Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project

Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination – National Roads Component: Mankulam-Mullaittivu (A034) Project Number: 42254 May 2010

Prepared by [Author(s)] [Firm] [City, Country] Prepared by the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementing Agency]

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s in nature. members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Executive Summary

Introduction and Background

Development of A034 highway has been identified as a major component of infrastructure development which comes under “Wadakkil Wasantham” – „Uthuru Wasanthaya‟ which is the Northern Development Project of Government of Sri Lanka. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has agreed to assist rehabilitating and developing of A034 highway under Northern Road Connectivity Project.

The Broad Objective of this project is to improve the road network within Mullaitivu district, there by assisting the economic and social development of northern province and the country by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature. In order to achieve the objective the road will be improved to proper two lane facility, remove any irregularities, reconstruct damaged culverts and bridges and construct new culverts at locations where road will be placed on new embankments, surfacing the existing pavement with Asphalt Concrete (AC), provide cycle lanes, pedestrian footpaths, bus bays, rest bays where necessary.

This report summarizes on information about the existing physical, biological and social environmental settings of the project influential area. Identify beneficial and potential adverse impacts on the existing environment during preconstruction, construction and operational phases of the project. Impacts and mitigation measures are summarized in to an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be incorporated in the Bid documents.

This initial environmental assessment for 49km was carried out in compliance with the RDA safeguards manuals and ADB safeguards policy statement (June 2009). The field assessments were carried out during the month of February 2010.

Description of the Project

This project will rehabilitate and improve the existing Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) highway. A034 highway is located in Oddusudan and Maritime Pattu Divisional Secretariat (DS) Divisions of Mullaitivu District which is within Northern Province.

Need of the Project With regaining normalcy in the Northern Province there will be a renewed demand for goods and services within the province and inter provinces. Economic activities such as Agriculture, Fisheries and Tourism etc; will commence in the future and foreign direct investment is likely to flown in to the country to support the entire development process endorsed by the government. The road network has to be in-tact at that time to cater to the increased demand.

Without Project Scenario

The ethnic conflict that raged for the past three decades in Mullaitivu district has badly affected almost all highways, roads and structures. Inadequate or no maintenance due to non accessibility has damaged many roads beyond safe passable conditions. With regaining normalcy the Internally Displaced People (IDPs) are slowly moving in to their original settlement areas. IDPs have already being settled in Mankulam and at three Grama Niladari (DN) divisions in Oddusudan area. With demining activities completed and other infrastructure facilities (such as electricity) being developed the economic activities in Mullaitivu district (especially within the

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

DS divisions along A034 road) will steadily gain momentum. A well developed road network is important to transport services, produce of Mullativu district within the district and other areas of the island.

If this road is left at the existing width and with unimproved surfaces it will badly affect the social and infrastructure development plan formulated by GoSL, thus adversely affecting the communities living in the DSDs along this road and the population that will commence agriculture, fisheries and other economic activities.

With Project Scenario

The proposed project expects to develop the selected road section with proper two lanes carriageway, space for parking at town sections, cycle lane for movement of cycles, improved cross and side drainage, walkways and other road furniture at required locations. Depending on the projected traffic load and environmental conditions the improved road pavement will be either Asphalt Concrete (AC) or Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST).

Alternate Mode of Transportation within Northern Province and Mullaitivu District

The transport network in the Northern Province comprised of roads and railways, shipping network and in-land air transportation. However, Mullaitivu district has only land based transportation network through a network of roads. Although this district has a coastal belt spanning some 70 km with four lagoons the district is yet to receive a fully functional harbor, thus making the sea transport a minimum at present.

Magnitude of Operations Proposed project activities are as follows; Widen the selected road in to proper two (2) lane status. Depending on the future traffic requirements each traffic lane will have a width of either 3.1 m or 3.5 m. The improved road will have cycle lanes and pedestrian foot walks where necessary. The road improvements will be mainly carried out within the available ROW.

21 bridges and around 100 culverts (pipe culverts) could be observed along the road which will be reconstructed depending on their present structural condition and new structures will be constructed to improve the drainage network along the road. Road side drains will also be lined to facilitate smooth flow of water.

Once detailed designs and bid documents completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractors of each package to commence construction work from year 2010. ADB will be funding for civil works under Northern Roads Connectivity Project. All rehabilitation and improvement works are scheduled to be completed in two years.

Description of the Existing Environment

Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections The general land use through out the Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway is comprised of abandoned home gardens, abandoned town ships, forests and water bodies such as inland tanks and streams. The first 11km section of the road has been surfaced with sand sealed and the rest is gravel road where Penetrating Macadam (PM) pavement has been highly deteriorated due to lack of proper maintenance.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Physical Environment A032 A034 highway falls in to low country, dry zone of Sri Lanka whereas the climatic environment of the section is put in to two agro – ecological zones i.e. DL3 and DL1e which are categorized based on climate, soil, natural vegetation and land use pattern of an area.

The project area receives comparatively low annual rainfall and it is constricted to period from around November to February. Main rainfall governing season for the project area is north – east monsoon with the effect of north – east winds which exists from November to February. Other than this, the area receives a considerable amount of rainfall during months of September and October with the effect of Second Inter Monsoon. During this period there is a possibility of experiencing minor cyclones to this area of the country. The period from May to September is generally dry and there is a dry wind flow over the project area. However localized sporadic rainfall events are possible during this period due to the effect of local convections. Annual temperature varies from 26.50C to 300C while high monthly temperature is observed during May to September.

Geology and Topography

Geological formation and its prominent rock types are summarized as follows;

Geological formation Prominent rocks Precambrian (Vijayan series) -Granatic gneiss -Biotite gneiss, hornblende-biotite gneiss, migmatitic and granitic in parts -Quartzite

Pleistocene Gravel, partly ferruginized, -Red, red brown earth, red and brown sand, -beach and dunes sand, brown, grey sand - Alluvial and lagoonal deposits, clay, silt, sand Intrusives -Carbonatite

There is a source of Ilmenite, Rutile, Sercone, Silimanite and Monosite near to Mullaitivu and Kaolin source in Oddusudan which is used for porcelain industry (source: National Atlas, Survey Department, Sri Lanka).

Air Quality and Noise

At present the project area is free of any human induced activities during the study period, no emissions could be observed which deteriorate air quality. However there is a chance of deteriorating temporarily the air quality due to dust emanation from gravel roads as well as from the deteriorated roads during the dry season. Once the project area will be resettled, emissions could be possible from activities such as operation of vehicles, domestic activities, burning of forest patches for Chena cultivation, wood and kerosene burning stoves etc… As the project area is rich in vegetation, all such emissions will be very well dissipated.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Except at the Mankulam Junction, the present the day time noise levels along the A034 highway trace are below the NEA standards for noise.

Surface Water, Ground Water and Drainage

Kanakarayan Aru (3km) and Kuruweli Aru (26 ~ 26.5km) are the major streams while there are few minor streams found in the project area. Kanakarayan Aru is fed with a catchment area of 896km2 while the catchment of the Kuruweli Aru is 374km2 (source: National Atlas, Survey Department, Sri Lanka). In addition to streams inland tanks hold fresh water for the area and Olumadu tank (4km), Kruppaddamurippu tank (9.7km) and Kulamurippu tank (31km) are such major tanks found along the road trace. Nanthikadal Lagoon at 43.6km – 47.4km and lagoon at the end point of the road is the brackish water resource observed in the vicinity of the road. The inland tanks have been badly damaged or abandoned during the past 30 years due to the lack of maintenance. Most of these water sources are seasonal which get dried during the dry season.

Dug wells and tube wells located in home gardens are a common sight along the road and residents mostly had depend on ground water for drinking and other domestic requirements.

Road side drains are not available along the most of the sections of the road therefore road side drainage is poor. Therefore the gravel surface has been eroded at several places of the road. During November to February and Second Inter Monsoon, there is a chance of getting inundated due to poor drainage. 13km, 27.4km – 27.6km, 39.2km – 39.4km and 45.4km – 46km are such locations which have high vulnerability of inundating.

During field reconnaissance baseline water quality was measured at locations as presented in annexure 3.3 of the main report.

Ecological Resources

With respect to floral and faunal distribution four different types of habitats namely natural forest & forest plantations, paddy fields, roadside vegetations, and water bodies were observed within the study corridor. However all most all of these habitats had been modified for about 30 years mainly due to the civil war prevailed in the project areas.

Natural forest and scrub areas which could be observed close to the project area are mainly dry mixed evergreen forests characterized by floral species such as palu (Manilkara hexandra), burutha (Chloroxylon sweitenia), weera (Drypetes sepiaria), divul (Feronia limonia), milla (Vitex altissima), Syzygium spp. and ehela (Cassia fistula).

The road traverse through three forest reserves namely, Panikkankulam between 1.6km to 3km on LHS, Teravil -Oddusudan (between 10 and 21 km) on LHS, Chamalankulam (between 10 and 20km) on RHS and Kulamurippu (between 30 and 39km) on either side of the road. A strip of land towards the forest on both side of the road trace within this forest reserve has already been cleared due to security measures. It is an-eye catching scenery to see beautiful Pea fowls (Pavo cristatus) freely moving close to this section of the road.

As man-made habitats a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation between 36.3km - 37.2km on LHS of the road and several patches of abandoned paddy (Oryza sativa) lands could also be observed in the project area. Also large road side tree species such as sooriya (Thespesia populnea),

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

palu (Manilkara hexandra), weera (Drypetes sepiaria), thal (Borassus flabellifer) and kohomba (Azardiracta indica) could be commonly observed on either side of most of the roads.

The road traverses over Nanthikadal Lagoon between 43.6km and 47.4km and which is housed for several species of aquatic flora and fauna species. Most of the lagoon dried up during dry season. Also the project area is located near to a bird migratory pathway. The winter migrants arrive these areas at the end of August and summer migrants arrive from March to April.

As per 2007 red list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus maximus), a vulnerable mamalain species is inhabiting in the project area (Source: public consultaion with the army) However these species could also be found in the other parts of the country as well.

Socio economic background

Mullaitivu district has five Divisional Secretariat divisions (Maritimepattu, Puthukkudiyiruppu, Oddusuddan, Thunukkai and Manthai East) and covers 127 Grama Sevaka Divisions and 620 villages.

During the census of 1981, a population of about 77,500 was recorded in Mullaitivu district. Due to the conflict situation that prevailed in the district no census were carried out in 2001. However according to estimated figures the district has about 220,300 as at December 31, 2007. Ethnically the majority of this population are Sri Lankan Tamils. All most all these people were seriously affected during the conflict period and had to leave their homesteads to and find refuge elsewhere and finally in shelter camps for Internally Displaced People (IDP camps).

Before the conflict a Major portion of the population was engaged in Agriculture sector which included fishing and livestock, other occupations were in the industrial sector, Government Sector and private establishments.

Resettlement and Economic Regaining in Mullaitivu District and Along A034 Highway1

Under Uthuru Vasanthaya 180-day development program, infrastructure facilities are being developed in the Mullativu district with a heavy capital outlay. The Government has allocated funds of Rs.125 million for the road development, Rs.20.0 million for the minor irrigation development, Rs. 40 million for the education, Rs.17.0 million for the cooperative sector development under the Uthuru Wasanthaya program in year 2009.

The GoSL is in the process of renovations and reconstructions of the irrigation systems and canals. A number of tanks are being renovated and constructed to provide water to the farming lands. The Government is in the process of re-opening schools while helping the displaced to resettle. In addition inland fisheries and other vocational training programs to promote self- employment are to be implemented in the Mullaitivu district with resettlement of IDPs.

International Nongovernmental organizations and UN agencies such as UNHCR, IOM, WFP,NECORD and LEADS have also provided assistance to the GoSL in the resettlement process.

1 www.resettlementmin.gov.lk

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Under the resettlement program around 9800 families will be resettled in Meritimepattu DS and another 5100 families will be resettled in Oddusudan under two phases. Resettlement in Oddusudan has commenced with initially settling of about 220 families in three GN Divisions.

With resettlement completed and all infrastructure in place Mullaitivu district has great development potentials for up liftmen of both, social and economic wellbeing of the district.

Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures Following impacts were identified and mitigation measures are suggested; Advance works Design for culverts and bridges

Construction stage Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoil from construction sites and worker camps Impacts on available water resources Alteration of surface water hydrology of water ways Occurrence of flood condition Increase of local air pollution, noise and vibration Impacts on fauna and flora Impacts to Utilities and Roadside Amenities Extraction and Transportation of Construction Materials Compaction of Soil Poor sanitation at worker camps, work sites and disposal of spoil Disruption to traffic Site Safety Impacts due to migrant labour

Screening of potential environmental impacts during operational stage Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris Impacts to fauna within the section along the forest areas Road safety Damage to road due to over loading Impacts on air quality and noise

Significant beneficial impacts of the proposed project

Rehabilitation and improvement of A034 highway from Mankulam to Mullaitivu will initially assist the rapid resettlement program in Mullaitivu district (especially within Oddusudan and Metritime pattu DS Divisions) which will be implemented as a phased program.

In the long term the highway will play a major role in transporting agriculture, livestock and fishing produce to other regions of the country. An improved highway will be a plus point to the future tourist industry in the Mullativu coastal region.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Institutional responsibilities and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was developed to avoid/ minimize the adverse impacts to the physical, biological and social environments during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the project. The EMP should form part of the bid document. Implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the contractor/s and the PIU with the assistance of Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will oversee the effectiveness of the implementation of the EMP. On behalf of the RDA the ESD will act as an independent monitor directly reporting to the General Manager, RDA.

The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) as required in Environmental Safeguards Manual of RDA is developed based on the project cycle. During the pre-construction phase it is important to measure air, water quality and noise levels. This data will provide baseline information on the existing conditions which could be used to compare the changes in quality levels during construction and operational phases. Such a comparison will reflect how effective the EMP is and help to revise it to rectify any shortcomings that will cause any adverse impacts. It is expected that RDA will provide adequate budgetary support to ESD to ensure timely and adequate monitoring of environmental mitigation and other environmental management activities.

Public Consultation, information disclosure and grievance redress

Guidelines of ADB on Environmental assessment requires public consultation and information disclosure of environmental assessment documents. Objective of this activity is to understand the viewpoints of the stakeholders and to respond to their concerns and suggestions during the early stages of the project there by reduce any objections towards the project, develop a satisfactory compensation mechanism for the Affected Persons (APs), incorporate any valuable suggestions by the public in to the design so as to reduce any adverse impacts to the environment.

Disclosure of information at an early stage of the project has many benefits such as to negate any objections by the public towards the subproject, avoid misinformation getting in to the APs through agitating groups and some NGOs. While disclosure of information can also be done through the Divisional Secretariats and the Grama Niladari (village administrative officer).

Grievance redress mechanisms

When construction work commences of the sections of this road which passes through settlement areas, public may face the following difficulties;

Dust generated due to clearing and grubbing work Noise nuisance Vibration and cracking of walls and structures Loss of access to by roads

Although there will be an EMP to mitigate above impacts and other impacts that arise during construction, a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) should be in place to assist the public to cover come these issues.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions

This report focuses on environmental assessment related to rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) highway located in Mullaitivu district. The highway will be rehabilitated with two lane facilities including cycle lanes, soft shoulders, side drains and utility reservations. An EMP was prepared to be incorporated in to the bid documents for contractors.

The adverse environmental and social impacts from the improvements will mostly take place during the construction and are related to such work. However, the beneficial impacts clearly out lies the adverse impacts.

This initial environmental impact assessment has discussed various aspects of the proposed rehabilitation and upgrading of A034 highway. This assessment concludes that the project will not cause significant environmental and social problems and the potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures stated in the EMP.

The broad objective of this project is to facilitate an efficient connectivity between Mullaitivu District and the rest of the parts of the country through A009 highway (at Mankulam). There by assisting the economic and social development of Northern province and the country by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Contents LIST OF ANNEXURES ...... 2 LIST OF TABLES ...... 2 LIST OF FIGURES...... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction and Background ...... 5 1.1 Objectives of the Project ...... 5 1.2 Objectives of the Initial Environmental Examination ...... 7 1.3 Scope, extent of study and personnel...... 7 1.4 Administrative divisions along A034 Highway ...... 8 1.5 Applicable National Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project ...... 8 Chapter 2: Description of the Project ...... 11 2.1 Need of the Project ...... 11 2.2 Alternative Analysis ...... 11 2.3 Location of the Project ...... 12 2.4 Magnitude of Operations ...... 12 2.5 Sources and Quantities of Material Required ...... 14 2.6 Proposed Schedule of Implementation ...... 14 Chapter 3: Description of the Existing Environment ...... 15 3.1 Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections...... 15 3.2. Physical Environment ...... 17 3.3. Ecological Resources ...... 20 3.4 Socio economic background ...... 21 3.5. Resettlement and Economic Regaining in Mullaitivu District and Along A034 Highway ...... 22 Chapter 4: Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 24 4.1 Advance works ...... 24 4.2 Construction stage ...... 24 4.3 Screening of potential environmental impacts during operational stage ...... 29 4.4 Significant beneficial impacts of the proposed project ...... 30 Chapter 5: Institutional responsibilities and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 31 5.1 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 31 Chapter 6: Public Consultation ...... 32 6.1. Public consultation process ...... 32 6.2 Information Disclosure ...... 32 6.3. Grievance redress mechanisms ...... 32 Chapter 7: Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions ...... 34 Chapter 8: References ...... 35

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure 1.1 CEA approval letter Annexure 2.1 Location Map Annexure 3.1 Vertical Profile of A034 highway Annexure 3.2 Drainage Map Annexure 3.3 Location map of water quality measurements Annexure 3.4 List of floral and faunal species observed along road corridor Annexure 5.1 Environmental Management Plan Annexure 5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Annexure 6.1 Summary of public consultation

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Existing Carriageway and ROW Table 3.2 Agro ecological zones of the project area Table 3.3 Geology of the project area Table 3.4 National ambient air quality standards Table 3.5 Noise measurements at selected locations along A034 highway Table 3.6 Water quality of selected locations along A034 highway

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: General Location of the Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway Figure 3.1: Starting Point Figure 3.2: Road across forest reserves Figure 3.3: Mulliyawalai Township Figure 3.4: Bridge across Nanthikadal Lagoon

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC Asphalt Concrete ADT Average Daily Traffic AP Affected Persons ASD Agrarian Services Department CBO Community Based Organization CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DBH Diameter at Breast Height DI Department of Irrigation DoA Department of Archeology DoF Department of Forestry DS Divisional Secretary DSDs Divisional Secretariat Divisions DWLC Department of Wildlife Conservation EA Environmental Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMP Environmental Monitoring Plan ESC Environmental Safeguards Compliance ESD Environmental & Social Division FBO Farmer Based Organization GN Grama Niladari (Subordinate of DS) GoSL Government of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka GPS Global Positioning System GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau ICTAD Institute for Construction Training and Development IDP Internally Displaced People IEER Initial Environmental Examination Report ILO International labor organization LA Local Authority LHS Left Hand Side MOH & RD Ministry of Highways and Road Development NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBRO National Building Research Organization NEA National Environmental Act NGO Non Government Organizations NIRP National Involuntary Resettlement Policy PHI Public Health Inspector PPD Point Pedro RDA Road Development Authority RHS Right Hand Side ROW Right of Way RSMP Road Sector Master Plan SA Social Assessment SLAF Sri Lanka Air Force SLRs Sri Lankan Rupees

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Initial Environmental Examination Report and Environmental Management Action Plan

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background

1. For the past three decades Sri Lanka was badly affected by the ethnic conflict. This conflict situation negatively affected the socio-economic development of Sri Lanka by means of poor/ inefficient resources allocation, productivity losses, destruction of property and infrastructure, under utilization of production capacity and weak investor confidence. Northern Province which comprise of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Mannar and Vauniya districts was severely affected during this conflict period. With the conflict being over the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) has decided addressing the issues of Northern community as an important and urgent need. A rapid need assessment has been conducted by the Government in this regard and the priority areas such as resettlement, rehabilitation and development are now identified.

2. In line with the said objectives, the Government is now implementing the development agenda which is titled as “Wadakkin Wasantham” or „Uthuru Wasanthaya‟. This development agenda is a step wise programme which will address the urgent issues in the first 180 days while the rest of the programme will be implemented in the medium term. A need assessment for the north and its people revels that immediate rehabilitation of roads is crucial to facilitate humanitarian, social and economic activities and to help bring back the normalcy in the area.

3. Sri Lanka has a nation highway network that comprise of class A and B roads which spans to a total length of about 12,000 km. The Road Development Authority (RDA) of Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOH & RD) is the institute that is responsible for developing and maintaining this highway network in the country. There are also pprovincial roads, rural roads, and other roads that count to 16,520 km, 64,500 km and 4,000 km respectively. Of this network 1258 km of highways, 1960 km of provincial roads and 5740 km of rural roads (Local Authority Roads) are located within the Northern Province.

4. The majority of these roads are in a dilapidated condition as there was no proper maintenance or rehabilitation carried out during the last three decade due to the conflict which prevailed in the area. Furthermore a substantial portion of coastal roads were badly affected by the Tsunami in 2004. The GoSL has requested assistance from many funding agencies to assist them in this humanitarian development program. And Asian Development Bank (ADB) has agreed to assist rehabilitating and developing selected roads in the Northern Province under Northern Road Connectivity Project.

5. This report focuses on environmental and social assessment related to rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) highway (49.05km) within Mullaitivu district. An environmental management action plan was prepared to be incorporated in to the bid documents for contractors.

1.1 Objectives of the Project

6. The Broad Objective of this project is to improve the road network within Mullaitivu district, there by assisting the economic and social development of Northern

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Province and the country by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature.

7. Objectives of this project are1; 1. To facilitate by way of providing access for an expeditious re-settlement programme (economic resettlement), 2. To facilitate by way of providing access for establishing most essential social, humanitarian and economic centres in identified locations and providing access to main towns within the district, 3. To facilitate by way of providing improved roads in which motor cars and other vehicles can travel to facilitate transfer of passengers and goods and to restore services as normal, 4. Improve connectivity between production centres and market places and improve linkages with the other districts and provinces, 5. Facilitate to increase mobility by improving highways (trunk roads) which link up with other provinces, 6. Open up backward areas for development, 7. Facilitate to generate efficiency gains by lowering the unit cost of individual producers through transport efficiency which will lead to increase their margins and profits thus making them generating another round of investments, 8. To reduce the structural poverty through (a) creating opportunities for the poor to participate in the development programme, (b) strengthen the social protection system and (c) empower the poor and strengthen the good governance.

8. In order to achieve these objectives the road will be improved with the following guidelines: Improve the existing road with proper two lane facility, Remove any irregularities that are on the existing vertical and horizontal profiles, Widen, repair or reconstruct damaged culverts and bridges and construct new culverts at locations where road will be placed on new embankments, Surfacing the existing pavement with Asphalt Concrete (AC) and/ or Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST), Provide cycle lanes, pedestrian footpaths, bus bays, rest bays where necessary, There by improve the vehicle operating speeds while ensuring safety of road users.

1 Proposed plan to rehabilitate and develop highways and to provide support and technical assistance to improve rural road in the northern province, Road Development Authority, Ministry of Highways & Road Development, May 2009

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

1.2 Objectives of the Initial Environmental Examination

9. The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to gather and provide:

(i) Information about the following existing environmental settings of the project influential area; Physical Environment (including climate, air quality, topography, soil, surface and ground water hydrology and quality), Biological Environment (fauna and flora and presence of endemic, endangered species), Social Environment (resettlement activities that are to be carried out in Mullaitivu district with relation to A034 road, infrastructure facilities that are being developed along the Divisional secretariat divisions through which A034 road passes and the land use pattern along the road that prevailed before the crisis etc.); (ii) Identify beneficial and potential adverse impacts on the existing environment during preconstruction, construction and operational phases of the project; (iii) Propose effective mitigation measures to avoid/ minimize the project induced adverse impacts while enhancing the beneficial impacts, and; (iv) Formulate an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be incorporated in the Bid documents, so as to sensitize and guide respective divisions of RDA in environmental and social safeguards compliance and sensitize and guide respective contractors in environmental and social safeguards compliance during construction stage.

1.3 Scope, extent of study and personnel

10. This initial environmental assessment was carried out in compliance with the RDA manuals on environmental and social safeguards compliance in road development projects which is in line with national environmental and social safeguards acts/ policies of ADB (Safeguards policy, June 2009). The field assessments were carried out during the month of February 2010.

11. During the field reconnaissance, a corridor extending up to 50 m to the both sides of the road from the existing center line was examined where possible to assess direct environmental and social impacts. 1:50,000 scale topographic map sheets of the Survey Department and satellite imagery available on-line from Google maps were used as a secondary information base to identify the land use pattern up to 200m / or impact influential area on both sides of the existing center line of the existing road.

12. As resettlement activities were observed close to Mankulam and Oddusudan area, public consultation was carried out (where possible) to establish meaningful feedback from the public to ascertain possible adverse/ beneficial impacts to the societies of the project influence area.

13. The field assessment was carried out by a multidisciplinary team from the Environmental and Social Division (ESD) supported by the Director General, RDA, Additional Director General (C&D)/RDA, Director Land/ ESD, Director – Road Project

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Preparatory Facility (RPPF) of RDA. The support given by Provincial Director (Northern Province), Chief Engineer (CE) - Mullaitivu and his staff is highly appreciated. A special word of gratitude goes to officers of Army commandment at Mullaitivu for their assistance given for completion of this study.

1.4 Administrative divisions along A034 Highway

14. The administrative divisions that are passed by A034 highway are as follow;

Province: Northern District: Mullaitivu Divisional Secretariat (DS) Divisions: Oddusudan, Maritime Pattu

1.5 Applicable National Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project

National Environmental Act (NEA) No 47 of 1980, and its‟ amendment Act No. 56 of 1988 and Act No. 53 of 2000

15. Rehabilitation of existing highways/roads do not fall within the list of “Prescribed Projects” listed in Gazette Extra-ordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and subsequent amendments, which needs to go through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and subsequent conditional approval from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource.

16. The EIA process for a “prescribed project” involves conducting of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) based on the ToR prepared by the relevant Project Approving Agency (PAA).

17. However, further amendments to the NEA that stipulated on material extraction, emissions, noise and vibration levels will have a bearing on this development project.

18. Other than the NEA, following national laws and regulations will be applicable for this project.

Agrarian Services Act No. 58 of 1979 Crown Land Ordinance (chapter 454) Explosive Act No. 36 of 1976 Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953 Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) Act No 33 of 1992 Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 State Land (Recovery of Possession) Act No 7 of 1979

19. Approval of CEA for this road rehabilitation and improvement project was obtained in 03.09.2009 and the approval letter with CEA guidelines is attached to this report as annexure 1.1.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Environmental Protection License (EPL)

20. The Environmental Protection License (EPL) is a regulatory/legal tool under the provisions of the National Environmental Act No: 47 of 1980 amended by Acts No 56 of 1988 and No 53 of 2000. Industries and activities which required an EPL are listed in Gazette Notification No 1533/16 dated 25.01.2008. Industries are classified under 3 lists i.e., List "A","B" and "C" depending on their pollution potential.

21. Part "A" comprises of 80 significantly high polluting industrial activities and Part "B" comprises of 33 numbers of medium level polluting activities. EPL for industries in lists "A" and “B” have to be obtained from the relevant Provincial Offices or District Offices of the CEA.

22. Part "C" comprises of 25 low polluting industrial activities which have been delegated to Local Government Authorities, namely Municipal Councils, Urban Councils and Pradeshiya Sabhas. EPL for the industries in List "C" has to be obtained from the respective Local Authorities. The Local Authorities carry out issuing of EPLs and related functions such as follow up, monitoring and law enforcement.

23. Objectives of the EPL

- To prevent or minimize the release of discharges and emissions into the environment from prescribed (industrial) activities in compliance with national discharge and emission standards. - To develop an approach to pollution control that considers discharges from prescribed (industrial) processes to all media (air, water, land) in the context of the effect on the environment. - To contain the burden on industry, in particular by providing guidance on pollution control for polluting processes. - To ensure that the system responds flexibly both to changing pollution abatement technology and to new knowledge such as cleaner production, waste minimization etc.

Asian Development Bank Policy on Environmental & Social Safeguards (June 2009)2

24. The operational policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) include three safeguard policies: the Involuntary Resettlement Policy (1995), the Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998), and the Environment Policy (2002). All three safeguard policies are due for revision. ADB needs to address emerging environmental and social challenges of development in its developing member countries (DMCs), respond to lessons learned from its experience with its current safeguard policies, and adapt to its new lending modalities and financing instruments. In addition, ADB policies need to reflect changing best practices of other multilateral financial institutions (MFIs) and of private sector institutions such as the equator principles financial institutions.1 In December 2004, ADB management approved a concept paper for a safeguard policy update (SPU) to enhance the effectiveness of ADB‟s safeguard policies and to ensure that these policies remain relevant to changing client needs and to new business opportunities.

2 ADB Safeguards policy statement, June 2009

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

25. The SPU has sought to (i) better articulate the safeguard policies to improve their clarity, coherence, and consistency; (ii) balance a front-loaded procedural approach with one also focused on results during implementation; (iii) adapt policy implementation to an evolving range of lending products and innovative financing modalities; (iv) work toward greater harmonization with safeguard practices across MFIs and tailor safeguard approaches to different clients with varying capacities; and (v) improve internal processes and resource allocation.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 2: Description of the Project

26. This project is a road rehabilitation and improvement project which will rehabilitate and improve the existing Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway from Mankulam (A009-A034 road Junction) to Mullaitivu (A034-A035 road junction) which is about 49 km in length. The existing road will be widened and improved to standard two- lane status with cycle lanes, foot walks and parking areas where necessary. Constructions of new road side drains widen and reconstruct existing culverts and bridges would also be considered as most of these structures have been damaged. The administrative divisions falling within this section of road is presented in section 1.4.

2.1 Need of the Project

27. With regaining normalcy in the Northern Province there will be a renewed demand for goods and services within the province and inter provinces. Economic activities such as Agriculture, Fisheries and Tourism etc; will commence in the future and foreign direct investment is likely to flown in to the country to support the entire development process endorsed by the government. The road network has to be in-tact at that time to cater to the increased demand.

28. However, following critical issues could be observed in relation to the existing road network in Mullaitivu district, which is same for A034 highway;

1. In adequate maintenance or improvements of the road in the past three (3) decades due the conflict, resulted this road to be in a dilapidated condition, 2. Inadequate road safety due to absence of basic road furniture such as street lighting, road markings, traffic signs, traffic safety barriers and pedestrian parapets and cycle lanes, 4. Availability of limited funds for restoration of roads, 5. Underdeveloped metal quarry industry due to lack of demand in the province,

29. The overall improvement in the road sector will contribute to the transport efficiency in the province thus improve the returns and sustainability of existing and future investments in the province contributing to growth of wider range of other economic activities that make use of road transport services and will help contribute to poverty reduction of the people who will be resettled in Mullaitivu district and Northern Province. Such approach will be inline with “Wadakkin Wasantham” or “Uthuru Wasanthaya” and through Northern Roads Connectivity Project for the Northern Province.

2.2 Alternative Analysis

Without Project Scenario

30. The ethnic conflict that raged for the past three decades in Mullaitivu district has badly affected almost all highways, roads and structures. Inadequate or no maintenance due to non accessibility has damaged many roads beyond safe passable conditions. With regaining normalcy the Internally Displaced People (IDPs) are slowly moving in to

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

their original settlement areas. IDPs have already being settled in Mankulam and at three Grama Niladari (DN) divisions in Oddusudan area. With demining activities completed and other infrastructure facilities (such as electricity) being developed the economic activities in Mullaitivu district (especially within the DS divisions along A034 road) will steadily gain momentum. A well developed road network is important to transport services, produce of Mullativu district within the district and other areas of the island.

31. If this road is left at the existing width and with unimproved surfaces it will badly affect the social and infrastructure development plan formulated by GoSL, thus adversely affecting the communities living in the DSDs along this road and the population that will commence agriculture, fisheries and other economic activities.

With Project Scenario

32. The proposed project expects to develop the selected road section with proper two lanes carriageway, space for parking at town sections, cycle lane for movement of cycles, improved cross and side drainage, walkways and other road furniture at required locations. Depending on the projected traffic load and environmental conditions the improved road pavement will be either Asphalt Concrete (AC) or Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST).

Alternate Mode of Transportation within Northern Province and Mullaitivu District

33. The transport network in the Northern Province comprised of roads and railways, shipping network and in-land air transportation. However, Mullaitivu district has only land based transportation network through a network of roads. Although this district has a coastal belt spanning some 70 km with four lagoons the district is yet to receive a fully functional harbor, thus making the sea transport a minimum at present.

2.3 Location of the Project

34. Figure 2.1 presents the general location of the concerned road while map 1~5 of annexure 2.1 show general land use pattern along the road using 1: 50,000 topographic sheets prepared by the Survey Department (A vector distance of 4 km to either side of the highway has been reproduced) and satellite images taken from Google Earth facility.

2.4 Magnitude of Operations

35. The project is mainly to rehabilitate and improve A034 highway from Mankulam to Mullaitivu which is within Mullaitivu district. On average the existing road has a carriageway varying between 4.9 m ~ 8.9 m, with narrow sections mainly through embankments. However, at present about 11 km of road from Mankulam end has been sand sealed by military engineering crops.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Jaffna

Mullaitivu

Vavuniya

Trincomalee Anuradhapura Mullaitivu

Kandy Mankulam

Colombo

Figure 2.1: General Location of the Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway 13

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

36. Proposed project activities are as follows; Widen the selected road in to proper two (2) lane status. Depending on the future traffic requirements each traffic lane will have a width of either 3.1 m or 3.5 m. The improved road will have cycle lanes and pedestrian foot walks where necessary. The road improvements will be mainly carried out within the available ROW.

37. 21 bridges and around 100 culverts (pipe culverts) could be observed along the road from Mankulam to Mullaitivu. All these bridges and culverts will be reconstructed depending on their present structural condition and new structures will be constructed to improve the drainage network along the road. Road side drains will also be lined to facilitate smooth flow of water.

38. The road section from 30km to 42km runs through Mulliyawalai town area. Although this road section is generally narrow (having a carriageway of about 5 m), based on field investigation no permanent structure will need to be removed due to widening of carriageway (as there is sufficient reservation between the existing carriageway and remnants of structures).

2.5 Sources and Quantities of Material Required

39. Gravel required for embankment and filling is abundantly found in Mullaitivu district. Such potential gravel quarries are visible even along the road (such as 13.5km, 18km and 20km) and gravel quarries of major scale have been identified in south of Elephant Pass. Oddusudan area comprises few potential locations for metal quarrying. Metal could also be transported from quarries located in the districts of Kilinochchi, Vauvniya and from the North Central Province (Medawachchiya and Anuradhapura). Offshore sand could be used for construction subjected to confirmation of quality. However, bitumen will have to be transported from Colombo.

2.6 Proposed Schedule of Implementation

40. Once detailed designs and bid documents completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractors of each package to commence construction work from year 2010. ADB will be funding for civil works under an emergency assistance loan. All rehabilitation and improvement works are scheduled to be completed in two years.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 3: Description of the Existing Environment

41. This section of the report summarizes the existing natural and socio-economic environmental of the highway.

3.1 Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections 42. The general land use through out the Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway is comprised of abandoned home gardens, abandoned town ships, forests and water bodies such as inland tanks and streams. The first 11km section of the road has been surfaced with sand seal and the rest is gravel road where Penetrating Macadam (PM) pavement has been highly deteriorated due to lack of proper maintenance. Table 3.1 summarizes the width of existing carriageway and available road reservation which defined by RDA boundary stones or electrical posts.

Table 3.1: Existing Carriageway and ROW Location (km) Carriageway (m) ROW (m) 0.00, Mankulam 8.9 22.2 1.0 4.9 6.9 2.9 4.9 5.9 3.3 6.2 7.2 5.3 7.0 15.0 7.0 5.8 8.5 20.6 6.8 16.2 39.3, Mulliyawalai 5.6 13.3 41.4 5.3 11.9 46.2 4.5 10.1

43. Starting from Kandy – Jaffna (A009) Highway with a “T junction” at Mankulam Township (figure 3.1), A034 highway traverses through an open land up to 4km whereas a Kovil (Hindu Temple) is found at 0.5km on Right Hand Side (RHS) of the trace. The land use of the RHS from 1km to 2km can be described as an abandoned nature of an inland tank and road trace crosses Kanakarayan Aru (a stream) over two bridges at 2.9km and 3.1km respectively while the later is a temporary bridge. The Panikkankulam Forest Reserve is found at Left Hand Side (LHS) of the road within 1.6km to the Kanakarayan Aru. Passing another bridge at 3.4km road passes the bund of the Olumadu inland tank (RHS) from 4km to 5km and enters the Olumadu village which is also abandoned. Up to 10km the land use consists of home gardens with paddy fields. Road is built on an embankment within the section from 8.2km to 9.1km and an inland tank is found at 9.7km at RHS.

44. From 10km onwards A034 highway crosses a forest reserve up to around 21km where the immediate land of the both sides of the road is cleared due to security reasons as shown in figure 3.2. The forest located on RHS is declared as Chamalankulam Forest Reserve whereas forest located on LHS is known as Teravil Oddusudan Forest Reserve. Three bridges are found at 15.3, 15.4 and 20km respectively within this section. After passing a paddy land at around 22km road trace enters Oddusudan Township where Divisional Secretariat (DS) Office (23.3km), Agrarian Services Office (24.3km), hospital and two Kovils at 23.3km and 23.7km respectively

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

found. The DS office is being brought back to its functioning status to support the resettlement program on going in the area. Oddusudan – Nadunkerni (B334) road and another sub road goes to Pudukuduirippu branch off at 23.5km and 24.2km respectively. A school is found at around 25km on LHS and road traverses along home gardens and paddy fields up to around 30km. Within this section, three adjacent bridges are found between 26.1km and 26.5km across Kuruwile Aru (a stream) while irrigation canals are commonly observed along paddy stretches. A siphon is located at 27.2km and another two bridges are observed at 28.6km and 30km respectively. The road is placed on an embankment within 29km to 29.5km and a Tile factory which is not functioned is located at 30.3km on LHS.

A034 Highway

A009 Highway

Figure 3.1: Starting Point Figure 3.2: Road across forest reserves

45. Road again crosses Kulamurippu Forest Reserve form 30km and enters Mulliyawalai Township at around 39km. The immediate land strip on both sides of the road within forest reserve is again cleared for security purposes. The bund of Kulamurippu Kulam (an inland tank) is located parallel to the road (31.1km to 31.7km) on RHS within the forest area while a bridge is found at 31km. Mulliyawalai Township is highly congested area with closely built commercial structures, houses and government offices (figure 3.3). Mulliyawalai market, Mulliyawalai school, dispensary, Pradeshiya Sabha Office (a local authority) which are not functioning are the major buildings found in the town. Mulliyawalai town spreads up to around 42km where a hospital is located at RHS of the road. Pulliyankulam – Mullaitivu (B296) road connects to A034 highway at the end of the Mulliyawalai town.

46. Nanthikadal Laggon is crossed by the A034 highway between 43.6km and 47.4km through an embankment and two bridges are located to facilitate the cross drainage as shown in figure 3.4. After passing the lagoon an open area comes to the vicinity where the lagoon is located on LHS and abandoned paddy fields are located on RHS. Road enters Mullaitivu Township around 47km and passes several damaged government and commercial structures such as Mullaitivu school, Mullaitivu Depot of Ceylon Transport Board located in the township. Mullaitivu – Kokkilai (B297) Road branches off to RHS at 47.5km and A034 highway ends by meeting Paranthan – Mullaitivu (A035) highway at the causeway located at 49km.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Figure 3.3: Mulliyawalai Township Figure 3.4: Bridge across Nanthikadal

Lagoon

3.2. Physical Environment A032 Climate and Soil

47. A034 highway falls in to low country, dry zone of Sri Lanka whereas the climatic environment of the section is put in to two agro – ecological zones i.e. DL3 and DL1e which are categorized based on climate, soil, natural vegetation and land use pattern of an area. The specific rainfall and soil groups which could be observed within these agro – ecological zones are given in table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Agro ecological zones of the project area Agro- 75% Major soil groups ecological expectancy Zone value of rainfall (mm) DL1e >900 Reddish Brown Earth & Low Humic Gley soils

DL3 >800 Red Yellow Latosol & Regosol soils (Source: Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka)

48. As shown in the table 3.2 the project area receives comparatively low annual rainfall and it is constricted to period from around November to February. Main rainfall governing season for the project area is north – east monsoon with the effect of north – east winds which exists from November to February. This period is locally known as Maha (Major) season. Other than this, the area receives a considerable amount of rainfall during months of September and October with the effect of Second Inter Monsoon. During this period there is a possibility of experiencing minor cyclones to this area of the country. The period from May to September is generally dry and there is a dry wind flow over the project area. However localized sporadic rainfall events are possible during this period due to the effect of local convections.

49. Low rainfall together with high temperature characterizes a dry condition along the road. Annual temperature varies from 270C to 300C while high monthly temperature is observed during May to September. (Source: Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka)

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Geology and Topography

50. Geological formation and its prominent rock types are summarized in table 3.3.

Table 3.3: Geology of the project area Geological formation Prominent rocks Precambrian (Vijayan series) -Granatic gneiss -Biotite gneiss, hornblende-biotite gneiss, migmatitic and granitic in parts -Quartzite

Pleistocene Gravel, partly ferruginized, -Red, red brown earth, red and brown sand, -beach and dunes sand, brown, grey sand - Alluvial and lagoonal deposits, clay, silt, sand Intrusives -Carbonatite

51. The project influential area of A034 highway is rich in mineral sources. There is a source of Ilmenite, Rutile, Sercone, Silimanite and Monosite near to Mullaitivu and Kaolin source in Oddusudan which is used for porcelain industry (source: National Atlas, Survey Department, Sri Lanka). A tile factory is found in Oddusudan which has made use of the Kaolin source which is not currently functioning.

52. As shown in the vertical profile in annexure 3.1, topography of the project influential area is generally flat with few undulating sections. And as described in chapter 3.1, several low lying areas are located along the road section.

Air Quality and Noise

53. Since the project area is free of any human induced activities during the study period, no emissions could be observed which deteriorate air quality. However there is a chance of deteriorating temporarily the air quality due to dust emanation from gravel roads as well as from the deteriorated roads during the dry season. Once the project area will be resettled, emissions could be possible from activities such as operation of vehicles, domestic activities, burning of forest patches for Chena cultivation, wood and kerosene burning stoves etc… As the project area is rich in vegetation, all such emissions will be very well dissipated.

54. An extract from the National Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations, declared in 1994 is presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: National ambient air quality standards Parameter Averaging time (hrs) NAAQS (mg m-3) NAAQS (ppm) Carbon Monoxide 8 10 9 Nitrogen Dioxide 24 0.10 0.05 8 0.15 0.08 Sulphur Dioxide 24 0.08 0.03 Lead 24 0.002 - TSP 24 0.03 - PM10 8 0.35 -

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Source: Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, 850/4 (20 December, 1994) PM 10 – particulate matter < 10 μm NAAQS – National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

55. Vehicle Emission Test (VET) became mandatory with effect from 15th July 2008 in order to conform to the environmental standards on vehicle emission as per the Motor Traffic Act (Emission control) Regulation of 1994, 817/6, Part I, Section I. This move is a part of the efforts to improve the air quality in the island and this will be applied to the project area in the near future.

56. According to Schedules I and II of National environmental (Noise Control) regulations No.1 1996 (924/12), the study area belongs to “Low noise area”. Therefore the noise levels at boundaries of land from which construction noise is emitted should not be exceeded 55 dB (A) during day time (06.00 hrs-18.00 hrs) and 45 dB (A) night time (18.00 hrs - 06.00 hrs).

57. Except at the Mankulam Junction, the present the day time noise levels along the A034 highway trace are below the standards as shown in table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Noise measurements at selected locations along A034 highway Location (km) Noise level (dB) – 2 min (day time) Remarks Minimum Maximum 0.0, Mankulam junction 55 73 Noise due to traffic movement along A009 highway 3.1 40 41 7.0 43 48.1 13.2 32.8 45.4 29.3 35.1 48.8 39.3 38.8 68.8 Maximum reading due to cattle noise 47.0 32.3 51.8

Surface Water, Ground Water and Drainage

Water Resources

58. Kanakarayan Aru (3km) and Kuruweli Aru (26 ~ 26.5km) are the major streams while there are few minor streams found in the project area. Kanakarayan Aru is fed with a catchment area of 896km2 while the catchment of the Kuruweli Aru is 374km2 (source: National Atlas, Survey Department, Sri Lanka). In addition to streams inland tanks hold fresh water for the area and Olumadu tank (4km), Kuruppaddamurippu tank (9.7km) and Kulamurippu tank (31km) are such major tanks found along the road trace. Nanthikadal Lagoon at 43.6km – 47.4km and lagoon at the end point of the road is the brackish water resources observed in the vicinity of the road. The inland tanks have been badly damaged or abandoned during the past 30 years due to the lack of maintenance. Most of these water sources are seasonal which get dried during the dry season.

Ground Water

59. Dug wells and tube wells located in home gardens are common sight along the road and residents had mostly depend on ground water for drinking and other domestic

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

requirements. Water level of dug wells goes deeper during the dry season however it rises up during the rainy season.

Drainage

60. Road side drains are not available along the most of the sections of the road therefore road side drainage is poor. Therefore the gravel surface has been eroded at several places of the road. During November to February and Second Inter Monsoon, there is a chance of getting inundated due to poor drainage. 13km, 27.4km – 27.6km, 39.2km – 39.4km and 45.4km – 46km are such locations which have high vulnerability of inundating. Drainage map is given in annexure 3.2.

Water Quality

61. During field reconnaissance water quality was measured at locations as presented in annexure 3.3. Measured water quality of selected streams (WQ 1 ~ 5), Nanthikadal Lagoon (WQ 6) and lagoon located at the end of the road (WQ 7) is given in table 3.6.

Table 3.6: Water quality of selected locations along A034 highway Parameter Locations WQ 1 WQ 2 WQ 3 WQ 4 WQ 5 WQ 6 WQ 7 (1km) (2.9km) (3.1km) (15.3km) (26.1km) (43.9km) (49km) pH 7.76 7.34 7.9 8.07 8.0 7.09 8.7 EC (mS) 0.1 0.18 1.63 2.18 1.16 0.67 2.14 Salinity (ppt) 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.7 0.9 0.5 1.7 TDS (ppt) 0.06 0.12 1.13 1.43 0.75 0.44 1.42 Temperature 33 34 34 34 32 31.2 28.9 (oC) Time of 11.00am 11.30am 12.00pm 1.00pm 2.15pm 3.25pm 5.00pm sampling

3.3. Ecological Resources

Existing Habitats with Respect to Flora and Fauna and protected areas

62. With respect to floral and faunal distribution four different types of habitats namely natural forest & forest plantations, paddy fields, roadside vegetations, and water bodies were observed within the study corridor. However all most all of these habitats had been modified for about 30 years mainly due to the civil war prevailed in the project areas. Annexure 3.4 presents the floral and faunal species observed along the study corridor.

63. Natural forest and scrub areas which could be observed close to the project area are mainly dry mixed evergreen forests characterized by floral species such as palu (Manilkara hexandra), burutha (Chloroxylon sweitenia), weera (Drypetes sepiaria), divul (Feronia limonia), milla (Vitex altissima), Syzygium spp. and ehela (Cassia fistula).

64. The road traverse through three forest reserves namely, Panikkankulam between 1.6km to 3km on LHS, Teravil Oddusudan (between 10 and 21 km) on LHS,

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chamalankulam (between 10 and 20km) on RHS and Kulamurippu (between 30 and 39km) on either side of the road. A strip of land towards the forest on both side of the road trace within this forest reserve has already been cleared due to security measures. It is an-eye catching scenery to see beautiful Pea fowls (Pavo cristatus) freely moving close to this section of the road.

65. As man-made habitats a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation between 36.3km - 37.2km on LHS of the road and several patches of abandoned paddy (Oryza sativa) lands could also be observed in the project area. Also large road side tree species such as sooriya (Thespesia populnea), palu (Manilkara hexandra), weera (Drypetes sepiaria), thal (Borassus flabellifer) and kohomba (Azardiracta indica) could be commonly observed on either side of most of the roads.

66. The road traverses over Nanthikadal Lagoon between 43.6km and 47.4km and which is housed for several species of aquatic flora and fauna species. Most of the lagoon dried up during dry season. Also the project area is located near to a bird migratory pathway. The winter migrants arrive these areas at the end of August and summer migrants arrive from March to April.

Threatened species

67. As per 2007 red list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus maximus), a vulnerable mamalain species is inhabiting in the project area (Source: public consultaion with the army) However these species could also be found in the other parts of the country as well.

3.4 Socio economic background

68. Entre stretch of the A034 highway is located within Mullaitivu district which was created in year 1979. It covers a land area of approximately 2520 sq. km. The district has a coastal belt of about 70 km with four lagoons Kokkulai, Nayaru, Nanthikadal and Mathalan.

69. The district has five Divisional Secretariat divisions (Maritimepattu, Puthukkudiyiruppu, Oddusuddan, Thunukkai and Manthai East) and covers 127 Grama Sevaka Divisions and 620 villages.

70. During the census of 1981, a population of about 77,500 was recorded in Mullaitivu district. Due to the conflict situation that prevailed in the district no census were carried out in 2001. However according to estimated figures the district has about 220,300 as at December 31, 2007. Ethnically the majority of this population are Sri Lankan Tamils. All most all these people were seriously affected during the conflict period and had to leave their homesteads to and find refuge elsewhere and finally in shelter camps for Internally Displaced People (IDP camps).

71. Before the conflict a Major portion of the population was engaged in Agriculture sector which included fishing and livestock, other occupations were in the industrial sector, Government Sector and private establishments.

72. In addition to paddy, crops such as chilli, onion, black gram, green gram, cowpea, groundnut and fruits, mango, banana, guava were extensively grown in the

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

project area before to the conflict. Prior to conflict, sea fishing had been practiced significantly at Mullaitivu coastal areas. There had been an inland fishery extension office to support freshwater fishing at Mankulam.

Schools and educational institutes

73. Buildings of schools were observed at 9.4 km (RHS), 27.4 km (RHS), 38.8 km (RHS), 40.7 km (LHS), 41.8 km (LHS), 42.6 km (LHS), 47.5 km (LHS) and 48.8 km (RHS). However, at present most of these buildings were in a depleted state with no activity.

Cultural and religious places

74. During the field investigations Hindu kovils were observed at 0.5 km, 4.6 km, 23.3 km, 23.7 km, 28.6 km, 39.3 km and 47.3 km. These kovils were located about 10~15 m form the existing road edge. Also a by road at 43.6 km leads to “Wattapillai Amman” kovil. Also remnants of a church were found at 39.6 km and 42 km.

3.5. Resettlement and Economic Regaining in Mullaitivu District and Along A034 Highway3

75. Under Uthuru Vasanthaya 180-day development program, infrastructure facilities are being developed in the Mullativu district with a heavy capital outlay. The Government has allocated funds of Rs.125 million for the road development, Rs.20.0 million for the minor irrigation development, Rs. 40 million for the education, Rs.17.0 million for the cooperative sector development under the Uthuru Wasanthaya program in year 2009.

76. Meanwhile, a sum of Rs.20.0 million has been allocated for the roads improvement under the Maga Neguma project and Rs.30.0 million for the administration sector development in the district. Under the Gama Neguma program, developing fisheries and agricultural industries and livestock development activities are in progress.

77. According to the Ministry of Resettlement and Disaster Relief Services the Base Hospital in Mallavi, Divisional Hospital in Naddankandal (which are located close to A034 highway) and the MOH offices in Mallavi and Oddusudan have been opened and they are functioning now. These facilities will assist in the resettlement process and development of the A034 highway will facilitate in transporting medical supplies, health officers and patients to and from these hospitals. The GoSL is in the process of renovations and reconstructions of the irrigation systems and canals. A number of tanks are being renovated and constructed to provide water to the farming lands. The Government is in the process of re-opening schools while helping the displaced to resettle. In addition inland fisheries and other vocational training programs to promote self- employment are to be implemented in the Mullaitivu district with resettlement of IDPs.

78. Seventeen electricity schemes in Maritimepattu, Oddusuddan and Thunukkai are also under construction at a cost of Rs. 221million funded by the CAARP.

3 www.resettlementmin.gov.lk

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

79. Under the irrigation projects one tank in Oddusuddan and Puthukudiyiruppu are rehabilitated at a cost of Rs.6 million provided by PSDG have been renovated currently.

80. International Nongovernmental organizations and UN agencies such as UNHCR, IOM, WFP,NECORD and LEADS have also provided assistance to the GoSL in the resettlement process.

81. Under the resettlement program around 9800 families will be resettled in Meritimepattu DS and another 5100 families will be resettled in Oddusudan under two phases. Resettlement in Oddusudan has commenced with initially settling of about 220 families in three GN Divisions.

82. With resettlement completed and all infrastructure in place Mullaitivu district has great development potentials for up liftmen of both, social and economic wellbeing of the district.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 4: Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

83. This chapter describes the significant impacts that were identified during the field study and suggest feasible mitigation measures based on environment best practices to minimize these adverse impacts (or manage to acceptable limits) while enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project. The impacts and mitigation measures are summarized in to an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which the contractor should consider at bidding stage.

4.1 Advance works

Design for culverts and bridges

84. Designs for bridges should confirm to the requirements of the “Bridge Design Manual” of RDA considering a flood return period of 100 years. For culverts appropriate designs should be considered to allow sheath flow or cross drainage without any blocking.

85. The road passes over irrigation canals at 4km to 5km, 25km and 31km that distribute water from small scale reservoirs. In the past this water has been used for agriculture activities. When resettlement of IDPs is completed these people will gradually commence agricultural activities. Hence it is important to design and provide adequate openings at locations where such canals cross the road. 4.2 Construction stage

Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoil from construction sites and worker camps

86. Road sections such as 2 – 3.8km, 8.5 – 9.1km and 29 – 29.5km are already on embankments. This embankment would be widened to accommodate the new cross sections with proper two lanes.

87. Construction activities could cause temporary erosion and siltation, if uncompacted earth surfaces or soil dumps are left exposed, or if they are placed near water bodies and if the construction activities are carried out during the rainy season. Sediments could drift away and get silted up in the existing side drains, adjoining streams causing deterioration of water quality.

88. Run off (such as oil, grease) and emissions from construction vehicles, equipment and material stores, spoil from worker camp sites will contain pollutant materials. Such materials have the potential to cause deterioration of surface water sources if they are released to adjacent water bodies.

89. All necessary measures specified in the EMP to mitigate deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoils from construction and worker camps should be followed.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Impacts on available water resources

90. Use of available water sources in town areas for construction activities may affect the water sources used by local residents, this impact could be avoided by using sources of water that are distinct from such sensitive areas and obtaining agreements with the local community for the sources that are used.

91. The contractor should minimize wastage of water in the construction process/ operations by reusing water as much as possible, utilizing only the required amount of water for the construction works etc. The contractor should educate and make employees aware on water conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste following guidelines given by CEA and LA to avoid/ minimize wastage of water.

92. The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Contractor should not obtain water for his purposes including for labour camps from public or community water supplies without approval from the relevant authority. Such extraction (if approved) should be under direct supervision of the engineer. Extraction of water by the contractor for the project purposes shall comply with the guidelines and instructions issued by relevant authority.

93. Construction over and close to the seasonal streams shall be undertaken in the dry season. The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the said natural sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor.

Alteration of surface water hydrology of water ways

94. During reconstruction of the culverts along the selected road, it will be required to alter the water flow from construction area. Following measures are proposed in order to avoid the impacts on existing surface water hydrology;

95. Contractor should not close or block existing canals and streams permanently. If diversion, closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must first obtain the Engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is requested by the Engineer. Contractors shall restore the drainage path backed to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer required. The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways and drainage paths are not blocked. Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during heavy rain seasons from November to December.

96. New culverts should be constructed at locations where existing cross drainage is found to be inadequate.

Occurrence of flood condition

97. Contractor‟s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures necessary or as

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains clear of blockage at all times.

98. If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor‟s activities, contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property.

99. Contractor shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result.

Increase of local air pollution, noise and vibration

100. Construction activities and machineries will contribute the local air pollution and create noise and vibration which will cause nuisance to residents in settlements, schools and religious places. The impacts of construction noise, vibration and emissions can be mitigated by; ensuring that construction plant and equipment is maintained to a high operable standards and that exhaust baffles are fitted and maintained in a high serviceable condition; Limiting operations to times when they have least impact. Also effective mitigation measures as specified in the EMP to prevent/minimize the air pollution, noise and vibration and they should be adopted in all material extraction locations and sub roads used for material transportation, paying special attention to sensitive locations given in EMP.

101. Roadway blasting (if required) shall be carried out only with permission of the Engineer and approval from GSMB for roadway blasting all the statutory laws, regulators, rules, etc., pertaining to acquisition, transport, storage, handling and use of explosives shall be strictly followed.

102. All blasting activities (if required) shall be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during mid-day), as permitted by the Engineer. The timing should be made known to all the people within 500 m (200 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions. People, except those who actually light the fuse shall be excluded from the area of 200 m (50 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions at least 10m minutes before the blasting.

Impacts on fauna and flora

103. Already significant damage to fauna and flora has been caused due to civil war prevailed about three decades in the project area. There are around 290 trees located very close to the road edge on either side of the road may need to be felled for road widening. However, all works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or disruption to the both terrestrial and aquatic fauna and their habitats is minimal. Contractor should make every effort to avoid removal of trees of religious, cultural and aesthetic significance. Removal of road side trees should be in consultation with the relevant authorities and removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Corporation. It is proposed to plant appropriate tree species (eg. Borassus flabellifer (Thal), Azadiracta indica (Kohomba)) at suitable locations as a component of this rehabilitation work.

104. Poaching and hunting will be carried out by workers if the worker camps are located close to forest reserve areas [Teravil -Oddusudan (between 10-21 km) on right hand side, Chamalankulam (between 10-20km) and Kulamurippu (between 30-39km)].

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Therefore strict worker force supervision should be carried out by the contractor when conducting construction work close to these locations. Regular and adequate fuel supplies of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) or kerosene should be supplied to worker camps in order to avoid workers scavenging for fuel wood especially close to above mentioned areas.

105. In addition to this there is a potential of collision and run over of animals (mammals, reptiles and birds such as pea fowls) by vehicles and disturbance to their natural movement within forest reserve areas. In order to avoid impacts on fauna, construction activities within the section of road that passes along above areas should be carried out according to the instructions of DoF.

106. If accidental cause temporary erosion and siltation, spills of toxic or hazardous material take place within the lagoon it may lead to contamination of water bodies utilized by aquatic and associated fauna and flora. In order to mitigate this impact no solid waste or spoil dumping sites, hot mix plants material extraction sites and worker camps should be located within the sections close to Nanthikadal lagoon (43.6 km and 47.4 km). All necessary measures specified in the EMP to mitigate deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoils from construction and worker camps should be followed.

107. In chance of any rare, threatened or endangered species of flora/fauna is found, it should be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor, for necessary action. Also other measures as per the EMP should be followed.

Impacts to Utilities and Roadside Amenities

108. Prior consultation and consent should be taken from relevant service provider if sections of utility lines need to be shifted due to design requirements or shift in alignment. Contractor shall replace all amenities such as bus shelters that were removed/ relocated during the construction unless the Engineer directed the contractor not to do so. Contractor shall take care not to damage/ destroy or affect the functional purposes of utilities such as water, electricity, telephone posts. The arrangements the contractor made with those service providers shall be informed to the Engineer in writing (advance work). Contractor shall assist the service providers in whatever possible manner to minimize disruption to such services. In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the contractor shall immediately inform the service provider and help to restore the service without delay. Furthermore, special attention to be paid at locations mentioned in the EMP. Also other mitigation measures as per the EMP should be adopted to minimize the impact. In addition if utility supply lines such as water supply, telecommunication are to be laid by the relevant service provider, they should be placed away from the proposed ROW with consultation of RDA.

Extraction and Transportation of Construction Materials

109. Construction material such as metal, bitumen and cement will have to be transported from southern parts of the country as there are no sources in the peninsula. However, offshore sand could be utilized for construction activities subjected to the approval from the engineer.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

110. All material transported to construction sites should be properly covered to avoid any spillage during transportation.

Compaction of Soil

111. Confining the movement and stationing of vehicles and plant within the new ROW and by clearly marking boundaries of the working area and limiting vehicles to sites on private land where proper leases have been negotiated or state land where appropriate clearance have been obtained will mitigate the impacts of compaction of soil beyond the area of construction.

Poor sanitation at worker camps, work sites and disposal of spoil

112. Locations selected for labor camps should be approved by engineer and comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA/Local Authority (LA). Construction labor camps should not be located within 200m from waterways, near to a site or premises of religious, cultural or archeological importance and schools.

113. Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of importance in a labor camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or to the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor shall carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any.

114. Labor camps shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered to.

115. Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors. Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution. Contractor should remove all labor camps fully after its need is over, empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition.

Disruption to traffic

116. Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic arrangements after completion of work each day. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police; Temporary diversion of traffic to facilitate construction work shall have the approval of the Engineer. Providing advance information to the public about the planned construction works; Use of flagmen and/or temporary traffic lights to control traffic flows at constricted sites, including safe crossing for pedestrians especially near town areas and schools are also measures to minimize

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

the impact on existing traffic. On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to access shall be cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Site Safety

117. If construction work is carried without proper safety measures it could lead to potential safety hazards to the workers and public. Even if safety measures are in place life threatening accidents could occur during construction.

118. The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may be required by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highways under improvement. The provision of traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work and follow The Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD) guidelines and instructions given by the Police, if any. Informing the public through newspapers/ announcements/ radio/ TV etc., about the construction activities to avoid any inconvenience due to the construction activities.

119. All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and the public from accidents such as fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc. The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the international labor organization (ILO) convention No. 62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to this contract. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.

Impacts due to migrant labour

120. All possibilities should be considered to secure labour from areas close to construction sites; there by the necessity of setting up labor camps could be avoided. If labor is to be brought from outside locations, strict labor supervision is required to avoid any conflicts arising due to migrant labor. Awareness program should be conducted at worker camps on sanitation and diseases to avoid any worker camp waste being disposed at settlement areas and to avoid any disease spread.

4.3 Screening of potential environmental impacts during operational stage Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris

121. Regular clearing and maintenance of all culverts should be done to reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of RDA should also be followed to maintain the road drainage.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Impacts to fauna within the section along the forest areas

122. With the increase of traffic flow at higher speeds there is a potential of collision and such as elephants, birds such as pea fowls, reptiles and amphibians.

123. In order to avoid these impacts to the fauna, it is important to place warning signs especially within the section of the road that passes along forest areas located adjacent to the road. Advance sign posts should be placed at least 1 km before approaching the area in order for the drivers to be more vigilant and reduce speed.

Road safety

124. Improvements to the road surface and road geometry will be conducive to safe vehicle driving at higher speeds. But such speeds may increase the incidences of accidents. Incorporating the mitigation measures as per the EMP could offset this negative impacts caused by vehicles operating at higher speeds.

Damage to road due to over loading

125. A management plan should be formulated with the local police to avoid any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the carrying capacity (load) of the rehabilitated road.

Impacts on air quality and noise

126. Higher speed limits will reduce the travel time through the area and better road alignment will reduce the number of accelerations and decelerations in travelling thereby reduce the emissions to the air. However, national level policy implementation is required to monitor the levels of vehicle emissions along the road section. Establishment and maintenance of a row of shade trees will play an absorbing role of most of the vehicle emissions.

4.4 Significant beneficial impacts of the proposed project

127. Rehabilitation and improvement of A034 highway from Mankulam to Mullaitivu will initially assist the rapid resettlement program in Mullaitivu district (especially within Oddusudan and Metritime pattu DS Divisions) which will be implemented as a phased program.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 5: Institutional responsibilities and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

5.1 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

128. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was developed to avoid/ minimize the adverse impacts to the physical, biological and social environments during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the project. EMP prepared for A034 Highway is given in annexure 5.1.

129. The EMP should form part of the bid document. Implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the contractor/s and the PIU with the assistance of Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will oversee the effectiveness of the implementation of the EMP. On behalf of the RDA the ESD will act as an independent monitor directly reporting to the General Manager, RDA.

130. The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) as required in Environmental Safeguards Manual of RDA is developed based on the project cycle. During the preconstruction phase it is important to measure air, water quality and noise levels. This data will provide baseline information on the existing conditions which could be used to compare the changes in quality levels during construction and operational phases. Such a comparison will reflect how effective the EMP is and help to revise it to rectify any shortcomings that will cause any adverse impacts. It is expected that RDA will provide adequate budgetary support to ESD to ensure timely and adequate monitoring of environmental mitigation and other environmental management activities. EMoP is annexed in annex 5.2.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 6: Public Consultation

6.1. Public consultation process

131. CEA follows its own procedures in conducting public consultation and information disclosure. CEA undertakes public consultation and information disclosure through a public notice prior to approval of the project, if the project requires only IEER. However, under many donor guidelines including ADB on Environmental assessment, public consultation and information disclosure of environmental assessment documents is a key activity and must be undertaken by the borrower or its representative executing agency. A summary of public consultation is given in annexure 6.1.

132. Objective of this activity was to understand the viewpoints of the stakeholders and to respond to their concerns and suggestions during the early stages of the project there by reduce any objections towards the project, develop a satisfactory compensation mechanism for the Affected Persons (APs), incorporate any valuable suggestions by the public in to the design so as to reduce any adverse impacts to the environment.

6.2 Information Disclosure

133. Disclosure of information at an early stage of the project has many benefits such as to negate any objections by the public towards the subproject, avoid misinformation getting in to the APs through agitating groups and some NGOs. While disclosure of information can be done through the Divisional Secretariats and the Grama Niladari (village administrative officer) of the area, Farmer Based Organizations (FBOs) and village societies are also possible sources of disseminating subproject related information. Village leaders such as the head priest of the temple can be resource person for such an activity. The use of mass media to advertise the availability of the report could help information disclosure to other interested groups outside the project area. Copies of this report will be kept at the project office and at all affected DSDs. During the initial field investigations the team consulted the public for their concerns on the development works.

6.3. Grievance redress mechanisms

134. When construction work commences of the sections of this road which passes through settlement areas, public may face the following difficulties;

Dust generated due to clearing and grubbing work Noise nuisance Vibration and cracking of walls and structures Loss of access to by roads

135. Although there will be an EMP to mitigate above impacts and other impacts that arise during construction, a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) should be in place to assist the public to cover come these issues. A Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) could be formulated comprising of the following members; i.e. Divisional Secretariat or a representative, member form an NGO, member from the affected community. Also a team comprising a member from the employer, engineer and contractor should be

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

formulated to look in to grievances of the public and to resolve them. Any such public complaint should be addressed to a nominated personal of the employer, engineer or contractor. A complaint register should be maintained at offices of the employer, engineer or contractor and the action taken should be clearly recorded.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 7: Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions

136. This report focuses on environmental assessment related to rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) highway located in Mullaitivu district. The highway will be rehabilitated with two lane facilities including cycle lanes, soft shoulders, side drains and utility reservations. An EMP was prepared to be incorporated in to the bid documents for contractors.

137. The adverse environmental and social impacts from the improvements will mostly take place during the construction and are related to such work. However, the beneficial impacts clearly out lies the adverse impacts.

138. This initial environmental impact assessment has discussed various aspects of the proposed rehabilitation and upgrading of A034 highway. This assessment concludes that the project will not cause significant environmental and social problems and the potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures stated in the EMP.

139. The broad objective of this project is to facilitate an efficient connectivity between Mullaitivu District and the rest of the parts of the country through A009 highway (at Mankulam). There by assisting the economic and social development of Northern province and the country by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature.

Rehabilitation and improving of Mankulam - Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Chapter 8: References

Arc View Themes; scale 1:25000, Roads, Sri Lanka Outline- Survey Department of Sri Lanka Annual Report 2006, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka, Central Environmental Authority, 2005 National Environmental Act; Subsidiary Legislation, 2003 (Unofficial Copy) National Atlas, Survey Department, Sri Lanka “Wadakkil Wasantham”, Propose plan to rehabilitate and improve highways and to provide support and technical assistance to improve rural roads in the northern province, May 2009 Road Development Authority; Standard Specifications for Construction & Maintenance of Roads & Bridges, 1989 Topographic map sheets (1:50000 scale); Department of Survey

Annex 1.1: CEA Approval Letter

GUIDELINES

1. LAND FILLING/ SPOIL DISPOSAL

1..1 If the project activities involve in reclamation of paddy lands prior approval should be obtained from the Agrarian Development Department.

1..2 Excavated material, excess top soil or material generated due to demolishing of structures should not be disposed at road sides or into water ways or at a site where it is likely to enter a water body. These materials shall be stockpiled at suitable locations and removed from the site to suitable disposal grounds/landfill sites in nuisance free manner.

1..3 Suitable disposal grounds/land fill sites should be identified and approval should be obtained from the relevant Local Authority and other relevant authorities before commencing any kind of clearing activity.

1..4 Loading and unloading of materials such as soil, boulders etc. should be restricted to the time between 6.00hrs to 22.00 hrs. only.

2. EXCAVATION, HANDLING, PROCESSING OF MATERIALS

2..1 For operation of quarry sites and borrow areas approvals should be obtained from relevant authorities such as Geological Survey & Mines Bureau (GS & MB), Local Authority, Divisional Secretariat and CEA.

2..2 All blasting/ quarrying activities shall be carried under approval and supervision of GS & MB.

2..3 Required approval for operation of asphalt plants, crusher plants and concrete batching plants should be obtained from the CEA.

3. Air Quality

3.1 All the materials (sand, soil, rubble, metal, cement etc.) required for the construction shall be stored with proper covers to minimize dust emissions.

3.2 The loaded trucks should be covered while on transport in order to reduce the possibility of dust emission.

3.3 During dry periods it is necessary to dampen the exposed areas of roads at regular intervals to prevent emission of dust.

1 4. NOISE & VIBRATIONS

4.1 Appropriate mitigatory measures should be adopted, in order to maintain noise levels within the standards stipulated by the CEA in Gazette Extra Ordinary No. 924/12 dated 23rd May 1996.

4.2 a) Compaction activities and heavy vehicle movements should be carried out in such a way that Ground Vibration (GV) peak particle velocity should not exceed the value of 02mm/s at any building due to construction activities.

b) Mitigatory measures should be taken to avoid Ground Vibration (GV) peak particle velocity exceeding the value of 02 mm/s mentioned in above 4.2 (a).

5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT

5.1 Movement of heavy loads on public roads for project purposes shall be done with the concurrence of the concerned authorities such as Local Authorities, Provincial Road Development Authority etc., and shall be done at non-peak traffic times.

5.2 The routes for transport shall be done in consultation with the appropriate traffic authorities.

5.3 Action should be taken to minimize the disturbance to existing traffic due to project activities

6. HYDROLOGY AND DRAINGAE ASPECT

6.1 Natural drainage pattern of the surrounding area of the road should not be disturbed due to the project activities and adequate drainage facilities should be maintained in order to avoid water logging, flooding etc.

6.2 Prior approval should be taken from relevant authorities such as Irrigation Department, Provincial Irrigation Department and Local Authority etc., for type and size etc. of any cross drainage structures.

6 SOIL CONSERVATION AND STABILIZIATION OF ROAD EMBANKMENT

7.1 Precautionary measures should be taken to ensure slope stability especially from unstable rock boulders of the road embankment where cut and fill operations are carried out.

2 7.2 Site-specific protection measures (such as rubble masonry walls /concrete retaining walls/gabion walls or soil nailing etc.) at embankment slopes, stream banks, hill slopes, etc., should be constructed where it is required.

8. VISUAL ENVIRONMENT

8.1 Clearing of vegetation should be minimized as much as possible. Suitable species of trees, lianas and creepers should be planted appropriately either side of the road and its embankments where possible.

9. MISCELLANIOUS

9.1 If vehicle servicing stations are required to be established for the vehicles used for project activities should be done with prior approval of the CEA.

9.2 Setting up of labour camps should be done with prior approval of the relevant authorities such as Local Authorities.

9.3 Damages during the construction period of the project and the people directly affected due to project activities should be properly compensated.

9.4 Accessibility to private lands shall bot be disturbed due to project activities/structures.

9.5 Any damage to archeologically, religious and culturally important sites/monuments should be avoided during the construction of the road.

Thushara/EIA/Highways/RPPF/Guidelines for road widening

Annex 2.1 1:25,860 Location Diagram

Annexure 2.1 Location Map Rehabilitation of Mankulam – Mallaitivu (A034) highway Map 1

Olumadu

A009 Highway

Mankulam

Annexure 2.1

Map 2

Annexure 2.1

Map 3

To Pudukuduirippu

Oddusudan

B334 Road

To Nadunkerny

iii

Annexure 2.1

Map 4

Annexure 2.1

Map 5

A035 Highway

Mullaitivu

B297 Road

Mulliyawalai

B296 Road

To Pulliyankulam To Kokkilai

Annex 3.1: Vertical Profile of A034 Highway

Annexure 3.1

Vertical Profile Rehabilitation of A034 Highway

Mullaitivu

Mankulam

Annex 3.2: Drainage Map

Annexure 3.2

Drainage Map Rehabilitation of A034 Highway

To Iranamadu Tank

Muthuaiyankaddu Kulam Kanakarayan Aru Tank (Stream)

Olumadu Tank

Mankulam

Annexure 3.2

Mullaitivu

Nanthikadal Lagoon

Kuruweli Aru (Stream)

Kulamurippu tank Right Bank Canal

Drainage Direction Drainage path

Annex 3.3: Location Map of Water Quality Measurements

Annexure 3.3

Location Map of Baseline Water Quality Measurements

Kanakarayan Aru (Stream)

WQ 2 WQ 1 WQ 4 WQ 3

Annexure 3.3

WQ 7

Nanthikadal Lagoon

WQ 6

WQ 5

Kuruweli Aru (Stream)

Annex 3.4: List of Floral and Faunal

Annexure 3.4

List of terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna i. List of terrestrial and aquatic floral species found in the proposed road section: HA: Habit TS: Taxonomic status NF: Natural Forest and forest plantations T: Tree N: Native PF: Paddy Field S: Shrub I: Introduced RS: Roadside Vegetations H: Herb WA: Water and associated vegetation C: Creeper

Family Scientific Name Common name HA Stat1us Habitats PF RS WA NF

Amaranthaceae Aerva javanica Polpala H N + Anacardiaceae Anacardium Caju T I occidentale Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Amba T I Apocynaceae Catharanthus rosea Minimal H I Apocynaceae Pagiantha Divi kaduru T N + dichotoma Apocynaceae Nerium oleander Kaneru S I Apocynaceae Plumaria obtusa Araliya T I Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana Watusudda S I divaricata Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + Asteraceae Eupatorium Podisinghomaran S I + odoratum Basellaceae Basella alba Nivithi H N Caricaceae Carica papaya Gaslabu T I Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N + Combretaceae Terminalia cattappa Kottan T I + Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Gira-Pala H N + Compositae Vernonia cinerea Monera H N + kudumbiya Convolvulaceae Ipomea aquatica Kankun C I + Euphorbiaceae Drypetes sepiaria Weera T N + Fabaceae Bauhinia racemosa Maila T N + Fabaceae Caesalpinia Moneramal T I + pulcherrima Fabaceae Cassia At thora S I + didymobotrya Fabaceae Cassia fistula Ehela T N + Fabaceae Cassia occidentalis Penithora S I + Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Katarodu wel C I Fabaceae Desmodium Etundupiyaliya H N + heterocarpon Fabaceae Desmodium Heen H N + triflorum undupiyaliya

1 Senarathna, L.K. (2001). A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka

Annexure 3.4

Family Scientific Name Common name HA Status1 Habitat PF RS WA NF

Fabaceae Erythrina indica Erabadu T I + Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Gliricideia T N + Fabaceae Mimosa pudica Nidikumba S I + Fabaceae Pterocarpus Gammalu T N + marsupium Fabaceae Samanea saman Mara T I + Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Siyambala T I + Lauraceae Persea americana Aligatapera T I + Malvaceae Hibiscus furcatus Napiritta S N + Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa- Wada S I sinensis Malvaceae Thespesia Sooriya T I + populnea Melastomataceae Melastoma Bowitiya S N + malabathricum Meliaceae Azardiracta indica Kohomba T I + Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Nuga T I + Moraceae Ficus heterophylla Wal ahatu T N + Moraceae Ficus racemosa Attikka T N + Moraceae Ficus religiosa Bo T I + Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel H I Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Pera S I Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Manel H I + Palmae Cocos nucifera var Pol T N typica Plamae Borassus flabellifer Thal T I + Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris Una T I + Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Iluk S N + + Poaceae Oryza sativa Goyam S N + Pontederiaceae Monochoria Diyahabarala H N + + vaginalis Punicaceae Punica granatum Delum T I Rhamnaceae Zizipus spp Eraminiya S N + Rutacea Chloroxylon Burutha T N + swietenia Rutacea Limonia acidissima Divul T N + Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Kon T N + Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mi T N + Sapotaceae Manilkara hexandra Palu T N + Tiliaceae Muntingia calaburu Jam T I Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Hambupan H N + Verbinaceae Gmelina arborea Ethdemata T N + Verbinaceae Lantana camera Gandapna S I + Verbinaceae Stachytarpheta Balunakuta H I + urticaefolia Verbinaceae Tectona grandis Tekka T I +

Annexure 3.4

ii. List of terrestrial and aquatic faunal species found in the proposed road section:

Family Scientific Name Common Stat Habitat name us H P R W N H G F S A F C

Class: Aves Accipitridae Accipiter badius shikra + Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy kite + Accipitridae Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable + hawk eagle Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Common iora + Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common + kingfisher Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White + throated kingfisher Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple heron + Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Indian pond + heron Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret + Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Great egret + Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little egret + Ardeidae Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate + egret Ciconiidae Anastomus oscitans Asian openbill + Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald dove + + Columbidae Stigmatopelia Spotted dove + + chinensis Corvidae Coruvus Large billed + + + macrorhynchos crow Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Common + coucal Cuculidae Eudynamys Asian koel + scolopaceus Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne coronata Crested + treeswift Muscicapidae Saxicoloides fulicata Indian robin + + Oriolidae Oriolus xanthornus Black hooded + oriole Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax niger Little + cormorant

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Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Indian + + peafowl Passer domesticus House + + + Ploceidae indicus sparrow Red vented + + Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer bulbul Rallidae Amaurornis White + phoenicurus breasted waterhen Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple + + swamphen Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common + + + myna Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius Common + tailorbird Threskiornithidae Threskiornis Black headed + + melanocephalus ibis Timaliidae Turdoided affinis Yellow billed + + + taprobanus babbler Turdidae Copsychus saularis Magpie robin + + + Class: Insecta Pieridae Delias eucharis Common + + jezebal Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common + Grass Yellow Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common + Mormon Class: Mammalia Bovidae Bos indicus cattle + +

Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo + Bovidae Capra hircus Goat + Canidae Canis familiaris dog + Elephantidae Elephas maximus Asian Vuln + maximus elephant erabl e2 Felidae Felis catus cat + Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Squirrel + +

Class: Reptilia Varanidae Varanus salvator Land + monitor

2 As per 2007 The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka iv

Annex 5.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Management Plan to Rehabilitate and Improve Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

This Environmental Management Plan hereinafter called EMP is the summarized matrix of all possible impacts that may occur during rehabilitation and improving Mankulam - Mullativu (A034) highway (from 0.0km to 49.25km, entire length of highway).

The EMP should form part of the Bid Documents and shall be considered alongside the specifications. Thereby the prescriptions detailed in the EMP are mandatory in nature and also contractually binding. The EMP will also equally applicable to sub-contractors including nominated sub- contractors if any. The Contractor will be responsible for the compliance with the requirements of the EMP. With the assistance of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) the “Engineer” on behalf of the Employer the Road Development Authority (RDA) will monitor the compliance of EMP by the Contractor.

Bidders are advised to carefully consider the EMP requirements stated under item 2.0 “Construction phase” when preparing the bid and pricing the items of work. The prescriptions and clauses detailed in the EMP are integral component of the specifications for relevant item of work unless separate items are included in the Bill of Quantities. Thus separate payments will not be made in respect of compliance with the EMP. In case the Contractor or his sub-contractor/s fails to implement the EMP recommendations after informing in writing, the Engineer will take whatever actions it is deemed necessary to ensure that the EMP is properly implemented. If the contractor or his sub-contractor/s still fails to comply with EMP requirement, the “Engineer” may levy a penalty based on the level of non-compliance, cost incurred to rectify the damages caused by such negligence and/ or recover the cost from contractor’s payments.

The Contractor through an appointed Environmental and safety Officer shall assist the Engineer to discharge his duties as required in the EMP implementation by (a) maintaining up to date records on actions taken by the Contractor with regard to implementation of EMP recommendations (b) timely submission of reports, information and data to the Project Management Unit (PMU) through Supervision Consultant (SC), (c) participating in the meetings conveyed by the Engineer and (d) any other assistance requested by the Engineer.

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision 1.0 Advance Works 1.1 Identification of a corridor for establishing utility supply lines (telecommunication and water supply) (a) Design cross sections should include a corridor (Service Throughout the road from Design RDA/ Service corridor) on which telecommunications and water supply lines Mankulam to Mullaitivu for Cost Service provider could be installed by respective agencies without damaging telecommunications and Provider the rehabilitated and improved pavement. water supply lines and from Leasing with the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) to establish Oddusudan (23 km) to new electricity supply lines within the service corridor or Mullaitivu (49.05 km) beyond the ROW. i

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision 1.2 Design for culverts and bridges (a) RDA should obtain prior consent from relevant authorities Olumadu tank (4km), Design RDA such as Department of Irrigation, Department of Agrarian Kruppaddamurippu tank Cost services, etc., for any proposed construction works near (9.7km), Kulamurippu reservoir embankments, streams and irrigation canals that tank (31km) cross the road Chainages 4km to 5km, 25km and 31km where irrigation canals cross the road And all streams E.g. Kanakarayan Aru (3km), Kuruweli Aru (26 ~ 26.5km) and other streams such as at 1.8km, 15.3km, 29.3km (b) Designs for bridges should confirm to the requirements of the All bridges (21) and culverts Design -Do- “Bridge Design Manual” of RDA considering a flood return (around 100) along the road Cost period of 100 years. which will be reconstructed For culverts appropriate designs should be considered to allow sheath flow or cross drainage without any blocking. 2.0 Construction Phase 2.1 Earthwork and Soil Conservation 2.1.1 Disposal of Debris and Spoil (a) All debris and residual spoil material including any left earth Disposal sites throughout Engineering contractor RDA/ shall be disposed only at locations approved by the engineer the trace identified by the Cost PMU, LA for such purpose and subjected to the clauses 2.1.1.b and contractor and approved by 2.1.1.c. engineer (b) If directed by the engineer the contractor shall obtain the -Do- -Do- -Do- RDA/ PMU approval from the relevant Local Authority (LA) if any such as Pradeshiya sabha, Municipal Council and other government agencies (as required) for disposal and spoil at the specified location. (c) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that; All water bodies located in -Do- -Do- RDA/ (i) waterways and drainage paths are not blocked the project area including PMU, LA ii

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (ii) the disposed material should not be washed away by Following tanks; runoff and Olumadu tank (4km), (iii) should not be a nuisance to the public Kruppaddamurippu tank (9.7km), Kulamurippu tank (31km) And all streams E.g. Kanakarayan Aru (3km), Kuruweli Aru (26 ~ 26.5km) and other streams such as at 1.8km, 15.3km, 29.3km, along A034 highway And Nanthikadal Lagoon 43.6km – 47.4km (d) If directed by the Engineer the debris and residual spoil At all borrow sites identified -Do- -Do- -Do- material including any left earth shall be reused, to refill the by contractor and approved burrow areas as directed by the engineer, subjected to laying by engineer of topsoil as per EMP clause 2.1.2. (e) If consented by the engineer, contractor can dispose the Along the A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- debris and spoil as a filling material provided that the where filling operations may contractor can ensure that such material is used for legally be required acceptable purposes with disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner. 2.1.2 Conservation and reuse of top soil (a) Top soil of the agricultural areas and any other productive Along A034 highway where Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU areas where it has to be removed for the purpose of this topsoil from land has to be Cost project shall be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm and removed stored in stockpiles of height not exceeding 2m, if directed by the engineer. If the contractor is in any doubt on whether to conserve the topsoil or not for any given area he shall obtain the direction from the engineer in writing (b) Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil when Along A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- replanting/establishing road side vegetation (c) Such stockpiled topsoil must be returned to cover the areas -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- including cut slopes where the topsoil has been removed due iii

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision to project activities. Residual topsoil must be distributed on adjoining/proximate barren areas as identified by the engineer in a layer of thickness of 75mm – 150mm. (d) Topsoil thus stockpiled for reuse shall not be surcharged or Locations where topsoil is -Do- -Do- -Do- over burdened. As far as possible multiple handling of topsoil stockpiled for reuse stockpiles should be kept to a minimum. 2.1.3 Protection of Ground Cover and Vegetation (a) Construction vehicle, machinery and equipment shall be used Along A034 highway, Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU/LA and stationed only in the areas of work and in any other area vehicle and machinery Cost designated/ approved by the engineer. Entry and exit of parking areas construction vehicles and machinery should be restricted to particular points as directed by the engineer. (b) Contractor should provide necessary instructions to drivers, -Do- - -Do- -Do- operators and other construction workers not to destroy ground vegetation cover unnecessarily. 2.1.4 Borrowing of Earth (a) Earth available from excavation for roadside drains as per All material excavation Engineering -Do- -Do- design, may be used as embankment materials, subject to areas and embankments Cost approval of the engineer (b) Contractor shall comply with the environmental Selected borrow sites -Do- -Do- -Do- requirements/guidelines issued by the Central Environmental approved by engineer Authority (CEA) and the respective local authorities with respect of locating borrow areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation and transportation of earth from such sites. (c) All borrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of All borrow sites used by the -Do- -Do- -Do- their use by the contractor in accordance with the contractor requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local authority. (d) Borrow areas shall not be opened without the permission of All burrow sites identified by -Do- -Do- -Do- the engineer. The location, depth of excavation and the the contractor extent of the pit or open cut area shall be as approved by the engineer. (e) Establishment of borrow pits/areas and its operational All excavation areas, slopes -Do- -Do- -Do- activities shall not cause any adverse impact to the and burrow sites iv

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision properties. Also shall not be a danger of health hazard to the people. (f) Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the All excavation areas, slopes -Do- -Do- -Do- stability of slopes including those related to temporary works and burrow sites and borrow pits. 2.1.5 Prevention of soil erosion (a) Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc shall not be unduly Along A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/ exposed to erosive forces. These exposed slopes shall be (However, specific area of Cost PMU graded and covered by grass as per the specifications. significant erosion was not All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted observed). immediately to reach the specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch. (b) Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- raining season (especially during North-East monsoon). If such activities need to be continued during rainy season prior approval must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a proposal on actions that will be undertaken by the contractor to prevent erosion. (c) The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- as per design or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution to the satisfaction of the engineer. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or other items of work and no separate payment will be made for their implementation. 2.1.6 Contamination of soil by fuel and lubrications (a) Vehicle/machinery and equipment servicing and Servicing yards to be used Engineering Contractor RDA/ maintenance work shall be carried out only in designated for vehicle servicing Cost PMU, LA, locations/ service stations approved by the engineer CEA (b) Approval from CEA in the form of an Environmental -Do- -Do- -Do- RDA/ Protection Licenses (EPL) should be secured by the PMU contractor if he intends to prepare his own vehicle servicing yard.

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (c) Waste oil, other petroleum products and untreated Servicing yards to be used -Do- -Do- RDA/ wastewater shall not be discharged on ground so that to for vehicle servicing and PMU, LA, avoid soil pollution. Adequate measures shall be taken locations along the road CEA against pollution of soil by spillage of petroleum/oil products where vehicles will be from storage tanks and containers. All waste petroleum temporarily stationed products shall be disposed of in accordance with the guidelines issued by the CEA or the engineer. (d) Sites used for vehicle and plant service and maintenance New servicing yards -Do- -Do- -Do- shall be restored back to its initial status. Site restoration will developed by the contractor be considered as incidental to work. for the project 2.1.7 Disposal of harmful construction wastes (a) Contractor prior to the commencement of work shall provide Locations identified to store Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, list of harmful, hazardous and risky chemicals/ material that chemicals and waste Cost LA, CEA will be used in the project work to the Engineer. Contractor disposal shall also provide the list of places where such chemicals/materials or their containers or other harmful materials have been dumped as waste at the end of the project. (b) All disposal sites should be approved by the engineer and -Do- -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU approved by relevant local authority/ ies. (c) The contractor shall clean up any area including water-bodies All affected water bodies -Do- -Do- -Do- affected/contaminated (if any) as directed by the engineer at close to material storage his own cost. and waste disposal sites 2.1.8 Quarry operations (a) Utilizing the existing quarry sites available in the project All, quarry sites which will Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, influential area as much as possible which are approved by be used during construction Cost GSMB, CEA, GSMB or local authorities, operating with EPL and Industrial phase LA Mining Licences (IML); If new quarries are to be opened, prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha if any; Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings, safety nets etc., and third party insurance cover to protect external parties that may be affected due to blasting.

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- the event of damage by the contractors operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor. 2.2 Storage and handling of construction material 2.2.1 Emission of dust (a) Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away At all material storage Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU from settlements (newly established resettlements sites such locations (stock piles of Cost as Mankullam, Oddusuda) and other sensitive receptors and sand, metal and gravel) covered (with artificial barriers or natural vegetation). Measures given under clauses 2.5.1 should be considered within material storage site to minimize dust during handling of material. All access roads within the storage site should be sprinkled with water for dust suspension. 2.2.2 Storage of fuel, oil and chemicals (avoid fumes and offensive odour) (a) All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should At all material storage Engineering -Do- -Do- be stored and handled on an impervious surface (e.g. locations (cement, bitumen, Cost concrete slab) above ground level. fuel, oil and other chemicals Storage facility of cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other used for construction chemicals should be an enclosed structure ensuring that no activities) storm water flows in to the structure. A ridge should be placed around the storage facility to avoid runoff getting in to the material storage structure. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to material handlers. Measures given under clause 2.10 should be considered to avoid any accidents and risks to worker population and public. 2.2.3 Transportation of material (a) The contractor should avoid over loaded trucks to transport Along A034 highway where Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU material to construction sites. construction works will Cost Transport material should always be covered while they are commence transported to the site. 2.3. Water – Protection of Water Sources and Quality

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision 2.3.1. Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users (a) Contractor should make employees aware on water Along A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU conservation and waste minimization in the construction Cost process. (b) Contractor shall protect sources of water (potable or Wells and other public -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU, otherwise) such as water sources used by the resettled water sources located close LA community so that continued use these water sources will not to A034 highway be disrupted by the work. In case the closer of such sources is required on temporary basis contractor shall provide alternative arrangement for supply. Alternative sources such as wells thus provided should be within acceptable distance to the original sources and accessible to the affected community. (c) Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and Irrigation canals and -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU, streams in a manner that adversely affect down – stream streams that are crossed by LA/ Irrigation intakes. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and A034 highway as Dept. streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must mentioned in 1.2 (a) and obtain the engineers approval in writing. 2.1.1. (c) Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the Irrigation Department or local authority (Divisional Secretary) depending on the operating agency of the reservoir/ stream. Contractor shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage ceased to exist. During the affected period contractor shall supply water to the affected community (especially if they are resettled communities). (d) In case the contractors activities going to adversely affect the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- quantity or quality of water, the contractor shall serve notice to the relevant authorities and downstream users of water sufficiently in advance. 2.3.2 Siltation into water bodies (a) Contractor shall take measures to prevent siltation of water All water bodies located Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, bodies as a result of his work including construction of close to A034 highway Cost LA, Irrigation temporary/ permanent devices to prevent water pollution due (Olumadu tank (4km), Dept, to siltation and increase of turbidity. These shall include the Agrarian

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision measures against erosion as per EMP 2.1.5. Kruppaddamurippu tank Services (9.7km), Kulamurippu Dept (b) Construction materials containing small/ fine particles shall tank (31km) -Do- -Do- -Do- be stored in places not subjected to flooding and in such a And all streams manner that these materials will not be washed away by E.g. Kanakarayan Aru runoff. (3km), Kuruweli Aru (26 (C) Temporary soil dumps should be placed at least 200m away -Do- -Do- -Do- ~ 26.5km) and other from all water bodies (d) If temporary soil piles are left at the site for a long time those streams such as at -Do- -Do- -Do- piles should be covered with thick polythene sheets 1.8km, 15.3km, 29.3km, (e) All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted along A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- immediately to reach the specified degree of compaction and And Nanthikadal Lagoon establishment of proper mulch (43.6km – 47.4km)) 2.3.3 Alteration of drainage paths (a) Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and All streams and irrigation Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, streams permanently. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals that are located Cost DI/ DS/ASD canals and streams is required for the execution of work (e.g. adjacent or crossed by the for construction of bypass), contractor must first obtain the road. Engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is And all bridges and culverts requested by the Engineer. Contractor may also obtain the that will be widened, approval from the relevant agency such as Department of repaired or reconstructed Irrigation (DI)/Agrarian Services Department (ASD)/Divisional Secretary (DS) prior to such action is taken. Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer required. (b) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that -Do- -Do- -Do- waterways and drainage paths are not blocked. (c) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage -Do- -Do- -Do- locations during heavy rain seasons such as Mara rains from November to December. 2.3.4. Contamination of water from construction wastes (a) The work shall be carried out in such a manner that pollution At all watercourses located Engineering Contractor RDA/ of natural watercourses, inland tanks and irrigation canals is adjacent to A034 highway Cost PMU ix

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision avoided. Measures as given in 2.1.5, 2.1.6, 2.1.7, 2.3.2, 2.3.5 and 2.3.6 clauses shall be executed by contractor to prevent the wastewater produced in construction from entering directly into streams, water bodies or the irrigation systems. (b) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- locations during heavy rain seasons such as North East Monsoon rains from November to December. (c) The discharge standards promulgated under the National -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- Environmental Act shall be strictly adhered to. All waste arising from the project is to be disposed in a manner that is acceptable to the engineer and as per the guidelines/instructions issued by the CEA. 2.3.5. Contamination from fuel and lubricants (a) All vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall Vehicle and plant Engineering Contractor RDA/ be located and operated as per the conditions and /or maintenance and servicing Cost PMU, LA, guidelines stipulated under the EPL issued by CEA. In centers CEA general these should be located at least 200m away from water bodies and wastewater shall not be disposed without meeting the disposal standards of the CEA. Wastewater from vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be cleared of oil and grease and other contaminants to meet the relevant standards before discharging to the environment. (b) Vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-filling Yards, servicing centers -Do- -Do- -Do- shall be done as required in EMP clause 2.1.6. to prevent water pollution as well 2.3.6. Locating, sanitation and waste disposal in construction camps (a) Labour camps shall be provided with adequate and At all labour camps Engineering -Do- -Do- appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid Cost waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered x

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision to. (b) Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- hygienic. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors (c) Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- importance in a labour camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or to the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor shall carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any. (d) Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- disposal of wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution. (e) All relevant provisions of the Factories Act and any other -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- relevant regulations aimed at safety and health of workers shall be adhered to. (f) Contractor should remove all labour camps fully after its need -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- is over, empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition. 2.3.7. Wastage of water and waste minimization (a) The contractor will minimize wastage of water in the Throughout construction Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, construction process/operations by reusing water as much as sites and at labour camps Cost LA possible, utilizing only the required amount of water for the construction works etc… (b) The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- water conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste following guidelines given by CEA and LA. 2.3.8. Extraction of water (a) The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply Throughout the road trace Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, of water for the project purpose throughout the construction and at labour camps Cost LA period. (b) The Contractor shall not extract water from groundwater or -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- from surface water-bodies without permission from the Engineer. xi

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (c) Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams At all streams and canals -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU shall be undertaken in the dry season. Construction over the crossed by the road irrigation canals, if disruption to the flow, quality of water and impact on the irrigation structure is expected (or probable in the view of the Engineer), will be undertaken under necessary permission from the Department of Irrigation and or Agrarian Services. (d) The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject At all natural water sources -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU, to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with used for construction works LA other users of the said natural sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor 2.4. Flood Prevention 2.4.1. Blockage of drainage paths and drains (a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as Along the road sections Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU a result of blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor which will be placed on Cost shall take all measures necessary or as directed by the embankment, at locations Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains clear of where bridges and culverts blockage at all times. are to be reconstructed. (b) If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor’s -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- activities, contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result. 2.4.2 Work in Flood Prone Areas (a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in Especially through the first Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU flood prone areas when working in flood prone areas. 8~9 km, where the road Cost pass mainly on embankment and crosses streams at Kanakarayan Aru (3km), Kuruweli Aru (26 ~ 26.5km) and other streams such as at 1.8km, 15.3km, 29.3km (b) When working in flood prone areas during rainy season the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- xii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision contractor shall avoid storing materials, chemicals and other items of work in areas where those can be washed away by the floods. 2.5 Air Pollution 2.5.1. Generation of Dust (a) The contractor shall effectively manage the dust generating Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU activities such as topsoil removal, handling and transporting with special attention to Cost sand, rubble, bitumen, and cement during periods of high sensitive locations such as winds or during more stable conditions with winds directed Religious places at towards adjacent residences and other facilities. 0.5 km, 4.6 km, 23.3 km, (b) All stockpiles shall be located sufficiently away from sensitive 23.7 km, 28.6 km, 39.3 -Do- -Do- -Do- receptors. km, 47.3 km, 39.6 km (c) All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid and 42 km -Do- -Do- -Do- spillage and dust emission. (d) The Contractor should avoid, where possible and take Schools: 9.4 km (RHS), -Do- -Do- -Do- suitable action to prevent dirt and mud being carried to the 27.4 km (RHS), 38.8 km roads (particularly following wet weather). (RHS), 40.7 km (LHS), (e) The contractor should enforce vehicle speed limits to 41.8 km (LHS), 42.6 km -Do- -Do- -Do- minimize dust generation. (LHS), 47.5 km (LHS) (f) The Contractor shall employ a water truck to sprinkle water and 48.8 km -Do- -Do- -Do- for dust suppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste water / waste oil for dust suppression is Note: Schools are not prohibited) functional at present (g) All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively. -Do- -Do- -Do- (h) All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to -Do- -Do- -Do- the minimize generation of dust. (i) All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of the -Do- -Do- -Do- contractor, or any of his sub-contractor or supplies of materials or plant and similarly roads which are part of the works shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles or their tyres. (j) Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping -Do- -Do- -Do- and removal of debris, or, if so directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and clearing equipment. Additionally, if xiii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision so directed by the Engineer, the road surface will be hosed or sprinkled water using appropriate equipments. (k) Plants, machinery and equipment shall be handled (including -Do- -Do- -Do- dismantling) so as to minimize generation of dust. (l) The contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level -Do- -Do- -Do- of dust emission from the Asphalt plants and the batching plants up to the satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms. (m) The Asphalt plant be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines -Do- -Do- -Do- and operated with an EPL. The Asphalt plants shall be fitted with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislation. 2.5.2 Emission from Asphalt Plants and Batching Plants (a) The Asphalt plants and batching plants shall be sited in Locations at which Asphalt Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, accordance with CEA guidelines. It is recommended that plant/s and concrete Cost CEA Asphalt plants and batching plants to be located sufficiently batching plant/s to be away from sensitive receptors such as vulnerable habitats, located religious, cultural and archaeological sites, residential areas, schools and industrial areas (locations given in item 2.5.1). (b) The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- relevant current emission control legislation. All operations at plants shall be undertaken in accordance with all current rules and regulations protecting the environment as well as the conditions given in the EPL. 2.5.3. Odour and offensive smells (a) Contractor shall take all precautions such as storing all Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, chemicals used for construction works in properly closed including all sites used for Cost CEA, LA containers with good ventilations to prevent odour and store all chemicals and offensive smell emanating from chemicals and processes places where chemical applied in construction works or from labour camps. In a reactions take place. situation when/where odour or offensive smell does occur contractor shall take immediate action to rectify the situation. Contractor is responsible for any compensation involved with any health issue arisen out of bad odour and offensive smells. xiv

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) The waste disposal and sewerage treatment system for the At all labour camps -Do- -Do- -Do- labour camps shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no odour is generated. Compliance with the regulations on health and safety as well as CEA and LA guidelines shall be strictly adhered to. 2.5.4. Emission from construction Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery (a) The emission standards promulgated under the National All plants, machinery and Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, Environment Act shall be strictly adhered to. vehicles used for Cost CEA, LA construction (b) All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- shall be regularly serviced and well maintained to ensure that emission levels comply with the relevant standards. (c) Contractor should obtain the certificate issued by the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- Vehicular Emission Test (VET) for all construction vehicles, plants and other machineries and it should be renewed annually 2.5.5. Air Pollution from Crusher (a) Crusher plants should operate under an EPL and shall Quarry sites operated for Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, confirm to relevant dust emission levels as stated in the EPL. material extraction for the Cost CEA, LA Only the quarries approved by GSMB and holding current project EPL shall be used for material extraction. (b) Crushing plants shall be sited sufficiently away from sensitive Locations where quarry -Do- -Do- -Do- receptors such as houses, schools, places of worships or as sites will be operated required by the Engineer. (c) Sprinkling of water (through a sprinkler system) for dust Locations where quarry -Do- -Do- -Do- suppression. sites will be operated 2.6. Noise Pollution and Vibration 2.6.1 Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment. (a) All machinery and equipment should be well maintained and All machinery and vehicles Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, fitted with noise reduction devices in accordance with used for road construction Cost LA manufacturer’s instructions. works

(c) All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- with exhaust silences. During routine servicing operations, with special attention to the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if sensitive locations such as xv

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision found to be defective shall be replaced. Notwithstanding any Religious places at other conditions of contract, noise level from any item of 0.5 km, 4.6 km, 23.3 km, plant(s) must comply with the relevant legislation for levels of sound emission. Non-compliant plant shall be removed from 23.7 km, 28.6 km, 39.3 site. km, 47.3 km, 39.6 km and 42 km

Schools: 9.4 km (RHS), 27.4 km (RHS), 38.8 km (RHS), 40.7 km (LHS), 41.8 km (LHS), 42.6 km (LHS), 47.5 km (LHS) and 48.8 km

Note: Schools are not functional at present

(d) Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project All equipment, machinery -Do- -Do- -Do- (measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in and vehicles used for road free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete construction works mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws shall not exceed 75 dB(A). (e) Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- regular and proper, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum. (f) Workers in vicinity of strong noise, and workers working with Throughout A034 highway, -Do- -Do- -Do- or in crushing, compaction, batching or concrete mixing quarry, crusher plants operations shall be provided with protective gear. 2.6.2 Vibration (a) Contractor shall take appropriate action to ensure that Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU construction works do not result in damage to adjacent Cost properties due to vibration.

(c) Contractor shall carry out monitoring at the nearest vibration Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- sensitive receptor during blasting or when other equipments where construction works xvi

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision causing vibration are used. will commence (d) The contractor shall modify the method of construction until Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- compliance with the criteria, if vibration levels exceed the where construction works relevant vibration criteria. will commence and at quarry and burrow sites (e) Contractor shall pay due consideration on vibration impacts Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- of blasting on adjoining structures. Explosive loads shall be where construction works determined so that excessive vibration can be avoided and will commence and at blasts shall be controlled blasting in nature. Notwithstanding quarry and burrow sites to these provisions contractor is liable for any damage caused by blasting work. 2.7. Impacts to Flora 2.7.1 Loss or Damage to Trees and Vegetation (a) All works shall be carried out in a manner that the destruction Throughout the A034 Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, to the flora and their habitats is minimised. Trees and highway with special Cost DS vegetation shall be felled / removed only if that impinges attention to forest reserves directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary between 10km and 21 km works. In all such cases contractor shall take prior approval and from 30km and 39km from the Engineer. and the highway passes close to Nanthikadal lagoon area (b) Contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- recommendations made by the Central Environmental Authority, with regard to felling of trees and removal of vegetation. (c) Removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- Corporation. where construction works will commence (f) A compensatory tree planting program should be developed Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- and executed by the contractor. A good specimen of same where trees will be felled tree species (having > 4 cm DBH) should be planted for each tree removed. Replanting should be as near as possible to the removal location. Planting of selected fast growing trees which are of

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision native species should also be considered. 2.7.2 Chance found important Flora (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered flora Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU species is found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU where construction works Cost by the contractor. All activities that could destroy such flora will commence (E.g.: and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Panikkankulam between Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the 1.6km to 3km on LHS, Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities Teravil -Oddusudan and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to between 10 and 21 km conserve such flora and/or its habitat. on LHS, Chamalankulam between 10 and 20km on RHS and Kulamurippu (between 30 and 39km) on both side)

2.8. Impact on Fauna 2.8.1. Loss, Damage or Disruption to Fauna (a) All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the Panikkankulam between Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU destruction or disruption to the fauna and their habitats would 1.6km to 3km on LHS, Cost be minimum. Teravil -Oddusudan between 10 and 21 km on LHS, Chamalankulam between 10 and 20km on RHS and Kulamurippu (between 30 and 39km) on both side) (b) Construction workers shall be instructed to protect fauna Along A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- including wild animals and aquatic life as well as their habitats. Hunting, pouching and unauthorized fishing by project workers is not allowed. (c) Siting of all Asphalt plants, crushing plants, workshops, Locations selected for -Do- -Do- -Do- depots and temporary worker camps and storing of toxic and erecting the asphalt, hazardous materials at approved locations, and recycling and crusher and concrete xviii

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision dumping of solid waste matter at locations approved by local batching plants and authorities, maintenance of vehicles and equipment in good workshops operable condition, ensuring no leakage of oil or fuel and the fitting of proper exhaust baffles. Any solid waste should not be dumped into water bodies. (d) Regular and adequate fuel supplies of Liquid Petroleum Gas At all worker camps -Do- -Do- -Do- (LPG) or kerosene to worker camps in order to avoid workers scavenging for fuel wood from the forest areas. 2.8.2 Chance found important Fauna (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered fauna Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, species is found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU where construction works Cost DWLC by the contractor. All activities that could destroy such fauna will commence and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such fauna and/or its habitat. 2.9. Disruption to Users 2.9.1 Loss of Access (a) At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from where construction works Cost side roads and property accesses connecting the project will commence road. Work that affects the use of side roads and existing accesses shall not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions to the prior satisfaction of the Engineer. (b) The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- the convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or private roads, railways and any other access footpaths to or of properties whether public or private. (c) On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- access shall be cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (d) Providing advance information to the public about the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- planned construction works and activities causing disruption to access roads, and the temporary arrangements made to give relief to public in order to avoid any inconveniences due to the construction activities. (e) Use of flagmen and/or temporary traffic lights to control traffic -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- flows at constricted sites, including safe crossing for pedestrians especially at town areas and near schools. 2.10. Accidents and Risks 2.10.1 Public and Worker safety (a) All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA the workers and the public from accidents such as fire, where construction works Cost explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, will commence, material chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc. storage and labour camps (b) The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- of the workmen as per the international labour organisation (ILO) convention No. 62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to this contract. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. 2.10.2 Traffic control and safety (a) Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, submitted to the Engineer for approval 5 days prior to where construction works Cost LA commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic will commence control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic arrangements after cession of work each day. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police.

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) Temporary diversion of traffic to facilitate construction work Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- shall have the approval of the Engineer. If directed by the where construction works Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic will commence arrangement from the Local Police. (c) Special consideration shall be given in the preparation of the Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- traffic control plan to the safety of pedestrians and workers at where construction works night. will commence (d) The contractor shall ensure that the road surface is always Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- properly maintained, particularly during the monsoon rains so where construction works that no disruption to the traffic flow occurs. will commence (e) The temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- frequent application of water. where construction works will commence and where detours to be developed (f) Personnel used for traffic control by the contractor shall be Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- properly trained, provided with proper gear including where construction works communication equipment, luminous jackets for night use. All will commence signs, barricades, pavement markings used for traffic management should be to the standards and approved by the Engineer/ Police. (h) The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the Throughout A034 highway -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU, safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and where construction works LA maintain such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, will commence lights and flagmen as may be required by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highways under improvement. The provision of traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work and follow The Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD) guidelines and instructions given by the Police, if any. (i) Informing the public through signboards, banners about the Project influence area -Do- -Do- -Do- construction activities in order to avoid any inconveniences due to the construction activities. 2.10.3 Prevention of Risks of Electrocution xxi

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) All electrical wiring and supply related work should confirm to Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU British Standards (BS) or relevant Sri Lankan Standards. where construction works Cost Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger of will commence, at worker electrocuting from electrical equipment and power supply camps, crusher, asphalt lines including distribution boards, transformers, etc. and batching plants Measures such as danger signboards, danger/red lights, fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public and workers. All electric power driven machines to be used in the construction shall be free from defect, be properly maintained and kept in good working order, be regularly inspected and as per BS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. 2.10.4 Risk at Hazardous Activity (a) All workers employed in hazardous activities shall be Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU provided with necessary protective gear. These activities where construction works Cost include mixing asphalt material, cement, lime mortars, will commence, quarry site concrete etc., welding work, work at crushing plants, blasting and burrow pits work, operators of machinery and equipment such as power saws, etc. (b) The use of any toxic chemical shall be strictly in accordance Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer shall be where construction works notified of toxic chemicals that are planned to be used in all will commence contract related activities. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 2.10.5 Lead Pollution (a) No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except Workshops, yards where Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU in the form of paste or readymade paint. Facemasks shall be spray painting is done Cost supplied to workers who are working in spray painting or scraping lead paints. 2.10.6 Handling of Explosives and protection from mines and other anti personal explosives

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Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) Except as provided in the contract or ordered or authorized All locations where blasting Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU by the Engineer, the Contractor shall not use explosives. activities will commence Cost Where the use of explosives is so provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor shall comply with the requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of this Clause besides the law of the land as applicable. (b) The Contractor shall at all times take every possible -Do- -Do- -Do- RDA/PMU, precaution and shall comply with relevant laws and MoD regulations relating to the importation, handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives. Contractor shall obtain Ministry of Defense (MoD) approval for importing and handling explosives and keep the Local Police informed of the same. (c) Sufficient and adequate warning shall be given prior to -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- blasting. Use of flagmen, siren, etc. should be arranged to the full satisfaction of the Engineer. The public in the area should be informed well in advance about the blasting operation and timing. (d) All workers and machinery shall not be allowed to move Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- in to un-cleared marked by demining personnel (even where construction works by accident). will commence, locations Workers need to be educated not to approach any where worker camps will be devise that may be found abandoned and to established immediately inform the engineer about the situation. Worker camps should be sited only at locations demined and cleared by the security forces or other demining teams and to obtain a UXO certificate if necessary. 2.11. Health and Safety 2.11.1 Prevention of Vector based Diseases (a) Contractor shall take necessary actions to prevent breeding At worker camps, stores, Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, of mosquitoes at places of work, labour camps, plus office yards Cost LA and store buildings. Stagnation of water in all areas including gutters, used and empty cans, containers, tyres, etc shall be xxiii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision prevented. Approved chemicals to destroy mosquitoes and larvae should be regularly applied.

All burrow sites should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the Central Environmental authority and relevant local authorities (b) Contractor shall keep all places of work, labour camps, plus -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- office and store buildings clean devoid of garbage to prevent breeding of rats and other vectors such as flies. 2.11.2 Workers Health and Safety (a) Contractor shall comply with the provisions in Health and Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU Safety regulations under the Factory Ordinance with regard where construction works Cost to provision of health and safety measures and amenities at will commence, workshops work place(s). and worker camps

(b) A special training for workers to be safe from land mines in Throughout A034 highway -Do- un cleared areas and demarcating the un cleared areas with where construction works relevant signs. will commence 2.11.3 First Aid (a) At every workplace, first aid kit shall be provided as per the Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU regulations. At every workplace an ambulance room where construction works Cost containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall will commence, quarry, be provided. crusher, concrete batching plants, workshops and worker camps 2.11.4 Potable Water (a) In every workplace and labour camps portable water shall be Throughout A034 highway Engineering -Do- -Do- available throughout the day in sufficient quantities. where construction works Cost will commence, quarry, crusher, concrete batching plants, workshops and labour camps 2.11.5 Hygiene

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Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) The contractor shall provide and maintain necessary Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities for where construction works Cost labour to standards and scale approved by the resident will commence, workshops, engineer. worker camps (b) At every workplace and labour camps sufficient number of Worker camps and -Do- -Do- -Do- bathing facilities, latrines and urinals shall be provided in temporary sheds at work accordance with the Health and Safety regulations and/or as sites directed by the Engineer. These bathroom and toilet facilities shall be suitably located within the workplace/buildings. Latrines shall be cleaned at least three times daily in the morning, midday and evening and kept in a strict sanitary condition. If women are employed, separate latrines and urinals, screened from those for men and marked in the vernacular shall be provided. There shall be adequate supply of water, within and close to latrines and urinals. (c) The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, Worker camps and -Do- -Do- -Do- built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no temporary sheds at work pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes sites place. (d) Garbage bins must be provided in the camp, work sites and -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Construction camps shall have a clean hygienic environment and adequate health care shall be provided for the work force. (e) Unless otherwise arranged for by the Local Authority, the -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- contractor shall arrange proper disposal of sludge from septic tanks. The contractor shall obtain approval for such disposal from the Public Health Inspector of the area. 2.12 Protection of Archaeological, Cultural and Religious Places and Properties 2.12.1 Prevention of damage to Cultural and Religious Places and Properties (a) During construction activities the contractor should take all Close to all Kovils at 0.5km, Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, necessary and adequate care to minimize impacts on cultural 4.6km, 23.3km, 23.7km, Cost Religious properties such as Hindu shrines and Kovils 39.4km and 47.3km and all leaders church e.g.: 39.6km, 42km

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision 2.12.2 Chance found Archaeological property (a) All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU, and other remains or things of geological or archaeological where construction works Cost DoA interest etc. discovered on the site and/or during construction will commence work shall be the property of the Government of Sri Lanka, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of Antiquities Ordinance of 1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998) (b) The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions from the site of discovery. (c) If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- and assistance from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures to be taken with regard to the artefacts prior to recommencement of work in the area. 2.13 Environmental Enhancement 2.13.1 Roadside Landscape (a) Road landscape plantation, re-vegetation of road Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU embankments and other slopes, edge treatment of water where construction works Cost bodies shall be taken up as per either detailed design or will commence, and all typical design guidelines given as part of the Bid Documents. locations used for quarry The contactor also shall remove all debris, piles of unwanted sites, burrow pits, asphalt earth, spoil material, away from the roadsides and from other plant, concrete batching work places and disposed at locations designated or plants, workshops and acceptable to the Engineer or as per Clause 2.1.1. labour camps (b) On completion of the works, the temporary structures shall be -Do- -Do- -Do- -Do- cleared away in full, all rubbish burnt, waste dumps and septic tank shall be filled and closed and roadsides, workplaces and labour camps, cleared and cleaned. 2.13.2 Utilities and Roadside Amenities

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Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) Contractor shall take care not to damage/destroy or affect the At all locations where Engineering -Do- -Do- functional purposes of utilities such as water, electricity, electricity and Cost telephone posts. The arrangements the contractor made with telecommunication supply those service providers shall be informed to the Engineer in lines are crossing the road writing(advance work). Contractor shall assist the service and located close to the providers in whatever possible manner to minimize disruption road edge. to such services. (c) In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the Throughout A034 highway -Do- -Do- -Do- contractor shall immediately inform the service provider and where construction works help to restore the service without delay. will commence 2.13.3 Road Furniture (a) Road furniture including footpaths, railings, storm water Throughout A034 highway Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU drains, crash barrier, traffic signs, speed zone signs, where construction works Cost pavement markers and any other such items will be provided will commence as per design given in the Bid Documents. (b) Intersections, rotaries, traffic islands, roadside protection and -Do- Do- -Do- -Do- other structures or furniture shall be constructed, complete with the landscape elements as per design in the above manner. 2.14 Handling Environmental Issues during Construction (a) The Contractor will appoint a suitably qualified Environmental Throughout the project Engineering Contractor RDA/PMU Officer following the award of the contract. The construction period Cost Environmental Officer will be the primary point of contact for assistance with all environmental issues during the preconstruction and construction phases. He/ She shall be responsible for ensuring the implementation of EMP. (b) The Contractor shall appoint a person responsible for -Do- Do- -Do- -Do- community liaison and to handle public complaints regarding environmental/ social related matters. All public complaints will be entered into the Complaints Register. The Environmental Officer will promptly investigate and review environmental complaints and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or mitigate the cause of the complaints. A register of all complaints is to be passed to the Engineer within 24 hrs they are received, with the action xxvii

Annexure 5.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision taken by the Environmental Officer on complains thereof. (c) Contractor shall develop suitable method to receive Throughout the project Do- -Do- -Do- complaints. The complain register shall be placed at a construction period convenient place, easily accessible by the public. At local authority and divisional secretary offices (d) Contractor shall prepare detailed Environmental Method Throughout the project Do- -Do- -Do- Statement (EMS) clearly stating the approach, actions and construction period manner in which the EMP is implemented. It is required from the contractor to prepare the EMS for each work site, if work will be carried out at more than one site at once and time plan for implementation. The EMS shall be updated regularly and submit for Engineers review. 3.0 Operational stage 3.1 Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris. Regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of all culverts to At all hydraulic structures Maintenance RDA reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. throughout the trace Cost Maintenance manual of RDA should be followed to maintain the road drainage system 3.2. Road safety (a) All road furniture described under item 2.13.3 should be Throughout A034 highway Maintenance RDA RDA maintained by RDA Cost

(b) A management plan should be formulated with the local Throughout A034 highway -Do- RDA RDA, LA police to avoid any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the (local police) carrying capacity (load) of the rehabilitated road. Weigh stations could be introduced at selected locations to measure the load of vehicle. 3.3 Loss, damage or disruption to fauna Placing warning signs at locations where wild animal Panikkankulam between Maintenance RDA RDA, DWLC movement corridors cross the road. 1.6km to 3km on LHS, Cost Such sign posts should be placed at least 1 km before Teravil -Oddusudan approaching the area in order for the drivers to be more between 10 and 21 km vigilant and reduce speed. on LHS, Chamalankulam between 10 and 20km on xxviii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation Institutional Issues Cost Responsibility Implement Supervision RHS and Kulamurippu (between 30 and 39km) on both side) 3.4 Encochement of new ROW Continuous monitoring and strict regulations should be Throughout A034 highway Maintenance RDA RDA followed to avoid the encroachment. Executive Engineers Cost under direct supervision of Chief Engineer and Provincial Director should conduct regular checking along the road and remove any unauthorized activities within the ROW.

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Annex 5.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMOP)

Annexure 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMOP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Environmental Project Parameters Location1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Implementation Supervision Component Stage Cost (SLRs) Air Quality Design and TSPM, PM10, 1. Mankulam Junction Design: 2 NAAQS of Sri Rs 960,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction NOx , CO, 2. Olumadu (6km) times Lanka 12,000 through stage SOx , Pb 3. Oddusudan Construction: per approved (22.5km) 4/Yr for 2 Yrs sample monitoring 4. Mulliyawalai (38km) agency 5. Mullaitivu (48.5km) 6. Burrow pit 7. Asphalt plant 8. Quarry site Operation TSPM, PM10, 1. Mankulam Junction 2 times NAAQS of Sri Rs 192,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage NOx, CO, HC, 2. Olumadu (6km) Lanka 12,000 approved Pb, SOx 3. Oddusudan per monitoring (22.5km) sample agency 4. Mulliyawalai (38km) 5. Mullaitivu (48.5km) 6. Burrow pit 7. Asphalt plant 8. Quarry site Water Quality Design and EC, pH, DO, Upstream & Design: 2 CEA advisory Rs 840,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction TSS, BOD, downstream of following times guidelines 6,000 through stage Oil and streams and Lagoons Construction: per approved grease, Lead, as presented in 4/Yr for 2 Yrs sample monitoring E. Coli annexure 3.3 agency 1. WQ 1 (1km) 2. WQ 2 (2.9km) 3. WQ 3 (3.1km) 4. WQ 4 (15.3km) 5. WQ 5 (26.1km) 6. WQ 6 (43.9km) 7. WQ 7 (49km) Operation EC, pH, DO, Upstream & 2 times CEA advisory Rs 168,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage TSS, BOD, downstream of following guidelines 6,000 approved Oil and streams and Lagoons per monitoring grease, Lead, as presented in sample agency E. Coli annexure 3.3 1. WQ 1 (1km) 2. WQ 2 (2.9km) 3. WQ 3 (3.1km) 4. WQ 4 (15.3km) 5. WQ 5 (26.1km) 6. WQ 6 (43.9km) 7. WQ 7 (49km)

i Environmental and Social Division, RDA

Annexure 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMOP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Environmental Project Parameters Location1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Implementation Supervision Component Stage Cost (SLRs) Noise Levels Design and dB levels 1. Mankulam Junction Design: 2 National Rs 1,080,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction 2. Olumadu (6km) Construction: Environmental 13,500 through stage 3. Oddusudan (22.5km) 4/Yr for 2 Yrs (Noise per approved 4. Mulliyawalai (38km) Control) sample monitoring 5. Mullaitivu (48.5km) Regulations day agency 6. Burrow pit 1996(no. 7. Asphalt plant 924/12) 8. Quarry site Operation dB levels 1. Mankulam Junction 2 times National Rs 216,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage 2. Olumadu (6km) Environmental 13,500 approved 3. Oddusudan (22.5km) (Noise per monitoring 4. Mulliyawalai (38km) Control) sample agency 5. Mullaitivu (48.5km) Regulations day 6. Burrow pit 1996(no. 7. Asphalt plant 924/12) 8. Quarry site Flora Design and Replanting of On either side of the 1 visit Diversity of Rs 20,000 RDA, through RDA/ESD Construction trees road within the Right of species 20,000 recognized stage Way with especial replanted per visit community attention to based Panikkankulam (1.6km organization to 3km), Teravil Oddusudan (10 and 21 km), Chamalankulam (10 and 20km) forest reserves Operation Survival of On either side of the 1 visit Percentage of Rs 20,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage trees road within the Right of survival 20,000 Way with especial per visit attention to Panikkankulam (1.6km to 3km), Teravil – Oddusudan (10 and 21 km), Chamalankulam (10 and 20km) forest reserves Fauna Design stage Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits Rs 40,000 RDA RDA/ESD species with special attention to 20,000 Panikkankulam (1.6km per visit to 3km), Teravil – Oddusudan (10 and 21 km), Chamalankulam (10 and 20km) forest ii Environmental and Social Division, RDA

Annexure 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMOP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Mankulam – Mullaitivu (A034) Highway

Environmental Project Parameters Location1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Implementation Supervision Component Stage Cost (SLRs) reserves and Nanthikadal Lagoon at 43.6km – 47.4km Construction Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits/yr for Rs 80,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage species with special attention to 2yrs 20,000 Panikkankulam (1.6km per visit to 3km), Teravil – Oddusudan (10 and 21 km), Chamalankulam (10 and 20km) forest reserves and Nanthikadal Lagoon at 43.6km – 47.4km Operation Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits Rs 40,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage species with special attention to 20,000 Panikkankulam (1.6km per visit to 3km), Teravil – Oddusudan (10 and 21 km), Chamalankulam (10 and 20km) forest reserves and Nanthikadal Lagoon at 43.6km – 47.4km Total SLR.3,656,000 US$.25,301.04 Note: TSPM = Total Suspended Particulate Matter, PM10 = Respirable Particulate Matter < 10 m diameter, NOx = Oxides of Nitrogen, CO = Carbon Monoxide, SOx = Oxides of Sulphur, Pb = Lead, HC = Hydro Carbons, EC = Electrical Conductivity, DO = Dissolved Oxygen, TSS = Total Suspended Solids, BOD = Biological Oxygen demand, ESD = Environmental and Social Division, RDA = Road Development Authority. 1$ = SLRs. 114.50 (February 2010)

1 Note: Number of replicates and sampling locations could be varied according to the requirement once the EMOP is implemented

iii Environmental and Social Division, RDA

Annex 6.1: Summary of Public Construction

Annexure 6.1

Public Consultation Rehabilitation and improvement of A034 Highway

Name Issues raised/comments Mr. Mariyadasan, Provincial A034 highway is one of the main highways in the Northern Province since it is main Director, RDA – Northern Province feeder/collector for traffic which flow form Mullaitivu area to rest of the country and vise verse. However due to the prevailed conflict, the highway is highly deteriorated and only a gravel surface is present. Therefore to support the ongoing resettlement program and upcoming development activities it is highly needed to develop the A034 Highway. Mr. Illangeeran IDPs are going to be resettled along the A034 highway in near future. Therefore before that the Chief Engineer, RDA, Killinochchi infrastructure facilities should developed to support the resettlement. Road infrastructure is one of and Mullaitivu Districts the key factors should be concerned. Therefore rehabilitation of A034 highway is very urgent to support the flow of other development activities to the Mullaitivu area. Mr. Selvarajah Navaneedan Oddusudan DS division is being brought back to its original status by resettling around 18000 Development Assistant, DS office, people who are presently in IDP camps. However poor road conditions hinder the rapid Oddusudan development. Therefore development of A034 is highly needed. A. Muralidharan To facilitate the normalcy program of the Mullaitivu area, introduction of necessary government Program Assistant, DS office, officials such as medical officers, school teachers and other officers who are responsible of Oddusudan providing electricity, water is essential. However due to lack of accessibility they are reluctant to come to the area. Therefore road development is the first activity to be carried out. Forest Officer, Vavuniya range Four forest reserves are located along the A034 highway. And forest boundary markers are not forest office, Department of Forest planted however there is adequate space on both sides of the road for the road development. Also it very important to develop the road to facilitate the on going development.