ayJn oieA Bolunia A. Louise Jane Mary rdlz .Campos Z. Fredeliza eevd oebr21;Acpe:2 aur 01 eie:4Fbur 2011 February 4 Revised: 2011; January 21 Accepted: 2010; November 4 Received: enatpco nur ic h ihenhcnuy h oenmisra iwrelates view mainstream has modern Islands The century. Solomon eighteenth the the beyond since enquiry of of islands topic remote a the been of settlement human The Introduction Hung Hsiao-chun Marianas the to Philippines Oceania: the Remote of settlement first The upeetr nomto a efudoln t http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/ at: online found be can hung329/. information Supplementary Keywords: ∗ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ANTIQUITY Australia colo rhelg n uelg,Pkn nvriy ieunRa,Biig107,P .China R. P. 100871, Beijing Road, Yiheyuan 5 University, Peking Museology, Philippines and 1000, Manila Archaeology Philippines, of Philippines the School 1101, of City Museum China Quezon National R. P. Diliman, Division, S.A.R., Philippines, Archaeology Kong the Hong of Road, University Pokfulam Program, Studies Kong, Archaeological Hong USA of 96923, University GU Humanities, Mangilao, of , School of University Center, 0200, Research Area ACT Canberra Micronesian University, National Australian Australia The 0200, History, ACT Natural Canberra and University, Archaeology National Australian of The Department Anthropology, and Archaeology of School uhrfrcrepnec Eal [email protected]) (Email: correspondence for Author 5(01:9996http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/085/ant0850909.htm 909–926 (2011): 85 cai,Mraa,NoihcPiipns Austronesian Philippines, Neolithic Marianas, Oceania, 1 , 2 , 4 ∗ hlpJ Piper J. Philip , ieT Carson T. Mike , 6 acOxenham Marc , 909 5 hsupeeetdjourney? unprecedented this manage they did but How animals. plants no apparently cultivated some presumably women, with and men proposing of are voyage pioneering they epic so an sea, open of 2300km Philippines by the The from BC. separated expansion 1500 are around Marianas human Pacific open first the claim into a to for Philippines the endorsement and in Marianas assemblages the pottery compare authors The ,EusebioDizon 3 ee Bellwood Peter , 1 hn Chi Zhang & 6 , 1 , 7

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania

Figure 1. Taiwan, the Philippines and the Marianas: 1) Eluanbi & Kending; 2) Batanes Islands; 3) Nagsabaran (Cagayan Valley); 4) Dimolit (east coast of Luzon). this settlement to a migration of Austronesian-speaking Neolithic populations from 1350 BC onwards sailing via equatorial latitudes in eastern Indonesia into the western Melanesian islands, and then via the Lapita cultural complex into and central/eastern (Kirch 2000; Summerhayes 2007). However, another corner of the western Pacific witnessed a remarkable feat of ocean crossing perhaps a century or two before the Lapita spread, and over a much greater open ocean distance than any known Lapita movement. The Mariana Islands are the northernmost islands of Micronesia, consisting of more than a dozen islands in a north-south arc between 13 and 20◦ north, situated across open sea about 2300km east of Taiwan and the Philippines (Figure 1). A number of archaeologists have already suggested close cultural relations between the Marianas and the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic (eg. Spoehr 1973; Bellwood 1975: 10, 1978: 282, 1985: 253, 1997: 235–6, 2005: 137; Thiel 1987; Kirch 1995, 2000: 167–73; Shutler 1999) and, since 1975, Bellwood has regarded a Philippine connection as most likely. Sites with comparable pottery, which imply such connections, include the Batungan caves on Masbate, the Cagayan Valley shell middens in northern Luzon, Kalumpang in western Sulawesi and Sanga Sanga rockshelter in the Sulu archipelago. Recent work in both the Marianas and the Philippines allows us now, for the first time, to report specific parallels between red-slipped and decorated pottery, dating to 1500–1400 BC (Table 1), found in the larger southern islands of Guam, Tinian and Saipan in the Marianas, with comparable pottery assemblages from sites in the northern Philippines.

910 Table 1. Summary of radiocarbon dating of earliest site deposits at Ritidian and Unai Bapot, Mariana Islands. Site and Measured 14C Conventional 14C Marine reservoir Calibrated 2σ reference Lab sample Provenience Sample material age (years BP) δ13C(‰) age (years BP) correction (R)∗ probability∗∗ Ritidian, Guam Beta-239577 Fenceline Pit Charcoal 2820−+40 −25.4 2810−+40 n/a 1109–1104 BC (Carson 2010) 35, (0.4%); 0.88–1.05m; 1076–1065 later cultural (1%); 1056–842 layer (98.6%) Beta-253681 Fenceline Pit Anadara 3030−+40 −0.7 3430−+40 −44−+41 1547–1257 BC 35, antiquata 2.50–2.60m, shell earliest cultural layer, Hung Hsiao-chun intertidal zone 911 Beta-253682 Fenceline Pit Halimeda sp. 2980−+40 +5.3 3480−+40 −44−+41 1609–1323 BC 35, algal bioclast 2.55–2.60m, earliest al. et cultural layer, intertidal zone Beta-253683 2.60–2.65m, Heliopora sp. 3610−+50 +4.4 4100−+50 −44−+41 2454–2077 BC pre-dates coral (99.7%); cultural layer limestone 2075–2069 BC (0.3%) Unai Bapot, Beta-214761 Layer III-A, Charcoal 2850−+40 −25.8 2840−+40 n/a 1125–903 BC Saipan combustion (100%) (Carson 2008) feature, post-dates earliest cultural layer

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania σ ∗∗ pecimens (Reimer probability ∗ R)  41 1914–1560 BC 41 1732–1439 BC + − + − 44 44 − − C Marine reservoir Calibrated 2 14 50 40 + − + − ) age (years BP) correction ( ‰ .5 3590 1.1 3710 C( − − 13 δ C Conventional 14 50 40 + − + − 3320 3210 shells at the Ritidian site in northern Guam (Carson 2010). antiquata shell antiquata shell Anadara Anadara Anadara antiquata localised discard pile, earliest cultural layer localised discard pile, earliest cultural layer 41 was calculated for + − 44 − Beta-216616 Layer IV-A, Beta-202722 Layer IV-A, . 2004). Calibrations are by CALIB software version 6 (Stuiver & Reimer 1993), using INTCAL09 dataset for charcoal specimens and MARINE09 dataset for marine s Marine reservoir correction of et al Table 1. Continued Site and∗ ∗∗ Measured reference Lab sample Provenience Sample material age (years BP)

912 ainsRdptey a ecnndt ieitra fapoiaey10–00BC. 1500–1000 approximately earliest of the interval with time associated a to settlement, confined Marianas be earliest can pottery, the Red findings, Marianas 1125–903 these to dated on types 1732–1560 pottery Based approximately different BC. with to associated dated occupation is later ware a red by dated earliest followed pottery BC, the was coarser Bapot, and Unai BC, thicker At 1547–1323 by BC. later to 1056–842 followed to dated pottery, ware as occupation, red 2008), earliest fine (Carson very the Saipan with Ritidian, associated on At Bapot Unai 1. Table and in 2010) (Carson summarised Guam on Ritidian radiocarbon are pottery associated without yet Honolulu, in Museum Bishop the in dating. Island shown in Tinian on is stored site Taga pottery of now House red-slipped the and from and (1961) decorated Spoehr the Lime-filling and Similar Pellett 2). by border decoration. recovered group 4, the Figure circles sherd of 3, most Stamped (Figure in them punch-marks). evident within is (tiny occur sometimes punctations and packed delicate bands elements tiny, major decorative the of between zones rows the with with curvilinear, are some incised although rectilinear, predominantly patterns, complex, show sherds from 2008). decorated (Carson The reported ware. fragmentation been sand-tempered extreme have with and forms frequencies vessel low Other very other bowls. in The but hemispherical base. sites rounded simple other a are and medium- to cent rim small everted per a sharply is 15 a rims, with all carinated, of sometimes cent vessel, per 85 sized representing form, dominant The forms. vessel for valuable pottery are limited sites have Other but Clark sherds. period, 2010; settlement the Carson earliest of (e.g. the less collections of or dating cent confident and per decorative precise since one large their size, only its This on of 1995). present because important 1994, are especially elements (Butler is material pieces decorated recovered 143 of of collection volume largest the level yielding sea pottery, of ecosystems. lowering coastal a of with re-configuration along substantial significantly 2002), a BC, 1983, and 1000 (Moore 2000) After (Dickinson evident (1957). are Spoehr types by pottery thin-walled, Red different with Marianas associated are termed and present, period pottery the a than red-slipped during 1.8m) (about settings level shoreline-oriented sea in higher occur slightly Islands of Mariana the on sites earliest The sites Marianas earliest The ugssta e-lpe n tme otr ae eebten20 n 30BC, 1300 and 2000 between here dates pottery stamped Nagsabaran from and sequence radiocarbon red-slipped The Valley that location. Cagayan inland the suggests from an specifically has this migrated obviously although Cagayan settlers Marianas, which first the the itself, the from that in that to mean far, sites not so need several reported, similarity similar from most the pottery is Luzon punctate-stamped on Valley and circle- red-slipped, The Philippines the from pottery Comparable h otisrciestsfrdtn h aletMraa eteetadisassociated its and settlement Marianas earliest the dating for sites instructive most The calcareous red-slipped, often thin-walled, a is Red Marianas of component earliest The major two only exhibit ceramics Achugao early the 1995), (1994, Butler by reported As Marianas earliest the for informative most the far by is Saipan on site Achugao The sa-hnHung Hsiao-chun Fgr 2) (Figure tal. et 2010). 913 tal. et

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania

Figure 2. The locations of early settlements in the Marianas, c. 1500–1000 BC.

914 fsed rls,adcnit fpntt,crl-tme n nie ois fe with often motifs, incised cent and per circle-stamped one punctate, about of on consists Nagsabaran, and in less, rare or quite sherds also of is Decoration Cagayan pottery. the Nagsabaran BC. for 1000 range and midden. overall 2000 between shell an pottery covering support reasonable incised a results the and maintain dating stamped P7 of and red-slipped, The base P1 order. trenches the in stratigraphic dates from of the that postholes degree seen be large disturbed can was it very layer 2 Table some the in However, and of vicinity, alluvium its digging the or of the site much the by since in mixed, elsewhere rather from are re-deposited Nagsabaran radiocarbon clearly at The was Iron midden. layer shell alluvial and riverine lower Neolithic large the that a late for within deposit dates contained The are silt fragments. silts Excavations alluvial the bracelet above Luzon. lower jade clay layers Taiwan Age baked a of two stepped), revealed coast and (some have earrings north adzes 2009 penannular stone the and trapezoidal-sectioned on pottery, 2000 red-slipped mouth between contains its site Piper above 4.2ha 2007; this 22km Tsang at about 2008; west, 2005, (Hung the period from this of al. culture et material other and pottery see and 2 (Table dates Marianas earliest online). the information with supplementary overlapping but before commencing 46). thus 1999: Sand see courtesy Sand, (2, Christophe Caledonia of New courtesy Lapita, 3, at 1994; 13 Butler 1) Site from: see 3) Butler, incision, Islands; with Brian Mariana combination of Saipan, in Achugao, circle-stamping, 2) and Philippines; punctate/dentate northern involving Nagsabaran, decoration pottery Similar 3. Figure aial,teerypro ainspteyrsmlsasbsto h oediverse more the of sub-set a resembles pottery Marianas period early the Basically, the defining for productive most the been has Nagsabaran sites, Valley Cagayan the Of 09) tle ntesuhbn fZbrnCek hc on h aaa River Cagayan the joins which Creek, Zabaran of bank south the on lies It 2009a). sa-hnHung Hsiao-chun 915 tal. et

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania

Figure 4. Decorated pottery from the earliest layer at the House of Taga site in Tinian, excavated by Pellett and Spoehr 1961 (photograph courtesy of the Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam). lime-infill. The Nagsabaran motifs, in which one or more rows of stamped circles lie parallel to incised bands filled with comb-like punctate or dentate stamping (Figure 3, group 1), are all extremely similar to those of the earliest Marianas Red, as well as to the zonal decoration on some Lapita pottery from the Santa Cruz Islands (Figure 5, and see Spriggs 1990: 86) and (Figure 3, group 3). The Nagsabaran pottery includes a greater variety of vessel forms than occur in the Marianas: for instance, a vertical-walled bowl with a ring foot, and the large sherds found at this site indicate that decoration sometimes covered most of the exterior of the vessel. Similar decorated red-slipped pottery occurs in other Cagayan Valley sites of the second millennium BC, such as Magapit (Hung 2005, 2008). Circle-stamped pottery was also very common between about 1300 BC and AD 1 in the Batanes Islands, between Luzon and Taiwan, although punctate-stamping and the use of incision to define decorative zones do

916 Table 2. 14C dates from Nagsabaran, Cagayan Valley, northern Philippines. The upper shell midden is represented by dates from Pit 1 (P1) excavated in 2000, and Pit 14 (P 14), excavated in 2009. All dates from all pits that relate to the alluvial silt layers below the shell midden are listed in this table. See supplementary information online for discussion. The Gakashuin and National Taiwan University dates listed in this table are from Tsang 2007: 94 and we do not have measured δ13Cvalues. Pit number and depth Conventional Calibration) Sample # Dated material below ground surface δ13C age (years BP) (IntCal 09)

GX-26797 Charcoal P1, 0.8m, shell midden 1470−+50 AD 436–659 GX-26798 Charcoal P1, 1.1m, shell midden 1670−+60 AD 244–535 GX-26705 Charcoal P1, 1.2m, shell midden 2120−+220 735 BC–AD 335 GX-26698 Charcoal P1, 1.4m, shell midden 1830−+70 AD 50-381 GX-26806 Charcoal P4, 1.5m, shell midden 2150−+150 731 BC–AD 175 GX-26699 Charcoal P1, 1.8m, shell midden 1920−+80 111 BC–AD 320 Hung Hsiao-chun GX-26800 Charcoal P1, 1.8m, shell midden 1760−+110 AD 50–538 GX-26799 Charcoal P1, 1.5m, shell midden 1960−+90 194 BC–AD 245 917 GX-26801 Charcoal P1, 2.3m, shell midden 2260−+270 933 BC–AD 336 GX-26802 Charcoal P1, 2.4m, shell midden 2240−+270 918 BC–AD 346 GX-26702-AMS Charcoal P1, 2.5m, shell midden 1820−+40 AD 85–322 ANU-13020 Batissa childreni P14, 0.8m, shell midden −12.5 2620−+30 831–771 BC al. et ANU-13019 Batissa childreni P14, 1.2m, shell midden −8.9 2560−+30 805–553 BC ANU-13018 Batissa childreni P14, 1.4m, shell middem −26.4 7380−+40 6380–6099 BC ANU-13017 Batissa childreni P14, 1.8m, shell midden −10.4 3420−+30 1873–1632 BC ANU-13024 Batissa childreni P14, 2.1m, shell midden −12.6 2680−+30 897–801 BC NTU-3799 Batissa childreni∗ P1, 3.1m, lower silts 3450−+40 1886–1666 BC GX-26704- AMS Charcoal P2, 1.4m, lower silts 2620−+40 895–669 BC GX-26705 Charcoal P2, 1.5m, lower silts 6610−+290 6065–4900 BC GX-26711-AMS Charcoal P4, 2.1m, lower silts 2520−+50 799–417 BC NTU-3798 Charcoal P7, 1.6m, lower silts 2670−+40 902–794 BC GX-28379 Charcoal P7, 1.6m, lower silts 3050−+70 1454–1112 BC GX-28381 Charcoal P7, 1.9m, lower silts 3390−+130 2023–1417 BC WK-23397 Pig premolar∗∗ P9, 1.4m, lower silts 3940−+40 2567–2299 BC

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania 393530313030 3337–2933 BC 30 791–510 BC 21 BC–AD 127 795–541 BC 1915–1749 BC 895–793 BC 797–546 BC + − + − + − + − + − + − + − C age (years BP) (IntCal 09) 13 15.1131714 103.14% modern 104.83% modern 105.03% modern 103.02% modern 12.7 98.47% modern 23.722.727.825.6 4450 26.5 2504 27.4 1946 31.6 2528 3510 2660 2540 δ − − − − − − − − − − − − Pit number and depth Conventional Calibration) Modern shell, Zabaran Creek Modern shell, Zabaran Creek Modern shell, Zabaran Creek Modern shell, Zabaran Creek Modern shell, Cagayan River Batissa childreni Batissa childreni Batissa childreni Batissa childreni Batissa childreni 2009a. et al. Piper Sample originally published as charcoal. ANU-15410 ANU-15411 ANU-15412 ANU-13023 Sample # Dated material below ground surface WK-19712WK-18059WK-17756ANU-13016 Animal boneANU-13014 CharcoalANU-13013 CharcoalANU-13021 Charcoal Charcoal P9, 1.5m, lower Charcoal silts P9, 1.6m, lower silts P9, 1.8m, lower P11, silts 1.7m, lower silts P14, 2.4m lower silts P14, 2.4m, lower silts Table 2. Continued WK-19713 Charcoal P9, 1.5m, lower silts ∗ ∗∗

918 n ifiutt eaepeieyt n nLzno h ains eas fteimportance the of Because Marianas. the or Luzon on any to precisely relate to difficult and lpe ufcs(ha20;Caie&Fri 08 ee ae adTndro Truman Tanudirjo, Daud Lape, Peter red- 2008; Anggraeni, with Ferrie and association & Simanjuntak in Chazine again Indonesia, 2003; eastern (Chia and surfaces (Sabah) similar slipped Malaysia East where of Philippines, parts in central occur the in Island (1968). Solheim Masbate by as reported south was pottery far punctate-stamped Valley as Cagayan the least in represented at punctate-stamping Philippines, extended and the circle- in the Elsewhere of 2008). range 2005, geographic (Hung Taiwan the southern and eastern in BC 2200 otr nIln otes sa hsbigpeeti ml uniiswt nie and incised with quantities ( small sites in Neolithic red-slipped present oldest oldest being the the this in pottery have pottery Asia, Neolithic does cord-marked Southeast no it Island though has however, even in Taiwan, punctate-stamping, pottery 84D). and & circle- 82D both pls. with central 1969: in Dabenkeng (Chang at Yingpu assemblage Taipei of Yuanshan site the near occurs in Neolithic pottery punctate-stamping late impressed and the 70) rare in 2000: (Tsang fairly circle-stamping Taiwan Taiwan, including In BC, 2005). 1500 about Dizon by & (Bellwood here occur not 4 Figure in shown sherds Green). Nagsabaran Roger circle- the late of of the combination one of the on courtesy both occurs 9.12, showing that fig. (Melanesia), motif 1978: Islands cross-in-circle Bellwood Cruz the (from Santa also Gawa, and Nenumbo, zones, from dentate-stamped sherd and Lapita A 5. Figure lehr nIln otes sa eysalaonso ucut-tme pottery punctuate-stamped of amounts small very Asia, Southeast Island in Elsewhere es comms pers. sa-hnHung Hsiao-chun .Btteaalbeilsrtdmtf r eysmall very are motifs illustrated available the But ). 919 c. tal. et 00B) eoigdmnn after dominant becoming BC), 3000

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania of this pottery style in the Cagayan Valley, it is possible that substantial innovation in pottery decoration might have taken place on Luzon itself. From a purely geographical perspective, the north-east coast of Luzon rather than the inland Cagayan Valley might have been the most likely source for Marianas settlement, but so far the single known Neolithic site here is Dimolit (Peterson 1974a & b), on Palanan Bay. This site contains plain red-slipped pottery similar to that reported from the Cagayan Valley sites, but without any impressed decoration. The closest parallels for the earliest decorated Marianas Red pottery so far are thus in the Cagayan Valley.

Coastal and maritime economies All of the known early Marianas sites, dated to 1500–1000 BC, may be described as shoreline- oriented, founded on sand spits, narrow beach fringes, in seaside rockshelters or in other marginal settings at or very near sea level. This distinction sets these sites apart from a generic coastal setting expected of almost any island society. Most definitively, the Ritidian site in northern Guam provided evidence of earliest occupation dated to 1547–1323 BC within a shallow inter-tidal lagoon setting directly overlaying coral reef dated to 2454–2077 BC (Table 1). Taking into account a sea level high-stand, between 3400 and 1050 BC, of about 1.8m higher than present (Dickinson 2000), early period Marianas site settings must have been substantially different from the modern broad sandy beaches (Carson 2011). A close relationship with the sea is unquestionable from this perspective, and early period Marianas sites often contain abundant marine shell midden, mostly of Anadara antiquata shells. Vertebrate faunal materials are extremely few in number, perhaps due to discard patterns, depositional contexts or preservation qualities. The limited vertebrate fauna includes fish and bird bones, and possibly native fruit bat, at the earliest sites. The earliest rat bones appear around AD 900–1000 (Wickler 2004; Pregill & Steadman 2009). Pig, dog, deer and cattle were introduced to the Marianas only after Spanish contact. The limited scope of faunal remains in the Marianas is rather curious, given the existence of pig, dog, chicken and rat in variable abundance at most other sites in the larger Asia- Pacific region. For example, at Nagsabaran, imported domesticated pig appears as early as 2000 BC (Piper et al. 2009a & b), and dog bones date at least to 500 BC. Both pig and dog were present by 2800 BC in Taiwan (Tsang et al. 2006). Rat bones usually coincide with the earliest human settlements in oceanic islands, so their apparently late arrival in the Marianas is deserving of explanation, perhaps related to the remote location and the difficulties of transporting live animals over such a vast distance, given the likelihood of crew hunger — even starvation — while afloat. A marine-oriented subsistence pattern may therefore be expected for the early seafaring Malayo-Polynesians who crossed 2300km of ocean in order to settle the Marianas. Terms for sails and outriggers were among the shared vocabulary of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian communities (Pawley & Pawley 1994), suggesting skilled open sea navigation and possibly the ability to capture large and powerful marine prey. Judith Amesbury (2008a) reviews all the recorded data on bones of large pelagic fish species, such as marlin (Istiophoridae) and dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus — Coryphaenidae), from Marianas archaeological sites, evident as early as 500 BC. Unfortunately, only a miniscule fish bone sample has been

920 oehrwt ogsadntsnes(i19,20a 02:5,6;Tsang 63; 58, 2002b: 2002a, 1997, (Li net-sinkers and gorges with together 0 C tNgaaa,md epcieyo i oe aieadadguprcanine upper dog a and ( canine midden lower shell pig upper a the of in respectively found made (Piper been Nagsabaran, have at L-shaped, BC) than 500 rather straight in younger. gorges, similar currently are fish are Taiwan specimens southern Marianas and the Marianas for dates the the both though in even found shape, points hook trolling Taiwan,The southern in also II points Eluanbi bone and 69) and 2002b: shanks (Li stone Kending end-grooved at and occur rod-shaped with lures trolling possible rmteTia-uo eint h ainswudsilb ihysignificant. highly be still would Marianas the introduction secondary to a region even Taiwan-Luzon type equipment, this the associated of first from the Pacific the and western prey, by the pelagic carried large in for occurrence was fishing restricted technology of the in this given BC that but, 500 Marianas assume by the to perhaps of entitled and settlers yet Islands not Batanes the are We in Marianas. BC the 1200 by Taiwan, southern in BC 2000 Islands. Batanes the to in dating Anaro specimen similar A line. nlyr otdtn D9010,btoepsil arossellr hn a na in was found shank were lure hooks shell trolling nacreous of possible points (Dilli one shell BC but 500 and pre-dating 900–1000, Ray bone layer AD 1970; several post-dating Reinman Guam, compound layers 1957; in and in Spoehr site gorges, 1932; one L-shaped (Thompson At or lures V-shaped 1981). trolling of and range a hooks plus two-piece made hooks hooks rotating rotating simple one-piece simple same of fragments include pieces of known few the 2009). Islands, but (Campos Batanes BC, 1000 the AD in after far Savidug then so at and but layers 1, bones, occupation BC–AD the Dolphinfish 1200 separate suggest sailfish. to two dated or in bones marlin occur fish as also the dolphinfish, marlin, such (Serranidae), sites, not carnivores 2573 groupers pelagic Marianas large which large the very other of (8.46 for in and turtle fishing bone, As marine offshore of unidentified. 303 specialised cent), of fragments rest per dominance the 3581 (14.41 and mammal produced 516 cent), II cent), this per Eluanbi per in (71.85 analysis in capabilities fish recent seagoing 4 marine Neolithic were Pit a on total, and light In surprising 2002a), throws region. (Li 2009) Piper technology & fishing (Campos offshore specialised contemporary ti tl nla owa xetpeitrcMraa semncuh hs pce between species these caught BC. fishermen Marianas 1000 prehistoric and extent So 1500 what dates. commencement to precise 2008b), unclear lack still Amesbury dolphinfish is and 2006; it marlin Davidson of occurrences & the (Leach of most period and settlement initial the from recovered aaoPlnsa WP ruig hc urnl ak n vrl subgrouping overall any lacks Western widespread currently the which to belongs grouping, Marianas the (WMP) of Malayo-Polynesian language Chamorro indigenous The associations genetic and Linguistic rhelgclfihn erfo h aaa alystsi iie nqatt,bttwo but quantity, in limited is sites Valley Cagayan the from gear fishing Archaeological nsmay ti la htofhr rligfrlreplgcfihwscridotb tleast at by out carried was fish pelagic large for trolling offshore that clear is it summary, In ihn eri aei ainsacaooia ie nteeris eid 1500–1000 period, earliest the in sites archaeological Marianas in rare is gear Fishing h lab iei otenTaiwan, southern in site Eluanbi The Isognomon tal. et 09) ohwr pi ogtdnlyadpoie ihantht euethe secure to notch a with provided and longitudinally split were Both 2009b). rrarely or Turbo hl.Ltrcnet,msl otdtn D10,icuethe include 1000, AD post-dating mostly contexts, Later shell. tal et sa-hnHung Hsiao-chun 98 1) ipeseloepeerttn ok and hooks rotating one-piece shell Simple 215). 1998: . c. 0 Cmd rmapgcnn a eoee from recovered was canine pig a from made BC 500 c. 921 00B,hspoie odeiec fa of evidence good provided has BC, 2000 tal. et c. 00B L 1983), (Li BC 2000 tal. et 2006). c.

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania

Figure 6. The major Austronesian linguistic subgroups and the early distributions of red-slipped and stamped pottery in the Taiwan/Philippine region and the Marianas. Also shown is the spread of Lapita pottery in Island Melanesia and western Polynesia, so far without any definite antecedent in Island Southeast Asia, south of the Philippines. structure, within the larger Austronesian language family (Blust 2009) (Figure 6). WMP languages are spoken in the Mariana and Palau Islands in western Micronesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, much of Indonesia, coastal southern Vietnam, and as far west as Madagascar. Their origins, together with those of all other extra-Formosan Austronesian languages, can be sourced to a linguistic reconstruction, termed Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, that underwent its initial period of differentiation somewhere in northern Island Southeast Asia. The Formosan languages of Taiwan are not Malayo-Polynesian, and trace back to deeper separations in the overall Austronesian family tree. The major Malayo-Polynesian language subgroup known as Oceanic, associated at its proto-language stage with Lapita settlement in

922 nya su fAsrnsa irto,btas infiateioei h vlto of evolution the Acknowledgements in episode significant a also but technology. migration, voyaging Austronesian human of such issue history.’ observed, an human only also in Philippines and time has the that from 85) type by Marianas (2003: undertaken pottery the Rainbird of of As settlement similarities Philippines. a northern strong a the indicates that region, with broad colonisation likely a language throughout is successful commonly shared it subsequent skills some so and the traits may least route, Islands cultural Mariana at many the en discover possessed to plus eaten explorers have first the females, animals While involved. and was perhaps planning of males even degree probable. more of plants, is numbers subsistence exploration sufficient imported of voyage required intentional settlement an Actual so 2008), Fitzpatrick & Callaghan nieyt ec h ainsfo n oreae SotFitzpatrick, (Scott area source any from Marianas the time. reach same to the unlikely at directions several in quickly moved related multiple have view, this could groups to potentially According of distances. groups communication co-mingling long over facilitating of residence Asia, of ease shifting Southeast an possible Island and shared in BC, communities 1500–1400 WMP first other around the with that Islands, 113– propose Mariana 2007: we Spriggs the languages, also WMP in (see of settlers Islands classification Pacific internal remote uncertain the the of Given Spriggs colonists 14). first ago, the years for 20 the origin Over as Asian 2010). Red Marianas Kirch Oceania emphasised press; Near 20) in in (1990: pottery 2007, Oceania, Lapita (Summerhayes Remote earliest BC in the 1350–1300 pre-dating settlement at slightly human BC, first 1400 the and records 1500 between pottery Red Marianas earliest The Conclusion Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from separation early fairly a (Ross also was Archipelago, Bismarck the o nomto nAhgoptey edel prcaePo.Mri avrsvlal ugsin for suggestions valuable Carver’s Martin Prof. appreciate deeply We pottery. Carbondale) University, Achugao Illinois Southern on Investigations, Archaeological information for for (Center Butler Brian Dr to Thanks (Vilar Chamorro Indonesia and most Philippines Instead, the in 16114. widely base occur al. that at Malayo- et lineages other mutation E from haplogroup unique Marianas to the a belong in by differentiated populations also is Polynesian which Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. B4, from haplogroup split mtDNA early the very least of at inhabitants or Philippines, the primary northern currently and or a central linguists as Chamorro the Chamorro suggested most for with (2002) source result, Reid and likely a (2000) most Blust As Both the directly Marianas. Oceania. Proto- as origin western Philippines and an the not reflects Chamorro favour Asia, Chamorro and Southeast innovations. grouping, Island subgrouping Oceanic within unique Lapita-associated no the share of Oceanic that from terms rf oaea h ec fdmnn id n urnswudhv enextremely been have would currents and winds dominant of mercy the at voyage drift A urn eerho hmromDAidctsarrt ftewdsra Oceanic widespread the of rarity a indicates mtDNA Chamorro on research Current geographical in separate origin linguistic a reflects Chamorro for classification WMP The 08 Tabbada 2008; tal. et 98 aly2002). Pawley 1998; tal. et 2010). sa-hnHung Hsiao-chun hrfr,tesuyo hmrooiisi not is origins Chamorro of study the Therefore, 923 mkn gun smoking tal. et wudcnttt h ogs sea-crossing longest the constitute ‘would htrqie nislrSoutheast insular an required that es comm pers. ;sealso see .;

Research The first settlement of Remote Oceania improving this article. The October–November 2009 excavations at Nagsabaran were funded by the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation (Taipei) and the Australian Research Council, and authorised by the National Museum of the Philippines. The research of Dr Philip Piper was partly funded by a grant from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development, University of the Philippines.

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