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The Contribution of Landscape Design to the Sustainability of Livestock Operations

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The Contribution of Landscape Design to the Sustainability of Livestock Operations Landscape Beneficial Management Practices: The contribution of landscape design to the sustainability of livestock operations By Dawn F. Guđrun Harris A practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of: Master of Landscape Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba © December 13, 2010 by Dawn F. Guđrun Harris Intentionally blank Abstract This practicum explores the potential role that landscape planning and design can play in improving the relationship between the public and farmers whose method of production involves an intensive livestock operation. The work involves five areas of exploration: bioremediation, odor control, climate mitigation, biosecurity, and aesthetics. Bioremediation is explored in the context of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. A new shelterbelt design, an eco-buffer, is reviewed for its applicability in odor control and climate mitigation. Biosecurity is addressed through site planning while design interventions and vegetation selection address aesthetics. The site is that of the Glenlea Research Station (GRS) belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba. The GRS is home to a major undertaking of the Faculty, the National Centre for Livestock and the Environment. A new addition to the site is a visitor centre, The Bruce D. Campbell Food and Farm Discovery Centre. Intentionally blank This practicum is dedicated to Jack Brogan Long-time employee of the Glenlea Research Station And station manager from 1999 to 2009. He has a good heart. Intentionally blank v Acknowledgements I would like to extend my appreciation to: • My husband, Randy Baldwin, for supporting me financially and emotionally during my long journey to obtaining my Masters Degree, and for only once or twice asking me why cutting colored pieces of paper and gluing them onto board had anything to do with Landscape Architecture, when it seemed better suited to kindergarten. • My daughter, Amanda, with whom I exchanged assessments of the university experience and commiserated about professors’ ridiculous expectations. When I got off track she reminded me, “Get on with it, Mom.” And who graduated long before I did. • My parents for raising me to have the intestinal fortitude to complete this journey. • My committee members, Karin Wittenberg, Associate Dean, Research, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, for the unbelievable opportunity she gave me in allowing me to use the Glenlea Research Station as my site; to Derek Murray, partner in Scatliffe + Miller + Murray, for his advice on keeping it real and teaching site grading, which I put into practice; and to Jean Trottier, committee chair, for his immense amounts of patience and insight, and for hanging in when I am sure he thought I would become his permanent grad student. He also deserves special recognition for giving of his sabbatical time to continue to assist me in reaching the conclusion of this journey. • The staff at “Glenlea”, current and past, who humored me when I asked ridiculous questions; willingly shared information and insights; and were just all around friendly. • All those people in academia, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector who responded to my questions so quickly and willingly, especially those who took me on tours of their facilities. The Internet is an amazing place where one minute you can be reading about something, and the next have an email conversation with the author. I cannot say enough about all these “other” people who were so forthcoming with their assistance. • Marcella Eaton, whom I did not always understand and with whom I did not always agree, but whom I have always respected, for her amazing teaching talent and dedication to helping students understand and see the bigger picture, and for introducing me to Saskatchewan-born artist Agnes Martin – I will never look at a prairie sky the same way again. It’s a beautiful world. • The Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council for funding a portion of this practicum. v Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................i edication ...........................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................v List of tables ..........................................................................................................................x List of figures .........................................................................................................................x List of figures with copyright permission ...................................................................................xiii Prologue..............................................................................................................................xv Chapter : Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Background ......................................................................................................1 The site ............................................................................................................2 Chapter : cope of this practicum ....................................................................................5 Governing principle .........................................................................................5 Five areas of exploration.................................................................................5 Three components ..........................................................................................7 Chapter : ite inventory ....................................................................................................9 Background .....................................................................................................9 Inventory process ..........................................................................................12 Site control and maintenance .......................................................................13 Layout of the site ...........................................................................................14 Climate ...........................................................................................................15 Vegetation ......................................................................................................15 Fauna .............................................................................................................16 Chapter : ite analysis ...................................................................................................17 Beyond the site ..............................................................................................17 Three distinct regions ...................................................................................18 Drainage/water ..............................................................................................21 Climate ...........................................................................................................23 Topography ....................................................................................................24 Aesthetics ......................................................................................................24 Vegetation ......................................................................................................25 Forces influencing the site ............................................................................27 Conclusion .....................................................................................................27 Chapter : esearch ........................................................................................................29 Constructed wetlands for treating domestic and agricultural wastewater 29 Background .........................................................................................29 What is a wastewater treatment wetland? .........................................30 Application of constructed treatment wetlands ................................34 Precedents ...........................................................................................34 Issues in using wetlands for wastewater treatment ..........................36 Maintaining emergent macrophytes vegetation ......................36 v HSSF wetlands in cold climates ...............................................40 Phosphorus removal .................................................................41 Regulatory .................................................................................42 Opportunities for constructed wetlands in Manitoba .......................42 Benefits to locating constructed treatment wetlands at the GRS ....44 Shelterbelts ....................................................................................................47 An alternative shelterbelt ...................................................................47 Odor mitigation ..............................................................................................53 Conclusion .....................................................................................................57 Chapter : Eploration and informing
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