is also a social, economic and industrial issue. That is which are not part of emissions trading. It is now a why it is encouraging to see more and more compa- question of drawing up a long-term climate strategy nies and trade associations actively addressing climate for the European Union. change. They have all realised that climate action can prevent the high costs of damage caused by climate The German government is directing its action to- change. Most importantly, they recognise that climate wards the global vision of greenhouse gas neutrality action offers incentives for innovation, opens up new and the European climate targets. In 2016 it adopted opportunities and enables businesses to compete in the Climate Action Plan 2050, a long-term strategy global markets. FOREWORD | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 7

In the course of 2018, the German government will de- Figures and facts are cornerstones of political velop a programme of measures for implementing the decision-making. In the case of climate action, these Climate Action Plan, aiming to reduce our greenhouse include annual data on greenhouse gas emission gas emissions by at least 55 per cent by 2030 compared trends, energy consumption, expansion of renewable to 1990. Moreover, the CDU, CSU and SPD have agreed energies and the number of electric vehicles on our to adopt a climate action law during this legislative roads. This brochure presents and explains a range of period which will ensure compliance with our climate information on climate action, thus providing an over- targets. Where necessary, we will make the programme view of Germany’s many-faceted climate policy. of measures legally binding. I hope you enjoy this brochure, both for reading and However, it is also important to win the support of for reference. society in general, by shaping climate policy in a dialogue process and taking social compatibility into account right from the start. This will also be the aim of the commission for growth, structural change and regional development, which will map out the route for phasing out electricity production from coal and develop prospects for the people living in the affected regions. The Climate Action Plan 2050, too, is the out- come of a comprehensive dialogue with the Länder, Svenja Schulze municipalities, associations and private citizens. We see the plan as a living document which we will evalu- Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature ate and update. Conservation and Nuclear Safety 8 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | BRIEFING

1. Briefing

What are the current climate action targets and instruments?

196 countries and the EU ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the Paris Agreement as part of the UNFCCC in 2015, the global community committed to keeping global warming well below 2 °C, and to pursue efforts to keep it below 1.5 °C compared with pre-industrial levels.

Why is Germany committed to an As a contribution to the Paris Agreement, the EU active climate policy? Member States have committed to jointly reduce greenhouse gases by at least 40 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990. The EU is currently working As one of the largest economies in the world, Ger- to further develop its climate and energy policy to many has contributed almost five per cent to global reach this goal. By 2050, the EU-wide greenhouse warming since the dawn of industrialisation. The gas emissions are to be reduced by 80 to 95 per cent

annual per capita CO2 emissions in Germany are compared with 1990. currently still about twice the international average of 4.8 tonnes, at roughly 9.6 tonnes per capita. Germany defined milestones for its climate policy in the Climate Action Plan 2050: Germany aims to be The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change extensively greenhouse gas neutral by the middle of warns that global warming of more than 2 °C by the century. By 2050, renewable energy sources are 2100 compared with the pre-industrial level could to be increased to 60 per cent of final energy con- have serious consequences. If harmful greenhouse sumption and primary energy consumption is to gas emissions are not restricted, the average tempera- decrease by 50 per cent compared with 2008. ture could increase by 4 °C or more. The Climate Action Plan 2050 also specifiestargets The number of extreme weather events in Germa- for the individual sectors for the first time. To ny has more than doubled in the last 50 years. By reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 the end of the 21st century, the annual damage due per cent in all economic sectors by 2030 compared to flooding in Germany willdouble or even triple with 1990, target corridors for 2030 were agreed for compared with the 1961 to 2000 period. the sectors. BRIEFING | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 9

How are emissions in Germany developing?

The German greenhouse gas emissions of 905 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2016 are equivalent to a reduction of 27.3 per cent compared with the level in 1990.

At 37.8 per cent, the energy sector accounted for the largest proportion of overall emissions in Ger- many once again in 2016.

Emissions in the industry sector are responsible for over 20 per cent of greenhouse gases emitted in Germany. The European Union’s Emissions Trading System covers most greenhouse gas emissions from the energy and industry sectors. What does climate action mean The transport sector causes just under 18 per cent of emissions in Germany. In 2016, the overall emis- for the economy and society? sions in the transport sector exceeded the 1990 level again for the first time since 2004. Climate action creates over one million jobs in Ger- Private households are responsible for ten per cent many; the renewable energy sector alone provided of Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions. From 1990 roughly 338,700 in 2016. to 2016, emissions were already reduced by almost 31 per cent. Over 16 billion euros was invested in expanding renewable energy in Germany in 2017, especially in Greenhouse gas emissions in the commerce, trade wind power and photovoltaics. and services (CTS) sector make up four per cent of the overall emissions and have already decreased by The forecast for 2025 is that advances in digitisation over 50 per cent since 1990. will permit savings of 50 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. At almost 73 per cent, the highest reduction in emissions since 1990 was achieved in the waste In 2015, fossil fuels with a total value of 57 billion management sector (one per cent of greenhouse euros were imported. In the previous year (2014), gas emissions). With re-use and recycling, Germany this figure was around 81 billion euros. is already paving the way in implementing climate- and resource-friendly recycling management. The Federal Environment Ministry launched climate financing programmes to promote climate action. In Agriculture accounted for almost eight per cent 2017, the expenditures in the International Climate of German emissions in 2016. From 1990 to 2016, Initiative (IKI) totalled 356 million euros and those greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture were re- of the National Climate Initiative (NKI) totalled duced by around 20 per cent. 135 million euros. The new European Climate Initiative (EUKI), founded in 2016, spent 6.3 million The land use, land-use change and forestry sector euros in 2017. in Germany achieved a net emission reduction of

14.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2016. Various initiatives to label products help consum- However, due to intensive cultivation of the soil, it ers choose climate- and environment-friendly only stores half the greenhouse gas emissions it did products. They can make an active contribution to in 1990. climate action with their purchase decision. 10 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHY IS GERMANY COMMITTED TO AN ACTIVE CLIMATE POLICY?

2. Why is Germany committed to an active climate policy?

2.1 Global responsibility of the emerging countries, as is evident when we break them down to their countries of origin. Nevertheless, as an opportunity for the the industrialised nations are historic and current key originators of climate change due to their extensive use future of fossil energy sources in the past two centuries. The industrialised nations therefore have a great respon- As one of the largest national economies in the world, sibility, to both the global community of nations and Germany has contributed almost five per cent to the poorer southern nations, and especially to future global warming since the start of industrialisation,1 generations, to limit climate change. although the German population currently only ac-

counts for roughly one per cent of the world’s popula- The annual per capita CO2 emissions of Germany, at tion. The significant increases in greenhouse gas emis- roughly 9.6 tonnes, are still about twice the interna- sions (see Glossary) in recent decades – from around tional average of 4.8 tonnes per capita (2016) (Figure

35 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents (see Glossary) in 01). To meet the 2 °C upper limit (see Section 3.1), which

1990 to almost 39 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents in is binding under international law, by the end of the

2000 and finally 49 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents in century, per capita emissions worldwide would have 20152– are clearly caused by the burgeoning economies to be reduced to significantly less than two tonnes GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE FUTURE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 11

Figure 01: International per capita CO2 emissions by percentage of global population 2016

16 per capita 2

12 Tonnes of CO Tonnes

10 USA and Canada USA

8 Russia

6 Global average: 4.8 t CO2 per capita Oceania (incl. Australia) (incl. Oceania Germany 4 China

Middle East Sub- 2 Saharan Africa India Former Soviet Soviet Former Republics** Latin America* Asia Brazil North Africa EU28 (without EU28 (without Germany) 0 t of Eu r ope *** Res 100 %

4.8 % 0.5 % 1.9 % 1.1 % 4.4 % 5.8 % 1.9 %0.4 % 5.8 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 18.6 % 17.3 % 17.8 % 13.6 % Percentage of global population * Including the Caribbean ** Excluding Russia; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in EU28 *** The rest of Europe comprises Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and the Balkan States Due to rounding, the percentages of the world population do not add up to 100 %. Source: own diagram based on EDGAR (2017); World Bank (2018)

per annum. Although in absolute terms China emits action can also enhance solidarity within the commu- the highest level of CO2 equivalents, at over 11 billion nity of nations and combat causes of migration related tonnes (Figure 02), its per capita emissions remain to climate change. Section 5 goes into greater detail lower than those of many OECD nations and Germany, on the positive economic and social effects of climate at 7.6 tonnes of CO2. Comparing Figure 01 and Figure action. 02 shows that the situation in China is representative of many emerging countries like India or Brazil.

Decarbonisation (see Glossary) in Germany also modernises the economy. As a contribution to global climate action and to future-proof the German economy, all economic sectors in Germany are to be virtually fully decarbonised by 2050. Climate action is an opportunity to modernise the industry by advan cing innovations and creating new value chains for climate-friendly technologies and jobs in Germany, as well as new export markets. Internationally, climate 12 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE FUTURE

The Federal Government’s Climate Action Plan 2050 Figure 02: International comparison of green- describes steps on the way to decarbonisation for all sec- house gas emissions in 2015 (excluding LULUCF*) tors. Figure 03 shows Germany’s historic emissions since In million tonnes Share of global 1990 and the decarbonisation path prescribed by the Paris

of CO2 equivalents total Agreement. It breaks down the contribution the different sectors are to make to reducing emissions by 2030. Section China** 11,518.2 23.5 % 3.3 presents further details on Germany’s climate policy. USA 6,586.7 13.4 % EU28 4,308.0 8.8 % Germany 906.8 1.9 % Financing climate action United Kingdom 506.8 1.0 % Germany helps developing and emerging countries France 463.7 0.9 % finance and implement climate action and climate Poland 385.8 0.8 % change adaptation measures. In 2016, Germany made Spain 335.7 0.7 % budget funds of roughly 3.4 billion euros available for Sweden 53.7 0.1 % international climate financing. That equates to an increase of roughly 25 per cent over the previous year India** 3,010.8 6.1 % (roughly 2.7 billion euros). The German development Russia 2,651.2 5.4 % bank Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) and the Japan 1,322.6 2.7 % German Investment and Development Society (DEG) Brazil** 1,071.0 2.2 % have also pledged 5.2 billion euros from capital funds. Australia 533.3 1.1 % German climate funding focuses on bilateral coopera- Ethiopia** 119.8 0.2 % tion, that means direct cooperation with developing and Others 17,878.4 36.5 % emerging countries (over 80 per cent of climate funds in Global total** 49,000.0 2016). One important instrument for this is the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and * LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry) Nuclear Safety’s (BMU) International Climate Initiative ** Estimate by Climate Action Tracker (CAT) (IKI; see Glossary), which has already supported over 500 projects worldwide (see also Section 5.5). The bilater- Sources: UNFCCC (2016); al cooperation of the Federal Ministry for Economic CAT (2017); World Bank (2018); UBA (2018a) Cooperation and Development (BMZ) also plays an important role in climate finance. Another portion of the budget finances available is paid into international funds and facilities, such as the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Cooperation with multilateral development banks also plays a key role in climate financing. German climate policy has made significant advances since 1990: The Federal Government aims to increase the annual budget funding provided for international climate • By 2017, annual greenhouse gas emissions had de- financing to four billion euros by 2020. Since 2005, creased by an estimated 27.7 per cent.3 Germany has increased its financial contribution to climate funding sevenfold (Figure 04). Public sector • The percentage of primary energy consumption (see loans (via KfW and DEG) and mobilised private funding Glossary) from renewable energy sources increased are also to continue to make further contributions. tenfold to the current level of 13.1 per cent.4 In this way, Germany is making its contribution to the industrialised countries’ target to provide at least • The per capita primary energy consumption de- 100 billion dollars of funding for climate projects in creased by almost ten per cent.5 developing countries each year from 2020 on. CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 13

Figure 03: Historic greenhouse gas emissions in Germany with savings trends per Climate Action Plan

in million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (without land use, land-use change and forestry)

Agriculture 1,200 1990: 90 2016: 72 2030: < 61 equivalents) 2 1,000 Buildings 1990: 209 2016: 130 2030: < 72 800 Transport 2020: 1990: 163 -40 % 2016: 166 600 2030: < 98

2030: Industry -55 % Greenhouse gas emissions (mill. t CO gas emissions (mill. Greenhouse 400 2050: 1990: 283 extensively 2016: 188 green- 2030: < 143 2040: house gas -70 % 200 neutral Energy sector 1990: 466 0 2016: 343 2030: < 183 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 target target target target

Greenhouse gas emissions Target path 2 equivalents

Source: own diagram based on UBA (2018a)

2.2 Consequences of system is […] unequivocal”,6 and burning fossil fuels by humans since the industrial revolution has made a climate change considerable contribution to increasing the temperature and thus to climate change. The global average temperature has risen roughly 1 °C in the past century. Globally, 16 of the 17 warmest years since the beginning of systematic weather records occurred in the past two decades. In its fifth (and most recent to date) Assessment Report, the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; see Glossary) has scientifically proven that “warming of the climate 14 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Figure 04: German climate financing from German budget funds 2005–2016

4,500 2020 target 4,000

3,500 4,000 2014 3,000

target 3,374 2,500 2,684 2,000 2,334

1,500 2,000 1,950 1,664 1,000 1,563 1,431 1,062 500 881 648 515 0 471 2005 2010 2014 2020 Actual values Targets for 2014 and 2020

Source: own diagram

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Overall, the number of extreme weather events in Ger- warns that warming by more than 2 °C could have many has more than tripled in the past fifty years. The devastating effects. Without measures to restrict harm- past year was dominated by extreme weather events ful greenhouse gas emissions, global warming could like the autumn hurricanes “Xavier” and “Herwart”, increase to 4 °C or more by 2100. If this occurs, island which cost human lives. March 2017 in Germany was nations and coastal regions would lose their liveli- the warmest March since measurements started in hoods, for example. Tipping points would occur, i.e. the 1881, and October was also among the warmest on change processes triggered by climate change could record. become self-perpetuating and irreversible. For instance, this includes thawing of permafrost soils, which in turn The precipitation conditions will change. The German would further intensify global warming. Weather Service (DWD) expects conditions in Eastern Germany to become dryer all year round, short rainfalls “Winters are becoming shorter and wetter.” with immense volumes of water in small spaces will Dr Paul Becker, Vice President of the German occur everywhere, creating a challenge for municipal Weather Service (DWD) drainage systems, flood protection systems and the overall water management system. Heat waves could Climate change and its consequences are already increase in summer. This will cause health problems noticeable in Germany now. With an average temper- for people in conurbations in particular. Dense con- ature of 9.6 °C, 2017 was one of the eight warmest years struction will also heat up the surrounding area, and since 1881 in Germany.7 can cause health problems for older people, invalids CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 15

Figure 05: Climate facts from German climate research

The effects of climate change can be felt worldwide: Climate change is evident in Germany, too:

The CO2 content in the atmosphere is increasing:

- Highest CO2 concentration in Since 1881, temperatures have risen 1.4 °C. at least 800,000 years.

Atmospheric temperatures are rising: - The air at the earth’s surface has heated up Heat waves are more frequent and intense.

- Three consecutive record heat years, clusters of temperature records. - Since the 1960s, every decade has been warmer than the previous one.

The oceans are heating up: - Ocean temperatures have risen 0.5 °C Sea levels at the German coast have risen in 35 years. 10 to 20 cm in 100 years. - In 150 years, the acid content of the ocean surface has risen roughly 30 per cent. - Sea levels are rising 3.4 mm per annum (± 0.4 mm). Flora and fauna are reacting to the general warming. The polar ice caps and glaciers are melting: - Greenland is losing 250 to 300 billion tonnes of ice annually. - 80 per cent of the mountain glaciers Agriculture and forestry are clearly feeling under observation are losing ice mass. the effects of global warming. - The sea ice around the North Pole is diminishing constantly. Source: DWD (2017b) Natural disasters are on the rise: - Globally, natural events involving damage have tripled.

and young children. Figure 05 provides an overview mosquito species that can transfer dengue fever and of the global climate change facts and initial effects in other tropical diseases. Inevitable changes in the Germany. climate also have a direct effect on human health. Heat has a direct effect on the frequency of illnesses and Climate change has effects on regional distribution global irradiation affects low-lying ozone formation of flora and fauna. Rising average temperatures and and UV radiation. rainfall are risks to biodiversity in Germany. Besides threats to domestic species due to climate changes or resulting changes in their habitats, invasive species also pose new challenges: animal species from warmer regions, which were previously rarely or never found in Germany, can cause an imbalance in domestic ecosystems. A prominent example of this are Asian 16 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

2.3 Adaptation Figure 06: Challenges in Germany in terms of vulnerability to threat types/regions to climate change Heat stress in urban agglomerations The International Panel on Climate Change assumes that the consequences of climate change will increase Need for action: health hazard to humans outdoors, further, in spite of international efforts to reduce emis- in buildings and structures. sions. By the end of this century, the annual damage Where: conurbations in regions that are already hot due to flooding in Germany could double to triple (will expand further). compared with the 1961 to 2000 period.8 That is why climate policy has two cornerstones. While greenhouse Water use (also summer droughts in the distant future) gas emissions are being reduced to avoid increasing temperatures beyond 2 °C on one hand, on the other Need for action: soil, woodland and forestry management as hand, mitigating and adaptive measures are taken to well as energy industry. minimise the negative impact on the economy and Where: regions with hot and dry climates in Eastern Germany and the Rhine drainage area. society caused by climate change. Figure 06 offers an overview on this. to buildings and infrastructure Germany has taken measures to make the effects of Need for action: water management, water balancing, climate change manageable. The target is to main- tain or enhance the adaptability of natural, social infrastructure as well as industry and commerce. and economic systems so that the negative impact Where: conurbations in the lowlands of North-western Ger- of climate change will place less of a strain on the many, highlands and regions of South-western Germany. economy and society. Examples include remediation of river beds for better management of floods or creation of green corridors in cities, to reduce the special infrastructure heat development on hot summer days (“Urban Heat Need for action: water management, water balance, coastal Island Effect”). Investments in “green infrastructure”, infrastructure as well as industry and commerce. like restoring river meadows for flood protection, also make locations more attractive and are general- Where: conurbations in the river valleys of the lowlands of Northern Germany, as well as the catchment areas of the ly more cost-effective than repairing flood damage Rhine and Danube. retrospectively. Coastal damage: rising sea levels, increased The Federal Government already passed the German swells, elevated risk of storm tides Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (DAS) in 2008. Need for action: coastal and marine protection, civil en- It formulates the key targets and action options for adaptation action, which were backed up with specific and commerce. measures in the 2011 Adaptation Action Programme I. Where: coastal areas. The Action Programme considers the various action levels and stakeholder groups, from citizens and Changed species / natural development phases municipal authorities and state governments, up to national and international organisations. In December Need for action: human health, soil, biodiversity, agriculture, 2015, the Federal Government presented the First Pro- gress Report on DAS, agreeing to 140 binding adapta- Where: seas and rural areas. tion measures in it.9

The Federal Government works to improve weather Source: BMUB (2016) data and data on climate consequences and adaptation. With regard to provisions, it asks the following ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 17

questions: where will Germany be affected by climate “For Germany too, we will be faced with the change in future and susceptible to adverse climatic effects of climate change in the future, and consequences? The aim is to avoid negative climatic indeed already are. Society, economy and the consequences, such as economic and social damage, environment must adapt.” Rita Schwarzelühr- by taking early action. To achieve this, the impact of Sutter, Parliamentary State Secretary at BMU climate change on Germany must be broken down by region and threat type, as adaptation occurs primarily at a local or regional level.

The DAS Progress Report shows that climate change adaptation has become part of the planning and decision-making processes and is increasingly enshrined in the various areas of action like agriculture, urban and land-use planning and in cross-sectoral projects. This approach of “mainstreaming” in the various fields will be pursued further.

Climate change adaptation is incorporated in planning and decision-making processes in various sectors, such as agriculture.

Adaptation is also extremely important internationally. Developing countries in particular have raised the topic to a high position on the agenda of world climate conferences in recent years (see Section 3.1). Financing for adaptation measures was made part of the 2015 Paris Agreement. At the 23rd Global Climate Change Conference in Bonn at the end of 2017, a resolution was made to use the Adaptation Fund to implement the Paris Agreement. This is important, particularly for vulnerable island nations and developing countries. 18 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHAT ARE THE CURRENT CLIMATE ACTION TARGETS AND INSTRUMENTS?

3. What are the current climate action targets and instruments?

3.1 International the third Global Climate Change Conference in 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) and entered into force in 2005. In it, some climate policy of the industrialised countries, including all EU Member States, committed to binding emission reduction targets 196 countries and the EU ratified the United Na- by 2012 and in a second phase by 2020. In the past dec- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change ade, international climate policy focused on negotiating (UNFCCC). That means almost all countries on earth a follow-up agreement for the Kyoto Protocol for the are members. The Convention aims to stabilise the period from 2020 on. This was finally successful in 2015 greenhouse gas emissions globally at a level to avoid on conclusion of the Paris Agreement at the 21st Global dangerous climate change. Alternating host countries Climate Change Conference in Paris. have been holding annual conferences, known as “Global Climate Change Conferences” or “Conferences In the Paris Agreement, the global community com- of the Parties (COPs)” since 1995. mitted to keeping global warming this century well below 2 °C, and to pursue efforts to keep it below The Kyoto Protocol was the first legally enforceable 1.5 °C compared with pre-industrial levels. By in- international climate agreement with quantifiable cluding all industrialised and developing nations, the emission reduction commitments. It was signed at Agreement marks a historic breakthrough in inter- EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 19

national climate policy – the Kyoto Protocol obliged only some industrialised nations to reduce emissions. Figure 07: Gap between planned Nationally The Paris Agreement entered into force less than one Determined Contributions and remaining year after the Paris Climate Change Conference. To emissions budgets per the Paris Agreement date, the agreement has been ratified by 175 states 4,000 and the EU.10 That shows the community of nations’ resolve to work together and to foster global climate 3,600

action without further delay. equivale nt s

2 3,200

2,800 Implementation of the Paris Agreement is advan Ambition gap cing. The Climate Change Conferences in Marrakesh in 2,400 2016 and in Bonn in 2017 achieved initial milestones 2,000 in developing the work programme to implement the > 3 °C Agreement. Germany, France, Benin, Mexico, Canada, 1,600 the Czech Republic and the USA – still under the Oba- 1,200 ma government – presented long-term decarbonisa- < 2 °C 800 tion strategies as part of the Agreement. In the medium term, implementation of the Nationally Determined 400 < 1.5 °C Contributions (NDCs) for the Paris Agreement is 0 particularly important. Nations state the contribution Cumulative emissions Emission budget they will undertake to make to global climate action on implementation of the Nationally and adaptation in the medium term, for example by Determined Contri- 2030, in these NDCs. However, there is still a major s f r om 2018 t o 21 0 i n G CO ee n hou s e gase gr G lo b al butions gap between the emission reductions planned to date Source: own diagram based on CAT (2017) and those required (Figure 07) for the proposed NDCs. Of the 176 parties that have already ratified the Paris Agreement, 170 have submitted NDCs, but only seven nations’ NDCs include climate action targets compatible with the 2 °C warming limit.

The commitment to decarbonisation was affirmed 3.2 European once again in 2017 during the German presidency over the group of the 20 largest industrialised and emerging Climate Policy economies (G20). Among other things, the objective of the German presidency was to demonstrate the inter- The European Union (EU) is a driving force in interaction between climate action and economic growth. national climate negotiations. As early as March 2015, As a result, priority topics included suitable areas for it submitted its “nationally determined contribution” investment in renewable energy (see Glossary), energy to the Paris Agreement to the United Nations. In this efficiency (see Glossary) and reduction of subsidies document, all EU Member States undertake to reduce for fossil fuels and redirecting flows of financing overall European emissions by at least 40 per cent to low-carbon and climate resilient infrastructure. compared with 1990 by 2030. This goal is enshrined in Finally, the “G20 Hamburg Climate and Action Plan the EU’s long-term climate action target of restricting for Growth” was passed at the Summit of G20 Heads of EU-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 per cent State and Government on 7 and 8 July 2017. The Action compared with 1990 by 2050. Plan is a clear commitment to the implementation of the Paris Agreement and links energy and climate The EU’s trading system (EU ETS; see Glossary) is a key closely with one another. All G20 nations have commit- instrument in achieving the EU’s 2030 climate action ted to this plan, with the exception of the USA, which target. Roughly 40 per cent of the European greenhouse has announced that it will withdraw from the Paris gas emissions are caused by large-scale emitters from Agreement. the energy and industry sector. EU ETS requires energy- 20 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY

intensive industrial companies and energy providers to until 2030 of between zero (for Bulgaria with the lowest purchase tradable emission rights (allowances) to offset per capita gross domestic product [GDP]) and 40 per cent the greenhouse gas emissions they cause. This is intend- (for Luxembourg and Sweden with the highest per capita ed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in these sectors GDPs) greenhouse gas reductions compared with 2005 by 21 per cent by 2020 and 43 per cent by 2030 com- (Figure 08). The target reduction for Germany is 38 per pared with the base year 2005. However, there has been cent. The ESR also contains further flexibility options a surplus of allowances on the market for several years, which allow these targets to be achieved in an equitable due among other things to the economic and financial and cost-efficient way. crisis, and the resulting lower production output in the EU. The financial incentives for companies to reduce The Commission also proposed a regulation for the emissions with their own climate action investments are LULUCF sector (2016), to integrate emissions and ab-

therefore currently low. To enable the EU ETS to once sorption of CO2 via these landmasses in the EU climate again generate sufficient incentives for emission reduc- action framework by 2030. This draft legislation was also tion, the European Commission submitted a proposal accepted with amendments in early 2018. It contains reg- for a comprehensive reform of the EU ETS in 2015. In ulations that require climate action progress and setbacks November 2017, the Council of the European Union and in this sector to be identified and balanced. The Member the European Parliament agreed a specific package of States must primarily ensure that the climate balance is reforms for the period from 2021 to 2030 on this basis. not adversely affected by human influences. The reform passed will reduce the surplus on the market faster and more sustainably, and also take interaction of The EU climate action target for 2030 is accompanied national and European climate policy into account. by a renewable energy and an energy efficiency target. By 2030, renewable energy is to provide at least 27 per There is a distinct climate action target for sectors not cent of the final energy consumption in the EU (20 per covered by the EU ETS. This applies for all activities cent by 2020). The primary energy consumption is to be outside emissions trading (especially the transport, reduced by at least 27 per cent by 2030 compared with buildings and agriculture sectors), with the exception a development without energy efficiency measures (20 of non-European aviation and emissions and absorp- per cent by 2020). At the end of 2016, the Commission

tion of CO2 via land use, land-use change and forestry proposed legislation to the Member States to raise the (LULUCF). target to 30 per cent. The European Parliament even suggests a raise to 35 per cent.

The Renewable Energy Directive is the EU’s key Together, the sectors outside emissions instrument to achieve the renewable energy target by trading cause roughly 60 per cent of EU-wide 2020. It sets forth how much the individual EU Mem- greenhouse gas emissions. ber States must increase the percentage of final energy consumption from renewables. The per capita economic performance is the determining factor.

The EU Member States are obliged to reduce their Similarly, the increase in energy efficiency by 2020 greenhouse gas emissions in these sectors by ten per cent is regulated via the Energy Efficiency Directive.It by 2020 and an average of 30 per cent by 2030 compared obliges the Member States to take measures to im- with 2005. The EU’s Effort Sharing Decision (ESD; see prove energy efficiency in all areas of the energy sector Glossary) breaks this target for the 2013 to 2020 period (generation, supply and consumption). Moreover, the down to the individual Member States without mak- Building Energy Efficiency Directive requires all new ing further specifications for sectors. In July 2016, the buildings to be nearly zero energy buildings from 2021 European Commission submitted a draft law for the on. These three directives are currently being revised as follow-up period 2021 to 2030 (Effort Sharing Regulation; part of the “Winter Package” (see Spotlight). ESR; see Glossary), accepted with some amendments in January 2018 by both the Member States and the European Parliament. The ESR prescribes national targets EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 21

Figure 08: Breakdown of EU climate target

EU climate package 2020 EU climate package 2030 -20 % emissions reduction compared with 1990 -40 % emissions reduction compared with 1990

EU ETS Effort sharing EU ETS Effort sharing -21 % compared with 2005 -10 % compared with 2005 -43 % compared with 2005 -30 % compared with 2005 Emissions trading for Targets for all Member Emissions trading for Targets for all Member emission-intensive States based on economic emission-intensive States based on economic industrial and energy output for non-ETS sectors, industrial and energy output for non-ETS sectors, companies in all Member such as transport, buildings companies in all Member such as transport, buildings States and agriculture States and agriculture

Effort sharing: Effort sharing: Allocation of the effort-sharing target to the 28 Member States Allocation of the effort-sharing target to the 28 Member States -20 0 20 -40 -20 0 20

-20 % Denmark -40 % Luxembourg -20 % Ireland -40 % Sweden -20 % Luxembourg -39 % Denmark -17 % Latvia -39 % Finland -17 % Sweden -38 % Germany -16 % Finland -37 % France -16 % Netherlands -37 % United Kingdom -16 % Austria -36 % Netherlands -16 % United Kingdom -36 % Austria -15 % Belgium -35 % Belgium -14 % Germany -33 % Italy -14 % France -30 % Ireland -13 % Italy -26 % Spain -10 % Spain -24 % Cyprus -5 % Cyprus -19 % Malta -4 % Greece -17 % Portugal 1 % Portugal -16 % Greece 4 % Slovenia -15 % Slovenia 5 % Malta -14 % Czech Republic 9 % Czech Republic -13 % Estonia 10 % Hungary -12 % Slovakia 11 % Estonia -9 % Lithuania 11 % Croatia -7 % Poland 13 % Slovakia -7 % Croatia 14 % Poland -7 % Hungary 15 % Lithuania -6 % Latvia 19 % Romania -2 % Romania 20 % Bulgaria 0 % Bulgaria

Source: own diagram based on European Commission (2018) 22 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EU CLIMATE TARGETS AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY

and low-CO2 fuels as well as advanced biofuels, which SPOTLIGHT 2018: are not generated from food or feed crops, of the fuels used in the transport sector by 2030. In energy efficiency, the Commission announced a new finan EU climate targets and cing initiative (“Smart Finance for Smart Buildings”) to help reach the proposed 30 per cent target by climate change policy 2030, which is intended to mobilise increasing levels of private investments in energy efficiency in the Achieving the 2030 climate and residential building sector. The European Investment energy targets: influential decisions Bank (EIB) has been implementing this initiative since are being taken February 2018.

Climate change policy has a high priority in Criticisms of the current draft of the Winter Package the EU. The European Council provided a clear mention in particular eliminating the feed-in priority demonstration of this by submitting an ambitious for renewable energy sources and the lack of ambi- NDC for the EU before the deadline. The climate and tion in the energy efficiency targets. In early 2018, the energy package was drawn up in 2009. However, more European Parliament voted to raise the renewable must be done to achieve the 2030 targets. As a result, energy and energy efficiency targets to 35 per cent. It is the EU is currently working to comprehensively up- planned that the total of eight legal acts in the Winter grade its climate and energy policy. Key components Package will be coordinated between the European include reforming the EU ETS, improving the effort Parliament and the Council of the European Union and sharing decisions and introducing a LULUCF regula- adopted by the end of 2018. tion (see Section 3.2).

In February 2015, the European Commission pre- 2020 climate target achievement: sented its strategy for an Energy Union as part of a Different results at a national level forward-looking climate strategy. This is an important step towards joint consideration of climate and energy Not all Member States have reached planned climate policy targets, and thus towards an integrated European action targets. After ratification of the Kyoto Protocol climate and energy policy. The strategy comprises five and introduction of the EU 2008 Climate Package, it dimensions: energy security, integrated internal energy became clear as early as 2015 that the 2020 climate market, energy efficiency, decarbonisation, as well as target would be significantly exceeded at an EU level. research, innovation and competitiveness. By contrast, at a national level the emissions reduction progress in the non-ETS sectors differs – starkly The Commission’s “Winter Package” of November in some cases – between the EU Member States. In 2016 formulates further measures to achieve the cli- all likelihood, many Member States will significantly mate and energy targets. It is a key result of the Energy exceed their national climate targets as required in Union. The measure package entitled “Clean energy for the effort sharing decisions. The countries that do not all Europeans” consists of eight legislative proposals on reach the target will have to use flexibility arrange- gas and electricity supply security, on energy efficiency ments such as surpluses from previous years or the and renewable energy sources as well a regulation to purchase of emission allowances from other Member implement the Energy Union. It also includes a revised States in order to meet the legal requirements. version of the Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Building Efficiency Directives. “By putting in place the necessary legislation to strengthen the EU ETS and deliver on To achieve the renewable energy target, adapted our climate objectives, Europe is once again regulations are to be defined, including regula- leading the way in the fight against climate tions for cost-efficient and market-oriented support change.” Miguel Arias Cañete, EU Commis- schemes. Another proposed measure is the obligation sioner for Climate Action and Energy to achieve a rising proportion of renewable energies EU CLIMATE TARGETS AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 23

Figure 09: Progress of the EU Member States in reducing greenhouse gases relative to 2020 climate targets

2015 ESD targets were 2020 ESD targets were exceeded by 21 to 32 % exceeded by 21 to 32 % 11 to 20 % 11 to 20 % 0 to 10 % 0 to 10 % missed by 0 to -10 % missed by 0 to -10 % -11 to -21 % -11 to -21 %

Sources: own diagram based on EEA (2017a)

Figure 09 shows that Germany is among the coun- ments. In any case, significant action is required in tries that will probably not reach the 2020 climate Germany before 2030 to achieve the higher green- target for the non-ETS sectors without additional house gas reduction targets as part of the effort shar- urgent measures. Due to its relatively high per capita ing (see also Figure 08). GDP, Germany is one of the Member States with an above-average target for 2020. However, other countries with even higher targets, like Sweden and Denmark, have reached their targets. Germany can compensate some of the reductions that probably will not be achieved by 2020 through its overfulfillment of targets in previous years. Additionally, the German Federal Government can buy emission certificates from other EU nations to meet the legal obligation even if it significantly exceeds the emission require- 24 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GERMAN CLIMATE POLICY

and interim targets for reducing greenhouse gas 3.3 German emissions, expanding renewable energy and increasing energy efficiency by 2050: climate policy • In line with the Paris Agreement, Germany is to German climate policy is implemented against the become extensively greenhouse gas neutral by 2050 backdrop of European and international climate ac- (emission reduction of 55 per cent by 2030 and tion targets. The 2010 Energy Concept and the Climate 70 per cent by 2040) Action Plan 2050 passed in November 2016 set targets

Figure 10: Overview of energy and climate action targets of the Federal Government by 2050 Targets Status quo* 2020 2030 2040 2050 Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions min. min. min. extensively green- (compared with 1990) house gas neutral Renewable energy sources

14.8 % (2016) consumption

Percentage of gross electricity min. min. 50 % EEG min. consumption

Percentage of heat consumption

Percentage of transport sector

Primary energy consumption (compared with 2008)

Final energy productivity 2.1 % per annum (2008–2050) (2008–2050)

Gross energy consumption (compared with 2008)

Primary energy requirement for buildings (compared with 2008)

Heating requirement for buildings (compared with 2008)

Final energy consumption for -15 to -20 % transport (compared with 2005)

** Target per EU Directive 2009/28/EC

Sources: BMWi (2016a); AGEE-Stat (2018, as of: February 2018) GERMAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 25

• Renewable energy is to increase to 60 per cent of final energy consumption by 2050 (30 per cent by  2030, 45 per cent by 2040). Sector targets for GHG emission reductions by 2030 compared with 1990 • Primary energy consumption is to be reduced by 50 per cent by 2050 compared with 2008. • Energy sector: 61 to 62 per cent.

Figure 10 shows an overview of the targets. • Building sector: 66 to 67 per cent.

The Climate Action Plan 2050 also specifies targets for • Transport: 40 to 42 per cent. the individual sectors for the first time. The Climate Action Plan 2050, passed on 14 November 2016, sets the • Industry: 49 to 51 per cent. path to a extensively greenhouse gas neutral economy by 2050. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas emis- • Agriculture: 31 to 34 per cent. sions in all sectors of the economy by 2030 by at least 55 per cent compared with 1990, target corridors were • Land use and forestry: The sector is agreed for the individual sectors by 2030, which each not included in the evaluation of target take the specific circumstances into consideration. In achievement. However, the Climate Action addition, the Climate Action Plan formulates visions Plan still emphasises measures to main- for 2050 and milestones and strategic measures for tain and improve the CO2 storage potential 2030 for each sector. of forests.

The Climate Action Plan incorporates the development of a continuous programme of measures and through review and revision of the Plan every five years (Figure 11). Revision of the Climate Action Plan offers the opportunity to set more ambitious targets. The interim targets, milestones and transformation Figure 11: Climate Action Plan development paths taken are continuously reviewed for consistency process with target achievement and adapted as required. That allows future technical, societal, political, social and economic developments and changes, as well as new e Action mat Pla scientific findings to be incorporated. This process is Cli n to be accompanied by a societal dialogue involving federal states, municipalities, the private sector, civil Visions 2050 society and citizens. Milestones 2030, strategic measures

o g

Developing r Monitoring, a

increasing m

ambitions, measures, m

implemen- adjustment o e

tation

R e

r e s

Source: own diagram 26 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | HOW ARE EMISSIONS IN GERMANY DEVELOPING?

4. How are emissions in Germany developing?

4.1 Emissions in the mid-1990s. The economic upheaval in the Federal States of the former East Germany also resulted in a Germany – past, present considerable decrease in emissions in the early 1990s. Fluctuations in the heating demand and economy, for ex- and future ample after the 2009 financial crisis, also had a significant influence on the emissions development in some cases. According to Federal Environment Agency (UBA) esti- While emissions decreased further in the energy sector mates, greenhouse gas emissions in Germany have been for example, emissions in the transport and industry reduced by roughly 27.7 per cent between 1990 und 2017 sectors actually grew in 2017. (1990 to 2016: -27.3 per cent). As a result, the greenhouse gas emissions for last year are estimated at almost 905 In spite of the successful expansion of renewables, much

million tonnes of CO2 equivalents – 4.7 million tonnes of of the electricity generated still comes from power

CO2 equivalents less than in the previous year. In 1990, it stations fired with fossil fuels.As a result of the persistent

still totalled over 1,252 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. significant surplus capacity in this power station segment, Germany’s electricity exports have risen by 50 per cent The decrease in emissions is largely due to climate policy since 2009. Added to this are low prices for hard coal on

measures at German and European levels, especially since the global market and domestic lignite and the CO2 prices EMISSIONS IN GERMANY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 27

By the middle of the century, the Federal Government i wants Germany to be extensively greenhouse gas neutral. Air pollutants The Climate Action Plan 2050 incorporates specific target corridors for the energy, industry, transport, household, One goal of German climate policy is a commerce / trade / services (CTS) and agriculture and sustainable reduction of air pollution. Air waste management sectors, as these sectors have different pollution e.g. via particulate matter (particle requirements and account for different percentages of size PM10 and PM2.5) has negative effects on overall emissions (Figure 12). In this brochure, the emis- human health, among other things. The air sions are reported based on their sector of origin (source quality improved from 1990 on, initially due to principle; see Glossary). In 2016, energy, industry and national initiatives and then via international transport together emitted 76.7 per cent of all greenhouse agreements. The improvement was largely due gases in Germany. Figure 13 also breaks down the green- to the transformation from solid to liquid and house gas emissions by gases. gaseous fuels. The International Resource Panel has calculated that The industrial transformation in Eastern Ger- ambitious climate action combined with efficient use man Federal States after the Reunification meant of resources can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 63 that much of the reduction in air pollution oc- per cent by 2050 and decrease the per capita resource use curred in the years after 1990. Emissions have not by 28 per cent (compared with 2015 in each case), while changed greatly in the past ten years. The decreas- the global economy grows by 1.5 per cent in the same es have occurred at different rates. while emis- period.11 Positive (side) effects of climate action on the sions of sulphur dioxide were reduced by 95 per economy and society are presented in Section 5 of this cent compared with 1990, reductions in emissions brochure. of ammonia, which largely occurs in agriculture, have been negligible. “We have already achieved a lot in terms of expanding renewable energy sources. Unfor- tunately, the development in the transport sector is still moving in the wrong direction. We need a fundamental transport transformation to mitigate climate change and ensure clean air.” Svenja Schulze, Federal Environment Minister

in the EU ETS, which have remained low. This price is currently not sufficient to achieve a transformation towards a lower-emission power plant fleet. The initiated nuclear phase-out process also means that fossil fuel-fired power stations will probably be go offline later than initially assumed. These factors play a major part in preventing greenhouse gas emissions being reduced in accordance with the climate targets set.

According to current estimates, greenhouse gas emissions will not be reduced by 40 per cent compared with 1990 by 2020. In 2014, the Federal Government passed the Climate Action Programme 2020 with the objective of closing the already apparent gap by 2020. The current developments indicate that, in order to reach the 40 per cent target, further efforts are necessary in addition to the measures decided in the Action Programme. 28 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EMISSIONS IN GERMANY

Figure 12: Emissions development by sector (without LULUCF)**

Total 1990: 1,251

38 Total 2017: 905* 1,200 132 163 Target for 10 2050: ex-

equivalents 900 78 2 91 tensively 283 171 green- 600 39 house gas 90 193 neutral < 751 72 300 < 563 466 328 < 375 Million tonnes of CO 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2020 2030 2040 2050 Target Target Target Target

Energy sector Agriculture Industry ** Breakdown of emissions deviates from Commerce/trade/services Waste manage- Transport UN reporting, the overall emissions are identical. Private households ment and other Targets Differences in totals due to rounding Source: UBA (2018a), 2017 estimate based commitment period 2008 to 2012 * Estimate

Figure 13: Emissions development by greenhouse gas** ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 29

expansion of renewable energy sources to date reduced 4.2 Energy sector greenhouse gas emissions in electricity generation by almost seven times as much as in 1990, at almost 138 million tonnes of CO equivalents (Figure 17). Emissions development 2

In 2016, the energy sector once again accounted for The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG, see Glossary) the highest proportion of greenhouse gas emissions in has driven the expansion of renewable energy in Germany at 37.8 per cent. This is primarily due to com- Germany forward considerably, in particular by bustion of fossil fuels in power stations for public supply for provision of electricity and heat. Over four fifths of the emissions in the energy sector occur when burning lignite or hard coal (Figure 15). Figure 14: Emissions development in the energy sector The virtually complete decarbonisation of the energy supply in Germany by 2050 is being driven forward by the expansion of renewable energy, the increase in energy efficiency and gradual phasing out of fossil fuel combustion. In this way, the greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector were reduced by an estimated 29.6 per cent by 2017 (Figure 14) compared with 1990. Mod- ernisation and restructuring of the energy and industry sector in the Federal States of the former East Germany made a significant contribution to this.

The energy sector plays a key role in balancing emissions in Germany, as reduced energy consumption there has a positive halo effect in other sectors. As described above, all emissions from production of electricity and district heat are attributed to the energy sector, even if the electricity or heat is consumed in private households (see Figure 15: Emission sources in the energy Section 4.5), for example, or the commerce, trade and sector in 2016 (excluding CO from biomass) services sector (CTS, see Section 4.6). 2

75.8 % Combustion of Current political measures solid fuels 10.8 % Combustion of The sector target agreed in the Climate Action Plan 2050 gases for the energy sector prescribes an emission reduction of 61 to 62 per cent in the sector by 2030 compared with 0.7 % Combustion of biomass (excl. CO2 1990. Further expansion of renewable energy, gradual from biomass) decreases in fossil-based power supply and increasing energy efficiency are the most important drivers in 4.4 % Combustion of other fuels reaching the target. 2.9 % Diffuse The percentage of renewable energy sources in gross emissions power generation in Germany in 2017 rose further 5.4 % Combustion of to 33.3 per cent (equivalent to 36 per cent of the gross liquid fuels electricity consumption; see Glossary). Wind energy Source: UBA (2018a) accounted for 49 per cent, biomass for 21 per cent and photovoltaics 18 per cent of this (Figure 16). In 2017, the 30 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

introducing support schemes. Market-based incentives 750 kilowatts and biomass over 150 kilowatts. This is like feed-in tariffs (see Glossary) and direct marketing used to calculate the level of financial support for the (see Glossary) have promoted the profitability of photo- individual technologies. The results of the first tender voltaic systems and wind turbines since the introduc- rounds in 2017 for onshore wind energy and photo- tion of the EEG in 2000. Advances in the development voltaics indicate that the participating plant operators of technologies have reduced the investment costs sig- have already reduced their costs significantly after just nificantly. For example, between 2012 and 2015 alone, a few rounds. In the first offshore wind tender at the the investment costs per installed kilowatt of onshore end of 2017, three of the four winning projects forwent wind turbines decreased by an average of almost seven financial support entirely, and the fourth bid a support per cent (to be more precise: between two and eleven of six cents per kilowatt hour, leading to a significantly per cent, in the performance classes from two to four lower average weighted winning value than expected, megawatts and a hub height of over 100 metres).12 This at 0.44 cents per kilowatt hour. The results show that development makes wind and solar energy increasingly climate-friendly power supply has become a finan- independent of state support. cially viable alternative to fossil-based power stations, entirely without government support. Besides cost The EEG Amendment in 2017 created the basis for im- reductions, the tenders should allow the expansion plementation of tenders (see Glossary) for onshore and corridor defined in the EEG to be achieved with a broad offshore wind energy, photovoltaics from a capacity of spectrum of participants. As a result, the specific needs

Figure 16: Development of gross power generation by energy source

700 TWh 600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017*

Renewables Oil Hard coal Lignite Domestic waste 2.7 % Natural gas Nuclear energy Others Hydropower 9.3 %

* Preliminary data, some estimates Photovoltaics 18.3 % Biomass 20.8 % Wind power 48.8 %

Source: AGEB (2018) ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 31

of citizen energy projects were taken into account in particular in the tender design. Figure 17: Avoided greenhouse gases in 2017

In future, renewable energy sources will be used to Electricity: -137.8 Heating: -33.8 Transport: -7.0 a greater extent in the transport and heating sector 0 -7.0 too. Extensive electrification of these sectors is neces- -15.0 sary to achieve the target of long-term greenhouse gas -30.2 -20 neutrality. Use of electricity from renewable energy equivalents 2 -1.6 sources is primarily dependent on the costs compared -71.2 -2.0 with other energy sources like fossil fuels. The use -40 sequence of power stations to cover electricity demand is determined in the current energy system by their -60 marginal costs, i.e. their variable costs for generating

another unit of electricity (“Merit Order”). Renewable Million tonnes of CO -80 energy sources are at the very top of the merit order, as -27.1 generating an additional unit of electricity from wind -100 or solar energy does not incur any additional variable costs. This is not true of fossil fuels. Setting prices for -120 -24.5 CO2 emissions is also intended to increase the marginal -0.1 costs for fossil fuel generation taking their external -140 environmental costs into consideration (see Glossary). Hydro Wind Biomass However, due to the currently low CO2 price in the EU ETS, this has not had the full effect desired. As a result, Photo- Geothermal Solar thermal the German Federal Government, along with other voltaics energy, ambient energy heat European countries, committed to assessing and introducing an effective CO2 price in relevant sectors at the Source: AGEE-Stat (2018, as of: February 2018) Paris “One Planet Summit”.

Stronger sector coupling will increasingly influence the demand for electricity. Sector coupling means optimally dovetailing the individual economic sectors’ energy demand and the supply available. It encom- passes all areas of energy conversion and supply, and economically possible. Stabilisation of the power like combustibles and fuels, electricity and heat. The supply and integration of renewable energy in the demand for electricity from renewable energy sources industrial value chain contribute to an economical and will increase, as will the need to increase energy effi- sustainable power supply. ciency significantly. However, the increasing dovetailing of the sectors also creates new opportunities. For The electricity grid is being designed for increasing example, batteries of electric vehicles and (efficiently proportions of volatile renewable energy sources. operated) heat/cold reservoirs can serve as controllable Volatility means that the availability of wind and solar loads in the electricity system. This allows the fluc- electricity depends on the wind strength and/or solar tuating electricity generated from wind and solar to irradiation. The Electricity Market Act is intended be stored and fed into the electricity grid on demand to keep the power supply in Germany low-cost and or used for heat provision. Alternatively, short-term reliable. At the same time, for greater expansion of surplus quantities of electricity can be converted to renewable energy sources, the electricity grid must be hydrogen or methane (see Glossary) (“Power-to-Gas”) expanded further, to transport electricity from wind and are used in industrial processes or stored in the energy, which is largely generated in the north, to the long term. However, note that conversion can cause south. As a result, the grid expansion required must significant energy losses. As a result, renewable energy be accelerated and use of the existing electricity grid sources should be used directly where technically must be optimised. In the future, renewable energy 32 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

Figure 18: Decoupling economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and energy productivity

220 Current FEP target -2.1 % per annum 200 (2008–2050) 180 Index 1990=100 Index 160 161.6 148.4 140 2020 PEC target 120 -20 % compared 2050 PEP target with 2008 -50 % compared 100 90.7 with 2008 80 72.3 60 2050 GHG 2020 GHG target target ex- 40 -40 % compared tensively with 1990 2030 GHG target green- 20 -55 % compared house gas with 1990 neutral 0

1990 2000 2010 2017 2020 2030 2050

Primary energy consumption (PEC) Primary energy productivity (PEP)

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) Final energy productivity (FEP)

Source: own diagram based on UBA (2018c)

sources are to contribute increasingly to stabilising the than lignite and hard coal-fired power stations. In- electricity grid. To date, it is primarily the conventional creased use of combined heat and power (CHP) plants power plants that add or remove power to or from the (see Glossary), which produce electricity and heat si- grid at short notice when unforeseen events occur, pro- multaneously, is to help reduce consumption of fossil viding what is known as balancing power. Opening the fuels. This involves in particular investments in flexible balancing energy markets for renewable energy sources CHP, integrating renewable energy sources and waste is intended to integrate wind farm operators, for exam- heat where possible, to adapt CHP to the future power ple, in order to reduce the use of fossil power plants. supply determined largely by renewable energy.

Low CO2 gas power stations remain necessary as a Electricity generation from coal must be phased out transitional technology. Use of fossil energy from for decarbonisation. The percentage of hard coal and lignite and hard coal is to decrease further. However, lignite in the German electricity mix was decreased by modern, high-efficiency and rapid-responding gas just eleven per cent and almost nine per cent respec- power stations can be used to stabilise the electricity tively between 1990 and 2017. In particular in the last market in the medium term thanks to their flexibility. ten years, the average percentage has hardly changed. At the same time, they produce far lower emissions With the long tradition of coal-based electricity (hard ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 33

coal mining in the Ruhrgebiet region and lignite min- Federal Government’s efficiency policy in summer 2016. ing in particular in Rhineland and Central German ar- The energy efficiency measures of the Climate Action eas and Lausitz region) it still covers almost two fifths Programme and the National Action Plan on Energy Ef- of gross power generation in Germany. Coal-based ficiency (NAPE) have largely been started or implement- electricity must be phased out in dialogue with the ed. Additional savings of roughly 390 to 460 petajoules of stakeholders involved from business, regions and trade primary energy consumption are to be achieved by 2020 unions. This is intended to avoid structural breaks in with these measures.13 This corresponds to approximate the affected lignite regions and develop new industrial greenhouse gas savings of 25 to 30 million tonnes of CO2 policy perspectives for these regions. equivalents.

Reductions of 12.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents are to be achieved by transitioning 13 per cent of the emission-intensive lignite capacities to a “safety reserve” with subsequent final decommissioning.  That is equivalent to roughly half of the additional Composition of energy sector contribution of the energy sector specified in the emissions Climate Action Programme 2020. On 1 October 2016, The emissions in the energy sector are not the Buschhaus lignite power station was the first to be caused by electricity generation only. Heat decommissioned temporarily for four years, and thus generation from power stations and uncou- transitioned to safety reserve status. In October 2017, pled heat generation makes a key contribu- further lignite blocks in Frimmersdorf were switched tion to this sector’s greenhouse gas emis- to safety standby. sions. Emissions from pipeline transport of fossil fuels and diffuse emissions from fuels At the same time, increasing energy efficiency on the are also attributed to the energy sector. For demand side is essential. Besides cleaner electricity example, they occur on release of mine gas generation, this will also mean that less electricity from decommissioned mines. will be required. This is particularly important against the background of increasing electrification of other sectors. Energy productivity (see Glossary), i.e. the ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) to energy consumption, is used to measure the macroeconomic energy efficiency. Rising energy productivity (average annual growth rate 1990 to 2015: 1.7 per cent) in Germany has allowed economic growth and energy consumption to be decoupled, i.e. they developed in opposite directions. The economic performance (GDP) has risen by more than 50 per cent since 1990, while energy use has even decreased in the same period. Accordingly, energy productivity has increased more than 60 per cent between 1990 and 2017. The target is to increase energy productivity by 2.1 per cent per annum relative to the final energy consumption (Figure 18).

The “Efficiency First” principle applies for the Federal Government. Only by increasing energy efficiency can the demand be sufficiently limited and expand renewable energy sources in a resource- and eco-friendly way. With the Energy Efficiency Green Book, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) initiated a discussion on the strategic orientation of the 34 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY

4.3 Industry Figure 19: Emissions development in industry

Emissions development

In 2016, the industry sector was responsible for 20.7 per cent of the overall emissions. That makes the sector the second-largest source of emissions in Germany. Emis- sions are produced primarily in the metal industry (e.g. iron and steel), manufacturing of mineral products (e.g. cement) and the chemical industry due to production of basic chemicals. In addition to direct greenhouse gas emissions, there are indirect emissions due to sourcing of third-party electricity and district heating. Together with the energy produced and consumed internally by the industry sector, this results in the final energy consumption broken down in Figure 21. The indirect emissions are reported in the energy sector. Therefore, Figure 20: Emission sources in industry in 2016 energy efficiency in the industry also has a positive effect on the emission balance in the energy industry. Two thirds of the sector’s overall emissions are produced by 67.2 % Industrial furnaces* excluding CO from using energy (industrial firing), while industrial pro- 2 burnt biomass duction processes are responsible for one third of the emissions (Figure 20). 9.5 % Other processes & product use

Emissions in the industry sector have only decreased 9.2 % Metal manufacturing slightly in the last 15 years, with the exception of fluctuations due to the economy (Figure 19). Emissions 3.7 % Chemical industry

reached an interim high in 2007 due to economic devel- 10.4 % Manufacturing of opments in energy-intensive industry. For example, raw mineral products steel production increased nine per cent between 2005 and 2007.14 The demand for products from energy-inten- Source: UBA (2018a) * Combustion processes, for example from sive industry decreased temporarily due to the economic crisis and caused the emissions to decrease relatively sharply in 2009. A structural change towards less energy- intensive products has been apparent for quite some time Figure 21: Final energy consumption in industry now. Also, emissions in the energy-intensive iron and steel industry decreased significantly compared with the 35.2 % Gas previous year, at 2.1 per cent. This is due in particular to 3.5 % Other the decreasing and less emission-intensive manufacturing 4.3 % Renewables of crude steel. Increased use of electronic media, and the associated reduction in sales of paper for newspapers and 1.6 % Heating oil magazines, reduced emissions in addition to rising energy 2.8 % Lignite efficiency in the paper and pulp industry. In other industry 14.3 % Hard coal sectors, production and therefore emissions increased, for example in the mineral-processing, chemical and non-fer- 6.7 % District heating rous metal industry and refineries.15 31.6 % Electricity

In future, a decrease in the energy requirements and Source: BMWi (2018, as of: January 2018) emissions in the basic industries is to be assumed. As INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 35

in other energy-intensive industries, this is partially It was implemented in Germany in the amendment due to the fact that production is increasingly being of the Energy Services Act (EDL-G). According to this transferred to countries supplying raw materials. amendment, environmental management systems in accordance with the European EMAS regulation are also recognised. The latest studies show that companies Current political measures that choose an energy management system instead of an energy audit implement far more energy efficiency By 2030, the emissions reported in the industry sector measures and therefore achieve sustainable success in are to be reduced by 49 to 51 per cent compared with increasing energy performance and other indicators. 1990. Savings in energy use and investments in more Companies can reduce their energy costs by roughly efficient and innovative production processes are ten per cent via organisational measures after intro- central ways to achieve the sector target. In particular ducing an energy management system. in emission-intensive basic industry, as well as in other industry sectors, production facilities generally have a Other regulations in the industry sector include use service life of several decades. As a result, timely action bans like the EU regulation on fluorinated greenhouse is required to achieve ambitious emission reductions gases (F-gases; see Glossary), to reduce the emissions for energy use and production processes, to avoid capi- of these particularly climate-damaging emissions by tal depreciation and lock-in effects. 2030 by 70 per cent compared with1990. For example, the most commonly used refrigerant in Germany, Energy and climate policy measures take into account tetrafluoroethane, has a 1,430 times greater impact maintenance of competitiveness of energy-intensive on the greenhouse effect than CO2 over a 100-year companies. The EU ETS covers roughly half of German period.16 In 2016, German companies used roughly four emissions (Figure 22). Industrial companies subject to per cent less F-gases than in the previous year, but the emissions trading must report their greenhouse gas emissions released rose roughly eight per cent com- emissions and submit allowances accordingly. Com- pared with 2015.17 This is because some closed systems panies that compete internationally in particular were are filled with F-gases, so quantities produced in previ- allocated allowances free of charge for a transitional ous years can also be released. period. Companies in energy-intensive industries also benefit from legal exceptions to limit their costs due to The Federal Government supports industry in high energy consumption, regardless of whether they financing climate action measures. The funding pro- are subject to emissions trading. They receive reduc- grammes of KfW Development Bank and other fed- tions or compensation for government-imposed price eral support guidelines are incentivising investments components (Renewable Energy Sources Act [EEG] and in higher energy productivity and increased use of CHP levies, energy and electricity taxes, grid charges). renewable energy sources. The support also serves to That is intended to ensure Germany’s attractiveness reduce financial barriers, as entrepreneurial invest- as a production location and prevent carbon leakage ment decisions are often based on short payback (see Glossary), i.e. transfer of production and emis- times of two to three years. The competitive electricity sions overseas. As a rule, the costs resulting from the efficiency tender (“STEPup!”) introduced in 2016 by reduction are allocated to medium-sized enterprises the BMWi is intended to tap additional potential in and households. Peak adjustment is another exception companies, and is to be extended to the heating sector regulation, which partially reimburses energy-inten- in future. This is to motivate companies to undertake sive companies from the manufacturing industry for electricity efficiency measures with good cost-benefit the electricity and energy taxes paid if the producing ratios but also investments with longer payback times company as a whole fulfils requirements for energy- (three years and more). intensiveness developments. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation has The European Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) re- been supported in Germany since 2002. CHP uses quires obligatory energy audits in accordance with EN heat produced when generating electricity or via 16247-1 or the introduction of certified energy man- industrial processes as thermal energy. Since 2017, agement systems per ISO 50001 for large companies. the support level has been determined by tenders of 36 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY

Figure 22: Emissions development inside and outside the Emissions Trading System

2016 1,200 overall Emissions outside the ** 909 Emissions Trading 2017 System in mill. t CO2 1,000 overall equivalents

equivalents ** 2 905 519 524 487 504 490 478 460 * 482 475 * * Emissions outside the 437 * 444 **454 ** 800 Emissions Trading System covered by effort sharing in million tonnes 600 of CO2 equivalents 751 Million tonnes of CO 487 Emissions inside the 400 475 478 473 481 461 456 428 455 450 453 453 Emissions Trading System within Germany

in million tonnes of CO2 200 equivalents

0 2020 target 2005 2010 2017 2020

* 2013–2016 difference to the total based on emissions outside emission trading and effort sharing ** Effort sharing percentage 2015 and 2016 and total emissions 2016 and 2017 based on estimate

Sources: EEA (2017b); UBA (2018a); 2017 estimate based on press release 09 / 2018

between one and 50 megawatts inclusive. The high level of competitiveness in the first round in Decem- Figure 23: Energy and process-related ber 2017 led to an average price of successful bids of emissions in the industry sector 2016 4.05 euro cents per kilowatt hour. This will help focus on particularly efficient projects and can harness Process-related emissions 18 further cost reduction potential. 1.4 % Non-energy Energy- products from fuels Industrial waste heat is to be used to a greater extent related emissions in future. Studies assume that up to 200 terawatt hours 10.4 % Mineral industry of industrial waste heat is lost unused every year. This is 67.2 % in spite of the fact that there is a wide range of practical 24.8 % technologies for waste heat use. Taking the “Efficiency 3.7 % Chemical industry First” principle into account, the waste heat is to be used 8 % gradually based on energy content. While drying pro- 9.2 % Metal cesses or electricity generation require higher waste heat Other manufacturing temperatures, lower temperatures are sufficient to heat emissions 0.1 % Electronics industry buildings. Renewable energy sources can also be used directly in industry to help meet the remaining energy demand in industry and reduce emissions further. Source: own diagram based on UBA (2018a)

Funding research helps tap further emission reductions in industry. For example, the Copernicus Project “Pow- INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 37

er-to-X” supported by the Federal Ministry of Eduction and Research (BMBF) focuses on increased use of renew- i able energy sources in the industry sector, by using them Process emissions flexibly for basic chemicals or as heat for industrial production. The BMBF already supports innovative research Industrial processes account for around one quarter of the emissions in the sector and development projects in the area of CO2 use as part (Figure 23). Process emissions occur in of the “CO2Plus” measure. Furthermore, the “EnEff:In- dustrie” research initiative promotes the development certain process workflows due to chemical and optimisation of energy-efficient and innovative con- reactions, and it is challenging to reduce cepts, processes, methods and technologies for industrial them. In future, new technologies and and commercial applications. processes could offer options to replace particularly emission-intensive processes In the “EnPI-Connect” research project, the BMU and thus avoid emissions. Increased materi- supports development and practical testing of ener- al efficiency can also help mitigate climate gy efficiency indicators to verify improved resource change: if emission-intensive raw materials efficiency. The Climate Action Plan 2050 also prescribes are used more efficiently along the value a research and development programme by the Federal chain, the greenhouse gas emissions from Government focusing on reducing greenhouse-relevant, mining, transport, preparation and use in industrial process emissions. production, which are significant in some cases, can be reduced. That is also true for The Federal Government’s High-tech Strategy is based the use of basic materials in products and on increasing the involvement of various stakeholders. goods, as well as disposing of them and In the “Industrie 4.0” future project, the BMBF supports recycling raw materials. Another option partners from science and economy with over 470 to increase the raw material efficiency and million euros. They are to research and develop togeth- thus to reduce emissions is a cross-sectoral er, to optimise logistics and production processes via restriction of material flows: Slag from increasing digital networking of economic sectors. The iron and metal production can be used potential for climate- and environment-friendly use of for building materials in the construction resources along the value chain can also be utilised to an sector, for example. Innovations in materi- even greater extent. The current version of the German als science can also replace high-emission Resource Efficiency Programme (ProgRess II) therefore materials. considers material and energy efficiency together.

The exchange and application of knowledge in companies is to be accelerated via advice and networking initiatives. One focus is to be on qualifying employees and staff in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Implementation of existing measures like increasing the number of energy and environmental management systems, in particular in small and medium-sized companies, is to be driven forward. Examples of existing company networks are the “Learning Energy Efficiency Networks” (LEEN) in the National Climate Initiative (NKI; see Glossary) and, currently, the “Energy Efficiency Networks Initiative” of NAPE. 38 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | TRANSPORT

At almost 30 per cent, the transport sector tops the list 4.4 Transport when it comes to final energy consumption.19 This is due to the continued high consumption of mineral oil Emissions development (Figure 27). The percentage of new passenger cars registered with petrol and diesel engines has only reduced In 2016, the absolute emissions in the transport sec- slightly since 2006 and is currently 97 per cent.20 After tor increased again and are even higher than those in a brief decrease in 2009 due to the scrappage scheme, 1990. Accounting for 18.2 per cent of the greenhouse the percentage of diesel passenger cars has increased gas emissions, transport remains the third-largest significantly again. As a result of the “diesel scandal” cause of emissions in Germany (Figure 25); 96 per and in light of the pending bans on diesel vehicles, the cent of the emissions are caused by road traffic. The sales figures decreased again in 2017 (Figure 24). remaining emissions are from fuel combustion on rails (by diesel locomotives), waterways and domestic air Overall, the trend to larger and heavier cars is contin- traffic (Figure 26). The electricity used in rail and road uing, even though the efficiency of new cars was im- transport is incorporated in the energy sector, which proved considerably in recent years. However, meas-

must be incorporated in particular due to the increas- urements of CO2 emissions in cars on dynamometers ing significance of electric mobility. This does not differ significantly from those under realistic con- include international air and marine traffic. ditions. Laboratory values determined based on the

Figure 24: New cars registered in the last ten years based on selected fuel types in Germany

Natural gas Petrol Diesel Electric** Hybrid Total leum gas (LPG)* (CNG)*

2007 1,622,276 1,501,566 5,419 11,208 8 7,591 3,148,163 2008 1,695,972 1,361,457 14,175 11,896 36 6,464 3,090,040 2009 2,608,767 1,168,633 11,083 10,062 162 8,374 3,807,175 2010 1,669,927 1,221,938 8,154 4,982 541 10,661 2,916,260 2011 1,651,637 1,495,966 4,873 6,283 2,154 12,622 3,173,634 2012 1,555,241 1,486,119 11,465 5,215 3,364 21,030 3,082,504 2013 1,502,784 1,403,113 6,257 7,835 6,051 24,963 2,952,431 2014 1,533,726 1,452,565 6,234 8,194 13,049 22,908 3,036,773 2015 1,611,389 1,538,451 4,716 5,285 23,464 22,529 3,206,042 2016 1,746,308 1,539,596 2,990 3,240 25,154 34,252 3,351,607 2017 1,986,488 1,336,776 4,400 3,723 54,492 55,239 3,441,118 2017: growth compared with 13.8 % -13.2 % 47.2 % 14.9 % 116.6 % 61.3 % 2.7 % 2016

2017: share of new cars 57.7 % 38.8 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 1.6 % 1.6 % 100.0 % registered

* Including bivalent engines ** Including plug-in hybrid

Source: KBA (2018) TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 39

“New European Driving Cycle” (NEDC, valid since 1992) between 2000 and 2016 indicate a decrease in Figure 25: Emissions development in the transport sector CO2 emissions per kilometre of new cars registered in Europe by more than 30 per cent (Figure 28). However, in practice, the reduction is far lower, at roughly nine per cent. In 2016, the real specific CO2 emissions were even almost two fifths higher than the laboratory values. As a result, the new, more realistic “Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Procedure” (WLTP) by the United Nations has applied for new type approvals since 1 September 2017.

At the same time, sales of electrical and hybrid vehicles are exhibiting clearly faster growth. On 1 January 2018, alternative drives accounted for 1.7 per cent of the overall German car fleet or 798,030 units. Compared with the previous year, the fleet of alternative drives increased 8.5 per cent, whereby the growth rates for electric cars (+58.3 per cent), hybrid cars (+43.1 per cent) and plug-in hybrids (see Glossary) Figure 26: Emission sources in the transport

(+111.8 per cent) were particularly high. The percent- sector 2016 (excluding CO2 from biofuels) age of alternative drives among the new registrations was already 3.4 per cent in 2017 (Figure 24). Use of 35.3 % Commercial road vehicles (incl. biofuels (see Glossary) in the transport sector likely buses) reduced emissions by seven tonnes of CO2 equivalents 0.9 % Other emissions in 2017. 1.4 % National aviation In 2016, the overall emissions in the transport sector exceeded the level from 1990 for the first time since 0.6 % Diesel locomotives 2004, and did so by more than one per cent (Figure 25). This is due in particular to the fact that efficiency 1.2 % Coastal & gains are counteracted by constantly increasing traffic. inland shipping

For instance, the emissions from commercial vehicles 60.6 % Passenger road (trucks and buses) have increased by roughly 50 per Source: UBA (2018a) vehicles cent since 1990, as there are far more commercial vehicles on German roads today. Figure 27: Structure of the final energy consumption in transport 2016* Current political measures

With the Climate Action Plan 2050, the Federal Gov- 94.2 % Mineral oils ernment decided to reduce transport emissions by 0.3 % Natural gas, 40 to 42 per cent compared with 1990 by 2030 (sector associated gas target). It relies on an increased energy efficiency of 1.5 % Electricity passenger cars, alternative drives and fuels, more pub- 4.0 % Renewables lic transport, rail transport as well as cycling and walking. Increasing interconnection of means of transport, sharing models, digitisation and traffic-minimising * Preliminary data municipal and traffic planning are also to contribute Source: AGEB (2017) to this sector target. 40 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | TRANSPORT

Figure 28: CO2 emissions of new cars registered in Europe - laboratory values and reality

200 183 182 181 150 178 172 169 168 168 166 166 165 165 163 162 159 154 146 140 emissions in g/km 136 2 132

100 127 123 120 CO 118 95 50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2020

EU average: laboratory values per NEDC EU average: real emissions 2020 target per NEDC

Source: ICCT (2017)

To limit the effects of road transport on the climate, cient, facilitate the use of renewably generated elec- emissions from passenger cars must decrease signif- tricity and also avoid air pollutants, which also pose icantly. From 2012 on, an increasing percentage of the health risks. For example, the direct use of electricity new car fleet produced by each manufacturer must not in passenger cars requires far less electrical energy

exceed average emissions of 130 grams CO2 per kilo- than production of electricity-based synthetic fuels metre, measured based on the NEDC test cycle. A target via power-to-gas or power-to-liquid technologies

of 95 grams of CO2 per kilometre on average was also (power-to-X, PtX). As a result, theoretically, a purely defined for all new cars registered from 2021. For light electric vehicle can drive more than six times further commercial vehicles (up to total weight of 3.5 tonnes), than a PtX-powered vehicle with the same amount of 21 147 grams of CO2 per kilometre are to be achieved by electricity. This is because both the production of PtX 2020. For passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, fuels and conversion of chemical energy to motion the target values based on the WLTP test cycle are to be energy in combustion engines lead to high losses. updated as percentage reduction targets by 2025 and 2030. The Federal Government is also pushing to pass To achieve the climate action targets, more of the elec-

CO2 caps at an EU level for heavy commercial vehicles. tricity used for charging and producing batteries must

From 2019 on, comparable CO2 values for new heavy come from renewable energy sources. A study by BMU goods vehicles (HGVs) produced and registered are to reveals that electric vehicles already incur 16 to 27 per be determined and reported. cent less greenhouse gases than diesel or petrol vehicles – taking the current electricity mix and incorporating Emissions are to be reduced in particular via using all other emissions, e.g. from vehicle manufacturing electric vehicles, which are particularly energy-effi- (including batteries).22 As a result of the energy transition TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 41

in energy generation, the advantage will probably rise to bikes use German cycle paths – marking a growth of over between 32 and 42 per cent in 2025. ten per cent in 2017.25

Further efforts are necessary to increase electric Compact cities and regions can avoid traffic and mobility on German roads. The Electric Mobility Act create space for living, relaxation and environmen- was passed in 2014. The government also supports the tally-friendly mobility. Scheduled, integrated urban purchase of plug-in hybrids and purely electric vehicles development can reduce distances between homes and with a purchase bonus (environmental bonus) for a central services (for example working, learning, shop- limited period. Most recently, demand for state support ping), increasing the popularity of walking and cycling. for electric cars has increased. Since their introduction in In 2015, the BMU described a potential scenario for this July 2016, roughly 51,000 support applications have been in its “New coexistence in cities” programme. made for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids until the beginning of 2018. At the same time, the development Emission reductions are also necessary in marine and of public charging infrastructure is advancing. It air transport. The Federal Government supports research currently consists of 25,000 connections at roughly projects on electricity-based fuels based on a CO2-neutral 8,500 charging stations in Germany.23 Other incentives power supply, which could be used in air and marine for climate-friendly mobility could be established by traffic. Further emission reductions could be achieved via gradually redesigning the transport-relevant taxes and improved construction methods and clearance processes, levies in a revenue neutral manner. As a result, more for example. For marine traffic, the CO2 emissions from climate-friendly mobility could lead to a noticeable 2018 are to be recorded comprehensively for the first financial advantage for citizens and companies.24 time in a European data tracking system, and from 2019 on, in an international data tracking system by the Inter- An increase in rail freight of 43 per cent is currently national Maritime Organization (IMO). forecast for the period between 2010 and 2030. Target- ed investments into the railroad network are to ensure Aviation has been part of EU ETS since 2012. Originally, that this growth is exceeded. all flights out of or into the EU were to be incorporated in the system. However, it was restricted to inner-European For heavy road haulage, electrification and the associ- flights until 2016. Per the amended directive dated 29 De- ated use of renewable energy sources are particularly cember 2017, the restriction of applicability to flights in challenging. To explore new potential, research projects the European Economic Area is being extended to 2023 and practical tests of electric HGVs powered by over- (“stop the clock”). In 2016, the International Civil Aviation head lines are being funded. Organization (ICAO) agreed on a global market-based measure for international air traffic (Carbon Offsetting Public transport, cycling and walking also help mitigate and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation; COR- climate change – contributing in particular to keeping SIA). Its goal is for international aviation to grow carbon the air clean and to a better standard of living in cities. To neutrally from 2020 on. On this basis, the CO2 quantities this end, the BMU is also supporting cleaner delivery traf- above the emission level of 2020 are to be compensat- fic and electrification of public transport with purchase ed as part of CORSIA from 2021 to 2035. CORSIA starts funding for electric and hybrid buses. Passenger trans- with an initially voluntary phase, which will transition port can also be made more climate-friendly with inter- to a mandatory phase from 2027 on. Currently, 73 ICAO modal (multi-means of transport) services and new mo- Member States have declared their willingness to par- bility concepts like car-sharing and rental bicycles. The ticipate in CORSIA from the start of the measure. They National Climate Initiative (NKI) provides municipalities currently account for 87 per cent of international flights with support in improving the infrastructure for cyclists, and would therefore compensate for much of the growth in order to promote cycling as a means of transport. The of emissions in aviation between 2021 and 2035.26 Federal Government also supports model projects such as bicycle parking facilities via its nationwide competi- “Given the growth in aviation, measures to im- tion “Climate action through cycling”. Electric bicycles prove aircraft alone are not enough to achieve are becoming increasingly popular. According to current the Paris climate targets.” Jochen Flasbarth, estimates, more than three million pedelecs and electric State Secretary in the BMU 42 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS

4.5 Private households Current political measures The 2030 sector target for buildings is higher than Emissions development in other sectors, at a 66 to 67 per cent reduction in emissions compared with 1990. In this way, Climate 10.2 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 came Action Plan 2050 takes the existing high reduction from private households (all single and multi-person potential in this sector into account. This reduction households). Compared to the previous year, emissions is to be achieved with ambitious standards for new have risen 4.1 per cent (Figure 29). The emissions in this buildings (taking profitability into consideration), sector are almost all due to burning fuels to heat buildings long-term refurbishment strategies and the gradual and hot water (Figure 30). Gases and mineral oils account phasing out of fossil fuel-based heating systems. for the majority of this (59.3 per cent together), followed by electricity at 19.3 per cent (Figure 31). If we incorporate Advances in energy modernisation of buildings are indirect emissions (for example from electricity and heat also needed to use future-proof heating technologies. production for households), the percentage of overall Heating in Germany is currently still largely based on emissions would be more than twice as high.27 fossil energy sources like oil and gas. In future, renewable energy sources are to play a greater role. Many high-efficiency buildings already cover the remaining heating requirements from ambient heat, using Emissions from private households heat pumps generally powered by electricity. Using decreased by 30.6 per cent between 1990 heat pumps (“Power-to-Heat” technology) is one way and 2016. to replace fossil fuels. The more electricity comes from renewable energy, the more successfully this technology contributes to mitigating climate change. Besides heat pumps, renewable energy sources can Non-residential buildings, i.e. buildings for business, also be used directly for heat supply (for example via commercial and official purposes as well as industrial solar thermal energy, hybrid systems, CHP) and incor- buildings, are considered separately in the CTS and porated in heating networks. industry sectors. Climate action in the building sector is governed Weather conditions have a significant influence on by several laws and ordinances. The Energy overall emissions, as heating rooms is responsible for Savings Act [Energieeinspargesetz (EnEG)], the roughly two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions in the Energy Savings Ordinance [Energieeinsparverord- building sector. For example, the warm weather in 2014 nung (EnEV)], the Renewable Energies Heat Act was partially responsible for the remarkable decrease in [Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz (EEWärmeG); emissions. In 2016, emissions in the sector rose again by see Glossary] and the Small Furnace Ordinance [Klein-

3.6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. feuerungsanlagenverordnung] are the most important regulatory foundations in Germany. The ordinance on Three quarters of residential buildings were constructed consumption-dependent billing of heat and hot water before the first Thermal Insulation Ordinance of 1979. [Ordinance on Heating Billing (HeizkostenV)] also Accordingly, they require far more energy than struc- makes an important contribution to saving energy tures built after it. Individual measures to improve ener- and mitigating climate change. gy efficiency have already been taken on many buildings. In spite of this, a very high percentage of existing build- In 2015, the Federal Government passed the “Build- ings continues to have significant savings potential. With ing energy efficiency strategy” (ESG). The Federal substantial refurbishment measures, energy efficiency Government aims to make Germany’s building stock can be increased here to reduce emissions. virtually climate-neutral by 2050. The ESG shows the steps required with regard to the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency for a virtually climate-neutral building stock. Appropriate measures PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 43

are to be introduced to reduce the primary energy requirements of buildings until 2050 by roughly 80 per Figure 29: Emissions development in households cent compared with 2008. The ESG is also an impor- 100 % tant foundation of the “Climate-friendly construction 120 132

and living” strategy in the Climate Action Plan 2050. 130 100 80 % 119 equivalents 112 2 Economic incentives are a key factor for climate 80 107 60 % 91* 91 action measures in the building sector. The KfW 60 88 support schemes “Energy-efficient building” and “En- 40 % 40 ergy-efficient refurbishment”, as well as the market 20 % incentive programme for use of renewable energy 20

sources in the heating and cooling markets provide Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % financial incentives. Taxation of fuels for heating pur- 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 poses and improved consumer information, such as * Estimate the energy efficiency label for heating, are to facilitate Source: UBA (2018a); 2017 estimate utilisation of potential reductions. based on press release 09 / 2018

Figure 30: Emission sources in the private household sector in 2016 (excluding CO from biomass) i 2 Heating consumption in Germany 58.6 % Combustion of gases Residents in almost every second residen- 0.8 % Combustion of tial building in Germany heat their homes biomass (CH with natural gas. Among other things, this 4 and N2O only) is due to the fact that many inefficient individual coal stoves were replaced with 37.4 % Combustion of natural gas systems. Natural gas central liquid fuels heating systems are the most common heating systems in Germany. Oil-fired cen- 3.2 % Combustion of tral heating systems still account for more solid fuels than a quarter of the market share. District Source: UBA (2018a) heating28 and particularly climate-friendly heating systems like electric heat pumps only supplied heat to five and two per Figure 31: Structure of the final energy cent of residential buildings respectively consumption in households 2016* in 2015. While district heating is common in city states in particular, and supplies 39.9 % Natural gas, associated gas 15 per cent of heating in Berlin, its use in 13.3 % Renewables most territorial states is minimal. In future, heat pumps could offer a climate-friendly 19.4 % Mineral oils alternative.29

0.6 % Lignite

0.6 % Hard coal

7.0 % District heating

19.3 % Electricity

Source: AGEB (2017) 44 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES

In future, large seasonal heat storage systems are to 4.6 Commerce, trade and advance electrification of the building sector. They will store the excess electricity produced in the sum- services (CTS) mer. The heat stored can then be used to heat buildings in the winter months. This storage is particularly Emissions development suitable near large non-residential buildings, districts or heating networks, as the larger the storage facility, The percentage of overall emissions accounted for by the less heat is lost. Heat pumps can be used for storage. the CTS sector was relatively low once again in 2016, However, compared with the current state of the art, at 4.2 per cent (Figure 32). A majority of the emissions the storage volumes must be increased significantly. in this sector is created by combustion of gases (Figure In this way, high-efficiency heat pumps allow the heat 33). At 16.2 per cent, the percentage of final energy yield per kilowatt hour of electricity to remain high in consumption in Germany is higher than the percentage spite of the storage losses. of overall emissions.30 Roughly half of the final energy consumption is incurred for space heating in non-residential buildings like companies, accommodation, the Current political measures hospitality industry, homes and retailers. They are not included in the private household sector. The increased Similar energy consumption structures to the private use of air conditioning systems makes building cooling households and industry sectors in the CTS sector in non-residential buildings more relevant in regard to also mean similar energy saving measures. Political final energy consumption. Emissions from electricity measures described above for both sectors therefore and district heat generation, for example for cooling or also address the CTS sector. Regulatory frameworks for heating, are also attributed to the energy sector based buildings also include non-residential buildings and on the source principle. measures for cross-sectoral technologies for industry or electricity consuming devices in private households Increasing energy efficiency has made most of the also apply for the CTS sector. emission reductions in the CTS sector possible. Be- tween 1990 and 2016, it was increased by almost 1.8 per The effect of individual support schemes is also cent per annum on average.31 In particular, improved similar in the private households, industry and CTS thermal insulation, increasing automation and process sectors. They establish incentives for all three sectors optimisation as well as modernisation of machines for further increases in investments in energy efficien- and plants were responsible for this. Fluctuations of an- cy and to harness additional greenhouse gas emission nual emissions in the sector are largely due to varying reduction potential. For instance, the BMU supports weather conditions. full and partial refurbishment of particularly energy- efficient cooling and air conditioning systems with the Cooling and Air Conditioning Directive as part of the The greenhouse gas emissions in the CTS NKI. sector decreased more than 50 per cent between 1990 and 2016. “On average, 30 to 35 per cent of energy in the cooling and air conditioning technology sector can be saved by using high-efficiency components and systems.” Barbara Hendricks, The CTS sector has similar energy consumption struc- Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature tures as private households and industry (Figure 34). Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety By 2016, electricity consumption had risen to 36 per 2013 to 2018 cent of final energy consumption in the CTS sector from 24 per cent in 1990. Increasing automation and Energy consulting and support for SMEs is intend- electrification will intensify this trend. ed to harness further energy saving potential. As part of the “Medium-size Company Initiative for the Energy Transition and Climate Action,” for example, COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 45

more than 4,000 Energy Scouts, who search for ways to save energy in companies, have been trained since Figure 32: Emissions development in the 2013. Another example is the “Energy consulting for CTS sector medium-sized companies” programme expanded in 80 100 % December 2017, in which companies from the CTS and industry sector are advised. The KfW also offers 78 60 80 % low-interest loans and repayment grants to finance equivalents 2 new buildings and energy refurbishment of non-resi- 58 60 % 40 dential buildings and individual measures in the CTS 48

32 42 42 40 % 39* sector. 39 20 37 20 %

Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 * Estimate Source: UBA (2018a); 2017 estimate based on press release 09 / 2018

Figure 33: Emission sources in the CTS sector

2016 (excluding CO2 from biomass)

63.5 % Combustion of gases

0.1 % Combustion of bio-

mass (excluding CO2 from biomass)

35.5 % Combustion of liquid fuels

1.0 % Combustion of solid fuels Source: UBA (2018a)

Figure 34: Structure of the final energy consumption in the CTS sector 2016*

30.4 % Natural gas, associated gas 8.2 % Renewables 0.3 % Hard coal 20.3 % Heating oil

4.5 % District heating

36.3 % Electricity

Source: AGEB (2017) 46 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WASTE AND RECYCLING MANAGEMENT

4.7 Waste and Figure 35: Emissions development in waste management and other** recycling management 40 100 %

Emissions development 38 38 80 % 30 equivalents 2

The percentage of climate relevant overall emissions 29 60 % in Germany in the waste and recycling management 20

sector (avoidance, continued use, recycling and dis- 21 40 %

posal of waste) remained relatively low in 2016, at 1.2 10 15 20 % 11 10* per cent. In 2016, it totalled 10.5 million tonnes of CO2 10

equivalents. This also included emissions from waste- Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % water treatment. Overall, in 2016, almost 90 per cent 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 of the total emissions in the sector came from landfill gases and wastewater management (Figure 36). * Estimate ** Without credits from recycling and energy generation Since 1990, the emissions in the sector decreased at an Source: UBA (2018a); 2017 estimate based on press release 09 / 2018 above average level, at 72.7 per cent (Figure 35). This is primarily due to reduced methane emissions from the ban on landfilling untreated biodegradable municipal Figure 36: Emission sources in waste manage- waste. Further savings were achieved by using material ment in 2016 (excluding CO from biomass) and energy from waste and increased recycling in par- 2 ticular of glass, paper and cardboard, as well as metal and plastics. They form credits in the climate balance 79.9 % and therefore lead to significant reliefs and/or savings 9.9 % Wastewater of climate-relevant emissions and fossil fuels. treatment

9.5 % Biological treatment Current political measures of solid waste 0.7 % Others The German waste and recycling management already has high re-use and recycling rates for municipal waste. The German Circular Economy Act (KrWG) establishes a hierarchy for use of waste, in which waste Source: UBA (2018a) must first be avoided, before it is recycled, used for material or otherwise (e.g. energy) or finally disposed of (Figure 37). On this basis, the Federal Government aims to develop waste management in the years to come and thus to tap the climate action potential to a greater Regulation was amended in 2017. Implementation of extent. The goal includes further expanding material these regulations will lead to a significant expansion of re-use of raw materials processed via recycling, as well recycling for packaging, commercial municipal waste as making more effective use of waste to generate elec- and construction and demolition waste, and thus helps tricity and heat. Recycling waste for use as energy helps save resources and mitigate climate change. However, mitigate climate change and makes an important con- use of landfills will also remain necessary in future for tribution to saving fossil fuels. Using most of the ma- mineral waste. terials bound in the waste for material and energy will further reduce landfilling of waste. In order to reach Separate collection of household biowaste has been these objectives, the Packaging Ordinance was devel- obligatory since 1 January 2015. It is composted (mate- oped to the Packaging Act, and the Commercial Waste rial use) or fermented (energy use) combined with the WASTE AND RECYCLING MANAGEMENT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 47

subsequent composting (cascade use), and the compost is used to improve the soil. Figure 37: Recycling management

The consumption of electrical appliances is growing – their disposal also. Correct disposal of old electrical Raw materials Des equipment avoids an environmental hazard and ign allows the re-usable materials to be recycled, helping g in R P l r c e o to mitigate climate change and save resources. Since y p c r d e o u c Res R c 2016, retailers must accept returns of old appliances idu e al t s wa i s o te s

i n

n free of charge (Electrical and Electronic Equipment

g C Recycling management

Act). Moreover, public sector disposal companies have l l e c long been obliged to establish free collecting points for t i o n

waste electrical equipment. Consumers must return s e waste electrical equipment in one of these ways. l

a S U se, r e-us r e, In addition, methane emissions from old landfills are to epair be reduced further with suitable measures. The Federal Source: European Government supports the municipalities with funding Commission (2014) from the National Climate Initiative (NKI) as part of the Municipal Guideline.

In recent years, this, the European Commission has  also focused increasingly on protecting resources and Ambitious new EU recycling targets the climate, and already submitted draft legislation to by 2035 amend waste laws and an action plan to contribute to closing the materials cycles as early as December 2015. The legislative package passed at an EU The draft legislation is to be passed by the European level contains amendments to the Waste Parliament and Council in the first half of 2018. Framework Directive, the Packaging Direc- tive, the Landfill Directive, the End-of-life Vehicle Directive, the Battery Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. The Member States must now implement the amendments in national legislation.

The recycling targets the Member States must reach in the years to come are extremely ambitious: from 2025, at least 55 per cent of municipal waste must be recycled, 60 per cent from 2030 and 65 per cent from 2035. From 2035 on, the maximum landfill rate for municipal waste may only be ten per cent. Germany will also have to expand its recycling systems to reach the recycling targets of 60 per cent and 65 per cent. 48 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | AGRICULTURE

4.8 Agriculture Figure 38: Emissions development in the agriculture sector** Emissions development

Agriculture accounted for 7.8 per cent of the overall emissions in 2016. The main greenhouse gas emis-

sions here are not CO2 emissions, but in particular

methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which have extremely strong effects on the climate.

CH4 emissions are produced in particular by the digestive systems of ruminants, which means that dairy cattle farming is the main cause. In agricul-

ture, N2O is caused by nitrogen-based fertilisers and animal husbandry. Also, organic soils used for farming

emit significant quantities of CO2, which is, however, attributed to land use in the emission balance, not to agriculture (see Section 4.9).

Between 1990 and 2016, greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture were reduced by 20.2 per cent (Figure Figure 39: Emission sources in the agricultural 38). This is due to the decrease in livestock as a result sector 2016 (excluding CO from biomass) of the structural change in former East Germany, the 2 environmental requirements of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy and improvements in fertiliser 36.8 % Agricultural soil management. 2.4 % Liming 1.1 % Urea use Current political measures 2.6 % Others 9.2 % Stationary & mobile The target of reducing emissions up to 34 per cent - by 2030 was agreed in the Climate Action Plan 2050. houses etc.) as well as There is a limit to the extent to which emissions in agricultural transport agriculture can be restricted with technical measures, as most are caused by natural processes (Figure 39). 34.1 % Animal husbandry Accordingly, a minimum level of greenhouse gas emissions, like that in industry due to process emissions, 13.8 % Fertiliser management cannot be avoided due to biological processes in animal husbandry and crop farming. Source: UBA (2018a)

Ecological farming is a key component of sustainable agriculture. It avoids mineral fertilisers and synthetic

chemical pesticides, reducing the CO2 emissions per hectare by up to 50 per cent compared with conventional farming. In 2016, roughly eight per cent of agricultural land in Germany was farmed ecologically.33 The Federal as part of fertilisation. The Fertiliser Ordinance (DüV) Government has set a target of 20 per cent for 2030. specifies the requirements for good professional practice when using fertiliser. The Fertiliser Act and Another important way to reduce emissions is reduc- Fertiliser Ordinance were amended in 2017. The new ing excess nitrogen and improving nitrogen recycling ordinance on handing nutrients in operations and AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 49

operational material flow balances (Ordinance on Bal- Nationally, they are implemented at a Federal State ancing Material Flows) entered into force on 1 January level – potentially with financial involvement of the 2018. The new fertiliser law means that we can expect Federal Government as part of the Joint Task for the a more efficient and resource-friendly use of nitrogen “Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal and phosphorus, to further reduce the excess nutri- Protection” (GAK). Besides CAP funding, the “Federal ents from agriculture. Among other things, the new Programme for Ecological Farming and other Forms of Fertiliser Ordinance introduces tighter legal regula- Sustainable Agriculture” also provides 17 million euros tions on fertiliser planning and nutrient comparison, in Germany annually. incorporation of plant-based organic fertilisers in the application limit of 170 kilograms of total nitrogen per hectare and year (this will also include fermentation residues from biogas plants in future), extension of the i blocking period for spreading fertilisers in autumn, Nitrogen harmonised national stipulations on storage capacity, use of low-emission spreading equipment, restriction Increasing nitrogen emissions are one of of the incorporation period and increasing the dis- the greatest environmental problems. Ni- tances to bodies of water. The stricter regulations are trogen pollution is revealed in high nitrate intended in particular to contribute to protecting water content in groundwater, for example, or in and keeping the air clean. particular in the nitrogen dioxide pollution in urban air. In May 2017, the Federal The design and national implementation of the EU’s Cabinet passed a report on nitrogen input Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have a significant into the environment. This marks the first influence on the type and intensity of agricultural time that the topic has been brought to management, and thus on the associated greenhouse the political agenda in a comprehensive gas emissions. In total, roughly 6.3 billion euros of EU manner. The aim of the Federal Govern- funds is available each year for agricultural subsidies in ment is to reduce nitrogen to an environ- Germany between 2014 and 2020. EU support has two mentally friendly and healthy level with mainstays, direct payments for land managers on one a cross-sectoral approach. In its report, hand and funding for rural development on the other. the Federal Government announced its For the latter, roughly 1.3 billion euros of EU funding is development of an action programme for available in Germany, which – in contrast to the funds specific reduction of nitrogen. The pro- from the first mainstay – must be co-financed with gramme is intended to help identify and additional national funds. strengthen synergies between the various Federal Government programmes. Applica- As part of the reform of the CAP in 2013, an obligatory tion of the “polluter pays” principle is to be greening component was introduced in the direct specified. An assessment of whether there payments and has been implemented nationally are legal or financial framework conditions since 2015. This is intended to improve the environ that prevent a reduction of nitrogen input mental and climate performance of the CAP with is also to be carried out. binding management requirements (crop diversi- fication, preservation of permanent grassland and establishment of ecological priority areas). The Greening Bonus accounts for roughly 30 per cent of the national upper limits of the direct payments. The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, the second mainstay of the CAP, includes targeted support measures in particular for sustainable and environmentally friendly farming and rural development. This includes supporting the transition to ecological farming or agri-environmental and climate measures. 50 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY

Figure 40: Emissions development in 4.9 Land use, land-use LULUCF (including sinks) change and forestry Million tonnes of CO equivalents 2 (LULUCF) 0-10-20-30-40 -31.3 1990 Emissions development -33.1 1995

The LULUCF sector, which stores CO2 and therefore acts as a sink (see Glossary), reduced total emissions -38.0 2000

in 2016 by a net total of 14.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (Figure 40). Overall, almost 58 million -12.1 2005

tonnes of CO2 equivalents were stored in 2016, primarily in forests (96.5 per cent of the sink capacity), and also -16.4 2010 in wood products (3.5 per cent). In spite of the elevated timber extraction predicted for the years to come, -14.4 forests remain the only sub-sector of the LULUCF -14.5 2016 sector with “negative emissions” and still serve as a sink. Accordingly, the preservation and improvement of the sink capacity of forests is the priority in this Source: UBA (2018a) sector (Figure 41). This can be achieved by tapping the potential CO reductions in sustainable forest manage- 2 Figure 41: Emissions and sinks in LULUCF 2016 ment and the closely associated timber use, possibly by prioritising cascading use of wood. Preservation of 60 permanent grassland, protection of peat land and of course the climate potential of natural forest develop- Difference: ment also play a role. However, stored CO is released 50 14.4

2 equivalents 2 again due to intensive agriculture and forestry. Against 57.8 3.6 this background, agricultural soil in particular current- 40 4.1 ly stores less than half the greenhouse gas emissions it did in 1990. 30 22.6 On the emissions side, 45.5 million tonnes of CO2 Million tonnes of CO equivalents were released in the LULUCF sector in 20 2016. Over half of these emissions was caused by con- verting grassland into arable land. Creating new grass- 10 land can bind CO2, but not at the same extent and rate 15.2 as it is released due to the conversion of permanent 2.1 grasslands. Agricultural use of arable land is responsi- 0 ble for another third of the greenhouse gas emissions Emissions 2016 Sinks 2016 in this sector. However, CO release from soil can also 2 Arable land Wetlands be reduced via soil-friendly farming methods. Grassland Settlements Timber products (sinks) Forests (sinks)

Source: UBA (2018a) LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 51

Peat lands are protected to a greater extent due to

Between 1991 and 2016, the extent of these their high CO2 storage effect. Peat lands only account permanent grasslands in Germany has for six per cent of all agricultural land in Germany, but decreased roughly 11.9 per cent. are responsible for roughly 80 per cent of emissions from farmland. As a result, they cover roughly four per cent of nationwide greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce this relatively high percentage, measures are being promoted to increase the water level in dried peat land Emissions from the land use, land-use change and for- among other things. estry sector have not been incorporated in assessments on the achievement of national and European climate action targets until now. On one hand, balancing these emissions is methodologically more difficult than in other sectors. Climate action due to forestry work is  also extremely difficult to distinguish methodologically Natural forest development in from fluctuations in natural storage effects. On the Germany other, the storage capacity of soils and vegetation is susceptible to external dangers such as forest fires or Forests are the most important sink. insect attacks, which could reduce it unexpectedly. Due According to results of the research and to the continued significant relevance of the LULUCF development project “Natural forest devel- sector to achieving the long-term climate targets, the opment as a target of the national strategy EU decided in 2017 to incorporate the emissions / stor- of biodiversity”, there are currently 213,145 age of greenhouse gases in the sector in the objective in hectares of permanently secured forest future (see Section 3.2). with natural forest development (NWE) in Germany. This is equivalent to 1.9 per cent of the forests in Germany. With current Current political measures measures, researchers expect a probable increase to 2.3 per cent by 2020, and then to The proposed European LULUCF Ordinance obliges approximately three per cent. the Member States to prevent anthropogenic de- terioration of the GHG balance of forests and soil. This percentage is currently being assessed

Preservation and improvement of the CO2 sink function in another research project (“Natural forest of forests, sustainable, natural forestry management, development in Germany: perspectives and natural forest development and preservation of perma- potential for the development of a coherent nent grasslands can reduce the release of stored CO2. NWE system”). The Federal Government’s Preserving permanent grasslands is part of the greening National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) targets aspect of the EU CAP, i.e. linking roughly 30 per cent of a higher secured natural forest develop- the national upper limits of the direct payments to land ment of five per cent of the entire forest management conducive to mitigating climate change surface or ten per cent of publicly owned and protecting the environment. forests by 2020.34 52 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHAT DOES CLIMATE ACTION MEAN FOR ECONOMY AND SOCIETY?

5. What does climate action mean for the economy and society?

5.1 Jobs transformation of the German national economy, which has already begun, allows companies to make new Climate action is a transformation process that creates experiences and expand their technological expertise, new opportunities for the economy and society. The giving them good chances on this global growth mar- challenges of change are balanced by the opportunities ket.35 The significance of climate action as an economic of a modern, innovative and future-proof economy. In factor is already reflected in employment figures. Germany, climate action is the most important economic mainstay of the environmental protection industry. Climate action provides over one million jobs in Ger- Companies in the production and service sectors in many. The GreenTech-Atlas published in 2018 on behalf 2015 earned 37.9 billion euros with goods, building and of the BMU summarises that the cross-sectoral industry services to mitigate climate change. That is equivalent to of environmental technology and resource efficiency 57.4 per cent of the total turnover with environmentally employs a total of 1.5 million people in Germany. The friendly goods. A study commissioned by the Federation UBA counted a total of 2.2 million employees in the of German Industries (Bundesverband der Deutschen environmental protection sector for 2012.36 Besides Industrie; BDI) assumes that the global market volume climate action as the most important sub-group, these of the most important climate technologies will grow fields also include other areas and thus professional to one to two trillion euros per annum by 2030. The groups. For example, this includes air pollution control JOBS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 53

There were roughly 338,700 jobs in the renewable Figure 42: Employees in environmental techno- energy sector in 2016.37 Accordingly, renewables remain logy and resource efficiency in Germany 2016 an important driver for the German economy, in spite of a decrease by roughly 15 per cent since the peak in 2011 at roughly 416,200 jobs, which is due in particular to the rising international competition in the solar 490 500 power industry. After a very pronounced rise until 2011, 400 when solar energy accounted for roughly 38 per cent 400 of the jobs, this percentage decreased to roughly 13 per In thousands In cent or 45,300 employees in 2016. Overall, the number 300 240 210 of jobs in the renewable energy sector increased again 200 by roughly three per cent compared with the previous 100 year (2015). In 2016, roughly 40 per cent of jobs were 100 60 accounted for by onshore wind, followed by biomass 38 0 usage at around 31 per cent. Figure 42 shows employees broken down by key markets, whereby the storage and distribution of renewably generated electricity are Environmentally friendly generation, storage and also distributed to the renewable energy sector. distribution of energy The renewable energies sector also creates jobs internationally. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) assumes that there are almost ten million Sustainable mobility employees worldwide in 2016. The solar photovoltaics Recycling management sector alone employs over three million persons, fol- Sustainable water management lowed by 1.7 million jobs in the liquid biofuels sector. This represents further growth in employment, by There are other areas of environmental action not covered here, see text. 1.1 per cent compared with 2015. China and Brazil have the highest number of jobs in the renewable energy Source: BMU (2018) sector, with Germany in sixth place.39

Energy efficiency remains a driver of employment in Germany, especially in the building sector. Among other things, the currently low interest rate contrib- beyond avoiding climate-relevant gases or sustainable utes to high refurbishment rates and strong activity water management, which each has positive side-effects in the new building sector. Climate-friendly solutions for climate action. Many professional groups contrib- that exceed the prescribed new building standards are ute to mitigating climate change and protecting the supported politically via additional loans at particularly environment, even if this is not the primary objective of favourable terms. The KfW loans are an internationally their responsibilities. For example, roofers are required cited example. In this way, the construction and invest- even without climate action, but by insulating roofs, ment boom has an impact on the efficiency industry. In their work is central to mitigating climate change and 2015, the sector had roughly half a million employees, protecting the environment in the building sector. This with a further 190,000 jobs to be added by 2020.40 interconnection of traditional and climate action-relevant economic sectors can make it difficult to quantify Climate action services in particular offer increasing jobs in climate and environmental action. job figures. Typical examples are wind farm project developers and company energy consultants, but mar- The explicit climate-friendly products primarily include kets are developing even outside the areas of energies goods and services, which serve to reduce or avoid and efficiency. Recycling management is particularly greenhouse gas emissions, such as the use of renewable service-intensive due to the work involved in collect- energy sources or increasing the energy efficiency. ing and transporting waste. 54 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INVESTMENTS

5.2 Investments Roughly 36.4 billion euros were invested in refurbishing existing residential buildings and The Paris Agreement calls for new investments in a further 16.8 billion euros in refurbishing climate-friendly technologies. Specifically, flows of- fi non-residential buildings in 2015. nance and investments are to be focused to ensure that they are compatible with the 2 °C or 1.5 °C warming limit and sustainable development. In 2017, the UBA published a guideline with criteria for climate-friendly investments in the energy, buildings and transport Investments in energy building refurbishment – sectors. For instance, investments in new coal-fired one of the most effective ways of increasing energy power stations are not compatible with the 2 °C limit, efficiency – remain at a high level in Germany in 2015. while investments in renewable energy systems, ener- Compared with 2014, the investments in energy refur- gy storage and a low-carbon transport infrastructure bishment of existing residential and non-residential are completely compatible. buildings each increased by 700 million euros.

Investments in climate action measures enhance As energy efficiency investments are generally associat- and modernise the economy in the medium to long ed with high initial costs – the (energy) cost savings only term and benefit local value creation, like building materialise over time – the Federal Government pro- refurbishments, for example. The demand for envi- vides public funding for example for building refurbish- ronmental and climate action technologies is grow- ment (KfW programme) or for more efficient refrigera- ing worldwide, so that its economic significance will tors in private households (electricity savings check). continue to increase. In 2015, German companies produced climate action products with a value of more In addition to withdrawing capital from investments than 33 billion euros – or more than two per cent of which adversely impact the climate, “green invest- total German industrial production.41 Climate action ments” are part of a sustainable financial policy. In measures also avoid climate and environmental costs 2016, the European Commission assembled an expert and relieve society by avoiding greenhouse gas emis- group on sustainable finance. In light of the crises in sions and other environmental impacts. Worldwide, the past ten years, it formulated two key aspects for the 383 billion US dollars were invested in climate-friendly European financial system of the future. First, financial technologies in 2016.42 In Germany, decreasing costs stability is to be enhanced by increasingly incorpo- for renewable energy sources help reduce the total rating long-term risks like environmental, social and investments required to expand capacities. Invest- political management matters in portfolio analyses and ments in renewable energy systems have been increas- management. Second, the contribution of the finan- ing continuously since 2000 and reached an interim cial sector to sustainable and inclusive growth is to be high in 2010 at almost 28 billion euros.43 Since then, increased. In this area, financing of long-term projects the costs for solar power systems and, in some cases, like innovations in infrastructure and acceleration of for wind power have decreased dramatically (Figure the transition to a low-carbon and resource-efficient 43). In 2017, more than 16 billion euros were invested economy is explicitly prioritised.45 in expanding renewable energies, primarily in wind power and photovoltaics. This represents an increase Internationally too, sustainable finance standards of more than one billion euros over the previous year. are being formulated. Based on the suggestion of the High financial support for expanding renewable ener- G20 and the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the “Task gy systems in Germany is often criticised – although Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures” (TCFD) the previous subsidies for conventional energy sourc- headed by the industry developed recommendations es are more than six times higher.44 for consistent, comparable, reliable, clear and efficient disclosures of climate-related financial risks. These can for example be used by companies whose business model is based on production or use of fossil energy sources. The Task Force’s final report was published in summer 2017.46 INNOVATION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 55

Figure 43: Selected investments in renewable energy sources nationwide

Figures in billion euros 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Hydropower 0.37 0.50 0.35 0.30 0.20 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02 Onshore wind energy 2.54 2.80 2.11 2.86 3.55 4.49 7.06 5.37 6.81 7.77 Offshore wind energy 0.17 0.47 0.45 0.61 2.44 4.27 3.94 3.68 3.32 3.24 Photovoltaics 7.97 13.57 19.58 15.86 11.98 3.38 1.45 1.62 1.64 1.72 Solar thermal energy 1.70 1.49 0.99 1.06 0.95 0.86 0.79 0.80 0.69 0.56 Geothermal energy 1.25 1.15 0.96 0.99 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.02 1.19 1.31 Biomass electricity 1.98 2.02 2.24 3.12 0.79 0.70 0.67 0.17 0.26 0.39 Biomass heat 1.76 1.61 1.21 1.32 1.50 1.53 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.17 Total 17.74 23.61 27.89 26.12 22.47 16.45 16.44 14.00 15.16 16.18

Sources: AGEE-Stat (2018, as of: February 2018)

can optimise flows of traffic and shorten or avoid 5.3 Innovation distances (e.g. when searching for a parking space). Self-driving vehicles have the potential to achieve Climate action offers incentives for innovations in a efficiency improvements, provided that the vehicles are wide range of areas. The reduction in energy consumption climate-neutral and traffic does not increase further. has made the most significant contribution to environmental protection in German companies among both pro- Consulting firm Roland Berger forecasts that digiti- cess- and product-related environmental innovations in sation will increase the market volume by more than the past five years.47 However, as in the employment sector 20 billion euros for the entire GreenTech industry by (Section 5.1), there are also other promising environmental 2025. An additional market volume of up to seven innovations. For example, logistical innovations play a key billion euros due to digitisation is assumed for the key role for competitiveness in various industry groups like market of energy efficiency.48 transport, mail and wholesale. Recycling offers new markets for recycling management and water management; In future, digitisation will facilitate significant the changing rainfall intensities due to climate change emission savings. For example, sector coupling will be require new solutions for municipal wastewater (adapta- facilitated via digital networking of heating and elec- tion to climate change). Further research and development tricity supply, so that climate-friendly energy sources is required for storing electricity from renewable energy like wind and solar power are easier to integrate (load sources, for example in the context of power-to-X storage. management). Temporary electricity surpluses can be used or stored better both in industrial processes and Digitisation offers special innovation opportunities in the transport sector with intelligent solutions. For for climate action. Telephone and video conferences 2025, the firm Roland Berger forecasts that advanc- replace business trips, intelligent building services ing digitisation will facilitate additional savings of equipment can reduce heat consumption, optimised 50 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents for the entire delivery processes avoid empty runs and reduce fuel GreenTech industry in Germany (Figure 44). This consumption in the logistics sector. In addition, intel- corresponds to CO2 savings of five per cent compared ligent transport and improved information systems with the emissions in 2014. 56 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECURITY

tions. For example, the law on the digitisation of the

Figure 44: Additional CO2 savings (in million energy transition passed in 2016 governs equipping tonnes) via digitisation per key market in loads and generators with intelligent measurement Germany in 2025 systems known as smart meters. By providing precise consumption information and facilitating variable 50 rates, smart meters are intended to help increase energy efficiency. That guides the expansion of intelli- 40 gent networks and measurement systems, and makes them secure with uniform standards and data privacy 30 stipulations. 20 17 11 9 1 10 6 6 5.4 Energy security

0 Energy security depends on four factors. First, energy (sources) must be fundamentally present and second Environmentally friendly generation, storage and available or usable. Third, the energy must be afforda- distribution of energy ble, and fourth, the form of energy generation must be socially acceptable. The concept of energy security grew in importance during the 1970s oil crisis and has become a key element of national policy since then. Sustainable mobility The economy and population require a stable energy Recycling management supply, as everyday workflows would be inconceivable Sustainable water management otherwise and inefficiencies would lead to higher over-

5 % CO2 savings compared with CO2 emissions in 2014 all macroeconomic costs. 4 billion trees would have to be planted to bind 50 mill. t

CO2 in one year Renewable energy sources contribute to a higher supply security. They diversify the energy mix, use local resources and thus guarantee availability. In Germany Source: BMU (2018) in particular, this is important as the availability of fossil fuels here is limited or only available at high costs. Roughly two thirds of the fossil fuels used (oil, gas and hard coal) are imported.

Furthermore, expanding renewable energy sources reduces energy import costs. When renewable energy sources replace fossil-based power stations, the At the same time, digitisation must be designed demand for fossil energy sources declines and so do the to avoid negative effects. Potential environmental import quantities and their costs. In 2015 the import pollution due to digitisation must be identified early costs for fossil energy sources were reduced by almost and actively avoided. This includes the high energy 25 billion euros (Figure 45). Overall, the value of fossil requirements associated with increasing use of IT sys- fuel imports in 2015 totalled roughly 57 billion euros, tems. Rebound effects on a user side (for example the compared with roughly 81 billion euros in the previous decision to use new efficient devices more frequently year.49 or no longer switch them off, so that they consume more energy overall) are also a challenge which must be counteracted via information campaigns.

The Federal Government is therefore actively involved in designing the framework conditions for innova- ENERGY SECURITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 57

Figure 45: Reduction in import costs of energy thanks to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency

30 26 25 25 24

Billion euros 22

20 19 16 15

10 10 8 9 9 9 7 7 6 6 6 4 5 3 1 2 2 2

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Import costs saved due to renewable energy

Source: own diagram based on BMWi (2016a)

Energy efficiency also contributes to energy security. Energy efficiency measures reduce the energy demand Together with the other states of the in general, and thus reduce the dependency on oil and group of the seven largest industrialised gas. When companies transition to more efficient sys- economies (G7), Germany pursues the goal tems, they reduce the economic uncertainties caused of enhancing the security of energy supply. by fluctuating oil and gas prices. Thus, the use of re- That also includes increasing energy effi- sources can be planned more reliably. At the same time, ciency and using state-of-the-art energy they mitigate climate change and save energy costs. technologies. Increased energy efficiency also means that the energy demand decreases with constant economic activity at a macroeconomic level, saving import costs. For 2015, the energy costs avoided due to efficiency are estimated at roughly 16 billion euros (Figure 45). 58 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | FUNDING FOR CLIMATE ACTION

intensifying and advancing local implementation 5.5 Funding for of the Paris Agreement. To accomplish this, specific projects throughout the BMU priorities are tendered climate action and selected projects by non-profit organisations are financed via idea competitions. In 2017, EUKI’s The Federal Government offers incentives and op- expenditures totalled 6.3 million euros (Figure 46). portunities to those who work actively to mitigate climate change. It supports a wide range of stakeholder • Since 2008, the BMU’s National Climate Initia- groups, from international organisations, cities and tive (NKI) has been supporting innovative climate municipalities to individuals and research institutions action measures by stakeholders from society, the with individual support schemes. economy and science in Germany. As part of this framework, more than 25,000 projects have already been implemented with a funding volume (expendi- Support schemes of the Federal tures) of roughly 790 million euros. This funding has Environment Ministry (BMU) triggered investments of more than 2.5 billion euros, avoiding emissions of more than one million tonnes

Incorporating the requirements of the Paris Agreement of CO2 equivalents. In 2017, 135 million euros of is a prerequisite for all climate financing schemes. funding was invested in the 12 funding programmes (Figure 46). • The International Climate Initiative (IKI) by BMU has been specifically financing climate and biodiver- • The “Environmental Technologies Export Ini- sity projects in developing and emerging countries tiative” has been supporting projects related to as well as transformation nations since 2008. In the sharing environmental knowledge, environmental early years of the programme, the funding came awareness and technical expertise in countries that from the EU ETS auction proceeds. To ensure the need support since 2016. The aim is to contribute continuity of financing, further special funds were to developing necessary framework conditions provided in the Energy and Climate Fund. Both and structures for sustainable use of environmen- funding mechanisms are now part of the regular tal technologies, incorporating local partners, and BMU budget. IKI is an important part of German thus to set trends to improve mitigation of climate climate finance and funding commitments as part of change and protection of the environment. The the biodiversity convention. It explicitly prioritises focus is on knowledge and technology transfer climate action, adaptation to the consequences of in the areas of expertise of the BMU, for example climate change and preserving biodiversity. This has wastewater management, recycling management, positive side-effects, such as in particular improv- resource efficiency, energy-saving building and ing the standard of living in the partner countries. urban development and environmentally friendly The initiative promotes projects that aim to reduce mobility. greenhouse gases, adapt to the consequences of climate change, preserve natural carbon sinks, with a focus on reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) and preserving biodiversity. As part of IKI, over 500 projects were promoted worldwide, with a volume of roughly two billion euros. In 2017, the expenditures totalled 356 million euros (Figure 46).

• The European Climate Initiative (EUKI; see Glos- sary) was initiated by the BMU in 2016, and funds projects involving cross-border knowledge and experience sharing in the EU. The aim is to intensify dialogue in the European states at various levels, SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 59

The Federal Government also promotes climate- friendly innovations with other specific research 5.6 Sustainable promotion programmes. In the departmental research plan (until 2014 UFOPLAN), the BMU defines relevant consumption research questions throughout its varied competences. They are often tendered and managed as research Over half of the German population considers the tar- projects by the UBA. In 2018, the tendered research get of greenhouse gas neutrality very important. The projects ranged from superordinate questions of cli- Federal Government’s environmental awareness study mate action and adaptation, through safeguarding the shows that over 90 per cent of those surveyed called for soil and seas and systematic integration of technical further political measures to mitigate climate change environmental infrastructure, right up to civil society and protect the environment.50 Accordingly, it is clear participation. that the concept of sustainability is now firmly established in the minds of the public. At the same time, each individual can also make further contributions.

The annual per capita emissions of a person living in Figure 46: 2017 disbursements in Germany are almost ten tonnes of CO (2016), roughly millions of euros 2 twice the global average (see also Figure 1 in Section 2). In Germany, heating and electricity consumption made up the largest share of the greenhouse gas 356 IKI (International 51 Climate Initiative) footprint that could be broken down (Figure 47). Consumers can rarely influence heating emissions directly, as for example tenants only have a limited 6.3 EUKI (European influence on the type of heating system. By contrast, every consumer can pay attention to sustainability cer- 135 NKI tificates when choosing their electricity provider and (National more efficient domestic appliances when it comes to electricity consumption. Consumers can also positively influence their footprint in the food and transport Source: own diagram sectors, which represent the second- and third-largest emission blocks. Sustainable, seasonal and regional food can both reduce greenhouse gases and improve health. Other consumption related emissions that are not further differentiated here contributed a further 38 per cent to the greenhouse gas footprint.52

“Last one out turns off the light!” Katarina Witt, Olympic Gold Medallist and Environ- mental Ambassador for the Blauer Engel environmental label

The Federal Government specifies framework conditions to facilitate sustainable action. By passing the “National Programme for Sustainable Consumption” (NPNK), the government set itself a joint target to bring sustainably produced consumer goods from a niche status to mainstream in 2016. A clear majority of the population considers measures to reduce subsidies that adversely impact the climate (90 per cent), expansion of funding for renewable energy sources (89 per cent), 60 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION

and the ban of particularly climate-damaging products (89 per cent), either important or very important.53 Figure 47: Greenhouse gas emissions of an

average German citizen (in CO2 equivalents) Consumers are better informed via various initiatives to label products. The Federal Government’s environ- 4.42 t Other consumption* mental label, the “Blauer Engel” (Blue Angel) identifies the most environmentally friendly products in numer- 1.61 t Mobility except ous categories. The European Ecolabel also recognises air travel many comparably environmentally friendly electrical 0.58 t Air travel and electronic devices. The EU Framework Regulation on energy consumption labelling is intended to make 0.73 t Public emissions** it easier for consumers to incorporate information that is not readily available (for example on energy con- 0.79 t Electricity sumption, noise emissions) in their purchase decision. Together with voluntary environmental labels, this 1.75 t Nutrition instrument promotes market penetration of the most 1.75 t Heating resource- and/or energy-efficient technology in a certain product group (top runner approach). The “Product * E.g. clothing, domestic appliances and leisure activities Environmental Footprint” is intended to supplement ** E.g. water supply and disposal, waste disposal the environmental evaluation of products EU-wide. The Source: UBA (2017b) pilot phase with 24 product groups is to be completed by 2018. GLOSSARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 61

6. Glossary

Biofuels Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) Liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass. EU decision requiring Member States to reduce Examples include biodiesel, bioethanol and their GHG emissions from non-ETS sectors by a biogas. total of ten per cent by 2020 compared to 2005 and to distribute this target amongst the individual Member States. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Colourless and odourless gas that is a natural part of the atmosphere. As a by-product of energy Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) generation, carbon dioxide occurs primarily EU decision requiring Member States to reduce when burning fuels containing carbon. Carbon their GHG emissions from non-ETS sectors by dioxide is the most important of the climate- 30 per cent by 2030 compared to 2005 and to dis- relevant atmospheric trace gases. tribute this target among the individual Member States. Carbon leakage Due to additional costs from emissions trading, Energy efficiency industrial production is outsourced to countries Ratio of benefit to the energy required. where no climate action requirements or low requirements apply. This also outsources the Energy productivity associated (climate gas) emissions. Ratio of the overall macroeconomic performance to the energy used (inverse of energy intensity).

CO2 equivalent Unit for the greenhouse warming potential of a European Climate Initiative (Europäische gas. CO2 equivalents show the quantity of a gas that would have the same greenhouse effect as Klimaschutzinitiative, EUKI) Funding programme of the BMU to promote CO2 over a 100-year period. cooperation within the EU in the further development and implementation of its climate Cogeneration (CHP, combined heat and power policy. generation) Simultaneous generation of electricity and heat in one power generation plant. European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) Since 2005, emissions trading has been the central EU-wide instrument for reducing CO emissions, Decarbonisation 2 making it the main instrument for implementing Increasing use of low-carbon sources of energy the EU’s climate goals. It incorporates emitters in for economic action. the energy and industry sectors, which can trade emission allowances among one another. Direct marketing Sale of electricity from renewable energy sources External environmental costs to wholesale buyers or on the electricity exchange Costs (in particular from environmental damage), (for example on the electricity exchange in which are incurred when producing economic Leipzig). With subsidised direct marketing, plant assets, but are not borne by the producer. operators also receive a market bonus in addition to the sales revenue. 62 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOSSARY

Feed-in tariff Gross electricity consumption Remuneration for electricity from renewable Total of domestic electricity generation and flows energy sources defined by the government and of electricity from overseas, less flows of electrici- enshrined in the Renewable Energy Sources Act ty to other countries. (EEG).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change F-gases (IPCC) Fluorinated greenhouse gases used as refriger- An intergovernmental committee of experts on ants in cooling and air conditioning systems, as climate matters, that has been operating under propellants in sprays, as propellants in foams and the patronage of the United Nations since 1988. insulation and as a fire-extinguishing agent. International Climate Initiative (Internationale Final energy Klimaschutzinitiative, IKI) Part of primary energy that reaches the consumer Funding programme of the BMU for climate and after deduction of transfer and conversion losses, biodiversity projects in developing and emerging for example district heating, electricity, petrol, countries as well as in transition states. heating oil, natural gas, biogas and hydrogen.

Methane (CH4) Non-toxic, colourless and odourless gas. After Fossil fuels carbon dioxide (CO ), it is the second-most signifi- Energy raw materials produced from biomass 2 cant greenhouse gas emitted by humans. over millions of years, and consisting of carbon compounds of different lengths: oils, coals, gases. National Climate Initiative (NKI) Funding programme of the German Federal Envi- Greenhouse gases ronment Ministry for climate action. Atmospheric trace gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect and can be both natural and Plug-in hybrid anthropogenic, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane All vehicles that use two different drives (gener- (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride ally combustion and electric motors) and can be (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs). charged by plugging them in.

Greenhouse gas neutrality Power-to-X Reached when the total of anthropogenic To store renewable electricity generated at low greenhouse gas emissions (for example by burn- cost in the long term and allow it to be used in ing fuels) and greenhouse gas absorption (for other sectors, an increasing range of different example by natural sinks, future technologies) of technologies are used to convert (surplus) elec- human-made greenhouse gas emissions is zero. tricity to other energy sources (“Power-to-X”). The electricity is converted to hydrogen and methane (“Power-to-Gas”) or liquid fuels and raw materials GreenTech industry (“Power-to-Liquid”) using additional electricity. Economic sectors that offer environmentally friendly, sustainable, resource- and energy-saving technologies, services and products. Primary energy Mathematically useful energy content of a natu- rally occurring energy source, before it is converted into another form of energy. GLOSSARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 63

Primary energy consumption Source principle Total of energy sources used, including changes in Allocation of emissions to the point of origin. stock and the balance of purchases and deliveries.

Tenders Renewable Energies Heat Act (Erneuerbare-En- Since the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) ergien- Wärmegesetz, EEWärmeG) 2017, tenders have been used to determine the The “Law Promoting Renewable Energy in the level of feed-in tariffs for selected renewable Heating Sector” is from 2009. It obliges the own- energy sources competitively. The lowest bids are ers of new buildings to meet part of their heat- awarded the contract and their implementation is ing and cooling needs from renewable energy given financial support. sources. The first amendment of the Act entered into force in 2011. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Renewable energy sources First international agreement that refers to Energy sources that, according to human meas- climate change as a serious problem and obliges ures of time, are available for ever. The three the community of states to take action. The original sources are solar radiation, geothermal Climate Framework Convention was adopted at energy and tidal energy. They can be used either the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environ- directly or indirectly in the form of biomass, ment and Development, and has been ratified by wind, hydropower, ambient heat and wave 194 states since then. It entered into force in 1994. energy.

Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare- Energien-Gesetz, EEG) The 2000 Act Prioritising Renewable Energy Sources contains the priority purchase obligation of renewable energy sources by grid operators. It also governs the (decreasing) remuneration rates for individual generation types and the process of allocating the resulting additional costs to all electricity buyers. Amendments to the Act entered into force in 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2017. Since 2017, the remuneration amounts for electricity under the EEG are no longer defined by the government, they are determined by tenders on the market.

Sink Reduction of emissions by absorbing and storing

CO2 in plants and soil. 64 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ABBREVIATIONS

7. Abbreviations

AGEB Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen) AGEE Working Group on Renewable Energy (Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien) BDI The Federation of German Industries (Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie e.V.) BMBF Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) BMEL Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft) BMU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit) BMUB Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Reactor Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit) BMWi Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie) BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) CAP EU Common Agricultural Policy CAT Climate Action Tracker

CH4 Methane CHP Combined Heat and Power cm Centimetre CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CO2 Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CPI Climate Policy Initiative CTS Commerce, Trade and Services DAS German Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel) DEG German Investment and Development Society (Deutschen Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft) DEHSt German Emissions Trading Authority (Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle) DüV German Fertiliser Ordinance (Düngeverordnung) DWD German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst) EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research EDL-G Energy Services Act (Energiedienstleistungsgesetz) EEA European Environment Agency EED European Energy Efficiency Directive EEG Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz) EEWärmeG Renewable Energies Heat Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz) EIB European Investment Bank ABBREVIATIONS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 65

EnEG Energy Savings Act (Energieeinsparungsgesetz) EnEV Energy Savings Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung) ESD Effort Sharing Decision ESG Energy Efficiency Strategy for Buildings (Energieeffizienzstrategie Gebäude) ESR Effort Sharing Regulation EU European Union EU28 28 Member States of the European Union EU ETS EU Emissions Trading System EUKI European Climate Initiative (Europäische Klimaschutzinitiative) F-gas Fluorinated greenhouse gas FÖS Ecological and Social Market Economy Forum (Forum Ökologisch-Soziale Marktwirtschaft) FSB Financial Stability Board g Gram G7 Group of the seven largest industrialised economies G20 Group of the 20 largest industrialised and emerging economies GAK Joint Task for the “Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal Protection” (Gemeinschaftsaufgabe Agrarstruktur und Küstenschutz) GDP Gross Domestic Product GDV German Insurance Association (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft) GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse gas Gt Gigatonne HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IKI International Climate Initiative (Internationale Klimschutzinitiative) IMO International Maritime Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency KfW German National Development Bank (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau) KrWG Circular Economy Act (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz) kWh Kilowatt hour LEEN Learning Energy Efficiency Network LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Mill. Million 66 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ABBREVIATIONS

min. Minimum mm Millimetre

N2O Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) NAPE National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (Nationaler Aktionsplan Energieeffizienz) NBS National Biodiversity Strategy (Nationale Strategie zur biologischen Vielfalt) NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEDC New European Driving Cycle NKI National Climate Initiative (Nationale Klimaschutzinitiative) NPNK National Programme for Sustainable Consumption (Nationales Programm für Nachhaltigen Konsum) NWE Natural Forest Development (natürliche Waldentwicklung) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PEC Primary energy consumption PEP Primary energy productivity PFC Perfluorinated hydrocarbon ProgRess II German Resource Efficiency Programme II (Deutsches Ressourceneffizienzprogramm II) PtX Power-to-X REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise SRU Advisory Council on the Environment (Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen) t Tonne(s) TCFD Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures TWh Terawatt hour UBA Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WLTP Standardised, EU-wide test procedure for registering new cars (Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Procedure) ZEW Centre for European Economic Research (Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH) ENDNOTES | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 67

8. Endnotes

1. Matthews, D. et al. (2014) 2. CAT (2017) 3. UBA (2018a) 4. AGEE-Stat (2018) 5. UBA (2018b) 6. IPCC (2013) 7. DWD (2017a) 8. GDV (2012) 9. For further information please contact: Federal Government (2015) 10. UNFCCC (2018) 11. International Resource Panel (2017) 12. Deutsche WindGuard (2015) 13. BMWi (2015) 14. Federation of German Steel Industry (2016) 15. DEHSt (2016) 16. Federal Statistical Office (2016) 17. Federal Statistical Office (2017) 18. Federal Network Agency (2017) 19. AGEB (2017) 20. KBA (2017) 21. SRU (2017) 22. BMUB (2017) 23. Chargemap (2018) 24. Federal Government (2016) 25. ZIV (2018) 26. ICAO (2018); Bird&Bird (2018) 27. Federal Government (2016) 28. However, emissions for district heating generation for private households are attributed to the energy industry based on the source principle. 29. BDEW (2015) 30. AGEB (2017) 31. AGEB (2017) 32. BMWi (2016b) 33. BMEL (2018) 68 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | BIBLIOGRAPHY

34. Federal Government Response to the Minor Inquiry by Parliament Members Kersten Steinke, Birgit Menz, Ralph Lenkert, other Members and the parliamentary party DIE LINKE. – Publication 18/1295312953 – Natural forest development on lands of the national natural heritage dated 20/07/2017 35. BCG and Prognos (2018) 36. UBA (2016) 37. GWS, DLR and DIW Berlin (2018) 38. GWS, DLR and DIW Berlin (2018) 39. IRENA (2017) 40. DENA (2017) 41. UBA (2017a) 42. CPI (2017) 43. BMWi (2017) 44. FÖS (2017) 45. High-Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2017) 46. TCFD (2018) 47. ZEW (2016) 48. BMU (2018) 49. BMWi (2016a) 50. BMUB and UBA (2017)

51. The greenhouse gas emissions per capita are in total higher in Figure 47 than in Figure 01, as in addition to CO2 emissions they include methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well as the climate impact from aviation. 52. They include emissions from production, transport, trade and use of products as well as from services related to leisure, health or education. 53. BMUB and UBA (2017)

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GWS, DLR und DIW Berlin (2018) im Auftrag des BMWi: Ökonomische Indikatoren des Energiesystems – Methode, Abgrenzung und Ergebnisse für den Zeitraum 2000 – 2016. www.bmwi.de High-Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2017): Interim Report. www.ec.europa.eu ICAO (2018): Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). www.icao.int

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