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WWVB: a Half Century of Delivering Accurate Frequency and Time by Radio
Volume 119 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.004 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology WWVB: A Half Century of Delivering Accurate Frequency and Time by Radio Michael A. Lombardi and Glenn K. Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 [email protected] [email protected] In commemoration of its 50th anniversary of broadcasting from Fort Collins, Colorado, this paper provides a history of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) radio station WWVB. The narrative describes the evolution of the station, from its origins as a source of standard frequency, to its current role as the source of time-of-day synchronization for many millions of radio controlled clocks. Key words: broadcasting; frequency; radio; standards; time. Accepted: February 26, 2014 Published: March 12, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.004 1. Introduction NIST radio station WWVB, which today serves as the synchronization source for tens of millions of radio controlled clocks, began operation from its present location near Fort Collins, Colorado at 0 hours, 0 minutes Universal Time on July 5, 1963. Thus, the year 2013 marked the station’s 50th anniversary, a half century of delivering frequency and time signals referenced to the national standard to the United States public. One of the best known and most widely used measurement services provided by the U. S. government, WWVB has spanned and survived numerous technological eras. Based on technology that was already mature and well established when the station began broadcasting in 1963, WWVB later benefitted from the miniaturization of electronics and the advent of the microprocessor, which made low cost radio controlled clocks possible that would work indoors. -
Micro-Broadcasting: License-Free Campus Radio in This Issue: • Carey Junior High School ARC • WEFAX Reception on an Ipad • MT Reviews: MFJ Mini-Frequency Counter
www.monitoringtimes.com Scanning - Shortwave - Ham Radio - Equipment Internet Streaming - Computers - Antique Radio ® Volume 30, No. 9 September 2011 U.S. $6.95 Can. $6.95 Printed in the United States A Publication of Grove Enterprises Micro-Broadcasting: License-Free Campus Radio In this issue: • Carey Junior High School ARC • WEFAX Reception on an iPad • MT Reviews: MFJ Mini-Frequency Counter CONTENTS Vol. 30 No. 9 September 2011 CQ DX from KC7OEK .................................................... 12 www.monitoringtimes.com By Nick Casner K7CAS, Cole Smith KF7FXW and Rayann Brown KF7KEZ Scanning - Shortwave - Ham Radio - Equipment Internet Streaming - Computers - Antique Radio Eighteen years ago Paul Crips KI7TS and Bob Mathews K7FDL wrote a grant ® Volume 30, No. 9 September 2011 U.S. $6.95 through the Wyoming Department of Education that resulted in the establishment Can. $6.95 Printed in the United States A Publication of Grove Enterprises of an amateur radio club station at Carey Junior High School in Cheyenne, Wyoming, known on the air as KC7OEK. Since then some 5,000 students have been introduced to amateur radio; nearly 40 students have been licensed, and last year there were 24 students in the club, seven of whom were ready to test for their own amateur radio licenses. In this article, Carey Junior High School students Nick, Cole and Rayann, all three of whom have received their licenses, relate their experiences with amateur radio both on and off the air. While older hams many times their ages are discouraged Micro-Broadcasting: about the direction of the hobby, these students let us all know that the future of License-Free Campus Radio amateur radio is already in good hands. -
Reception of Low Frequency Time Signals
Reprinted from I-This reDort show: the Dossibilitks of clock svnchronization using time signals I 9 transmitted at low frequencies. The study was madr by obsirvins pulses Vol. 6, NO. 9, pp 13-21 emitted by HBC (75 kHr) in Switxerland and by WWVB (60 kHr) in tha United States. (September 1968), The results show that the low frequencies are preferable to the very low frequencies. Measurementi show that by carefully selecting a point on the decay curve of the pulse it is possible at distances from 100 to 1000 kilo- meters to obtain time measurements with an accuracy of +40 microseconds. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental reiulb permib the study of propagation conditions and, further, shows the drsirability of transmitting I seconds pulses with fixed envelope shape. RECEPTION OF LOW FREQUENCY TIME SIGNALS DAVID H. ANDREWS P. E., Electronics Consultant* C. CHASLAIN, J. DePRlNS University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium 1. INTRODUCTION parisons of atomic clocks, it does not suffice for clock For several years the phases of VLF and LF carriers synchronization (epoch setting). Presently, the most of standard frequency transmitters have been monitored accurate technique requires carrying portable atomic to compare atomic clock~.~,*,3 clocks between the laboratories to be synchronized. No matter what the accuracies of the various clocks may be, The 24-hour phase stability is excellent and allows periodic synchronization must be provided. Actually frequency calibrations to be made with an accuracy ap- the observed frequency deviation of 3 x 1o-l2 between proaching 1 x 10-11. It is well known that over a 24- cesium controlled oscillators amounts to a timing error hour period diurnal effects occur due to propagation of about 100T microseconds, where T, given in years, variations. -
The Big Guns of Tv Dxing
The Official Publication of the Worldwide TV-FM DX Association NOVEMBER 2003 The Magazine for TV and FM DXers! THE BIG GUNS OF TV DXING DETAILS INSIDE! OVER 5,500 STATIONS LOGGED! Bob Seybold – Jeff Kadet – Bob Cooper- Frank Merrill THIS MONTH! ATSC-101 PART II, Understanding Digital TV Gordon Simkin’s Exotic DX And a Ton of TV and FM DX Loggings! TV and FM DXing Was Never So Much Fun! THE WORLDWIDE TV-FM DX ASSOCIATION Serving the UHF-VHF Enthusiast THE VHF-UHF DIGEST IS THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE WORLDWIDE TV-FM DX ASSOCIATION DEDICATED TO THE OBSERVATION AND STUDY OF THE PROPAGATION OF LONG DISTANCE TELEVISION AND FM BROADCASTING SIGNALS AT VHF AND UHF. WTFDA IS GOVERNED BY A BOARD OF DIRECTORS: TOM BRYANT, GREG CONIGLIO, BRUCE HALL, DAVE JANOWIAK AND MIKE BUGAJ. Editor and publisher: Mike Bugaj Treasurer: Dave Janowiak Webmaster: Tim McVey Editorial Staff: Steven Wiseblood, Victor Frank, George W. Jensen, Jeff Kruszka, Keith McGinnis, Fred Nordquist, Matt Sittel, Doug Smith, Thomas J. Yingling, Jr. and John Zondlo, Our website: www.anarc.org/wtfda ANARC Rep: Jim Thomas, Back Issues: Dave Nieman ELECTRONIC EDITION for NOVEMBER 2003 _______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS Page Two 2 Mailbox 3 Finally! For those of you online with an email TV News…Doug Smith 5 address, we now offer a quick, convenient ATSC Primer Part II…Doug Smith 19 and secure way to join or renew your Photo News…Jeff Kruszka 22 membership in the WTFDA from our page at: Eastern TV DX…Matt Sittel 26 http://fmdx.usclargo.com/join.html Western TV DX…Victor Frank 28 Southern FM DX…John Zondlo 33 Dues are $25 if paid to our Paypal account. -
O, Nitoring a Publication of Game Enee + Rises
Vol. 15, No. 8 August 1996 Your Personal Communications Source ) . o, nitoring A Publication of Game Enee + rises, ing ómß Thl o hone I We Eher 08 MT Reviews Drake SW -1 Air Force Goes to Zulu Plan o 33932 74654 s z Giant List of Fast Food Freqs www.americanradiohistory.com The offers All Mode Communications Decoding. 46L72. 11Hz UCH: 103.5 Hz CTCSS Mode 461.725 MHz )C,:. E4i' DCS Mode 461 . ''ç, MHz Nearfield Receiver _ High Speed FM Communications )TMF: 8003279912 sweeps range of 30MHz to 2GHz in less than one DTMF Mode second Two line character LCD displays Frequency and either. Additional Display Modes: All Mode Decoding (CTCSS, DCS, DTMF), LTR-Trunk- Latitude/Longitude Mode ing. Relative Signal Strength, Latitude and Longitude, or Signal Strength Mode FM Deviation with automatic backlight Deviation Mode NMEA -0183 GPS Interface provides tagging data with LTR -Trunking Mode location for mapping applications* CI -v compliant Serial Data Interface with both TTL and RS232C levels Frequency Recording Memory Register logs 500 frequencies with Time, Date, Latitude, and Longitude information Real -Time Clock/Calander with battery back -up Frequency Lock Out, Manual Skip, and Auto or Manual Ho capability Tape Control Output with Tape Recorder Pause control relay and DTMF Encoder for audio data recording INNOVATIVE PRODUCT Rotary Encoder for easy selection of menus for setup Internal Speaker, Audio earphone/headphone jack FOR A MODERN Miniature 8 -pin DIN Serial Interface port for PC connection PLANET Relative ten segment Signal Strength Bargraph Mode Numerical Deviation Mode with 1 -10kHz and 10- 100kHz ranges - - ODUCTORY PRICE Includes Built -in Rapid Charge NiCad Batteries with 8 hour.dischargë: time and a Universal Power Supply *Software for mapping applications is planned by third party Software Design Companies. -
US-China Relations
U.S.-China Relations: An Overview of Policy Issues Susan V. Lawrence Specialist in Asian Affairs August 1, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41108 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-China Relations: An Overview of Policy Issues Summary The United States relationship with China touches on an exceptionally broad range of issues, from security, trade, and broader economic issues, to the environment and human rights. Congress faces important questions about what sort of relationship the United States should have with China and how the United States should respond to China’s “rise.” After more than 30 years of fast-paced economic growth, China’s economy is now the second-largest in the world after that of the United States. With economic success, China has developed significant global strategic clout. It is also engaged in an ambitious military modernization drive, including development of extended-range power projection capabilities. At home, it continues to suppress all perceived challenges to the Communist Party’s monopoly on power. In previous eras, the rise of new powers has often produced conflict. China’s new leader Xi Jinping has pressed hard for a U.S. commitment to a “new model of major country relationship” with the United States that seeks to avoid such an outcome. The Obama Administration has repeatedly assured Beijing that the United States “welcomes a strong, prosperous and successful China that plays a greater role in world affairs,” and that the United States does not seek to prevent China’s re-emergence as a great power. -
Digitalization of Radio Through DRM Standard on Mediumwave And
ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 9, March 2014 Digitalization of Radio through DRM Standard on Mediumwave and Shortwave Branimir Jaksic, Mile Petrovic, Petar Spalevic, Ratko Ivkovic, Sinisa Minic University of Prishtina, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia University of Prishtina, Teachers College, Leposavic, Serbia areas where analog technology AM (amplitude modulation) Abstract— this paper work offers an overview of DRM was used. It is planned that AM should be replaced with standards used in digitization of radio on medium and short waves digital technology which is similar to technologies DAB and in the world. Firstly, it provides the raw characteristics of DRM DVB-T (all of these listed technologies use OFDM technology and its working principle, with a special focus on audio coding. After that, the state of DRM transmissions in modulation) [3]. The primary purpose of DRM technology is February 2014 is given. Also it gives an summary of radio stations for transfer of the audio content. With this basic purpose, which broadcast the program using DRM technology (country DRM also supports the transfer of some multimedia content and language transmission). Broadcasting areas of radio stations with lower transmission capacity: are also provided, as well as the number of active DRM - DRM text messages; frequencies by regions of the world, for each radio station - EPG (Electronic Program Guide); separately. Then, a map of DRM transmitters in the world is - Information text services (Journaline text based shown, with their main characteristics. information service); - Transmission frames (Slideshow); Index Terms—DRM, frequencie, radio channel, transmitters. -
Five Years of VLF Worldwide Comparison of Atomic Frequency Standards
RADIO SCIENCE, Vol. 2 (New Series), No. 6, June 1967 Five Years of VLF Worldwide Comparison of Atomic Frequency Standards B. E. Blair,' E. 1. Crow,2 and A. H. Morgan (Received January 19, 1967) The VLF radio broadcasts of GBR(16.0 kHz), NBA(18.0 or 24.0 kHz), and NSS(21.4 kHz) have enabled worldwide comparisons of atomic frequency standards to parts in 1O'O when received over varied paths and at distances up to 9000 or more kilometers. This paper summarizes a statistical analysis of such comparison data from laboratories in England, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Russia, Japan, Canada, and the United States during the 5-year period 1961-1965. The basic data are dif- ferences in 24-hr average frequencies between the local atomic standard and the received VLF radio signal expressed as parts in 10"'. The analysis of the more recent data finds the receiving laboratory standard deviations, &, and the transmission standard deviation, ?, to be a few parts in 10". Averag- ing frequencies over an increasing number of days has the effect of reducing iUi and ? to some extent. The variation of the & with propagation distance is studied. The VLF-LF long-term mean differences between standards are compared with the recent portable clock tests, and they agree to parts in IO". 1. Introduction points via satellites (Steele, Markowitz, and Lidback, 1964; Markowitz, Lidback, Uyeda, and Muramatsu, Six years ago in London, the XIIIth General Assem- 1966); improvements in the transmission of VLF and bly of URSI adopted a resolution (No. 2) which strongly LF radio signals (Milton, Fey, and Morgan, 1962; recommended continuous very-low-frequency (VLF) Barnes, Andrews, and Allan, 1965; Bonanomi, 1966; and low-frequency (LF) transmission monitoring US. -
Unclassified NEA/RWM/RF(2004)6 RWMC Regulators' Forum (RWMC
Unclassified NEA/RWM/RF(2004)6 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 30-Sep-2004 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE Unclassified NEA/RWM/RF(2004)6 RWMC Regulators' Forum (RWMC-RF) REMOVAL OF REGULATORY CONTROLS FOR MATERIALS AND SITES National Regulatory Positions Issues with the removal of regulatory controls are very important on the agenda of the regulatory authorities dealing with radioactve waste managemnt (RWM). These issues arise prominently in decommissioning and in site remediation, and decisions can be very wide ranging having potentiallly important economic impacts and reaching outside the RWM area. The RWMC Regulators Forum started to address these issues by holding a topical discussion at its meeting in March 2003. Ths present document collates the national regulatory positions in the area of removal of regulatory controls. A summary of the national positions is also provided. The document is up to date to April 2004. English - Or. English JT00170359 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format NEA/RWM/RF(2004)6 FOREWORD Issues with the removal of regulatory controls are very important on the agenda of the regulatory authorities dealing with radioactive waste management (RWM). These issues arise prominently in decommissioning and in site remediation, and decisions can be very wide ranging having potentially important economic impacts and reaching outside the RWM area. The relevant issues must be addressed and clearly understood by all stakeholders. There is a large interest in these issues outside the regulatory arena. -
The RWM Benefit Cost Analysis Compendium
The Road Weather Management Benefit Cost Analysis Compendium Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The Road Weather Management Benefit Cost Analysis Compendium TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-HOP-14-033 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Road Weather Management Benefit Cost Analysis Compendium August 2014 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Michael Lawrence, Paul Nguyen, Jonathan Skolnick, Jim Hunt, Roemer Alfelor N/A 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Leidos 11251 Roger Bacon Drive Reston, Virginia 20190 11. Contract or Grant No. Jack Faucett Associates 4915 St. Elmo Ave, Suite 205 DTFH61-12-D-00050 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Office of Freight Management and Operations 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 HOP 15. Supplementary Notes Far right image on cover source: Idaho Transportation Department Bottom image on cover source: Paul Pisano, Federal Highway Administration 16. -
DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 - 27 Nov 2018 16:39:49
DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 - 27 Nov 2018 16:39:49 DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 Incorporating REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING edited by Glenn Hauser, http://www.worldofradio.com Items from DXLD may be reproduced and re-reproduced only if full credit be maintained at all stages and we be provided exchange copies. DXLD may not be reposted in its entirety without permission. Materials taken from Arctic or originating from Olle Alm and not having a commercial copyright are exempt from all restrictions of noncommercial, noncopyrighted reusage except for full credits For restrixions and searchable 2018 contents archive see http://www.worldofradio.com/dxldmid.html [also linx to previous years] NOTE: If you are a regular reader of DXLD, and a source of DX news but have not been sending it directly to us, please consider yourself obligated to do so. Thanks, Glenn WORLD OF RADIO 1957 contents: Australia, Brasil, China, Cuba, France and non, Japan/Korea North non, Nigeria and non, Saudi Arabia, Somaliland, Spain, Sudan, Tajikistan/Tibet non, USA, unidentified; contests; what is DX? and the propagation outlook dxld1847_plain 1 / 115 DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 DX LISTENING DIGEST 18-47, November 19, 2018 - WORLD OF RADIO PODCASTS: 27 Nov 2018 16:39:49 SHORTWAVE AIRINGS of WORLD OF RADIO 1957, November 20-26 2018 Tue 0030 WRMI 7730 [confirmed] Tue 0200 WRMI 9955 [confirmed] Tue 2030 WRMI 7780 [confirmed] Wed 1030 WRMI 5950 [zzz] Wed 2200 WRMI 9955 [confirmed] -
Uyghur Experiences of Detention in Post-2015 Xinjiang 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................9 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................10 MAIN FINDINGS Surveillance and arrests in the XUAR ................................................................................13 Surveillance .......................................................................................................................13 Arrests ...............................................................................................................................15 Detention in the XUAR ........................................................................................................18 The detention environment in the XUAR ............................................................................18 Pre-trial detention facilities versus re-education camps ......................................................20 Treatment in detention facilities ..........................................................................................22 Detention as a site of political indoctrination and cultural cleansing....................................25 Violence in detention facilities ............................................................................................26 Possibilities for information