Bwindi Impenetrable National Park GMP 2014 to 2023

BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014 – 2024

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) funded and prepared this General Management Plan. Consultations were held with all relevant stakeholders both at resource use level, Subcounty level, District level and at National Level. Furthermore an analysis of stakeholders was done which gave guidance on the consultations made.

Uganda Wildlife Authority highly acknowledges the communities and the entire Kigezi region leadership especially Kabale, Kanungu and Kisoro districts, who contributed to the proposals during the Planning process.

Prepared by: Uganda Wildlife Authority

Input from: BMCA field staff, Senior UWA staff and stakeholders

Guidance from: Uganda Wildlife Authority Top Management staff

Drafted by: The Planning team

Edited by: Edgar Buhanga and Richard Kapere as a secretariat of the planning team

i BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014 – 2024

FOREWORD

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321sq.km) is one of the few large expanses of forests on the African continent of the afromontane forest vegetation type, where lowland and montane vegetation communities meet. It forms a significant part of the great Albertine Rift ecosystem and is known for its Pleistocene refuge characteristics that make it an extremely high biodiversity spot. As a home to half of the World’s Mountain Gorilla population, it is also the only area in the world that hosts both the highly endangered and globally significant Mountain Gorilla and the Chimpanzee in the same habitat. With minimal human disturbance, coupled with community benefits arising out of eco tourism the conservation of the endangered mountain gorilla and other unique biodiversity of the site is enhanced.

This document presents a ten-year management plan for BINP. Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) is committed to the continued sustainable management of the Park ecosystem. This can only be achieved through proper long term planning which government has already identified and provided for in the Uganda Wildlife Act (Cap 200). Anyone reading this management plan will easily find out that it was prepared through a rigorous consultation process involving all stakeholders to ensure its acceptability and therefore ease of implementation. This General Management Plan also has captured the Business aspects mainly from Tourism to enable us improve on the revenue generation capacity to be able to sustain our operations.

I would like to thank all those who worked tirelessly to prepare this General Management Plan. Special thanks to the Planning team for the time and effort put into the process.

Allow me to also express my gratitude to the entire Board of Trustees for their valuable comments, which enabled us to improve the document.

Lastly, I duly entrust the Conservation Area Manager, Bwindi-Mgahinga Conservation Area with the authority to implement this plan.

Dr. Andrew G Seguya EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

ii BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014 – 2024

APPROVAL

The Board of Trustees of Uganda Wildlife Authority at their meeting of April 4, 2014 which took place in Bwindi National Park Headquarters-Buhoma approved this General Management Plan for implementation.

Dr. Andrew G Seguya Mr. Benjamin Otto Executive Director Chairman Board of Trustees

iii BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014 – 2024

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARCOS Albertine rift Conservation Society MENP Mt Elgon National park AWCC Assistant Warden Community MGNP Mgahinga Gorilla National Park Conservation MGVP Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project AWLE Assistant Warden Law Enforcement MoUs Memorandum of Understandings AWT Assistant Warden Tourism MUK Makerere University BDM Business Development Manager MUST Mbarara University of Science and BINP Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Technology BMCA Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Area NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action BMCT Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust NCCDF Nkuringo Community Conservation CAM Chief Conservation Area Manager Development Foundation CAOs Chief Administrative Officer NEMA National Environmental Management CARE Corporation for Assistance and Relief Authority Every Where NFA National Forestry Authority CBOs Community Based Organisations NGO Non- Government Organisation CCAM Chief Conservation Area Manager PA Protected Areas CCC Coordinator Community Conservation PAM Protected Area Management CDO Community Development Officers PC Partnership Coordinator CITES Convention on International trade in PCLG Poverty and Conservation Learning Group Endangered Species PEIAC Planning Environmental Impact CMAF Climate Change Mitigation and Assessment Coordinator Adaptation Fund PES Payment for Ecosystem Services CMS Convention on Migratory Species PM Procurement Manager CTPH Conservation Through Public Health PROBICOU Pro-biodiversity conservationists in DC Director Conservation Uganda DCDOs District Community Development RS Revenue Sharing Officers SPEIAC Senior planning Environmental Impact DEO District Environment Officer Assessment Coordinator DFA Director Finance and Administration SPEIAO Senior Planning Environmental Impact DFOs District Forestry Officers Assessment Officer DRC Democratic Republic of Congo SPP Species DTBS Director Tourism and Business SRMC Senior Research and Monitoring Services Coordinator ED Executive Director STAR Sustainable Tourism in the Albertine EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Rift EMRC Ecological Monitoring and Research SWIFT Special wildlife Intervention Force Coordinator UCOTA Uganda Community Tourism EMRU Ecological Monitoring Unit Association FFI Flora and Fauna International UNIDO United Nations International GHG Green House Gases Development Organization GMP General Management Plan UNRA Uganda National Roads Authority GO Gorilla Organisation UOBDU United Organization for Batwa GPS Geographical Information System Development in Uganda GVTCS Great Virunga Trans-boundary UPDF Uganda peoples Defense Forces Collaborative Secretariat URP Uplift the Rural Poor HIV Human Immune Virus U-PCLG Uganda Poverty and conservation HRU Human Resource Unit Learning Group HuGo Human-Gorilla management group UWA Uganda wildlife Authority ICCN Insitut Congolais pour la VC Veterinary Coordinator Conservation de la Nature VIC Visitor Information Centre IGCP International Gorilla Conservation WCC Warden Community Conservation Program WCS Wildlife Conservation Society ITFC Institute of tropical Forest conservation WCU Wildlife Clubs of Uganda IUCN International Union Conservation of WEM Warden Ecological Monitoring Nature WIC Warden In Charge LDCs Low Developed Countries WMR Warden Monitoring and Research LEC Law Enforcement Coordinator WWP Warden Wildlife Photographer LG Local Government LU Law Enforcement Unit M&R Monitoring and Research MEM Monitoring and Evaluation Manager

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background Bwindi Impenetrable National Park was originally established as the Bwindi (Impenetrable) Forest Reserve in 1932. Later it was established as a Gorilla Sanctuary by General Notice No. 584 of 1961 and amended by Legal Notice No. 53 of 1962, Legal Notice No. 567 of 1962 and Statutory Instrument No. 10 of 1964 (Protected Area System Plan for Uganda Vol. 4, 1999). The Impenetrable Forest came under National Park status by resolution of the National Resistance Council of 13th August 1991, and became known as Bwindi Impenetrable National Park under Statutory Instrument Supplement No.3 of 1992.

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321sq.km) is one of the few large expanses of forests on the African continent of the afromontane forest vegetation type, where lowland and montane vegetation communities meet. It forms a significant part of the great Albertine Rift ecosystem and is known for its Pleistocene refuge characteristics that make it an extremely high biodiversity spot. As a home to half of the World’s Mountain Gorilla population, it is also the only area in the world that hosts both the highly endangered and globally significant Mountain Gorilla and the Chimpanzee in the same habitat. With minimal human disturbance, coupled with community benefits arising out of eco tourism, the conservation of the endangered mountain gorilla and other unique biodiversity of the site is enhanced. It is also an important Bird Area (IBA) and at the same time, a World Heritage site.

For the next ten years (2014 -2024), BINP shall be conserved for its exceptional biodiversity, such as the critically endangered Mountain Gorilla and other endemic species and its fragile ecosystem that is also an important water catchment area among other ecosystem services, for the benefit of the local, national and the global community.

The following are some of the key Conservation Values identified during the planning process; 1. Pleistocene refugium (Archipelago): high endemism and provides a living laboratory for evolutionary studies and monitoring 2. A biodiversity hot spot including endemic and rare species 3. Water catchment and retention 4. Diverse fauna and flora 5. Habitat for endangered species especially Mountain Gorillas 6. Esthetic values(Stunning scenic beauty) 7. Ecosystem services including climate stabilization and being a carbon sink 8. Cultural heritage for indigenous people and the neighboring communities that derive their livelihood from the forest 9. Protects a bigger proportion of the Albertine endemic species

v BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014 – 2024

This plan covers seven programs namely Resource Conservation and Management that addresses all issues relating to securing the integrity of the park, the Research and Monitoring program that addresses the research and ecological monitoring needs and challenges, the Community Conservation program that aims at ensuring that conflicts with communities arising out of the existence of the park are minimized, the Park Operations that addresses the logistical and administrative requirements, the Regional Collaboration that lays down management actions for ensuring collaboration across border given the transboundary nature of the resource and lastly, the Business Plan that will ensure the financial resources required to implement the plan are generated.

Financial requirements

It is estimated that a total of about Eighteen billion Uganda shillings (shs18,595,284,160/= ) will be spent in implementing the above planned activities over the 10 year period.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS II FOREWORD III APPROVAL IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VI Background vi Financial requirements vii PART 1: BACKGROUND 1 1.1 PARK DESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT HISTORY 3 1.1.1 Park management history 3 1.1.2 Climate and Hydrology 5 1.1.3 Relief 6 1.1.4 Species richness 6 1.1.5 Settlement history 7 1.2 THE PLANNING PROCESS 8 1.3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS 9 1.4 ENABLING LEGISLATION AND POLICY 11 1.4.1 The Constitution of Uganda (1995) 11 1.4.2 The Uganda Wildlife Policy (1999 Draft) 11 1.4.3 The Uganda Wildlife Act (Cap 200) 11 1.4.4 The National Environment Act, (NEA, 1998) 11 1.4.5 The Tourism Policy of Uganda 2003 22 1.4.6 The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 22 1.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS 13 1.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 13 1.5.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 13 1.5.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971 14 1.5.4 Convention on migratory species of wild animals (CMS) 14 1.6 CONSERVATION VALUES AND OTHER PARK BENEFITS 14 1.6.1 Habitat for endangered species especially Mountain Gorillas 14 1.6.2 Pleistocene refugium (Archipelago): high endemism and provides a living laboratory for evolutionary studies and monitoring 14 1.6.3 Water catchment and retention 15 1.6.4 Protects a bigger proportion of the Albertine endemic species 15 1.6.5 Esthetic values (Stunning scenic beauty) 16 1.6.6 Diverse Fauna and Flora 16 1.6.7 Ecosystem services including climate stabilization and being a carbon sink 16

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1.6.8 Cultural heritage for indigenous people and the neighboring communities that derive their livelihood from the forest 16 1.6.9 A biodiversity hot spot including endemic and rare species 16 1.6.10 Nomination of Bwindi as a world heritage site: - statement of outstanding universal value. 16 1.6.11 Integrity 17 1.6.12 Requirements for protection and Management 18 PART 2: THE ZONING PLAN AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSE 19 2.1 MANAGEMENT PURPOSE FOR BINP 19 2.2 MANAGEMENT ZONING 19 2.2.1 Zone descriptions 19 PART 3: RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 32 3.1 Security 24 3.2 Illegal activities 25 3.3 Boundary management 29 3.4 Fire management 30 3.5 Disease transmission 32 PART 4: RESEARCH AND ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 35 4.1 Research 35 4.2 Wildlife diseases 35 4.3 Ecological Monitoring 37 4.4 The Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation 38 4.4.1 Collaboration with ITFC on Research and Monitoring 38 4.5 Monitoring compliance of developments and health status of the ecosystems 41 4.5.1 Wildlife diseases 41 PART 5: REGIONAL COLLABORATION 45 PART 6: CLIMATE CHANGE 46 PART 7: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION 49 7.1 Human-wildlife conflict 49 7.2 Revenue sharing 52 7.3 Resource use 55 7.4 Land use 57 7.5 Awareness 59 7.6 Stakeholder collaboration 61 7.7 Cultural values 62 PART 8: PARK OPERATIONS 64 8.1 Human and logistical capacity 64 8.2 Financing for Planned activities (Plan implementation) 69 8.2.1 Payment for Ecosystem services (PES) 70 PART 9: THE BUSINESS PLAN 71 9.1 Introduction 71

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9.1.1 Visitor Numbers 71 9.1.2 Tourism program 73 9.1.2.1 Infrastructure issues 73 9.1.2.2 Products and services 77 9.3.2.3 E-Marketing 81 9.3.2.4 Community tourism 86 PART 10: DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF THE INTERPRETIVE THEMES 88 10.1 Introduction 88 10.2 Story of Batwa marriage and the flying squirrel 88 10.3 Story of the aphrodisiac tree Parinari excelsa 88 10.4 Story of the Itaama sacred place 88 10.5 The origin of Bwindi as a name 89 10.6 The Impenetrable forest 89 PART 11: EVALUATION AND MONITORING 90 11.1 Plan Evaluation and Monitoring 90 11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation plan and tracking indicator tables 90

REFERENCES 91

APPENDICES 92

Appendix 1: Boundary Description/Boundary Plan for BINP 92 Appendix 2: Identified management issues/challenges 93 Appendix 3: Bwindi’s Major Visitor Destinations by Ranking 97 Appendix 4: Planning team members 99 Appendix 5: List of District stakeholders consulted during data collection (15th - 21st January 2012) 100 Appendix 6: Presentation of the draft GMP- List of participants 104

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Uganda showing the location of BINP 2 Figure 2: Map showing the boundary plan for BINP 4 Figure 3: Graph showing rainfall patterns 5 Figure 4: Table showing the names of the planning team 8 Figure 5: Table showing stakeholders and their roles 9 Figure 6: Map showing BINP Management Zones 23

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Figure 7: Map of BINP showing the distribution of illegal activities for 2010-2011 27 Figure 8: Picture showing a wounded Gorilla as a result of snares 27 Figure 9: Map of BINP showing ground patrol coverage from May 2011 to April 2012 28 Figure 10: Graph showing wildfire incidences over the years 31 Figure 11: Map of BINP showing the habituated Gorilla home ranges 33 Figure 12: Picture of a dead Gorilla as a result of an attack by the scabies 33 Figure 13: Table showing Gorilla population (BINP and MGNP) 26 Figure 17: Graph showing crop raiding incidences between 2008 – 2011 50 Figure 18: Graph showing revenue sharing funds disbursed over the past years (1996-2012) 54 Figure 19: Table showing current resource use agreements between Communities and the Park 56 Figure 20: Picture showing the hard edge formed by digging next to the park boundary 58 Figure 21: Table showing manpower requirements for BINP 65 Figure 22: Table showing additional equipments required in BINP 66 Figure 23: Table showing staff accommodation and office requirements 68 Figure 24: Graph showing BINP Visitor numbers 71 Figure 25: Graph showing BINP Income from tourism 72 Figure 26: Graph showing BINP annual financial expenditure 72 Figure 27: Graph showing the comparison of BINP Revenue and expenditure 73 Figure 28: Graph showing visitor numbers per tourism activity 74 Figure 29: Table showing the spread of gorilla tourism around the Park 78 Figure 30: Graph showing the comparison of monthly visitor numbers over time 78 Figure 31: Graph showing comparisons of tracking occupancy rates per gorilla group over time 83 Figure 32: Graph showing visitor category comparison over time 84

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PART 1: BACKGROUND

1.1 PARK DESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT HISTORY

1.1.1 Location and Access

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) is located in South-Western Uganda between latitude 0053, to 108, South and longitude 29035’ to 29050’ East. It covers an area of 321 km2 on the edge of the Western Rift Valley occupying the highest blocks of the Kigezi Highlands. The park lies along the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is about 29 km by road to Kabale town and 30km North of Kisoro Town. BINP is located in Rubanda County of Kabale District, Kinkizi County of Kanungu District, and Mutanda County of Kisoro District, and Mutanda County of Kisoro District. Adjacent to the park are 21 parishes.

Historically, local communities have used Bwindi forest as a source of timber, minerals non-timber forest resources, game meeat and agricultural land. These activities led to continued significant losses of forest cover up to the late 1980s. Since 1991, the forest’s tourism petential (mainly gorilla tourism) has been demonstrated as an important additional direct economic value.

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Figure 1: Map of Uganda showing the location of BINP Figure 1: Map of Uganda showing the location of BINP

Kidepo Valley NP

â Arua

â Gulu

â Moroto

Murchison Falls NP â Lira

âSoroti

Mt. Elgon NP Mbale â P i N lik mu Se Fort Portal Tororo â â P s N Jinja Mt Kibale NP ri â zo Kampala en Rw â Entebbe â

Bwindi Impenetrable NP P N eth ab Masakaâ liz n E ee Qu Mbarara â Lake Mburo NP

Kabale â Mgahinga Gorilla NP N

W E

100 0 100 200 300 Kilometers

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1.1.2 Park management history

Bwindi Forest was originally established as the Bwindi (Impenetrable) Forest Reserve in 1932. Later it was established as a Gorilla Sanctuary by General Notice No. 584 of 1961 and amended by Legal Notice No. 53 of 1962, Legal Notice No. 567 of 1962 and Statutory Instrument No. 10 of 1964 (Protected Area System Plan for Uganda Vol. 4, 1999). The Impenetrable Forest came under National Park status by resolution of the National Resistance Council of 13th August 1991, and became known as Bwindi Impenetrable National Park under Statutory Instrument Supplement No.3 of 1992. The detailed legal boundary description for BINP is shown in appendix1.

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) was again declared a World Heritage Site in 1994. World Heritage Areas embody the diversity of the planet, and the achievements of its peoples. They are places of beauty and wonder; mystery and grandeur; memory and meaning. In short, they represent the best Earth has to offer. Universal value’ is the key to the meaning of World Heritage. It means that the importance of BINP as a World Heritage site property transcend national boundaries.

The park boundary plan as described in appendix 1 is more particularly shown on Boundary Plan map shown below:

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Figure 2: Map showing the boundary plan for BINP Figure 2: Map showing the boundary plan for BINP

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1.1.3 Climate and Hydrology The climate is tropical with two rainfall peaks from March to May and September to November. The annual precipitation lies in the range 1,130-2,390 millimeters (mm). The annual mean temperature1.1.3 Climate ranges and from Hydrology a minimum of 7-15°C to a maximum of 20-28°C (UWA, 2010). The climate is tropical with two rainfall peaks from March to May and September to TogetherNovember. with some The remnant annual precipitationlowland forest lies in outside the range the 1,130 boundary,-2,390 millimeters the Park (mm).is an important The annual mean temperature ranges from a minimum of 7-15°C to a maximum of water catchment20-28°C (UWA, area 2010serving). surrounding agricultural lands. Three major tributaries of the Ishasha River drain into Lake Edward to the north; the Ndego, Kanyamwabo and Shongi Rivers flowTogether southwards with some towards remnant Lake lowland Mutanda. forest Thereoutside is the an boundary,80 ha swamp the Park at Mubwindi is an in the important water catchment area serving surrounding agricultural lands. Three major central oftributaries the south. of the The Ishasha area is River associated drain into with Lake the Edward upwarping to the of north; the westernthe Ndego, rift valley. Its underlyingKanyamwabo rocks are andphyllites Shongi and Rivers shales, flow southwardswith some towards quartz, Lake quartzite Mutanda. and There granite is outcrops an 80 ha swamp at Mubwindi in the central of the south. The area is associated with of the Karagwe-Ankoleanthe upwarping of the westernsystem. rift Thevalley. soils Its underlyingare mainly rocks humic are phyllites red loams, and shales, moderately to highly acidicwith some and deficientquartz, quartzite in bases. and This granite data outcrops is taken of from the Karagwe1km resolution-Ankolean interpolated system. climate surfaces,The and soils so areit shouldmainly humicbe taken red loams, as a moderatelygeneral overview to highly ofacidic the and climate deficient in inthe PA and bases. This data is taken from 1km resolution interpolated climate surfaces, and so it surroundingshould region. be taken as a general overview of the climate in the PA and surrounding region.

Figure 3: Graph showing rainfall patterns

Average climate data based on the WorldClim 50 year monthly climate data.

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1.1.4 Relief At 1,190 meters (m) to 2,607 m, the lowest point occurs in the northernmost tip of the park; the highest is Rwamunyonyi hill on its eastern edge. Bwindi is extremely rugged, characterized by steep hills and narrow valleys, with a general incline from the north and west to the high deeply dissected south and southeast. 60% of the Park is over 2,000 m high.

1.1.5 Species richness 1.1.5.1 Flora Bwindi is one of the few large expanses of forest in East Africa where lowland and montane vegetation communities meet. It is representative of the Afromontane Centre of Plant Endemism and the northern sector is rich in species of the Guineo-Congolian flora. It is also a Pleistocene refugium, all of which have resulted in extremely high biodiversity. The forest gets the name ‘impenetrable’ from the dense cover of herbs, vines and shrubs growing in the valley bottoms. The area is broadly classified as medium altitude moist evergreen forest and high altitude forest. Approximately 40% of the forest is medium-rich to rich mixed forest, including key species such as red stinkwood Prunus africana, nationally threatened Newtonia buchanani, Symphonia globulifera, Chrysophyllum pruniforme, Podocarpus spp. and Strombosia scheffleri.

In low-lying areas around 1,500 m, Parinari exelsa is dominant, covering about 10% of the Park; around 2,000 m Newtonia buchananii covers about 11% of the Park); and at around 2,200 m Chrysophyllum gorungosanum dominates about 8% of the park. Almost 30% of the park is occupied by low stature communities, classified as poor, hill and colonizing types. There are also small areas of swamp and grassland. Bamboo forest is restricted to less than 100 ha. Nevertheless, the list of 200 species (47% of the country’s total) includes 12 species not found elsewhere. These are Allanblackia kimbiliensis, Balthasaria schliebenii, Croton bukobensis, Grewia milbraedii, Guarea mayombensis, Maesobotrya purseglovei, Memecylon spp., Strombosiopsis tetrandra and Xylopia staudtii. There are two internationally threatened species, Lovoa swynnertonii, Brazzeia longipedicellata and a further 16 species have a very limited distribution in south-west Uganda.

1.1.5.2 Fauna Bwindi is believed to have the richest faunal community in East Africa and is an important locality for the conservation of Afromontane fauna endemic to the mountains of the western rift valley. Highly significant is the presence of over a half of the world’s population of mountain gorillas (Gorilla berengei berengei) numbering about 400 out of about 880. This population is a distinct subspecies, more closely related to Gorilla gorilla graueri(Eastern Low Land Gorilla). It has shorter hair, slightly longer limbs and lives at lower altitudes than the Virun- ga population. The Park also holds 120 species of mammals including 14 species of primate. Other globally threatened species include eastern chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi

6 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 in the only place where its range overlaps with the gorilla’s, l’Hoests guenon Cercopithecus lhoesti and African elephant Loxodonta africana which are estimated at 30 individuals. Other primate species include black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, red-tailed guenon C. ascan- ius schmidti, blue guenon C. mitis mitis, vervet C. aethiops, and olive baboon Papio anubis plus nocturnal prosimians. In addition, there are bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, yellowbacked and blackfronted duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and C. nigrifrons. Buffalo were poached to extinction in the late 1960s. Recently the existence of 47 rodent and 20 shrew species has been confirmed.

Some 350 species of birds have been recorded. At least 70 of the 78 montane forest bird species occurring in the Albertine Rift region are found in the forest, including 22 of the 36 endemics. 12 species of bird occur only in Bwindi and in some cases in the neighboring highland forests of south-west Kigezi within Uganda. Key species are the dwarf honeyguide Indicator pumilio, African green broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri, Lagden’s bushshrike Malaconotus lagdeni, Kivu ground thrush Zoothera tanganjicae, Oberlander’s ground thrush Z. oberlaenderi, Grauer’s rush warbler Bradypterus graueri, Chaplin’s flycatcher Muscicapa lendu and dusky crimsonwing Cryptospiza shelleyi. Other rare birds are Fraser’s eagle owl Bubo poensis, white-bellied robin chat Cossypher roberti, Grauer’s warbler Graueria vittata, short-tailed warbler Hemitasia neumanni, yellow-eyed black flycatcher Melaenornis ardesiaca, montane double-collared sunbird Nectarinia ludovicenis and dusky twinspot Clytospiza cinereoinacea. Because of the presence of these rare and restricted range species, the park was categorized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International (Byaruhanga et al, 2001).

The forest may also be the most important in Africa for the conservation of montane butterflies. 202 species occur (84% of the country’s total) with 8 Albertine Rift endemics. 3 butterflies occur only in Bwindi: the cream-banded swallowtail Papilio leucotaenia, Graphium gudenusi and Charaxes fournierae, It also has the threatened African giant swallowtail Papilio antimachus.

1.1.6 Settlement history An influx of Bantu speaking people is said to have taken place in the Kigezi Highlands more than 2000 years ago. These people were mainly agriculturists, with knowledge of iron smelting technology (Van Noten, 1979, as cited in Cunningham, 1992). The population of the former Kigezi District is documented to have more than doubled between 1932-1943, mainly because of immigration from Rwanda, and also due to natural increase. In 1943 immigration from Rwanda or Congo to any part of Kigezi was officially halted (Purseglove, 1946). Because of the agricultural activities involving cutting, clearing and burning, permanent settlements resulted. According to some of the informants in a recent oral history study (Namara et al., 2000), the existence of Ficus sp. (ebitooma in Rukiga) at various points in the forest is evidence that people lived there, since each homestead used to be marked with this tree. It is not exactly known when the last people (apart from the Batwa) who were settled in the forest left. The Batwa lived on the fringes of Bwindi Forest since it was gazetted as a forest reserve (1932), but spent a lot of their time inside (especially the men) gathering fruits, wild honey as well as hunting.

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These activities however, were declared illegal and hence reduced when the forest was gazetted as a national park in 1991.

Settlement around BINP seems to have started around the southern sector, in the Ikumba area, while the areas around the northern sector were settled around the late 1940s and early 1950s Settlement around BINP seems to have started around the southern sector, in the (Namara et al., 2000). The early non-Batwa forest dwellers mainly carried out activities based Ikumba area, while the areas around the northern sector were settled around the late on forest1940s resources.and early They1950s were (Namara mainly et hunters al., 2000). and Theblacksmiths early no whon-Batwa made forest implements dwellers like spearsmainly that carriedwere the out main activities weapons based and onhunting forest tools resources. used before They the were Europeans mainly introducedhunters firearms.and blacksmiths There were whoalso madewood implementscarvers who like carved spears various that itemswere theincluding main weaponsshields, walking and sticks,hunting harps, tools wooden used plates before and the cups, Europeans wooden introducedbasins, hoe firearms. handles, beerThere boats, were spear also handles,wood blacksmithscarvers whobellows, carved beehives various and items milk includingjars. While shields, these peoplewalking depended sticks, harps, mainly wooden on forest plantsplates and gameand cups,meat forwooden food, it basins,is believed hoe that handles, they also beercarried boats, out some spear cultivation. handles, The Batwablacksmiths forest dwellers bellows, were beehives purely hunter-gatherers, and milk jars. Whileand depended these people mainly dependedon wild edible mainly forest on forest plants and game meat for food, it is believed that they also carried out fruits, tubers and game meat. some cultivation. The Batwa forest dwellers were purely hunter-gatherers, and depended mainly on wild edible forest fruits, tubers and game meat. 1.2 THE PLANNING PROCESS 1.2 THE PLANNING PROCESS TheThe Planning Planning process process for BINP for BINP started started with withthe selectionthe selection of a ofmulti-disciplinary a multi-disciplinary team, team, which waswhich involved was in theinvolved solicitation in the of solicitation views and identificationof views and of identificationproposals for managementof proposals offor the Park.management A planning teamof the was Park. composed A planning of 16 team people was including composed 5 representatives of 16 people fromincluding the local5 governmentrepresentatives and community from the leaderslocal government as shown below. and community leaders as shown below.

Figure 4: FigureTable showing 4: Table the names showing of the planning the names team of the planning team Designation Institution/PA 1 Senior Planning and EIA coordinator (SPEIAC) - Team leader UWA Headquarters (Mr.Edgar Buhanga) 2 Senior Planning and EIA Officer (SPEIAO) (Mr. Kapere Richard) UWA Headquarters 3 Monitoring and Evaluation manager (MEM) (M/s Namuli Susan) UWA Headquarters 4 Chief Conservation Area Manager (CAM) – Co-team leader (Mr. BMCA Pontius Ezuma) 5 Warden Monitoring and Research (WMR) (Mr. Raymond Kato) BINP 6 Warden Community Conservation (WCC) (M/s Olivia Biira) BINP 7 Assistant Warden Tourism (AWT) (Mr. Balyesiima Geofrey) BINP 8 Assistant Warden Law Enforcement (AWLE) (Mr. Frank Sunday) BINP 9 Warden in-charge (WIC) (Mr. Christopher Masaba) MGNP 10 Assistant Warden Community Conservation (AWCC) (Mr. Okuta MGNP Charles) 11 Assistant Warden Tourism (AWT) (Mr. Chemonges Amusa) MGNP 12 Director, Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (Dr. Robert Bitariho) ITFC 13 Country Director, International Gorilla Conservation Program (Mr. IGCP Stephen Asuma) 14 Natural Resources Coordinator (Mr. Paul Sabiiti) Kabale 15 Non-Governmental Organisation Forum Representative (Mr. Sebuhinja Kisoro Julius) 16 District Environment Officer (DEO) (Mr. George Agaba) Kanungu

The team went through a series of planning steps to come up with this Plan. Among8 them was the field reconnaissance where members were exposed to all issues in the field, stakeholder consultation process where various members of the communities including the user groups, community leaders, District leaders, were consulted regarding their views on the park management. Thereafter a proposal generation workshop was held for the planning team to harmonize views received from various stakeholders and agree on proposals for the general management plan.

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The team went through a series of planning steps to come up with this Plan. Among them was the field reconnaissance where members were exposed to all issues in the field, stakeholder consultation process where various members of the communities including the user groups, community leaders, District leaders, were consulted regarding their views on the park management. Thereafter a proposal generation workshop was held for the planning team to harmonize views received from various stakeholders and agree on proposals for the general management plan.

1.3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

The following1.3 STAKEHOLDER stakeholders ANALYSISand their respective roles where identified through a stakeholder The following stakeholders and their respective roles where identified through a analysisstakeholder as follows; analysis as follows;

Figure 5: Table showing stakeholders and their roles Figure 5: Table showing stakeholders and their roles Stakeholder Role 1 International Gorilla conservation Support community development enterprises program (IGCP) around the PA, support problem animal control, support tourism development, Field equipment support, Coordinated patrol and staff capacity building 2 Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Support community development, Research, Trust (BMCT) conservation awareness, Batwa resettlement 3 Corporation for assistance and relief Community awareness and advocacy for everywhere (CARE International) conservation 4 Gorilla Organisation (GO) Problem animal control, energy saving technologies, enterprise development 5 Great Virunga Transboundary Transboundary collaboration and enterprise collaborative secretariat (GVTCS) development 6 Institute of tropical forest Research conservation (ITFC) 7 Local Governments (Kanungu, Policy development, community mobilisation, Kisoro, Kabale) project implementation 8 Conservation through public health Community health awareness, disease (CTPH) surveillance-human and wildlife 9 Mountain Gorilla veterinary project disease surveillance and veterinary interventions (MGVP) in Gorillas 10 United Organisation for Batwa Advocacy for Batwa development Development in Uganda (UOBDU) 11 Nkuringo community conservation Co-Management of the Buffer zone-problem development foundation (NCCDF) animal control, community development 12 Uplift the rural poor (URP) Community development 13 NGO Forum (Kabale, Kisoro, Awareness and Advocacy for conservation Kanungu) benefit sharing 14 Hotels and Lodges around Bwindi Provision of accommodation to visitors 9 15 Tour companies Management of safaris 16 Resource Users Sustainable resource use, monitoring illegal activities 17 Research Institutions-MUST,MUK, Research ITFC 18 United Nations International Community development Development Organisation (UNIDO) 19 Uganda National Council of science Regulate research programs and technology 20 Uganda Community Tourism Capacity building for communities Association (UCOTA) 21 Sustainable Tourism in the Albertine Support community tourism enterprises

1.3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS The following stakeholders and their respective roles where identified through a stakeholder analysis as follows;

Figure 5: Table showing stakeholders and their roles Stakeholder Role 1 International Gorilla conservation Support community development enterprises program (IGCP) around the PA, support problem animal control, support tourism development, Field equipment support, Coordinated patrol and staff capacity building 2 Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Support community development, Research, Trust (BMCT) conservation awareness, Batwa resettlement 3 Corporation for assistance and relief Community awareness and advocacy for everywhere (CARE International) conservation 4 Gorilla Organisation (GO) Problem animal control, energy saving technologies, enterprise development 5 Great Virunga Transboundary Transboundary collaboration and enterprise collaborative secretariat (GVTCS) development 6 Institute of tropical forest Research conservation (ITFC) 7 Local Governments (Kanungu, Policy development, community mobilisation, Kisoro, Kabale) project implementation 8 Conservation through public health Community health awareness, disease (CTPH) surveillance-human and wildlife 9 Mountain Gorilla veterinary project disease surveillance and veterinary interventions (MGVP) in Gorillas 10 United Organisation for Batwa Advocacy for Batwa development Development in Uganda (UOBDU) BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 11 Nkuringo community conservation Co-Management of the Buffer zone-problem development foundation (NCCDF) animal control, community development 12 Uplift the rural poor (URP) Community development 13 NGO Forum (Kabale, Kisoro, Awareness and Advocacy for conservation Kanungu) benefit sharing 14 Hotels and Lodges around Bwindi Provision of accommodation to visitors 15 Tour companies Management of safaris 16 Resource Users Sustainable resource use, monitoring illegal activities 17 Research Institutions-MUST,MUK, Research ITFC 18 United Nations International Community development Development Organisation (UNIDO) 19 Uganda National Council of science Regulate research programs and technology 20 Uganda Community Tourism Capacity building for communities Association (UCOTA) 21 Sustainable Tourism in the Albertine Support community tourism enterprises Stakeholder Role Rift (STAR) 22 NatureUganda Nature20 conservation-Monitoring important bird areas 23 Albertine Rift Conservation Society Conservation planning and research for the (ARCOS) Albertine Rift region 24 National Environment Management Environmental monitoring and compliance Authority (NEMA) 25 Wildlife Conservation Society Fire management (WCS) 26 National Forestry Authority (NFA) Support tree planting activities around the Pas 27 Rwanda Development Board (RDB) Management of a contiguous ecosystem, knowledge and information sharing 28 Institut Congolais pour la Management of a contiguous ecosystem, conservation de la nature (ICCN) knowledge and information sharing 29 Wildlife Clubs of Uganda (WCU) Conservation awareness 30 Uganda Peoples Defence Forces Security (UPDF) 31 Batwa Development program (BDP) Advocacy and resettlement 32 Bwindi community hospital Staff, tourists and community health services 33 Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Community mobilization and sensitization to support conservation and indigenous peoples livelihood improvement 34 Pro-biodiversity conservationists in Research, Livelihood, advocacy and revenue Uganda (PROBICOU) sharing management 35 Poverty and Conservation Learning Research on poverty and conservation linkages Group (PCLG) 36 ACODE Policy Research analysis and advocacy

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1.4 ENABLING LEGISLATION AND POLICY

It is essential for PA managers to understand some of the relevant laws that empower them to do their work and the legal notices by which the park was established. With this knowledge, they can effectively conduct law enforcement work, ensure appropriate stakeholder participation in the management of the PA and address any challenges to its integrity. Some of the laws and policies pertaining to wildlife and biodiversity conservation in Uganda are summarized below.

1.4.1 The Constitution of Uganda (1995) Overall government policy on natural resource conservation is enshrined in the Constitution, which provides that the State shall protect important natural resources such as land, water, wetlands, minerals, fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Uganda. In addition, the State shall create and develop parks and reserves to protect the biodiversity of Uganda (objectives XIII and XXVII).

1.4.2 The Uganda Wildlife Policy (1999 Draft) The draft Uganda Wildlife Policy of 1999 is a revision of a 1995 version prepared prior to the enactment of the 1996 Uganda Wildlife Statute. This policy aims at making wildlife management more acceptable to Ugandans by ensuring that resources contribute to the well being of present and future generations. The policy seeks to conserve areas with great biological diversity which are representative of the major habitats of Uganda and which, together, include all indigenous species.

1.4.3 The Uganda Wildlife Act (Cap 200) The management of wildlife and protected areas including BINP, is guided by the Uganda Wildlife Act of 2000 (Chapter 200 in the Laws of Uganda, 2000), which states, “A National Park shall be an area of importance for wildlife conservation and management”. The Act authorizes UWA to assume responsibility for wildlife management in Uganda, both inside and outside its protected areas. Under the Act, a Board of Trustees is appointed by the Minister of Tourism, Trade and Industry as the governing body of UWA. Section 13 of the Act requires the Executive Director to prepare a management plan for each protected area. The Act also includes all the Schedules of the repealed Game (Preservation and Control) Act, 1964, (the principal legislation of the former Game Department), and the National Parks Act, 1952.

1.4.4 The National Environment Act, (NEA, 1998) The National Environment Act, 1998 is key in guiding the management of BINP. Under general principals of environment management 2 (a) the Act notes that it is important to assure all people living in the country the fundamental right to an environment adequate for their health and well-being. Some communities such as Batwa have values to which they attach their health, spirituality and heritage.

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Some of these are in the protected areas and therefore negotiated access is important to improve their well being. Section 2 (b) calls for maximum participation by the people in the development of policies, plans and processes for the management of the environment. Section 2 (d) of the NEA calls for conservation of the cultural heritage and use of the environment and natural resources for the benefit of both present and future generations. 1 First enacted as the Uganda Wildlife Statute No. 14 of 1996

This can act as an avenue where the people can give their views and perspectives on how they visualize the park and the values they cherish there. A careful harmonization of their interests with those of the Park management can create a harmonious environment through which biodiversity can thrive. Section 49 (1) of the Act calls for conservation of objects and sites in the natural environment which are of cultural importance. Section 49 (2) calls for the documentation of objects and sites identified in (1). This calls for joint research between the PA management and communities to document what activities happen at the different sites which can be used for negotiating of use of such sites found in the park.

1.4.5 The Tourism Policy of Uganda 2003 The Tourism Policy recognizes that in the 1960’s Uganda was a main tourism destination in Eastern Africa and therefore tourism was one of the major economic sectors for the country. Unfortunately the turmoil of the 1970’s and 1980’s drastically reduced wildlife numbers and destroyed infrastructure resulting into reduced numbers of tourists. This policy is aimed at ensuring that tourism becomes a vehicle for poverty eradication in the future to the extent possible within the resource base and market limitations. It further recognizes UWA’s role and contribution towards the achievement of this objective. This is mainly in the area of managing and developing the extensive resource base as well as developing and marketing various products. The policy further emphasizes the need to facilitate the flow of tourists within the region and promotion of East Africa as a single tourist destination.

1.4.6 The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 The Act provides for among other things, the conservation, sustainable management and development of forests, and the promotion of tree planting for the benefit of people of Uganda and the international community. It classifies forests in Uganda as central forest reserves, local forest reserves, community forests and forests forming part of a wildlife conservation area declared under the Uganda Wildlife Statute, 1996. The Act recognizes various stakeholders in the management of forest reserves, which should be guided by the Management Plan prepared by the responsible body. In addition the Act aims at ensuring that forests and trees are conserved and managed in a manner that meets the needs of the present generation without comprising the rights of future generations by safeguarding forest biological diversity and the environmental benefits that accrue from forest and trees. 1.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS

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The following conventions are some of the most relevant to the conservation of biodiversity in Uganda:

1.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 In 1993, Uganda became a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which in Article 8, obliges member states to:

• Establish a system of protected areas • Develop guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas • Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings

Article 8j of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 provides for indigenous knowledge in the management of biodiversity, while preserving the rights and dignity of the local lifestyles of the communities. Article 10c provides for customary sustainable use while article 15 provides for access and sharing of benefits accruing from the management of the genetic resources.

1.5.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Uganda is a party to CITES, which obliges member states to adhere to the recommendations of the Conference of Parties with respect to trade in endangered species.

1.5.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands emphasizes the need to conserve wetlands and requires member states to include possible wetlands on the list of Wetlands of International Importance. Uganda already has the following designated Ramsar sites and more are being proposed: i. Lake Bisina wetland system ii. Lake Mburo – Nakivali wetland system iii. Lake Nakuwa wetland system iv. Lake Opeta wetland system v. Lutembe Bay wetland system vi. Mabamba Bay wetland system vii. Murchison Falls-Albert Delta wetland system viii. Nabajjuzi wetland system ix. Sango Bay-Musambwa Island-Kagera wetland system x. Lake George xi. Lake Nabugabo wetland system Lake Mburo, Murchison Falls and Lake George are fully/partly located in wildlife protected

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areas.

1.5.4 Convention on migratory species of wild animals (CMS) Realizing that animal migration is a global phenomenon in response to biological requirements, several countries have come together under the CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, to cooperate in the conservation of animals that migrate across national boundaries and between areas of national jurisdiction and the sea. The Convention aims to improve the status of all threatened migratory species through national action and international agreements between range states of particular groups of species. Agreements can range from legally binding multilateral treaties to less formal memoranda of understanding. The object of such agreements is to restore the migratory species to a favourable conservation status or to maintain it at that status.

The Convention has two appendices: Appendix I lists endangered migratory species, Appendix II lists migratory species to be subject to agreements. It also establishes a scientific council to provide advice on scientific matters.

1.6 CONSERVATION VALUES AND OTHER PARK BENEFITS

1.6.1 Habitat for endangered species especially Mountain Gorillas More than half (400 of the 650 gorillas) of the world’s entire population of the critically endangered subspecies of gorilla, the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei), is found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park which is part of the wider Virunga Landscape. The mountain gorilla is a major part of Uganda’s heritage, and also of high tourism value to the nation.

1.6.2 Pleistocene refugium (Archipelago): high endemism and provides a living laboratory for evolutionary studies and monitoring Bwindi is one of the few areas with the Afromontane forest type, one of the rarest vegetation types in Africa. Its lowland and montane communities are unique in Uganda. The forest has one of the highest diversity of trees, butterflies and birds in East Africa and boasts as home to at least twelve globally threatened species. Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site in 1994. BINP is believed to have served as “Pleistocene refugia” that supported forest species in Africa during the ice age. This led to the high biodiversity, with one of the richest mountain fauna in Africa.

World Heritage Areas embody the diversity of the planet, and the achievements of its peoples. They are places of beauty and wonder; mystery and grandeur; memory and meaning. In short, they represent the best Earth has to offer. Universal value’ is the key to the meaning of World Heritage. It means that the importance of BINP as a World Heritage site property transcend national boundaries. 1.6.3 Water catchment and retention

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BINP is an important water catchment area, which is necessary for the sustenance of stream flow, prevention of soil erosion and provision for favourable climatic conditions in the area. The rivers, which flow out of the park, have abundant aquatic life and there is some potential for hydropower production on a few of those from Bwindi.

Bwindi lies in an altitude range of 1160metres a.s.l. at the northern tip to 2607metres a.s.l. on the Eastern edge, The area is part of the rugged Kigezi highlands landscape that were formed through up-warping of the eastern blocks of the East African Western Rift valley. The lowland montane vegetation communities present an extraordinarily wide range of habitats, including low altitude forests, mid-altitude forests, high altitude grasslands (bamboo) and a number of wetland/ swampy areas. These qualities have enhanced Bwindi’s role as an important water catchment area locally, nationally, regionally and internationally, which is necessary for the maintenance of stream flow for domestic/industrial use, fisheries and contributes waters to the Great River Nile through Lake Edward, River Semliki and Lake Albert. The rivers that flow out of the Park host abundant aquatic life. The forest cover is also very important for its role in control of soil erosion and for moderation of the local climate. Globally, Bwindi contributes to carbon sequestration.

1.6.4 Protects a bigger proportion of the Albertine endemic species Due to its diverse altitudinal habitats, location at the interface of the Albertine, Congo Basin and Eastern Africa ecological zones and the Pleistocene refuge characteristics, Bwindi hosts an extremely high biodiversity, possibly one of the most diverse forest ecosystems in Africa containing threatened and endemic species. At the East African regional level, the site is the most diverse forest ecosystem for tree (over 200 species) and fern (104 species) as well as other taxa. The trees account for 47% of the total recorded in Uganda, including 10 species not found elsewhere. In addition, it has 16 tree species that are restricted to the South Western part of the country, including the globally threatened Lovoa swynnertonii. The site is one of the richest in faunal communities in Africa with over 214 species of forest birds, 7 species of diurnal primates and 202 species of butterflies (84% country’s total). The forest is very significant as home to almost half of the population (about 340) of the critically endangered Mountain Gorilla, and the only spot on the globe that hosts the Mountain gorillas and chimpanzees in the same habitat. Bwindi is also important as home to the Afromontane faunal life that is endemic to the Albertine Rift, with 70 out of 78 montane forest bird species including 22 of 27 Albertine endemics. Eight of the Albertine butterfly endemics are known to occur in Bwindi. Overall, Bwindi hosts 9 Globally threatened species including the Mountain Gorilla, Chimpanzee, L’hoest monkey, African elephant, African green broadbill, Grauer’s rush warbler, Chapin’s flycatcher, African Giant swallowtail and Cream banded swallowtail.

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1.6.5 Esthetic values (Stunning scenic beauty) A walk within BINP will reveal great and diverse scenic beauty mountain ranges and surroundings.

1.6.6 Diverse Fauna and Flora The Park has a diversity of butterflies, large mammals (including several primates) and birds, some of which are endemic, others rare or endangered (African elephant, Gorilla and l’Hoest’s monkey are listed in the 1996 IUCN Red List of threatened animals) and therefore of high conservation importance.

1.6.7 Ecosystem services including climate stabilization and being a carbon sink BINP is almost entirely covered with forest and plays a very important role in local climate modification and as a carbon sink.

1.6.8 Cultural heritage for indigenous people and the neighboring communities that derive their livelihood from the forest Several caves are found within BINP. These caves form part of rich cultural and religious values for the neighbouring communities. They are also important for tourism sites.

1.6.9 A biodiversity hot spot including endemic and rare species BINP is most important for the conservation of montane butterflies. 3 butterflies occur only in Bwindi: the cream-banded swallowtail Papilio leucotaenia, Graphium gudenusi and Charaxes fournierae, It also has the threatened African giant swallowtail Papilio antimachus. In terms of the frora, there are two internationally threatened species, Lovoa swynnertonii, Brazzeia longipedicellata and a further 16 species have a very limited distribution in south-west Uganda.

1.6.10 Nomination of Bwindi as a world heritage site: - statement of outstanding universal value.

Criterion (vii): Contains superlative natural phenomena

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These qualities have enhanced Bwindi’s role as an important water catchment area locally, nationally and internationally, which is necessary for the maintenance of stream flow for domestic/industrial use, fisheries and contributes waters to the Great River Nile through Lake Edward, River Semliki and Lake Albert. The rivers that flow out of the Park host abundant aquatic life. The forest cover is also very important for its role in control of soil erosion and for moderation of the local climate. Globally, Bwindi contributes to carbon sequestration.

Criterion (x): Biodiversity and Threatened species

Due to its diverse altitudinal habitats, location at the interface of the Albertine, Congo Basin and Eastern Africa ecological zones and the Pleistocene refuge characteristics, Bwindi hosts an extremely high biodiversity, possibly one of the most diverse forest ecosystems in Africa containing threatened and endemic species. At the East African regional level, the site is the most diverse forest ecosystem for tree (over 200 species) and fern (104 species) as well as other taxa. The trees account for 47% of the total recorded in Uganda, including 10 species not found elsewhere. In addition, it has 16 tree species that are restricted to the South Western part of the country, including the globally threatened Lovoa swynnertonii. The site is one of the richest in faunal communities in Africa with over 214 species of forest birds, 7 species of diurnal primates and 202 species of butterflies (84% country’s total). The forest is very significant as home to almost half of the population (about 340) of the critically endangered Mountain Gorilla, and the only spot on the globe that hosts the Mountain gorillas and chimpanzees in the same habitat. Bwindi is also important as home to the Afromontane faunal life that is endemic to the Albertine Rift, with 70 out of 78 montane forest bird species including 22 of 27 Albertine endemics. Eight of the Albertine butterfly endemics are known to occur in Bwindi. Overall, Bwindi hosts 9 Globally threatened species including the Mountain Gorilla, Chimpanzee, L’hoest monkey, African elephant, African green broadbill,Grauer’s rush warbler, Chapin’s flycatcher, African Giant swallowtail and Cream banded swallowtail.

1.6.11 Integrity

The property is located in one of the highly populated areas in the country of over 350 people per square km and this leaves no buffer zone at the forest edge except for the 4sq. km buffer which was donated by communities at the southern end of the park to safeguard the site. However, the Park boundary is clearly marked with live markers and concrete pillars along areas where rivers do not exist as part of the boundary. This clear boundary has rendered it safe from any form of encroachment by the Local Communities. Further, the communities derive various benefits from eco tourism and regulated plant resource use which significantly contributes to improved community livelihood. There are no commercial activities in the site other than ecotourism. With its connectivity to the

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Sarambwe forest in DRC, there is an opportunity for population dispersal and gene flow and an avenue for international collaboration in conserving the endemic and endangered flora and fauna.

1.6.11 Requirements for Protection and Management

Managed by Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA ), Bwindi is protected under the provisions of various national laws and international conventions . The site is highly respected and supported by local communities as a conservation site. The property attracts substantial support from a number of Local and International NGOs. The park has a permanent research institute located within the site for research and continued monitoring of the site’s integrity. These factors and great political support for the site are an assurance for its long-term existence. The management of the site has developed ecotourism programs that support Community livelihood, a major reason for community support. The park is a model for integration of community sustainable resource management in the country and possibly in the East African Region. However, there are still strong needs for the protection of the Mountain gorilla following the new culture of trafficking mountain gorilla babies and chimpanzees. With the mountain gorilla sharing 98.4% of genetic material with humans, this endangered primate also faces threats from cross-transmission of disease from humans as a result of tourism activities. UWA is closely monitoring these threats and working with her stakeholders and NGOs to mitigate the threats. Continued enhancement of conservation is required in Law enforcement and Monitoring.

2 UWA replaced Uganda National Parks (UNP) that was the management authority of the property at the time of designation. 3 The Constitution (1995), Uganda Wildlife Act Cap 200 of 2000, National Environment Act (2000), Local Government Act (1997), The Land Act (1998), the Forest and Tree Planting Act 2003 and the Uganda Wildlife Policy (1999).All these laws mentioned above were not in place by the time the property was inscribed as a World Heritage Site. However, the Uganda National Parks Act (1952), and the Game Act were already in place to support its creation. 4 Convention of Biological Diversity 1992 (CBD), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spe- cies (CITES), the RAMSAR convention 1971 and the World Heritage Convention 1972

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PART 2: THE ZONING PLAN AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSE 2.1 MANAGEMENT PURPOSE FOR BINP To conserve BINP for its exceptional biodiversity, such as the critically endangered Mountain Gorilla and other endemic species and its fragile ecosystem, that is also an important water catchment area among other ecosystem services, for the benefit of the local, national and the global community.

2.2 MANAGEMENT ZONING Zoning is a planning tool used to subdivide protected areas into distinct spatial areas according to their resource values and/ or sensitivity. Zone designation helps prescribe what may or may not take place in each zone in order to accomplish management objectives and achieve the desired future. Certain actions such as enforcement and research and monitoring however can take place in any zone. The zoning strategy for BINP seeks to achieve harmonious balance between the following; • Protection of representative areas of biodiversity and ecological processes • Infrastructure development necessary to manage the park • Tourism activities, which generate income and raise the profile of BINP • Sustainable extraction of natural resources by the local people • Cultural values promotion

Four zones have been identified i.e. Tourism, Wilderness, Administrative and Collaborative zones. Each zone is described below:-

2.2.1 Zone descriptions

2.2.1.1 Tourism zone The tourism zone follows the primary routes intended to facilitate enjoyment and appreciation of the interior especially the Gorillas by visitors. The primary management objective is the protection of the natural and cultural values of the routes, in order to enable visitors to enjoy a rewarding and aesthetically pleasing Park experience. This zone shall include all the areas currently harbouring the habituated gorilla groups. Permitted Activities:

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• Visitor use, day and overnight basis • Overnight camping and accommodation for visitors • Visitor information and interpretative services • Fire management activities

Permitted Facilities/Infrastructure • Campsites • Improved trails/bridges • Latrines • Facilities supporting research, monitoring, and Park operations • Signs for visitor orientation, security, and interpretation facilities • Lodges and Hotels

Prohibited Activities • Killing wild animals • Timber harvesting • Setting fires unless authorized and in gazetted places • Picking flora and fauna from the park

Prohibited Facilities/Infrastructure • Facilities supporting resource harvesting

Designated Areas within this Zone: All tourism trails and tourist attractions.

2.2.1.2 Wilderness Zone In this zone, protection of biophysical values is the primary consideration because of the sensitivity of the environment in the area. No harvesting by community residents is permitted and visitor access must be carefully managed. Pending the results of environmental impact assessments, basic facilities intended to minimise impact of visitors such as trails, footbridges, and latrines may be acceptable. Where a unique community resource is identified for harvesting in this zone, temporally MoUs and permits specifying controlled access routes and time period will be agreed on and thereafter no more access shall be allowed. This zone covers mostly the central area of the park and the northern section. Permitted Activities:

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• Research and monitoring activities • Overnight use by approved researchers and Park staff only • Day and night use by visitors on designated routes and camps • Fire management activities • Patrols

Permitted Facilities/Infrastructure: • Improved trails and bridges in support of research, monitoring, Park operations, and visitor use • Signs intended for visitor orientation, safety, and resource protection purposes • Structures supporting Park operations and approved research • Access to cultural sites under agreed terms and conditions

Prohibited Activities: • Resource harvesting except under an agreed MoU • Cultivation • Overnight use other than by approved researchers and Park staff

Prohibited Facilities/Infrastructure: • Structures and facilities except camp sites and patrol huts

Designated Areas within this Zone: The zone as shown in the map below shall commence 2km from the park boundary in areas where there is no tourism zone. Otherwise, the zone commence immediately after the tourism zone.

2.2.1.3 Administrative zone Physical administrative facility development is concentrated in this zone. The facilities will include Ranger outposts, park offices, and staff accommodation.

2.2.1.4 Collaborative Management zone In this zone, the management priority is to conserve the Park values through an integrated approach encompassing protection, education, restoration and community conservation approaches. Regulated harvesting of biophysical resources in a sustainable manner by community residents is allowed in agreed resource-use areas but only through negotiated collaborative management agreements. Collaborative management agreements will clearly define the resources to be used, the resource user community for each agreement and the agreed resource-use area for that community, together with the agreed control and monitoring mechanisms. The zone shall be confined within 2km distance from the park boundary where there are no tourism activities. Permitted Activities: 21 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

• Resource harvesting where appropriate as per collaborative management agreements • Research, monitoring, and Park operations • Accompanied visitor use • Visitor information and interpretative services • Fire management activities • Small scale Garbage disposal sites for garbage originating from works permitted in the zone

Permitted Facilities/Infrastructure: • Approved structures/facilities in support of research, monitoring, and Park operations • Improved trails and bridges • Latrines and approved garbage disposal sites • Structures to facilitate cultural tourism initiatives supported by community residents

Prohibited Activities: • Unaccompanied visitor use, either on a day or overnight basis • Resource harvesting without approval under a collaborative management agreement • Agricultural encroachment and settlements • Timber harvesting • Grazing and charcoal burning

Prohibited Facilities/Infrastructure • Permanent/year-round structures in support of resource harvesting

22 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 e c e a c f a r f u k r r l S i u a a

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BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 3: RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

Overall objective: To maintain the integrity of the park The integrity of BINP has been affected by four main broad areas namely security, fires, illegal activities and unclear boundary. This plan is aimed at addressing these issues over the next ten years.

3.1 Security

Output: Safety and security within the park improved

Issues and rationale

The main security challenges in BINP include gaps in coordination between the various security agents for the proper operations, demand for a connecting road through the park from Buhoma to Nteko, the presence of armed groups in DRC and cross-border poaching. History has it that on 1st March 1999; Buhoma was attacked by the Interehamwe (one of the armed groups in DRC) where eight foreign tourists and a Ugandan warden were killed. It is clear that sharing of security intelligence information has been limited among the security agencies as well as at the local leadership level.

The pressure for a road from Buhoma to Nteko has from time to time become a major issue for ease of movement to connect Kisoro with Kanungu. Indeed this is the shortest route between the two districts of Kanungu and Kisoro. However, opening this route will have catastrophic impact on the biodiversity conservation in this area. What is clear is the fact that opening this road will expose the resource to edge effects which is one of the main factors that contribute to biodiversity extinction. This area also forms a critical home range for at least two gorilla families, and this road is likely to create threats and insecurity to the gorillas. In addition BINP is a World Heritage Site, with a global protection status.

The presence of the armed groups in DRC has continued to cause unprecedented challenge to the security of BINP. The fact that BINP shares a common boundary with DRC, any security challenge in DRC is likely to spill over to this PA. This has been evidenced by the frequent refugee inflows into the surrounding parishes thus putting pressure on the resource. BINP being a major tourist attraction, such security threats will scare away tourists visiting the park thus causing revenue loss to the nation. This also means that the staff and park property will be put at risk.

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Threat of cross border poaching and illegal plant harvesting plays a significant part in resource loss in the region. A regional mechanism like the trans-boundary resource management strategy that was initiated to date has not yet been legalized by the treaty that is to be signed by the three heads of state of Uganda, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo. This further limits the level of collaboration for effective cross-border resource management. The delayed signing of this treaty will continue to endanger wildlife management across borders unless steps are taken to hasten the process.

ManagementManagement actionsactions Security is very essential for any park operations. Security threats have been Securityidentified is very both essential internally for and any externally. park operations. Due to theSecurity armed threats group haves in DRCbeen itidentified becomes both internallyvery important and externally. to closely Due linkto the up armed with groupsthe National in DRC army it becomes (UPDF) very to important curb external to closely linkaggression. up with the In Nationalorder to addressarmy (UPDF) the security to curb threatsexternal that aggression. area likely In toorder arise to from address the the securityDRC, threatsmanagement that area will likely coordinate to arise withfrom the the National DRC, management army, intelligenc will coordinatee, police withand the Nationalany other army, friendly intelligence, forces police including and anythe otherlocal friendlycommunity forces. This including coordination the local includes community. joint security planning and Monitoring of border sections. With the creation of an This coordination includes joint security planning and Monitoring of border sections. With the intelligence unit in UWA, deliberate efforts will be directed into coordination of creationintelligence of an intelligenceinformation unit with in UWA,professionalism deliberate effortsfor the will better be directed management into coordination of the of intelligenceresource. information with professionalism for the better management of the resource.

OnceOnce the the trans-boundary trans-boundary treaty treaty is issigned signed by by the the three three heads heads of ofstate, state, joint joint patrols patrols along thealong common the common border willborder be possiblewill be possible and this and will thishave will a havepositive a positive impact impon theact onecosystem the healthecosystem due to healthreduced due illegal to reducedactivities illegalas a result activities of the as patrols. a result Rescue of the operations patrols. Rescueare a major operations are a major component in any PA management so as to save lives in component in any PA management so as to save lives in danger. During this GMP period it is danger. During this GMP period it is quit essential to build capacity for rescue quitoperations essential into BINPbuild .capacity for rescue operations in BINP.

Detailed management actions Activity Responsib Others involved Timing Estimated ility cost (Ug.shs) Conduct joint border operations WLE CAM,DISO,UPDF Year 1-10 25,920,000 Carryout joint planning with WLE CAM,DISO,UPDF Year 1-10 12,600,000 security agencies Conduct coordinated patrols WLE CAM,ICCN,GVTC Year 1-10 60,000,000 with ICCN and Sarambwe Constitute an adequately WLE WT,CAM Year 1-10 100,000,000 facilitated rescue team within the staff members for emergencies and other disasters

3.2 Illegal activities 3.2 Illegal activities

Output:Output :Illegal Illegal activities activities reduced reduced in inthe the park park

Issues and Rationale Despite its protection status, BINP still has significant levels of illegal activities. This25 could be attributed to either increased population around the PA that is poor and as such they look at the natural resources in BINP for meeting livelihood requirements. These illegal activities range from; illegal resource access, illegal tourism activities like illegal tracking, poaching, timber harvesting/vegetation destruction and illegal access roads/paths.

34 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Issues and Rationale Despite its protection status, BINP still has significant levels of illegal activities. This could be attributed to either increased population around the PA that is poor and as such they look at the natural resources in BINP for meeting livelihood requirements. These illegal activities range from; illegal resource access, illegal tourism activities like illegal tracking, poaching, timber harvesting/vegetation destruction and illegal access roads/paths.

As an alternative resource management strategy in collaborative management, BINP introduced a resource access program to the local communities around the PA. To access such resources, there is need for a formal arrangement where an MoU is signed with the communities intending to access particular resources from the park. In respect to this, a total of 9 MoUs have been signed against which communities can access resources. However, despite these arrangements, quite substantial resource erosion has been noted as a result of illegal access i.e. without the formal arrangements. Even with these agreements in place, its implementation still has its own challenges. The legal resource users sometimes abet illegal activities.

Many illegal tourism activities were registered during the last GMP period. A typical example is where local communities connive with some unscrupulous staff to go to see the gorillas illegally in a bid to make money for themselves. Usually gorillas are seen for one hour when clients pay to the park authority a fee. In addition many Private tour guides want to go birding along the “public roads” particularly on Ndego Ruhija road and the “neck” under the guise that they are on public roads. In addition, the trail from Buhoma to Ntego does not have any gate at the Ndego side whereby any illegal operator can go in and watch birds or carry out any tourism activity including gorillas along the way without knowledge of the PA management. Illegal tracking has not been pronounced as an illegality in the Wildlife Act. 2000, that makes it hard to prosecute culprits who perpetrate such actions to make money around BINP.

Poaching has remained a challenge in this PA. In comparative terms poaching has remained highest around the Mpungu areas in Kanungu district. Overall, the animals highly poached are the duikers. However, occasionally endangered apes such as chimps and gorillas get caught up in the snares set for duikers. This at times causes serious health problems with the great apes requiring veterinary interventions. Local people use dogs, snares and spears for hunting wildlife in this PA. The figure 7 below below illustrates the distribution of illegal activities for 2010- 2011. Important to note is that snares set in the PA for antelopes sometimes catches the great apes. When the apes are caught in snares it has far reaching impact on them including loss of body parts and sometimes death. The fig below illustrates such cases that require veterinary interventions.

26 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Figure 7: Map of BINP showing the distribution of illegal activities for 2010-2011 Figure 7: Map of BINP showing the distribution of illegal activities for 2010-2011

Figure 8: Picture showing a wounded Gorilla as a result of snares

36 27 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

A common characteristic of the ranger patrols in BINP from the results of ranger based monitoring indicate that the interior of the park is not covered. Over this GMP period it is essentialA common to put characteristic a deliberate effortof the to ranger penetrate patrols the interiorin BINP to fromenable the us resultsunderstand of ranger the state ofbased the resource monitoring in the in dicatemiddle. that This the can interior clearly ofbe the visualized park is in not figure covered. 9 below. Over this GMP period it is essential to put a deliberate effort to penetrate the interior to enable us understandFigure the 9: state Map of theof resourceBINP showing in the middle. ground This can patrol clearly coverage be visualized from in figure 9 below . May 2011 to April 2012 Figure 9: Map of BINP showing ground patrol coverage from May 2011 to April 2012

Timber harvesting of the indigenous tree species has greatly been scaled down in Timberthis park. harvesting However, of illegal the indigenous timber harvesting tree species of the has old greatlyexotic trees been that scaled were down used into this park.mark However, the boundary illegal timberstill exist. harvesting This GMPof the recommend old exotic treess way thats ofwere removing used to thesemark the boundaryboundary still trees exist. and This a planGMP for recommends replanting newways ones of removing. these boundary trees and a plan for replanting new ones. Illegal access routes have been established within the park. Use of such routes Illegalthrough access the routespark has have led been to otherestablished illegal within activitie thes suchpark. Useas collection of such routes of fire through wood, the poles, smilax for weaving material and saplings for bean stakes. These activities park has led to other illegal activities such as collection of fire wood, poles, smilax for weaving take place around Rushamba- Hakyikome, Kashuri – Kiyebe, Bugarama road, Kitojo material– Rwesanziro. and saplings The factfor bean that stakes.these illegal tracks bring with them illegal activities they are a threat to the integrity of the PA and needs to be addressed.

The non-provision of penalties for illegal tracking coupled with the weak wildlife laws28 have been a detriment to effective wildlife management in BINP. For instance, illegal tracking is not an offence in the Wildlife Act. 2000 and such cases become very light yet it has significant impact on the tourism aspects. Again the weak laws that remain

37 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

These activities take place around Rushamba- Hakyikome, Kashuri – Kiyebe, Bugarama road, Kitojo – Rwesanziro. The fact that these illegal tracks bring with them illegal activities they are a threat to the integrity of the PA and needs to be addressed.

The non-provision of penalties for illegal tracking coupled with the weak wildlife laws have been a detriment to effective wildlife management in BINP. For instance, illegal tracking is not an offence in the Wildlife Act. 2000 and such cases become very light yet it has significant impact on the tourism aspects. Again the weak silent on the values of wildlife are a detriment to propersilent wildlifeon the protection values of of wildlifeendangered are wildlifea detriment such asto gorillas.proper Awildlife case in protectionpoint is where of in 2011,endangered a black backwildlife gorilla such in as the gorillas. Habinyanja A case group in point was iskilled where by poachersin 2011, afrom black Mpungu back gorilla in the Habinyanja group was killed by poachers from Mpungu sub-county. sub-county. When apprehended and taken to courts of law, they were sentenced to a fine of a When apprehended and taken to courts of law, they were sentenced to a fine of a meremere fifty thousandfifty thousand Uganda Uganda shillings shillings (50,000/=). (50,000/=).

ManagementManagement actions actions In orderIn order to curb to thecurb illegal the activitiesillegal activities highlighted, highlighted, management management will intensify will patrolsintensify throughout patrols the parkthroughout with emphasis the park on with the emphasis remote sections on the (inremote terms sections of accessibility) (in terms of of the accessibility) park. This is becauseof the the park poachers. This haveis because changed the tactics poachers of going have to changedpoach in thetactics interior of going as they to know poach most in patrolsthe are interior being as done they at know the periphery most patrols of the are park. being done at the periphery of the park.

An IntelligenceAn Intelligence Unit hasUnit been has established been established within the withinOrganisation. the Organisation. Proper deployment Proper of Intelligencedeployment staff willof Intelligencehelp in curbing staff these will illegalhelp activities.in curbing Management these illegal will instituteactivities. an incentiveManagement mechanism will toinstitute reward an those incentive who mechanismreport illegal to activities.reward those Also, who management report illegal will abolishactivities. illegal routes Also, thatmanagement have been will created abolish and illegal will continue routes tothat monitor have beentheir possiblecreated illegaland will continue to monitor their possible illegal use. use.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Intensify patrols WLE CAM,DC Year 1-10 800,000,000 Assess the impacts of the illegal footpaths WEM WLE,CAM Year 1,2 400,000 and implement recommendations Institute incentive mechanisms for WLE WCC,CAM Year 1-10 14,000,000 communities whose actions contribute towards reduced illegal activities

3.3 Boundary management 3.3 Boundary management Output: Park boundary secured Output: Park boundary secured Issues and Rationale Issues and Rationale Boundary management is a critical intervention in preserving the protected area integrity. It Boundary management is a critical intervention in preserving the protected area furtherintegrity. reduces It conflictfurther betweenreduces conflictpark management between park and managementthe communities. and Around the communities. BINP part of the boundaryAround BINP is planted part of with the liveboundary markers is whileplanted other with parts live markershave been while planted other with parts concrete have pillars/cairns.been planted with concrete pillars/cairns. This inconsistency should be revised to have both cairns and the live markers all round. It is important to secure all the boundary of the park in a uniform manner. It is important therefore to have29 both cairns and the live boundary that will be jointly managed with the communities so that they benefit and own the resource since they use the trees when they are mature.

The Local communities living within the Mbwa tract are uncertain of their land rights since this area was erroneously gazetted as part of the park. Also, the boundaries of ITFC within the park are not clearly marked and the infrastructure expansion needs of this institution cannot be controlled.

38 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

This inconsistency should be revised to have both cairns and the live markers all round. It is important to secure all the boundary of the park in a uniform manner. It is important therefore to have both cairns and the live boundary that will be jointly managed with the communities so that they benefit and own the resource since they use the trees when they are mature.

Management actions Management actions TheThe above above issues issues will bewill addressed be addressed by the by some the someof the of following the following proposed propos actions.ed actions. New live boundaryNew live markers boundary will markersbe planted will to be replace planted the to old replace and the the dying old andtrees the for dying the entire trees 205km for boundary.the entire In order205km to boundary.ensure boundary In order maintenance, to ensure boundaryboundary management maintenance, agreements boundary will be managementnegotiated, signed agreements and implemented will be negotiated, with the immediate signed and neighbours implemented of these with particular the sectionsimmediat of thee neighbours park boundary. of these Both theparticular cairns andsections live markers of the shallpark beboundary. utilized toBoth ensure the the longcairns time andsurvival live ofmarkers the PA integrity.shall be utilized to ensure the long time survival of the PA integrity.

ManagementManagement will will negotiate negotiate with with immediate immediate land ownersland owners to acquire to acquire a buffer a zonebuffer around zone the “necks”around to the replicate “necks” the to Nkuringo replicate bufferthe Nkuringo zone management buffer zone model. management model.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Plant new, appropriate and live WCC WLE,CAM,CCAM Year 3 145,000,000 markers along the boundary. Negotiate and sign boundary WCC WLE,CAM, Year 1-2 141,600,000 management agreements with CCAM communities. Acquire land to act as a buffer area CAM DC,DFA,CCAM Year 6 100,000,000 around the necks Delineate boundaries for the CAM DC,ITFC Year 1, 2 30,000,000 administrative zones including ITFC Initiate the process to reverse the ED CAM Year 4 10,000,000 status of Mbwa Tract to its former state of being private land. 3.4 Fire management

3.4 Fire management Incidences of wildfires minimized Output: Output: Incidences of wildfires minimized Issues and Rationale Generally,Issues and fire incidencesRationale in the PA have significantly reduced compared to the early years whenGenera Bwindilly, fireassumed incidences the national in the parkPA have status. significantly reduced compared to the early years when Bwindi assumed the national park status. What is clear is that fire is a major challenge to a forest ecosystem of BINP. 30

Wild fires in BINP are seasonal and occur during the dry spell of June – August when there is hardly any rains and for a short period of December- February. Usually these fires seem to coincide with the time when communities are preparing land for cultivation using the slash and burn approach. This is when the fires get out of hand and then spill over into the park. The inappropriate methods used by resource users to harvest their honeys are a common cause of wildfires in the park. Although there are still incidences of fire outbreaks in the park, there has been a reduction of these incidences over the last ten years as illustrated below.

39 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

What is clear is that fire is a major challenge to a forest ecosystem of BINP.

FigureFigure 10: 10: Graph Graph showing showing wildfire incidenceswildfire over incidences the years over the years

Management actions ManagementIn order actions to effectively control fire outbreaks, management will develop and implement In order ato fireeffectively management control plan.fire outbreaks, The plan management will detail various will develop interventions and implement to prevent a fire fire managementoutbreaks plan. Theand planalso will to controldetail various fire spread interventions once an to outbreak prevent fireoccurs. outbreaks The planand alsowill in addition detail fire history in the area, priority areas for protection, fire breaks, fire to controlzones, fire spread fighting once equipment, an outbreak training occurs. Thecommand plan will structures in addition for detail fighting fire history wildfires in the and area, priorityweather areas data. for protection, Management fire breaks, will strengthen fire zones, and fighting enforce equipment, compliance training to the command MoUs on structuresbee for- keepingfighting towildfires reduce andfire risksweather as adata. result Management of honey harvesting. will strengthen and enforce complianceDeta toiled the MoUsmanagement on bee-keeping actions to reduce fire risks as a result of honey harvesting. Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Prepare a comprehensive fire WEM CAM,PEIAC Year 1 30,000,000 management plan Implement the plan WEM WLE,WCC,CAM Year 2-10 In above budget Enforce compliance to the MoUs on WCC WLE,WEM Year 1-10 12,960,00031 bee keeping

3.5 Disease transmission

Outputs: Zoonotic diseases managed

Issues and Rationale Zoonotic diseases also referred to as zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be spread from animals to humans. There are many such diseases and their threats are increasing globally due to free movement of people and animals. Gorillas are closely related to humans hence a high risk of likely transmission of human-related diseases

40 Figure 10: Graph showing wildfire incidences over the years

Management actions In order to effectively control fire outbreaks, management will develop and implement a fire management plan. The plan will detail various interventions to prevent fire outbreaks and also to control fire spread once an outbreak occurs. The plan will in addition detail fire history in the area, priority areas for protection, fire breaks, fire zones, fighting equipment, training command structures for fighting wildfires and weather data. Management will strengthenBINP GENERALand enforce MANAGEMENT compliance PLAN to the 2014– MoUs 2024 on bee-keeping to reduce fire risks as a result of honey harvesting.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Prepare a comprehensive fire WEM CAM,PEIAC Year 1 30,000,000 management plan Implement the plan WEM WLE,WCC,CAM Year 2-10 In above budget Enforce compliance to the MoUs on WCC WLE,WEM Year 1-10 12,960,000 bee keeping

3.5 Disease transmission 3.5 Disease transmission Outputs: Zoonotic diseases managed Outputs: Zoonotic diseases managed Issues and Rationale Issues and Rationale Zoonotic diseases also referred to as zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be spread from Zoonotic diseases also referred to as zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be animalsspread to humans. from animals There toare humans. many such There diseases are m andany theirsuch threats diseases are and increasing their threats globally are due to freeincreasing movement globally of people due toand free animals. movement Gorillas of peopleare closely and relatedanimals. to Gorillas humans are hence closely a high risk ofrelated likely totransmission humans hence of human-related a high risk of diseaseslikely transmission and vice versa. of human In 2001-related – 2003, diseases cases of scabies as shown in figure 12 below were reported in the Nkuringo gorilla group whose strain is close to that of humans.

Gorillas have increasingly continued to range outside40 the park and in the community gardens increasing the risk of exposing them to human diseases that could easily extirpate the entire population once an epidemic breaks out. The critical areas where the gorillas come out of the park are Nkuringo, Buhoma, Bujengwe and Nyabalemura as shown in the figure 11 below. Other disease vectors have been identified as rodents, bats, and birds as well. Most of these have not yet been fully investigated around BINP and it is of interest of this GMP to have them investigated over its time period.

32 and vice versa. In 2001 – 2003, cases of scabies as shown in figure 12 below were reported in the Nkuringo gorilla group whose strain is close to that of humans.

Gorillas have increasingly continued to range outside the park and in the community gardens increasing the risk of exposing them to human diseases that could easily extirpate the entire population once an epidemic breaks out. The critical areas where the gorillas come out of the park are Nkuringo, Buhoma, Bujengwe and Nyabalemura as shown in the figure 11 below. Other disease vectors have been BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 identified as rodents, bats, and birds as well. Most of these have not yet been fully investigated around BINP and it is of interest of this GMP to have them investigated over its time period.

FigureFigure 11: Map11: ofMap BINP of showing BINP the showing habituated theGorilla habituated home ranges Gorilla home ranges

Figure 12: Picture of a dead Gorilla as a result of an attack by the scabies

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Management actions ManagementManagement will actions build the capacity of staff to handle issues of diseases. The new strategic plan (2013-2018)Management for will the buildorganisation the capacity provides of forstaff recruitment to handle ofissues a veterinary of diseases doctor. specificallyThe new for Bwindistrategic and Mgahingaplan (2013 protected-2018) forareas. the The organisation plan also provides provides for thefor establishment recruitment ofof a alab to veterinary doctor specifically for Bwindi and Mgahinga protected areas. The plan enablealso provides collection for and the basic establishment analysis of samples.of a lab to enable collection and basic analysis of samples. Detailed management actions Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Build capacity to handle issues of CAM HRM,VC,DDC Year 2,3 20,000,000 diseases Work with the existing NGOs to Warden VC, DDC Year 1-10 200,000,000 monitor, detect and manage disease Vet outbreaks Establish a Veterinary Unit with a CAM VC, DDC Year 4 250,000,000 resident Veterinary Doctor among other relevant staff Prepare, negotiate and sign an MoU CAM VC, DDC, ED Year 2 5,000,000 with CTPH for joint management of the existing veterinary laboratory infrastructure. Conduct Disease surveillance WEM VC, Year 1-10 120,000,000 Manage diseases outbreaks WEM VC,CAM,DC Year 1-10 50,000,000

42 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 4: RESEARCH AND ECOLOGICAL MONITORING

Overall objective: To provide accurate, relevant and timely information for resource management

Output: Management decisions informed by researched information

Issues and Rationale

Changing home range of the habituated Gorilla groups inside the park Gorilla groups have expanded their home range beyond the PA boundaries into community gardens. In some cases they have crossed international borders into the DRC. The reasons for this new trend are not clear and all interventions are based on speculations and have therefore not been effective. Rushegura group for example ranges between Mukono in Buhoma and goes up to Congo and back. Nkuringo gorilla family spends about 4 months of the year in community land while an un-habituated gorilla group ranges between Mushorero villages in Kayonza Sub County outside the Protected Area. Kyagurilo a research group has reduced its home range for the last two years. There is therefore a need for research on the underlying reasons why gorillas now prefer staying outside the protected area.

4.2 Wildlife diseases With the growing tourism among habituated Gorilla families, poor hygiene in community areas where gorillas have extended their range and the interaction of domestic animals with wild animals has put wildlife at the danger of contracting human diseases and vice versa. Habituation increases the disease risk among gorillas and in case of disease outbreak, gorillas can all easily perish. As earlier mentioned, the closeness of gorillas to humans makes them vulnerable to contracting human related diseases like warms, scabies, respiratory disorders, and other skin infections.

Most habituated gorilla families have been treated for cough, cold, and other breathing disorders; time and again. Nkuringo family lost a member to scabies in 2001. Interventions are being made on individual gorilla case by case, and no research is being done on possible causes of these diseases.

35 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

The park has not initiated any research into the possible causes of such diseases and has mostly relied on research being conducted by partners namely Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Conservation through Public Health, and International Gorilla Conservation Project.

Waste management and noise pollution Most gorilla tracking points are becoming semi urban with developments like hotels, hospitals, bars, schools among others emerging. These points include Buhoma, Ruhija, Rushaaga, Rubuguri, and Nkuringo. These areas have also attracted a large population who come to enjoy these amenities and in the process are generating mass wastes including clinical wastes. Unfortunately, a few of these developments with clear waste collection and disposal plans exist. Facilities like incinerators, waste pits, etc are not on the ground. Developers have also not yet appreciated the danger of wastes on biodiversity and therefore do not care littering including inside the forest. Polythene papers are the common wastes found scattered around hotels and highways in protected areas. There is need to communicate to the communities around the protectedof wastes area theon biodiversitydangers of poorand wastetherefore disposal. do not There care is litteringalso a need includin for researchg inside on the the mostforest. appropriate Polythene way papersfor waste are disposal. the common wastes found scattered around hotels and highways in protected areas. There is need to communicate to the communities around the protected area the dangers of poor waste disposal. There is also a need Therefor has research been increased on the most pressure appropriate especially way from for politicalwaste disposal leaders .both at national and district levels to habituate more gorillas in order to increase revenues from gorilla tourism. At district Increasing pressure to habituate more Gorillas for tourism level, this is seen as a strategy to increase on the share of the revenues accruing from the There has been increased pressure especially from political leaders both at national park and specifically from the gorilla levy fund. Districts therefore keep demanding for more and district levels to habituate more gorillas in order to increase revenues from gorillasgorilla to tourism.be habituated At district since level, more this isgorillas seen asunder a strategy tourism to increasemeans more on the tourists share ofand thereforethe revenues more funds accruing to be shared. from Outthe ofpark 30 familiesand specifically in Bwindi forest, from onlythe 10gorilla are habituatedlevy fund. for Districts therefore keep demanding for more gorillas to be habituated since more tourism.gorillas The under underlying tourism question means is morewhy only tourists 10. No and study therefore has been more done funds so far to to be indicate shared the. mostOut viable of 30 population families in that Bwindi can beforest habituated., only 10 Bwindi are habituated has 400 individualfor tourism. gorillas The underlyingand only157 question is why only 10. No study has been done so far to indicate the most viable individuals are habituated for tourism. population that can be habituated. Bwindi has 400 individual gorillas and only157 individuals are habituated for tourism.

FigureFigure 13: 13: Table Table showing showing Gorilla population Gorilla (BpopulationINP and MGNP (BINP) and MGNP) YEAR 1986 1987 1989 1994 1997 2002 2003 2006 2010 2011 BINP 280 257 292 320 340 400 VIRUNGAS 293 324 380 480

Note: The Virungas is a continuous ecosystem consisting of Mgahinga Gorilla NP in Uganda, Virunga NP in Rwanda and Volcano NP in DR Congo

Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land 36 No study that has been carried out to determine why gorillas are changing their foraging habits from forest vegetation to human crops. There is also need to study why gorillas no longer want to stay in thick forests, their original habitats, and now want to be closer to people.

Limited information and management intervention on other species other than Mountain Gorillas The gorilla has been taken as a key species and all the effort has been put on its protection and conservation at the expense of other animal species in the forest. Given the importance of the ecosystem functioning concept, all animals must be equally protected and conserved as they complement each other‟s survival. There is lack of information on other animal species and therefore limited interventions to address emerging challenges and threats when need arises. There is for example no up-to-date inventory on all the mammals of Bwindi and the checklist needs to be revised. There is a need for a comprehensive biodiversity assessment surveys for Bwindi forest as new species keep emerging.

Un updated data on population and habitat viability of key wildlife species Most data on other wildlife is based on opportunistic sightings and there has been no census ever carried out to determine the viability and population of other species.

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Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land No study that has been carried out to determine why gorillas are changing their foraging habits from forest vegetation to human crops. There is also need to study why gorillas no longer want to stay in thick forests, their original habitats, and now want to be closer to people.

Limited information and management intervention on other species other than Mountain Gorillas The gorilla has been taken as a key species and all the effort has been put on its protection and conservation at the expense of other animal species in the forest. Given the importance of the ecosystem functioning concept, all animals must be equally protected and conserved as they complement each other’s survival. There is lack of information on other animal species and therefore limited interventions to address emerging challenges and threats when need arises. There is for example no up-to-date inventory on all the mammals of Bwindi and the checklist needs to be revised. There is a need for a comprehensive biodiversity assessment surveys for Bwindi forest as new species keep emerging.

Lack of recent socio-economic survey Most data is of long ago (late 1980’s and 90’s) and a lot of changes could have taken place. There is need to conduct a socio-economic survey on attitude change as a result of conservation efforts, impact of revenue sharing on the common man, alternative land use in and around the forest.

4.3 Ecological Monitoring

Inadequate analysis of data for management use Large quantities of data is collected using the Ranger Based Data Collection tools and is just stored. Little effort is made to analyze and disseminate the results for decision making. Where the software is available, it is in most cases not compatible with some data sets in analysis in addition to inadequate capacity of staff to use the software to analyze their data sets.

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Constant data quality monitoring and refresher courses are needed.

Inadequate monitoring of Resource off-take Uganda Wildlife Authority in her effort to involve the communities in forest resources management has allowed sustainable harvesting of some resources through developing a memorandum of understanding. These resources are part of the daily livelihood for community members and they include medicinal plants, firewood, crafts materials, and honey. However, there is no established mechanism to monitor resource off take to ensure sustainability.

4.4 The Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation

The Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) was established in 1991 as a post-graduate research institute of Mbarara University of Science and Technology with a mission to support and undertake research, monitoring and capacity building of Ugandans and others to bolster conservation understanding and practice in Bwindi and Mgahinga National parks and the Albertine rift region. For the past 23 years, ITFC has a track record of providing park management support and guidance, as well as of capacity building, in Uganda. Over 70 post-graduate students have carried out their post-graduate studies (masters and PhD) at ITFC and are now amongst Uganda’s leading conservationists (including working in Ugandan national park) and scholars at several universities.

4.4.1 Collaboration with ITFC on Research and Monitoring ITFC has carried out a wide range of biological and socioeconomic research and monitoring, aimed at addressing the key conservation challenges in Bwindi. ITFC has closely worked with Bwindi park management over the years to ensure that research results and recommendations are translated into management decisions and actions. This has been through ensuring that conservation managers have access to, and make use of, reliable research and monitoring information on changes in the status of conservation targets and threats, and on the effectiveness of different conservation strategies.

Some of these research results that have been used by Bwindi park management include; impact of resource harvesting from Bwindi National Park, mountain gorilla census (done every 5 years), monitoring the effect of alternative barriers to crop raiding in Nkuringo buffer zone of Bwindi National Park, availability of demanded forest resources by local people in Bwindi, distribution of key resources, and delineation of ‘Multiple Use Zones’, forest gap sizes, regeneration, causes and impacts of logging, water quality monitoring in Bwindi rivers and forest fires incidences and impact monitoring.

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All these research findings have been used by Bwindi park management to improve on the conservation of the national park.

The past three years, ITFC in collaboration with the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED), UK carried out a study to investigate motivations and incentives of local people to carry out illegal activities in Bwindi National Park. The study came up with recommendations that will help park management in curbing the illegal activities and this will be through making relevant policies and advocacy that aim at removing barriers to the conservation of Bwindi linked to poverty alleviation. ITFC has also carried out research in collaboration with Fauna and Flora International (FFI), Uganda on how Bwindi park management can use the Batwa cultural values and forests skills in park management such as tourism and law enforcement.

Presently, ITFC is working on several projects to help improve on the conservation of Bwindi national park. These include; a survey of hydrological systems in the Great Virunga Landscape, assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of Nkuringo buffer zone in addressing the Human-Wildlife Conflicts, simple monitoring tool for local community use in Bwindi’s multiple use zone, etc. Research results from these projects will be used by park management and in future incorporated in other Bwindi park management plans that will be developed.

In conclusion, although ITFC is research institution of Mbarara University of Science and Technology, experience has shown that most of the research carried out at ITFC has been more of applied research (to address park management questions) than academic research. The ITFC research is adapted to issues that help Bwindi park management and perhaps this is because of its location in Ruhija at the periphery of Bwindi national park.

Management actions Management will embark on long term studies on foraging habits of gorillas where amounts of nutrients in food crops and forest vegetation will be compared, habitat manipulation and the impact of over habituation as a cause effect relationship towards gorillas getting used to humans. Gorilla behaviour studies are also vital in this study.

Management will initiate research in partnership with other organisations to investigate the optimal level of gorilla groups that can be habituated without negatively impacting on the resource base. Studies on viable population numbers in terms of group composition will be conducted. Comparisons will be made between small population families and large population families, gestation period, reproductive behaviours (birth and death rates), carrying out

39 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

censuses and carrying capacity studies. small population families and large population families, gestation period, Managementreproductive will behaviours organise research (birth and symposia death and rates), share carrying findings out from censuses all researchers and carrying and agree capacity studies. on recommendations that can help management to solve different problems and challenges.

ProposalManagement writing forwill co-funding organise where research the organisation symposia mayand not share be able findings will be effected,from all and thenresearchers implementation and ofagree recommendations on recommendations will commence. that can help management to solve different problems and challenges. Proposal writing for co-funding where the organisation may not be able will be effected, and then implementation of UWArecommendations together with other will researcherscommence .in different conservation related institutions will carry out a biodiversity assessment and an inventory of species both flora and fauna and will be updated fromUWA the existingtogether ones. with Floraother andresearchers fauna will in be different categorised conservation based on therelated IUCN institutions categorisation will as carry out a biodiversity assessment and an inventory of species both flora and fauna endangered,and will be threatened, updated rarefrom or the endemic. existing A protectionones. Flora strategy and fauna will also will be be designed categorised for each species.based on the IUCN categorisation as endangered, threatened, rare or endemic. A protection strategy will also be designed for each species.

A study will be conducted to find out why key species like elephants and gorillas are not A study will be conducted to find out why key species like elephants and gorillas are increasingnot increasing irrespective irrespective of better of protection better protection such as increasedsuch as increased patrol effort, patrol human effort, intervention human for interventionsick animals for and sick wider anima knowledgels and wider on theknowledge biology onof themany biology animals of manyby researchers. animals by This researchers. This study will look basically at reproductive behaviour of selected study will look basically at reproductive behaviour of selected species and carrying capacity. species and carrying capacity.

TheThe organization organization will willlist listpriority priority areas areas for forresearch research and andadvertise advertise them them to interested to interest parties.ed Throughparties. this Through effort, managementthis effort, management oriented research oriented will beresearch carried outwill tobe solve carried management out to solve management problems. problems. Periodic census for key animal species will be conducted and trends analysed. This Periodicwill be census done forin collaboration key animal species with other will be conservation conducted and organi trendssations. analysed. This will be done

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Conduct research on changing WEM EMRU,ITFC Year 50,000,000 gorilla home ranges 1,2,3 Initiate research in partnership WEM CAM,EMRU,ITFC Year 2 80,000,000 with other organizations to investigate the optimal level of gorilla groups that can be habituated without negatively impacting on the resource base. Review and Implement relevant WEM CAM, NGO‟s Year 3 70,000,000 recommendations of the ongoing study on gorillas ranging outside the PA. Conduct bio-diversity inventory CAM WEM,EMRU,CCAM Year 4 300,000,000 for BINP. Conduct species habitat viability EMRU WEM,CAM,ITFC, Year 4 150,000,000 of key wildlife species; gorillas and Elephants 40 Carry out social economic CAM WCC,CCC,NGO‟s,ITFC Year 5 50,000,000 surveys/study on park community relations Conduct periodic population WEM EMRU,CAM,ITFC Year 4 40,000,000

47 small population families and large population families, gestation period, reproductive behaviours (birth and death rates), carrying out censuses and carrying capacity studies.

Management will organise research symposia and share findings from all researchers and agree on recommendations that can help management to solve different problems and challenges. Proposal writing for co-funding where the organisation may not be able will be effected, and then implementation of recommendations will commence.

UWA together with other researchers in different conservation related institutions will carry out a biodiversity assessment and an inventory of species both flora and fauna and will be updated from the existing ones. Flora and fauna will be categorised based on the IUCN categorisation as endangered, threatened, rare or endemic. A protection strategy will also be designed for each species.

A study will be conducted to find out why key species like elephants and gorillas are not increasing irrespective of better protection such as increased patrol effort, human intervention for sick animals and wider knowledge on the biology of many animals by researchers. This study will look basically at reproductive behaviour of selected species and carrying capacity.

The organization will list priority areas for research and advertise them to interested parties. Through this effort, management oriented research will be carried out to solve management problems.

Periodic census for key animal species will be conducted and trends analysed. This will be done in collaboration with other conservation organisations.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Conduct research on changing WEM EMRU,ITFC Year 50,000,000 gorilla home ranges 1,2,3 Initiate research in partnership WEM CAM,EMRU,ITFC Year 2 80,000,000 with other organizations to investigate the optimal level of gorilla groups that can be habituated without negatively impacting on the resource base. Review and Implement relevant WEM CAM, NGO‟s Year 3 70,000,000 recommendations of the ongoing BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 study on gorillas ranging outside the PA. Conduct bio-diversity inventory CAM WEM,EMRU,CCAM Year 4 300,000,000 for BINP. Conduct species habitat viability EMRU WEM,CAM,ITFC, Year 4 150,000,000 of key wildlife species; gorillas and Elephants Carry out social economic CAM WCC,CCC,NGO‟s,ITFC Year 5 50,000,000 surveys/study on park communityActivity relations Resp Others involved Timing Estimated Conduct periodic population WEM EMRU,CAM,ITFC Year 4 40,000,000cost (Ug.shs) census of key wildlife species(Elephants) Conduct periodic population WEM EMRU,CAM,ITFC Year 6 400,000,000 census of key wildlife species- 47 gorillas Conduct periodic population WEM EMRU,CAM,ITFC Year 9 150,000,000 census of key wildlife species- chimpanzees

4.5 Monitoring compliance of developments and health status of the 4.5 Monitoringecosystems compliance of developments and health status of the ecosystems Output: Negative impacts of developments on the ecosystem minimized Output: Negative impacts of developments on the ecosystem minimized Issues and Rationale

Issues and4.5.1 Rationale Wildlife diseases Emerging diseases and treatment of wildlife is another challenge to conservation and 4.5.1Protected Wildlife Area diseases management. In Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, wildlife surveillance is being carried out with the help of Gorilla Doctors and Conservation Emerging diseases and treatment of wildlife is another challenge to conservation and Protected Through Public Health (CTPH). The on-going surveillance is however targeting only Areagorillas. management. There is In no Bwindi strategy/protocol Impenetrable putNational in place Park, to wildlife guide surveillancesurveillance is operationsbeing carried outsystematically with the help anof dGorilla currently Doctors each and of theConservation players (UWA, Through IGCP, Public CTPH, Health and (CTPH). MVGP) The on-goingfollows surveillance their own isprogram however. Diseasestargeting onlybeing gorillas. monitored There are is no human strategy/protocol communicable put in diseases that can be transferred to gorillas by human beings neglecting other place to guide surveillance operations systematically and currently each of the players (UWA, complicated diseases like Ebola, Hepatitis, Sars, Anthrax and Influenza; all of which IGCP,affect CTPH, wildlife. and MonitoringMVGP) follows wildlife their diseases own program. is very importantDiseases being for early monitored detection are of human the communicablelikely outbreaks diseases and thatensures can beimmediate transferred response. to gorillas by human beings neglecting other complicated diseases like Ebola, Hepatitis, Sars, Anthrax and Influenza; all of which affect wildlife.Presence Monitoring of Exotic wildlife species diseases is very important for early detection of the likely outbreaksIn former and habited ensures areasimmediate of greater response. Mbwa Tract and Buhoma, exotic tree species were left inside the park when the forest was declared a national park in 1991, and Presencesome of of them Exotic are species succeeding the indigenous tree species. These exotics include eucalyptus, tea plants, avocadoes, Cypress, pines, Grevillea, different Datura In species,former habited and ornamental areas of greater plants . MbwaIn the Tractnorthern and sector,Buhoma, near exotic the Ishashatree species gorge were and left insidethe thesavannah park when vegetation the forest of wasIshasha declared reserve, a national Lantana park camara in 1991, is andslowly some but of steadily them are succeedinginvading thethe forest.indigenous This treehas species.interfered These with exoticsthe habitat include for eucalyptus,wildlife, affected tea plants,the avocadoes,foraging range of animals as some of these trees are non palatable, and attract fire inside the park especially pines. Research should be carried out and identify all invasive species of Bwindi and also suggest the appropriate measures to eradicate them based on scientific information. 41

Inadequate monitoring of the impacts of tourism on PA resources

Tourist numbers are steadily increasing in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park with gorilla tourism taking the lead. In the long term, this is likely to have negative impacts on the park. It is therefore important to continuously monitor the likely impacts of tourism on the ecosystem and animal behavior.

48 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Cypress, pines, Grevillea, different Datura species, and ornamental plants. In the northern sector, near the Ishasha gorge and the savannah vegetation of Ishasha reserve, Lantana camara is slowly but steadily invading the forest. This has interfered with the habitat for wildlife, affected the foraging range of animals as some of these trees are non palatable, and attract fire inside the park especially pines. Research should be carried out and identify all invasive species of Bwindi and also suggest the appropriate measures to eradicate them based on scientific information.

Inadequate monitoring of the impacts of tourism on PA resources Tourist numbers are steadily increasing in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park with gorilla tourism taking the lead. In the long term, this is likely to have negative impacts on the park. It is therefore important to continuously monitor the likely impacts of tourism on the ecosystem and animal behavior.

Inadequate capacity to monitor various developments in and around the PA including waste management There are a number of developments that have come up around BINP. These include mainly the hotel industry to cater for the increasing demand of tourists coming to track gorillas. The developments are associated with negative impacts especially those resulting from poor waste management. There is inadequate capacity to monitor compliance of these various developments and their respective EIA mitigation measures spelt out in the approval certificates.

Management actions Within UWA Strategic Plan 2013-2018, it has been planned that management will recruit a Veterinary Doctor to be based in Bwindi. The Veterinary Doctor will initiate the development of UWA standard research protocols which will assist in monitoring and providing guidance in handling diseases. This staff will conduct periodic disease surveillance to prevent any possibility of disease outbreak in animals. UWA will also work hand in hand with other conservation partners such as CTPH, Gorilla Doctors, etc.

UWA veterinary unit will be equipped to handle disease outbreaks together with District veterinary officers and other conservation NGO’s. In addition, the new UWA Strategic Plan 2013-2018 provides for the establishment of a Laboratory to handle basic lab requirements such as preservation of samples, basic sample analysis in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.

42 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

The Veterinary staff will therefore be equipped to handle disease outbreaks but will be working closely with other District Veterinary Officers, UWA headquarter Veterinary Unit and conservation partners based in Bwindi.

In order to manage waste, management will procure waste bins and place them in appropriate locations. Deliberate efforts will be made to sort wastes so as to separated biodegradables and non biodegradables for easy management. Collect and dispose of waste into pits. Sorted biodegradable wastes will be disposed of into composite pits. Non biodegradable wastes will be burnt in incinerators.

Areas within the park that have been invaded by exotics such as Tea will be marked and those plants uprooted so that natural regeneration takes place. Eucalyptus trees will be debarked and stumps be sprayed with a concentrated salt solution so that it dries up without re-sprouting. Lantana camara is slowly eating up the forest, and appropriate measures will be put in place to eradicate it. Where these plants exist, they will be uprooted and a monitoring team will be put in place to make sure that any plant that emerges is eliminated before flowering to produce seeds. An exotics eradication plan will also be developed and will be the basis for management of exotics within the park.

Environmental Impact Studies will always be mandatory and monitoring implementation of mitigation measures outlined in the studies will always be undertaken to ensure compliance. UWA will continue to work with NEMA and DEO’s to ensure all developments are guided by EIA’s. The park authorities will work hand in hand with Local Government Officials to guide and enforce EIA compliance. The Warden Ecological Monitoring (WEM) will continuously monitor compliance with EIA mitigation measures spelt out in the different EIA certificates and will be assisted by the Planning and EIA Unit at UWA Headquarters.

43 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 mitigation measures spelt out in the different EIA certificates and will be assisted by the Planning and EIA Unit at UWA Headquarters.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug. shs) Review all research work so far WEM CAM, EMRU Year 1 5,000,000 undertaken on BINP and sort out relevant recommendations for implementation. Organize and implement staff visits CAM PU Year 2 50,000,000 to parks in other countries to understand waste management procedures Procure and place appropriately WT WCC,CAM Year 1-10 6,600,000 designed waste bins Collect and dispose of waste into pits WT WCC,CAM Year 1-10 5,000,000 Construct incinerators in appropriate WT WCC,CAM Year 1-10 50,000,000 locations Sort and manage non biodegradable WT WCC,CAM Year 1-10 Consider waste recycling Prepare an exotics management WEM WCC, CAM Year 1-2 1,000,000 plan Eradicate exotics (tea) WEM WCC,CAM Year 1-10 112,500,000 Eradicate exotics (Eucalyptus spp.) WEM WCC,CAM Year 1-10 8,400,000 Eradicate exotics (Lantana spp.) WEM WCC,CAM Year 2 600,000 Monitor impacts of developments in WEM CAM,PEIAC Year 1-10 12,400,000 and around the PA Work with NEMA and DEO‟s to WEM CAM,PEIAC Year 1-10 As in above ensure all developments are guided by EIA‟s Develop special by-laws to control WEM WLE, LU, PU 3rd -4th year 10,000,000 the use and disposal of polythene bags (Buvera)

50 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 5: REGIONAL COLLABORATION

Overall objective: To strengthen transboundary natural resources management. PART 5: REGIONAL COLLABORATION

Output:Overall Strengthened objective: To collaboration strengthen withtransboundary ICCN staff innatural Sarambwe resources wildlife management reserve in DRC.

IssuesOutput and: S Rationaletrengthened collaboration with ICCN staff in Sarambwe wildlife reserve in DRC Sarambwe Nature Reserve in the DRC partly lies adjacent to BINP, forming a corridor for wildlifeIssues to moveand Rational across thee international border of Uganda and the DRC. This then calls for a trans-boundarySarambwe Naturenatural resourceReserve management in the DRC approach partly lies to betteradjacent manage to BINP, wildlife forming in this area. a corridor for wildlife to move across the international border of Uganda and the DRC. Accordingly, meetings, coordinated patrols, and sharing information in their efforts to manage This then calls for a trans-boundary natural resource management approach to movementbetter manage of wildlife wildlife across in borders this area. and cross-borderAccordingly, illegalmeetings, activities. coordinated With the patrols,Greater Virunand - ga sharingTrans-boundary information Core in secretariat their efforts being to bornmanage to enhance movement this ofefforts wildlife a few across challenges borders still remain:and crossNon-signed-border treaty illegal limits activities. its operationalization With the Greater as a Virungalegal requirement, Trans-boundary the legal Core con - secretariat being born to enhance this efforts a few challenges still remain: Non- servationsigned status treaty of thelimits Sarambwe its operationalization reserve that is wanting as a among legal othersrequi rement,need to bethe addressed. legal conservation status of the Sarambwe reserve that is wanting among others need to Managementbe addressed. actions

ManagementManagement of BINP actions will continue to participate in regional meetings meant to share infor- mationManagement and experience of BINP with will other continue partners to participate working in in theregional region meetings for better meant management to share of theinformation cross-border and wildlife. experience In addition, with management other partners will conductworking jointin the planning region meetings for better with management of the cross-border wildlife. In addition, management will conduct joint ICCN staff for Sarambwe reserve and working closely with ICCN staff, Bwindi staff will con- planning meetings with ICCN staff for Sarambwe reserve and working closely with ductICCN coordinated staff, Bwindi patrols staffalong willthe internationalconduct coordinated border. patrols along the international border. Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Conduct joint planning meetings WLE ICCN, IGCP Year 1-10 19,000,000 Participate in regional meetings CAM WLE,ICCN, IGCP Year 1-10 14,600,000 Conduct coordinated patrols WLE ICCN, IGCP,GVTC Year 1-10 60,000,000 Intelligence information sharing WLE ICCN,CAM,LEC Year 1-10 36,000,000 Work with immigration in CAM WLE, DC, Migration Year 1 1,500,000 Uganda and DRC to issue officers- Ishasha documents for staff of ICCN and UWA to easily conduct conservation work across borders

51 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 6: CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is real and has far-reaching consequences on ecosystems and eco-services. Climate change can have significant impacts on existing and potential development activities by affecting the bio-protive system, which forms the basis of socio-economic organization. Warming temperatures are projected to cause more frequent and more intense extreme weather events, such as heavy rain storms, flooding, fires, hurricanes, tropical storms and El Niño events (IPCC, 2001). Like any other LDCs, Uganda is vulnerable to effects of climate Change (Uganda NAPA, 2007).

In general, climate change will affect the forest conditions (area, health and vitality and biodiversity), allowing increases in growth rates in some areas while endangering the survival of species and forest communities in others. Provision of forest ecosystem services and goods will be altered by these changes, posing a number of new challenges to forest managers. In BINP, these challenges are already being experienced as explained below and the objective to guide BINP management in dealing with these challenges is also given below.

Overall objective: To minimize negative impacts of climate change on the wildlife resources

Output: Negative impacts of climate change on wildlife resources mitigated

Issues and Rationale Climate change is real and already negatively impacting on the Bwindi ecosystem. Major observed negative impacts over time include; 1. Reduced water levels in swamps and streams. Such swamps include Mubwindi and Munyaga (ITFC 2003). 2. General temperature rise. This has led to increased mosquitoes and consequently malaria incidences around Buhoma. 3. Increased expenditures within the park is attributed partly to increasing management challenges. Most of the challenges are compounded climate change impacts that require new ways to solve them. 4. Expanding Gorilla Habitat ranges within the park is being attributed to habitat changes due to climate change, which may be resulting in reduced food for the Apes hence moving all over the forest in search for suitable food and other needs. 5. The rapid spread of invasive species such as Lantana camara is a sign of an unhealthy ecosystem resulting from climate change.

46 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

6. Within the communities surrounding the park, new food crops such as cassava which do not tolerate cold conditions are being observed in gardens. This shows change in temperature since areas like Kabale used to be cold such that those crops could not survive.

Management actions When it comes to climate change mitigation, strategies can be grouped into two categories: technological solutions or changes in economic structure, societal organization, or individual behaviour (Swart et al. 2003). From the perspective of natural resources conservation, mitigation activities include reducing deforestation and forest degradation, increasing afforestation and reforestation, management interventions to maintain or increase forest carbon density, increasing carbon stocks in wood products and enhancing fuel substitution. Mitigation activities targeted at natural resources conservation generally serve the dual purposes of reducing greenhouse (GHG) emissions from anthropogenic sources and enhancing carbon ‘‘sink’’.

Around BINP community sensitisation with the objective of encouraging community members to plant trees in their marginal lands shall be done. There are various efforts by conservation partners around Bwindi to restore degraded wetlands. The management of BINP will support these efforts. Project proposals will be developed and marketed for support to implement climate change mitigation activities and climate change research within and outside the park. BINP management will identify suitable incentive schemes for those members within the community who may be role models in conservation to benefit from their efforts.

There is a general thinking that Gorillas move out of the park because of changed habitats resulting in less food within the forest. During the implementation of this plan, research will be undertaken to provide answers to this question. However, management of BINP cannot wait for these research results. There will be deliberate efforts to manipulate the habitat including removal of invasive species at selected sites which will act as pilot sites for monitoring as detailed in the table below.

It has been observed over time that polyethylene bags within the park are mainly brought by park staff and other stakeholders having activities within the boundaries of the park. These polyethylene bags cause negative impacts to the ecosystem and their use should be controlled. Special by-laws will be developed in a consultative way to hinder the use of such bags inside the park.

47 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

With global climate change awareness going on and considering the fact that BINP is a World Heritage Site, there is need to show the entire world how BINP management is contributing to the global efforts of stabilizing and reducing green house gas emissions. This requires identification and implementation of clean environment projects both outside and inside the park. Bearing in mind that financial resources are scarce, there will be innovations including fundraising efforts through the initiation of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Fund (CMAF-BINP) to supplement seed money for such projects contributed by Uganda Wildlife Authority. The contribution to the fund shall be voluntary by conservation-minded individuals, companies, NGOs, Clubs, tourists and Government. BINP Management will market this fundraising effort through various media to attract awareness and concern. It should be noted that this voluntary fund does not replace the payment for ecosystem services scheme.

Detailed management actions

Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Conduct community sensitization and WCC DEO, CDO 1st -10th year 20,000,000 provide support for woodlot establishment Establish a climate change mitigation CAM ED, DFA, PU 4th year 5,000,000 and Adaptation fund (CMAF-BINP). Write climate change project CAM ED, PC,PU 1st -10th year 20,000,000 proposals and lobby for climate change support to implement the proposals Initiate and support climate change WEM CAM,EMRC, 1st -10th 30,000,000 related researches within and outside PU Year the park and implement recommendations Initiate and implement conservation CAM ED,PU, CCC, Year 1-10 50,000,000 incentives for private-led PU conservation innovations meant to address negative impacts of climate change on the park ecosystem Identify and Carry out habitat WEM EMRC, CAM 4th and 7th 60,000,000 manipulation in two demonstration Year sites to observe the gorilla behavior

53 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 7: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION

7.1 Human-wildlife conflict

Output: Human-wildlife conflicts minimized by at least 50%

Issues and Rationale Problem animals, including vermin can cause damage to human life and property. Land use changes and search for farmland resulting from population pressure has led to a decrease in wildlife range and land shortage for local communities. Crop raiding by wildlife around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is an issue that contributes to hostility between the park and local communities (Blomley,2003).Conflicts caused by problem animals can undermine conservation efforts because the cost of living with wildlife is seen to outweigh any benefits (Parker, 2003, Muruthi 2005). Damages caused by problem animals take many forms, including destruction of crops, property and human injury. The people worst affected by problem animal are the rural farmers in the front line villages some of them have emigrated while others spend time guard- ing crops instead of engaging in productive work especially during the peak crop-raiding period (March-April and October-December). Wild animals are increasingly coming into contact with people leading to conflicts. Besides there is still inadequate capacity in UWA to respond to all reports of threats and damage caused by problem animals. The Local Government Act (1997) mandates the districts to handle vermin but unfortunately the districts have not recruited skilled personnel to control vermin. The major problem animals reported around BINP are Elephants, Mountain Gorillas, Vervet Monkeys, Olive Baboons and Bush Pigs.

Efforts to address problem animals and vermin have been at the heart of wildlife conservation in and around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. For the last two decades, a series of interventions have been put in place to reduce crop damage around BINP which include among others live fencing using Mauritius thorn (Ceasalpina decapitela) of which 32.7km of the park boundary has been planted, live traps for baboons, use of red chilli to deter elephants and establishment of community problem animal response teams i.e. Human-Gorilla conflict resolution teams (HuGo) in parishes of Kashasha, Kaara, Kiyebe, Kitojo, Rubuguri, Nteko, Bujengwe and Mukono around BINP.

Historically (around 1930s before habituation), crop raiding by gorillas was not common. It is reported that gorillas used to raid abandoned shambas as narrated in the narration Box given below.

49 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Box showing a historical narration of the Mountain gorilla crop raiding around Bwindi Box Impenetrable showing a historical Forest in 1930snarration of the Mountain gorilla crop raiding around Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in 1930s The first evidence of Mountain gorilla crop raiding around Bwindi is a letter, written during the 1930s, by a prospector working in the Impenetrable Forest to the Chief Game Warden. The prospector described his encounters with gorillas and made the following observation: “the gorillas sometimes raid nearby shambas, but I have never heard of them attacking the natives, and the natives leave them alone except to chase them away from their property” (Uganda Game Department Archives, 1923 1994:1933).

Further evidence comes from a report by a game warden of his visit to Bwindi, in 1933, which was then the newly established reserve of Kayonza. The warden described crop raiding by gorillas and noted that gorillas favoured abandoned cultivated patches: “the Kayonza gorilla, apparently, is not guilty of frequent shamba raiding, at least so the natives reassure me. It is true that the gorillas often feed in the vicinity of crops but the attraction is usually the occurrence of various nourishing weeds of exceptional growth which are found on the abandoned cultivated patches” (Uganda Game Department Archives, 1923 1994:1933).

The warden also noted conflict issues arising from the presence of gorillas on community land: “the local natives, who can blame them, very naturally object to the proximity of these fearsome beasts, and usually try and drive them away. I am reliably informed that the gorillas are most contemptuous of their efforts, the females and young having been sent off to safety, males only move when it suits them to do so” (Uganda Game Department Archives, 1923 1994:1933).

Figure 17: Graph showing crop raiding incidences between 2008 – 2011

50 Currently there is a slight decline in problem animal cases due to increased community participation in problem animal control. The groups were increased from 3 to 9 in 2007 and 2008 to manage other problem animals e.g. baboons and elephants.

56 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Currently there is a slight decline in problem animal cases due to increased community participation in problem animal control. The groups were increased from 3 to 9 in 2007 and 2008 to manage other problem animals e.g. baboons and elephants.

Management actions

InManagement order to control actions movement of some wild animals such as Bush pigs and Gorillas, managementIn order to controlwill construct movement and of somemaintain wild aanimals live fence such (80km)as Bush usingpigs andMauritius Gorillas, thorn ((Ceasalpinamanagement decapitela), will construct in areas and of maintain Nteko, Rubuguli,a live fence Kashasha, (80km) Muramba, using Mauritius Kinaba, thorn Mukono Ngaara,((Ceasalpina Mpungu, decapitela), Buremba, inRutugunda areas of Nteko,and Bushura. Rubuguli, For Kashasha,timely response Muramba, to problem Kinaba, animal casesMukono community Ngaara, problem Mpungu, animal Buremba, management Rutugunda groups and will Bushura be established. For timely in parishes response of to problem animal cases community problem animal management groups will be Rutugunda, Kinaba, Rubimbwa and Muramba. established in parishes of Rutugunda, Kinaba, Rubimbwa and Muramba.

ChiliChili pepper pepper smoke smoke is anis aneffective effective deterrent deterrent against against elephants, elephants, the fumesthe fumes irritate irritate elephants thuselephants deterring thus them deterring from raiding them crops.from raiding This will crops. be use This in areas will beof Kitojo,use in Kashasha,areas of Kitojo, Kaara and RushaagaKashasha, which Kaara are andprone Rusha to cropaga raiding which byare elephants. prone to crop raiding by elephants.

CommunitiesCommunities will will be besensitized sensitized on plantingon planting crops cropsthat are that not are palatable not pa tolatable wild animalsto wild such animals such as tea to control crop raids in areas of Mukono, Bujengwe, Nteko and asRubuguli tea to control around crop the raids park. in areas To ofbetter Mukono, understand Bujengwe, the Nteko effectiveness and Rubuguli of aroundsome the park.interventions To better understandand community the effectiveness response ofto some problem interventions animals, and further community studies response on to problemproblem animals, animals‟ further responses studies to controlon problem measures animals’ and responsespeople‟s responses to control tomeasures impacts and people’sof problem responses animals to impactswill be ofconducted. problem animalsBINP will will work be conducted.with communities, BINP will districtwork with communities,leaders and districtother partnersleaders andin implementationother partners inof implementationproblem animal of management problem animal managementinterventions. interventions.

Management actions In order to control movement of some wild animals such as Bush pigs and Gorillas, management will construct and maintain a live fence (80km) using Mauritius thorn ((Ceasalpina decapitela), in areas of Nteko, Rubuguli, Kashasha, Muramba, Kinaba, Mukono Ngaara, Mpungu, Buremba, Rutugunda and Bushura. For timely response to problem animal cases community problem animal management groups will be established in parishes of Rutugunda, Kinaba, Rubimbwa and Muramba.

Chili pepper smoke is an effective deterrent against elephants, the fumes irritate elephants thus deterring them from raiding crops. This will be use in areas of Kitojo, Kashasha, Kaara and Rushaaga which are prone to crop raiding by elephants.

Communities will be sensitized on planting crops that are not palatable to wild animals such as tea to control crop raids in areas of Mukono, Bujengwe, Nteko and Rubuguli around the park. To better understand the effectiveness of some interventions and community response to problem animals, further studies on problem animals‟ responses to control measures and people‟s responses to impacts of problem animals will be conducted. BINP will work with communities, district leaders and other partners in implementation of problem animal management interventions.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Construct and maintain WCC CAM,DC,CCC,CAO‟s, Every Year 250,000,000 barriers to control problem DCDO‟s animals from the PA In addition to the HuGo CAM WCC, CCC,CAO‟s Year 3 & 4 125,000,000 group, recruit and train standby problem animal guard squad near prone areas Develop and implement CCC WCC,CAM,DC,DEO‟s Year 2, 3, 4,5 250,000,000 problem animal monitoring systems and rapid response BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 system Promote land use practices WCC CAM,CCC,DC,CDO,A Year 1-10 750,000,000 less susceptible to problem gric.officers damage Develop and apply measures WCC CAM, CCC,CDO‟s, Year 375,000,000 for rewarding exemplary NGO‟s 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 community performance in PAM Promote awareness about WCC DEO‟s, LG leaders Year 1-10 50,000,000 the problem animals dynamics and policies Equip and facilitate wildlife WCC NGO‟s,LG‟s, CCC Year 1-10 250,000,000 Activitycommittees and HUGO Resp Others involved Timing Estimated teams with resources and cost skills (Ug.shs) Engage WCC CAM,CCC, NGO‟s Year 1-10 50,000,000 stakeholders in problem animal monitoring, information sharing and problem solving 57 Lobby and facilitate WCC CAM, CCC, LG‟s Year 3, 8 12,500,000 integration of PAM issues into sub county and District development plans Sensitize and support WCC CAM, CCC, LG‟s Year 1-10 40,000,000 neighbouring communities to plant and maintain tea gardens adjacent to the park boundary

Conduct a study on problem WCC WEM,ITFC, CCC Year 5,6 37,500,000 animals behaviors and responses to control measures Conduct a study on peoples WCC WEM,ITFC, CCC Year 4 37,500,000 responses to impacts of problem animals and management interventions Develop institutional capacity WCC CAM,CCC,NGO‟s Year 2,6,8,10 25,000,000 to strengthen PAM programmes

7.2 7.2Revenue Revenue sharing sharing

Output:Output: EquitableEquitable revenue revenue sharing sharing promoted promoted among among the the target target communities communities by by 2017 2017

IssuesIssues and and Rationale Rationale The Uganda Wildlife Act cap 200 mandates Uganda Wildlife Authority to remit 20% The Uganda Wildlife Act cap 200 mandates Uganda Wildlife Authority to remit 20% of the of the park entry fees to local governments surrounding the protected area from parkwhich entry the fees fees to local were governments collected. surroundingThe revenue the is protected to benefit area communities from which the living fees inwere collected.parishes The neighbouring revenue is tothe benefit protected communities areas who living mostly in parishes bear the neighbouring cost of conservation. the protected areas who mostly bear the cost of conservation. In BINP, this program started in 1996 however the impact of the programme appears to be low due to inadequate community participation in the programme, inequitable and limited distribution of funds. In the past, focus of the programme was mainly52 on social infrastructural projects that appeared to have little effect. The new revenue sharing guidelines emphasis focus on supporting livelihood and problem animal management projects in the frontline villages. It is an appropriate shift that is likely to increase the impact of the programme. The new guidelines provide the criteria for selection of revenue sharing projects and beneficiaries where communities identify the projects and the project management committee selected by the communities participates in project screening.

The subcounty chiefs, community development officers together with protected area management are supposed to mobilize and sensitize communities on the revenue

58 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

In BINP, this program started in 1996 however the impact of the programme appears to be low due to inadequate community participation in the programme, inequitable and limited distribution of funds. In the past, focus of the programme was mainly on social infrastructural projects that appeared to have little effect. The new revenue sharing guidelines emphasis focus on supporting livelihood and problem animal management projects in the frontline villages. It is an appropriate shift that is likely to increase the impact of the programme. The new guidelines provide the criteria for selection of revenue sharing projects and beneficiaries where communities identify the projects and the project management committee selected by the communities participates in project screening.

The subcounty chiefs, community development officers together with protected area management are supposed to mobilize and sensitize communities on the revenue sharing guidelines, participate in project selection and monitor implementation of the projects. The selected projects from the frontline villages will inform the parish and subcounty plans.

53 sharing guidelines, participate in projectBINP selection GENERAL and MANAGEMENT monitor implementation PLAN 2014– of 2024the projects. The selected projects from the frontline villages will inform the parish and subcounty plans.

Figure 18: Graph showing revenue sharing funds disbursed over the past years (1996-2012) Figure 18: Graph showing revenue sharing funds disbursed over the past years (1996-2012)

Management actions UWAManagement recently undertook actions a review of the revenue sharing policy to address some of the issues thatUWA challenged recently implementation undertook a review of this of policy.the revenue During sharing this ten policy year toplan, address management some of will workthe withissues other that stakeholders challenged toimplementation implement the of new this revenue policy. sharingDuring thisguidelines. ten year Specifically, plan, management will work with other stakeholders to implement the new revenue we will undertake stakeholder awareness on the new revenue sharing guidelines and mobilize sharing guidelines. Specifically, we will undertake stakeholder awareness on the new communitiesrevenue sharing to participate guidelines in revenue and sharingmobilize programs. communities to participate in revenue Managementsharing programs. will work with local Government to monitor and evaluate implementation of the revenue sharing program to determine its impact on conservation and community livelihoods.

59 Management will work with local BINPGovernment GENERAL MANAGEMENTto monitor PLANand 2014–evaluat 2024e implementation of the revenue sharing program to determine its impact on conservation and community livelihoods.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Implement the revenue sharing policy WCC CAM,CCC, Year 1-10 120,000,000 CAO‟s Mobilize communities to participate in WCC CAM,CCC, Year 1-10 In above RS programs CAO‟s budget Work with the Local Governments to WCC CAM,CCC, Year 1-10 As above establish project management CAO‟s committee Monitor revenue sharing projects WCC CAM,CCC, Year 1-10 As in above CAO‟s budget Evaluate Revenue sharing program WCC CAM,CCC, Year 4, 8 As above CAO‟s

7.3 Resource use 7.3 Resource use Output: Improved management of resource off take from the park throughout the plan Output : period.Improved management of resource off take from the park throughout the plan period.

IssuesIssues and and Rationale Rationale CollaborativeCollaborative resource resource management/ management/ integrated integrated Resource Resource Use Useprogramme programme is a isprocess a wherebyprocess the whereby Protected the ProtectedArea Authority Area Authoritynegotiates negotiates with a local with acommunity local community to reach to an agreementreach an on sharingagreement of benefits, on sharing decision-making of benefits, authority decision and responsibility-making authority in the effectiveand andresponsibility sustainable managementin the effective of theand naturalsustainable resources management of a particular of the area. natural The resourcesdetails of this sharedof a managementparticular area. are The arrived details at through of this sharedmeaningful management negotiation are and arrived expressed at through in written meaningful negotiation and expressed in written agreement. agreement.

In BINP this programme has been implemented for 18 years and has registered In reasonableBINP this programme success hasin beenimproving implemented park-community for 18 years relations and has registeredand community reasonable successlivelihoods. in improving Currently park-community communities fromrelations nine andparishes community are accessing livelihoods. handcraft Currently communitiesmaterials (Sfrommilax nine auceps parishes and areGouania accessing longispicata) handcraft medicinal materials plants(Smilax and auceps some and Gouaniahave placedlongispicata) beehives medicinal in the plants park. and However some have there placed is beehivesdemand into theinvolve park. Howeverother parishes i.e Kinaba, Kiziba and Bushura in this arrangement. Communities of there is demand to involve other parishes i.e Kinaba, Kiziba and Bushura in this arrangement. Rutugunda and Kaara have expressed demand for firewood while those of Kiyebe Communitiesand Kinaba of would Rutugunda like to haveand Kaara access have to treeexpressed seeds. demand Bamboo for is highlyfirewood demanded while those by of Kiyebethe Kashasha and Kinaba community would like forto haveproduction access ofto handcrafts. tree seeds. Bamboo is highly demanded by the Kashasha community for production of handcrafts. According to the existing collaborative resource management arrangement, Accordingmonitoring to ofthe resource existing offcollaborative take is supposed resource to management be done by arrangement,the resource umonitoringsers and of resourcepark staff. off take This is issupposed clearly toindicated be done in by the the agreementresource users signed and parkby both staff. parties This is butclearly unfortunately this has not been followed. Only park staff and a few resource users do indicated in the agreement signed by both parties but unfortunately this has not been followed. the monitoring. The majority of the resource users have not participated in Onlymon parkitoring staff resource and a fewoff takeresource and otherusers activitiesdo the monitoring. in the integrated The majority resource of usethe zoneresource usersespecially have not in participated the beekeeping in monitoring areas resourceof Nyamabale, off take andKashasha, other activities mushanje, in the Kiyebe, integrated resourceKitojo anduse Byamihanda.zone especially This in thelaxity beekeeping has led to areas illegal of harvest Nyamabale, of poles Kashasha, and setting mushanje, of wire snares in the integrated resource use zone. 55 60 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Kiyebe, Kitojo and Byamihanda. This laxity has led to illegal harvest of poles and setting of wire snares in the integrated resource use zone.

Figure 19: Table showing current resource use agreements between Communities and the Park Figure 19: Table showing current resource use agreements between Communities and the Park No. Location/ Resources accessed Review Parish Period 1 Nyamabare Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Bee keeping

2010 2 Kaara Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Beekeeping

2010 3 Kashasha Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Bee keeping

2010 4 Mushanje Craft materials, seeds, seedlings Bee keeping 2010 5 Kitojo Bee keeping 2010 6 Kiyebe Bee Keeping 2010 7 Mpungu Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants 2009 Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants

8 Karangara 2009 Southern ward/ Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants 9 Rutugunda 2009

ManagementManagement actions actions Management will work with interested communities and other stakeholders to Managementpromote propagation will work of somewith interesteddemanded communities resources on and private other land stakeholders such as Bamboo, to promote propagationWarbugia ugandensis of some demandedand Prunus resources africana. onBamboo private pr opagationland such willas beBamboo, undertaken Warbugia ugandensisin Kashasha, and W Prunusarbugia africana.ugandensis Bamboo in Kiyebe propagation and P runuswill beafricana undertaken in Bujengwe, in Kashasha, WarbugiaKitojo and ugandensis other areas in depending Kiyebe and on Prunusthe demand africana and inseed Bujengwe, availability. Kitojo and other areas depending on the demand and seed availability. To ensure compliance to the resource use agreements, a team involving the monitoring and research, Law enforcement and community conservation staff will be Toformed ensure to compliance review the to existing the resource MoUs, use develop agreements, new MoUa team on involving access tothe seeds monitoring and and research,monitor resourceLaw enforcement off take andfor communitysustainability. conservation A monitoring staff protocolwill be formed will be to jointlyreview the existingdeveloped MoUs, by the develop team andnew usedMoU toon collect access data to seedson resource and monitor off take resource monthly. off This take for sustainability.data will be analysed A monitoring quarterly protocol to inform will be management jointly developed actions. by the team and used to collect data on resource off take monthly. This data will be analysed quarterly to inform management actions. A study will be conducted to determine abundance, distribution and regeneration Arate study (feasibility will be conducted for accessing to determine the newly abundance, demanded distribution forest resources and regeneration) for resources rate under demand.

Detailed management actions 56 Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Identify and promote the multiplication WCC DEO‟s,DFO‟s Year 3-6 32,000,000 (ex-situ) of forest resources outside CDO‟s,WEM the park Conduct a study to assess the WCC ITFC,WEM, Year 5 20,000,000 feasibility (in terms of sustainability)

61 Figure 19: Table showing current resource use agreements between Communities and the Park No. Location/ Resources accessed Review Parish Period 1 Nyamabare Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Bee keeping

2010 2 Kaara Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Beekeeping

2010 3 Kashasha Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants Bee keeping

8 Karangara 2009 Southern ward/ Craft materials, seeds, seedlings, medicinal plants 9 Rutugunda 2009

Management actions Management will work with interested communities and other stakeholders to promote propagation of some demanded resources on private land such as Bamboo, Warbugia ugandensis and Prunus africana. Bamboo propagation will be undertaken in Kashasha, Warbugia ugandensis in Kiyebe and Prunus africana in Bujengwe, Kitojo and other areas depending on the demand and seed availability.

To ensure compliance to the resource use agreements, a team involving the monitoring and research, Law enforcement and community conservation staff will be formed to review the existing MoUs, develop new MoU on access to seeds and monitor resource off take for sustainability. A monitoring protocol will be jointly developed by the team and used to collectBINP data GENERAL on resource MANAGEMENT off take PLAN monthly. 2014– This 2024 data will be analysed quarterly to inform management actions.

A study will be conducted to determine abundance, distribution and regeneration (feasibilityrate (feasibility for accessingfor accessing the newlythe newly demanded demanded forest forest resources) resources for )resources for resources under demand.under demand. Detailed management actions Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Identify and promote the multiplication WCC DEO‟s,DFO‟s Year 3-6 32,000,000 (ex-situ) of forest resources outside CDO‟s,WEM theActivity park Resp Others Timing Estimated Conduct a study to assess the WCC ITFC,WinvolvedEM , Year 5 20,000,000cost feasibility (in terms of sustainability) (Ug.shs) for accessing the newly demanded forest resources Evaluate the integrated resources WEM WCC,CCC,ITFC Year 5 20,000,000 program (Resource use program): 61 Prepare management action paper Monitor compliance of the resource WEM WCC,WLE YEAR 1-10 50,000,000 use MoU Build capacity of the existing CAM WCC, CCU Year 1-10 200,000,000 conservation NGOs and CBOs to monitor implementation of MoUs

7.47.4 Land Land useuse

Output:Output: R Reducededuced pressure on on park park resources resources throughout throughout the the plan plan period period

Issues and Rationale IssuesBINP suffers and Rationale intense population pressure, poor agricultural practices and poor social BINPinfrastructure suffers intensethat have population led to heavypressure, dependency poor agricultural of the communitiespractices and onpoor park social infrastructureresources in thatareas have of ledMpungu, to heavy Kiyebe, dependency Bugarama of the and communities Shanjale. Thereon park is resources visual in areaspollution of Mpungu, especially Kiyebe, in Buhoma Bugarama where and structures Shanjale. are There haphazardly is visual builtpollution creating especially un- in Buhomaconducive where environment structures forare visitors haphazardly (Visitor built dissatisfaction). creating un-conducive environment for visitors (Visitor dissatisfaction). Physical plans for Buhoma, Ruhija and Nkuringo were developed and shared with local Government and other stakeholders however local Governments have delayed Physicalimplementation plans for of Buhoma, these plans. Ruhija Land and shortage Nkuringo due were to increaseddeveloped humanand shared population with local Governmenthas led to increasedand other stakeholderscases of Human however-wildlife local Governmentsinterface. For have the delayedMountain implementation Gorillas ofand these other plans. primates‟ Land shortage frequent due interactions to increased with human people population is a source has ledof stressto increased and can cases of Human-wildlifelead to disease interface. transmission. For the Mountain Gorillas and other primates’ frequent interactions with people is a source of stress and can lead to disease transmission. There is Pressure for mining in the park. Developers have requested for mining permits for Gold and Wolfram. However, mining is associated with severe negative Thereimpacts is Pressureand given for themining ecological in the park. fragility Developers of BINP, have all requestsrequested have for mining so far permits been for Goldrejected. and Wolfram. However, mining is associated with severe negative impacts and given the ecological fragility of BINP, all requests have so far been rejected.

62 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

FigureFigure 20: 20: PicturePicture showing showing the the hard hard edge edge formed formed by digging by digging next tonext the topark the boundary park boundary

Management actions ManagementDuring the plan actions period park management will coordinate with local Government in Duringimplementation the plan periodof physical park plansmanagement in areas will of coordinateBuhoma, Ruhijawith localand NkuringoGovernment for in implementationimproved infrastructure of physical plansdevelopment. in areas of EnvironmentalBuhoma, Ruhija impactand Nkuringo studies for will improved be infrastructureconducted fordevelopment. developments Environmental and other activities impact around studies the Parkwill tobe determine conducted their for developmentsimpacts onand the other environment activities around and wildlife the Park for to determine appropriate their mitigation impacts on themeasures environment to be and wildlifeimplemented for appropriate. mitigation measures to be implemented.

A study on the economic value of BINP will be undertaken to understand and A appreciatestudy on the the economic value of valuethe park of BINPand thereafter will be undertaken lobby for itsto continuedunderstand conservation. and appreciate theThe value results of the of park this and study thereafter will be lobbyused forto itsinitiate continued payment conservation. for ecosystem The results services of this studylooking will beat usedthe benefitsto initiate accrued/ payment multiplierfor ecosystem effects services of protecting looking at thethe benefitspark at accrued/local, multipliernational effects and international of protecting levels. the park at local, national and international levels.

Management will work with Local Government and other stakeholders such as Management will work with Local Government and other stakeholders such as CTPH, CTPH, Kayonza tea growers and BMCT in addressing human population pressure Kayonzaand incompatible tea growers andland BMCT use inpractices addressing around human the population park. Stakeholders pressure and incompatiblewill raise landawareness use practices amongst around comm the park.unities Stakeholders on suitable will land raise use awareness practices amongst and advantages communities of on suitablebirth control. land use practices and advantages of birth control.

63 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated costs (Ug.shs) Conduct environmental impact WMR PEIAC Year 1-10 50,000,000 studies for developments and other activities around the Park Work with partners to implement WMR PEIAC Year 1-10 24,000,000 mitigation measures. Work with partners to improve land WCC DCDO,Agric.Offcer, Year 5-10 24,000,000 use practices Participate in the Local WCC CAM,CAO,DPO Year 3-10 20,000,000 Government and other stakeholders programs aimed at addressing human population pressure around the PA. Commission a study to undertake CAM DC,ED Year 6 120,000,000 an economic valuation of BINP Use the valuation results to CAM DC,ED Year 5-10 10,000,000 advocate for the enhanced conservation of the park

7.5 7.5Awareness Awareness

Output: Community attitude towards conservation improved throughout the plan Output:period Community attitude towards conservation improved throughout the plan period

IssuesIssues and and Rationale Rationale EffectiveEffective conservation conservation education education is crucialis crucial in educating in educating and andinforming informing our partnersour partners such as communitysuch as community leaders and leaders the general and publicthe general in view public of the in current view of wildlife the current and natural wildlife resources and natural resources management legislative and policy changes that have taken place. management legislative and policy changes that have taken place.

Human population around BINP continues to grow with little effort to make people Humanaware populationof the impact around of BINPpopulation continues growth to grow on environmentwith little effort and to quality make peopleof natural aware ofresources the impact so of as population to avert future growth pressures on environment on the park. and quality of natural resources so as to avert future pressures on the park. Studies conducted on community attitude towards Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and conservation indicates that there is improved community attitude towards Studies conducted on community attitude towards Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and the park. The percentage has risen from 58.23% (Bush & Mwesigwa, 2007) to 78.3% conservation(CARE, 2011) indicates however that thethere need is improved for increased community conservation attitude towardsawareness the inpark. and The percentagearound Bwindi has risenimpenetrable from 58.23% national (Bush park & needs Mwesigwa, not to be 2007) over toemphasized. 78.3% (CARE, 2011) however the need for increased conservation awareness in and around Bwindi impenetrable nationalA large park section needs of not the to community be over emphasized. however appreciates the ecological and economic values of the park. There is still lack of participation in conservation activities. Some A memberslarge section of ofthe the community community are however still involved appreciates in illegal the ecological activities and. This economic has been values registered in areas of Mpungu, Mukono, Kiyebe, Kanyanshongi, Rushura, shanjale ofamong the park. others There and is still therefore lack of participationneed for conservation in conservation awareness. activities. One Some of membersthe reasons of the communitywhy people are fail still to involved appreciate in illegal wildlife activities. values is the cost associated with conservation such costs are a mainly a result of crop damage caused by wild animals. 59 Poor relations also result from lack of interaction between the park and local leaders. There is need for the park to develop a programme of regular interaction with communities and leaders for constant dialogue and information sharing. Whenever

64 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

This has been registered in areas of Mpungu, Mukono, Kiyebe, Kanyanshongi, Rushura, shanjale among others and therefore need for conservation awareness. One of the reasons why people fail to appreciate wildlife values is the cost associated with conservation such costs are a mainly a result of crop damage caused by wild animals.

Poor relations also result from lack of interaction between the park and local leaders. There is need for the park to develop a programme of regular interaction with communities and leaders for constant dialogue and information sharing. Whenever the two interact, views and concerns should be shared to clarify each other’s actions and expectations. Another cause of poor relation is the perception that either party is not adequately committed to the implementation of mutually agreed community programmes such as revenue sharing, which breeds mistrust.

Communities use trails in the park such as the Nkuringo-Buhoma, Kashuri-Kiyebe and Bugarama-Rwesanziro. These public access roads are associated with several impacts like littering the Park with wastes. Waste poses a danger to wildlife and the entire ecosystem health. The conservation education programme around the park needs to tackle the issue of hygiene and sanitation in and around the park as it has implications on wildlife and the entire ecosystem health and sustainability.

Management actions Management will enlist support of a communication specialist to design awareness messages and communication tools such as flyers, leaflets, posters and videos to facilitate delivery of conservation messages through meetings, radio talk shows, Drama and video shows on park-community programmes, sanitation, wildfires etc to different community groups including the local leaders, youth, school children, adults and the elderly.

The park management will liaise with stakeholders such as local Governments, Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust, Conservation through Public Health and International Gorilla Conservation Programme to develop and implement a joint awareness plan in communities around the park to increase awareness and appreciation for wildlife conservation.

60 the two interact, views and concerns should be shared to clarify each other‟s actions and expectations. Another cause of poor relation is the perception that either party is not adequately committed to the implementation of mutually agreed community programmes such as revenue sharing, which breeds mistrust.

The park management will liaise with stakeholders such as local Governments, Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust,BINP Conservation GENERAL MANAGEMENT through Public PLAN H 2014–ealth and2024 International Gorilla Conservation Programme to develop and implement a joint awareness plan in communities around the park to increase awareness and appreciation for wildlife conservation.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved costs (Ug.shs) Design common awareness messages WCC CCC Year 2,6,9 45,000,000 and communication tools for different target audiences Liaise with other stakeholders to WCC CDO‟s NGO‟s Year 3-10 8,000,000 develop and execute a common CBO‟s awareness program (integrate awareness plans) Participate in programs of Local WCC CDO‟s, District Year 1-10 32,000,000 Governments and other partners aimed Health at improving hygiene and sanitation inspector around Bwindi.

Conduct interactive meetings with the WCC WLE, WEM Year 1-10 50,000,000 leaders of communities at low levels to share conservation related updates.

7.6 Stakeholder collaboration 7.6 Stakeholder collaboration Output: Strengthened stakeholder collaboration and coordination throughout the plan period Output: Strengthened stakeholder collaboration and coordination throughout the plan period Issues and Rationale BINP has a number of stakeholders either as Partners, Local Governments and Tourism stakeholders. Stakeholders’ participation in management of wildlife resources should be enhanced through shared roles and responsibilities and ensure equitable distribution and sharing of conservation benefits and/or costs.65 Wildlife conservation has diverse issues, diversity of stakeholders, and therefore need to increase stakeholders’ participation to enhance benefits from conservation. Protected Areas are a source of various benefits to local people who need guidance to sustainably access these resources and manage any arising conflicts.

Networking and co-ordination will be geared towards exchange of information and expertise through meetings, field visits, workshops and online for efficient conservation of wildlife resources, and avoiding duplication. Annual stakeholders’ fora will be re-activated as a way of ensuring information sharing.

61 Issues and Rationale BINP has a number of stakeholders either as Partners, Local Governments and Tourism stakeholders. Stakeholders‟ participation in management of wildlife resources should be enhanced through shared roles and responsibilities and ensure equitable distribution and sharing of conservation benefits and/or costs. Wildlife conservation has diverse issues, diversity of stakeholders, and therefore need to increase stakeholders‟ participation to enhance benefits from conservation. Protected Areas are a source of various benefits to local people who need guidance to sustainably access these resources and manage any arising conflicts.

Management actions BINP shall net work with her partners and stakeholders in wildlife conservation i.e., NEMA, Local Government, BMCT, IGCP, CTPH, GVTS, MGVP and many others to ensure harmonious implementation of wildlife conservation programs. BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 Networking and co-ordination will be geared towards exchange of information and expertise through meetings, field visits, workshops and online for efficient conservation of wildlife resources, and avoiding duplication. Annual stakeholders‟ fora will be re-activated as a way of ensuring information sharing.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved costs (Ug.shs) Reactivate the annual stakeholders CAM DC Year 2 150,000,000 forum Attend council and other relevant CAM WCC,WLE Year 1-10 23,000,000 meetings at sub county and District levels Share activity reports, policies, CAM DC,CAO‟s Year 1-10 5,740,000 guidelines, Plans and Regulations with stakeholders Harmonize park plans with Local CAM CAO‟s Year 1-10 23,400,000 Government plans

7.77.7 Cultural values values

Output: Marginalized communities especially the Batwa involved in selected park programsOutput: Marginalized communities especially the Batwa involved in selected park programs

Issues andand Rational Rationalee The Batwa who used to live in the Bwindi Forest were removed from the forest upon The Batwa who used to live in the Bwindi Forest were removed from the forest upon it it being gazetted a National Park bringing to an end the forest dwelling lifestyle that thesebeing gazettedpeople liveda National for all Parktheir bringing life. This to way,an end Government the forest dwellingwas able lifestyle to provide that these servicespeople lived to the for indigenous all their life. Batwa This communityway, Government that was was likely able to faceto provide extinction services but atto the theindigenous same time Batwa protecting community the forestthat wasresources likely tothat face were extinction being over but-exploited at the same as a time result of other people outside the park using the Batwa who were then in the forest to getprotecting resources. the forestHowever, resources with increasedthat were economicbeing over-exploited stress, other as peoplea result s urroundingof other people theoutside Forest the havepark usingcontinued the Batwa to use who the were Batwa then to in gain the forestaccess to toget vital resources. resources However, from with theincreased forest economicunsustainably stress, upsetting other people the ecological surrounding balance. the Forest have continued to use the

Batwa to gain access to vital resources from the forest unsustainably upsetting the ecological balance. 66 Management actions Through the cultural values project and within the implementation of this plan, specific cultural values were identified and their importance in resource conservation highlighted as shown in the table below.

62 Management actions BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 Through the cultural values project and within the implementation of this plan, specific cultural values were identified and their importance in resource conservation highlighted as shown in the table below. Cultural values Importance in BINP management 1 Beliefs/Indigenous-local  Sustainable use of resources knowledge about  Respect for park resources in terms of Human medicinal herbs health improvement 2 Spiritual beliefs and  Valuing the park as a home practices 3 Batwa forest experience  Diversified tourism products  Gainful engagement of the Batwa  Promoting and preserving the Batwa culture 4 Batwa Dance and Drama  Conservation Communication strategy  Empowering the Batwa community A number of management actions have been identified to specifically address the concerns of the Batwa as summarised below.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug. Shs) Working with the Batwa, take an WEM Batwa herbalists, FFI, Year 1 20,000,000 inventory of all medicinal plants WCC for further research and mapping

Involve the Batwa in establishing WCC Batwa herbalists, FFI, Year 5 30,000,000 herbal demonstration sites WEM outside the park Together with the Batwa, WCC Batwa spiritual leaders, Year 2 5,000,000 Identify and map out earlier FFI,WEM spiritual batwa sites in the park Negotiate/collaborate with CAM Batwa spiritual leaders, Year 2 2,000,000 stakeholders to access Batwa FFI cultural priority sites Identify and establish a centre in CAM Batwa community leaders, Year 6 12,000,000 the park for Batwa forest DTBS, FFI experience demonstration as a tourism product Use forest experienced Batwa in CAM Batwa community leaders, Year 3 500,000 tourism Guiding DTBS, FFI Support Batwa elders to train CAM Batwa community leaders, Year 4-10 40,000,000 young ones with the intention of ED, HRM, FFI passing on their forest experience Organize and train Batwa WCC Batwa community leaders, Year 4-10 35,000,000 groups on identification and FFI management of livelihood improvement projects Establish Conservation Batwa WCC Batwa community leaders, Year 1-10 4,000,000 education dramas WT, FFI Work with other institutions to CAM Batwa community leaders, Year 1-10 5,000,000 fundraise for the Batwa dance FFI improvement

63 67 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 8: PARK OPERATIONS

Overall objective: To improve efficiency and effectiveness of park management

8.1 Human and logistical capacity

Output: Improved staff performance

Issues and Rationale In order to improve efficiency and effectiveness of staff in carrying out their duties in the park, human and logistical capacity have been identified as a critical area to achieve their performance. Associated with the human capacity various aspects that need to be addressed include among others; training, manpower requirements, HIV prevalence, remunerations and education for staff children. Training of staff has been looked at as a critical component in staff performance improvement. At the time of recruitment, at senior level, it is believed that staff is recruited when they are professional in their respective fields of training. Despite this thinking, staff still need short and practical courses given the nature of training at our Universities that lays less emphasis on practical skills. The challenge of inadequate field allowance cannot be over-emphasized considering the current high costs of commodities and services. It is hoped that this issue will be shortly addressed since it affects all the staff under UWA.

On the other hand, much as BINP received a contingent of UPDF to supplement on manpower in terms of security, there is still a gap in manpower requirements. For instance in April 2012, the gorilla group of Kahungye split giving rise to another family to track for tourism. This requires a complete set of staff for security, tracking and guiding. At the moment existing staff are over stretched and that may in the long term result into staff fatigue and reduced performance. To have this group tracked requires a full section for effective activity implementation in this area. In respect to this, the manpower requirements have been summarised in the figure 14 below. the table below.

64 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Overall Overall Total 14 15 35 08 36 25 77 210

Total 0 0 0 0 2 3 11 16

Req red 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 e

Administration Curr nt 0 0 0 0 2 3 9 14

tot 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 10

ired u

Req 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 e

Community conservation Community Curr nt 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 6

Total 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 6

Required 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4

Research Current 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2

Total 0 2 20 0 19 8 21 70

Required 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 4

Tourism Curr ent 0 2 19 0 19 8 21 69

Total 12 12 12 6 12 12 39 104

Required 7 3 4 0 3 2 0 19

Table showing manpower requirements for for BINP requirements manpower showing Table

Law enforcement including SWIFT Current 5 9 8 6 9 10 39 85 2 1:

Figure

Outpost Rushamba (N.sector headq) Kitahurira Ruhija Ndego Rushaga Nkuringo park Buhoma headquarters Total

65 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

The threat of HIV is real. Most staff do not live with their families where they work. Most times staffThe are threat exposed of HIV to issituations real. Most that staff may do leave not livethem with prone their to families acquiring where this deadlythey work. disease. EffortsMost totimes create staff awareness are exposed among to staffsituation on HIVs that are may crucial leave and them needs prone to be to emphasized acquiring all throughthis deadly although disease. in the Efforts end it toall createrequires awareness self discipline. among staff on HIV are crucial and needs to be emphasized all through although in the end it all requires self discipline. BINP is located in one of the remotest parts of this country and as such it poses a real challenge BINP is located in one of the remotest parts of this country and as such it poses a whenreal itchallenge comes to when education it comes of staff to education children. of staff children.

BINPBINP lacks lacks adequate adequate field field equipment equipment and and yet yetthey they are arecrucial crucial in thein theday dayto dayto dayactivity implementation.activity implementation. The equipment The equipment range from range binoculars from binocularsto vehicles tothat vehicles are very that crucial are for efficientvery crucial and effective for efficient park andmanagement. effective Inpark order management. to effectively In implementorder to effectivelythis GMP the implement this GMP the required field equipment is summarized in figure 15 below. required field equipment is summarized in figure 15 below.

Figure 22: Table showing additional equipments required in BINP Item description Existing Required Unit cost Estimated Comments cost (Ug.shs) 1 Binoculars 11 18 600,000 10,800,000 For use by guides and trackers. Currently tracking teams (guides & trackers) have no binoculars for gorilla identification. 2 Back pecks 0 136 200,000 27,200,000 For carrying field equipments (all trackers& guides) 3 Field guide books I Birds 8 10 100,000 1,000,000 To ease identification and interpretation II Mammals 2 10 100,000 1,000,000 To enhance guides knowledge during nature walks III Reptiles & 0 10 150,000 1,500,000 For improving guiding Amphibians services IV Plants 0 10 180,000 1,800,000 “ V Flowers 0 10 100,000 1,000,000 “ VI Insects 0 10 100,000 1,000,000 “ VII Butterflies 2 10 130,000 1,300,000 “ VIII Mushrooms 0 10 120,000 1,200,000 “ IX Guiding skills 0 10 80,000 800,000 To support professionalism X First aid (where 1 10 90,000 900,000 To ensure safety of visitors there is no doctor) and staff Vehicles 7 16(for 120,000,000 1,900,000,000 10yrs) GPS 19 50-10yrs 800,000 40,000,000 Maps 1 5(35 30,000 1,050,000 Topographical;20 sheets, sheets) road network;5cps, vegetation;5cps, land use; 5cps. Tents 0 32(4man) 600,000 19,200,000 32 tents for 10yrs Sleeping bags 10 164 200,000 32,800,000 For 10yrs Sleeping mats 10 164 100,000 16,400,000 For 10 yrs Computers& 0 13 2,500,000 32,500,000 For office and 4 gates but accessories Includes 500,000 for accessories Motor cycles 3 18 18,000,000 324,000,000 6CCR,3 sector in-charges for 10 yrs 66 Solar system 7 8,000,000 56,000,000 Specifications required Standby 1 3 20,000,000 60,000,000 generators Projectors 1 2 4,000,000 8,000,000

70 The threat of HIV is real. Most staff do not live with their families where they work. Most times staff are exposed to situations that may leave them prone to acquiring this deadly disease. Efforts to create awareness among staff on HIV are crucial and needs to be emphasized all through although in the end it all requires self discipline. BINP is located in one of the remotest parts of this country and as such it poses a real challenge when it comes to education of staff children.

BINP lacks adequate field equipment and yet they are crucial in the day to day activity implementation. The equipment range from binoculars to vehicles that are very crucial for efficient and effective park management. In order to effectively implement this GMP the required field equipment is summarized in figure 15 below.

Figure 22: Table showing additional equipments required in BINP Item description Existing Required Unit cost Estimated Comments cost (Ug.shs) 1 Binoculars 11 18 600,000 10,800,000 For use by guides and trackers. Currently tracking teams (guides & trackers) have no binoculars for gorilla identification. 2 Back pecks 0 136 200,000 27,200,000 For carrying field equipments (all trackers& guides) 3 Field guide books I Birds 8 10 100,000 1,000,000 To ease identification and interpretation II Mammals 2 10 100,000 1,000,000 To enhance guides knowledge during nature walks III Reptiles & 0 10 150,000 1,500,000 For improving guiding Amphibians services IV Plants 0 10 180,000 1,800,000 “ V Flowers 0 10 100,000 1,000,000 “ VI Insects 0 10 100,000 1,000,000 “ VII Butterflies 2 10 130,000 1,300,000 “ VIII Mushrooms 0 10 120,000 1,200,000 “ IX Guiding skills 0 10 80,000 800,000 To support professionalism X First aid (where 1 10 90,000 900,000 To ensure safety of visitors there is no doctor) and staff Vehicles 7 16(for 120,000,000 1,900,000,000 10yrs) GPS 19 50-10yrs 800,000 40,000,000 Maps 1 5(35 BINP30,000 GENERAL 1,050,000 MANAGEMENT Topographical;20 PLAN 2014– sheets, 2024 sheets) road network;5cps, vegetation;5cps, land use; 5cps. Tents 0 32(4man) 600,000 19,200,000 32 tents for 10yrs Sleeping bags 10 164 200,000 32,800,000 For 10yrs Sleeping mats 10 164 100,000 16,400,000 For 10 yrs Computers& 0 13 2,500,000 32,500,000 For office and 4 gates but accessories Includes 500,000 for accessories Motor cycles 3 18 18,000,000 324,000,000 6CCR,3 sector in-charges for 10 yrs Solar system 7 8,000,000 56,000,000 Specifications required Standby 1 3 20,000,000 60,000,000 generatorsItem descriptio n Existing Required Unit cost Estimated Comments Projectors 1 2 4,000,000 8,000,000cost (Ug.shs) DSTVs 1 3 400,000 1,200,000 TV screens& 1 3 2,000,000 6,000,000 DVD players Digital cameras 10 800,00070 8,000,000 For 7 outposts and 3 for CCRs Stealth cameras 10 2,000,000 20,000,000 For monitoring nocturnal and anti poaching Handcuffs 35 50,000 1,750,000 5 per outpost Video camera 3 2,000,000 6,000,000 1 per sector Office furniture 50,000,000 For 3 VICs and offices Others=259,900,000

StaffStaff accommodation accommodation on on the the other other hand hand has hascreated created a considerable a considerable challenge challenge to BINP. to With limitedBINP. staffWith accommodation,limited staff accommodation, temporary structures temporary such structures as mud andsuch wattle, as mud timber and huts locallywattle, known timber as huts“Mama locally ingia known pole” have as “Mamabeen constructed ingia pole” in everyhave outbeen post. constructed Staff need decentin every out post. Staff need decent accommodation as one of the incentives to accommodationperform better. as one of the incentives to perform better.

TheThe followingfollowing housinghousing requirementsrequirements if if completedcompleted will will helphelp address address these these needs. needs. These These include infrastructure in tourism, and staff accommodation. The staff includeespecially infrastructure tourism staff in tourism,(Buhoma and and staff Nkuringo accommodation. sector) are The forced staff toespecially rent outside tourism the staff (Buhomapark as thereand Nkuringo is no enough sector) accommodation are forced to rent in these outside sectors. the park The as same there appliesis no enough to accommodationthe sector wardens in these in sectors.charge Thewho same are appliesrenting to in the their sector respective wardens insectors. charge Lawwho are enforcement and community conservation staff in out posts sleep in dormitories renting in their respective sectors. Law enforcement and community conservation staff in out where there is no privacy. There is need for face lifting of visitor facilities (VIC) in postssectors sleep of Ruhija,in dormitories Nkuringo where and thereRushaga is no and privacy. Buhoma There park is needheadquarters. for face lifting of visitor acilities (VIC) in sectors of Ruhija, Nkuringo and Rushaga and Buhoma park headquarters. Apart from the needs of accommodation mentioned above, the associated offices are also critical. All staff accommodation and office requirements are summarized in Apartfigure from 16 below. the needs The ofcurrent accommodation rural electrification mentioned program above, around the associated BINP also offices needs are to also critical.be taken All advantagestaff accommodation of, so that and all theoffice adjacent requirements outposts are are summarized supplied inwith figure electricity 16 below. Thefrom current the national rural electrification grid instead programof generators around that BINP in thealso long needs run to pose be taken a threat advantage to the of, natural resource base. so that all the adjacent outposts are supplied with electricity from the national grid instead of generators that in the long run pose a threat to the natural resource base. Figure 23: Table showing staff accommodation and office requirements OUTPOST Staff numbers Current Required Estimated cost as proposed accommodation accommodation (Ug.shs) (5,640,000,000) BUHOMA 77 6 senior staff houses, 2 Six 10 unit blocks 600,000,000 duplex, 1-10 unit block, 1 VIC 2,500,000,000 (VIC) dormitory 67 RUSHAGA 35 1-10 unit block, 1 Two 12 unit blocks, 240,000,000 dormitory VIC Nyabaremura 700,000,000(VIC) NKURINGO 25 None Two 12 unit blocks 240,000,000 RUHIJA 36 2 dormitory blocks and 1 VIC with office 700,000,000 senior staff house 3 -10 unit blocks 300,000,000 KITAHURIRA 15 One 2-roomed unit Two 8 unit blocks 180,000,000 NDEGO 08 1 dormitory One 6-roomed block 60,000,000 RUSHAMBA 12 1 two roomed block One 12-roomed block 120,000,000 also catering for office and store

71 Item description Existing Required Unit cost Estimated Comments cost (Ug.shs) DSTVs 1 3 400,000 1,200,000 TV screens& 1 3 2,000,000 6,000,000 DVD players Digital cameras 10 800,000 8,000,000 For 7 outposts and 3 for CCRs Stealth cameras 10 2,000,000 20,000,000 For monitoring nocturnal and anti poaching Handcuffs 35 50,000 1,750,000 5 per outpost Video camera 3 2,000,000 6,000,000 1 per sector Office furniture 50,000,000 For 3 VICs and offices Others=259,900,000

Staff accommodation on the other hand has created a considerable challenge to BINP. With limited staff accommodation, temporary structures such as mud and wattle, timber huts locally known as “Mama ingia pole” have been constructed in every out post. Staff need decent accommodation as one of the incentives to perform better.

The following housing requirements if completed will help address these needs. These include infrastructure in tourism, and staff accommodation. The staff especially tourism staff (Buhoma and Nkuringo sector) are forced to rent outside the park as there is no enough accommodation in these sectors. The same applies to the sector wardens in charge who are renting in their respective sectors. Law enforcement and community conservation staff in out posts sleep in dormitories where there is no privacy. There is need for face lifting of visitor facilities (VIC) in sectors of Ruhija, Nkuringo and Rushaga and Buhoma park headquarters.

Apart from the needs of accommodation mentioned above, the associated offices are also critical. All staff accommodation and office requirements are summarized in figure 16 below. The current rural electrification program around BINP also needs to be taken advantage of, so that all the adjacent outposts are supplied with electricity BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 from the national grid instead of generators that in the long run pose a threat to the natural resource base.

Figure 23: Table showing staff accommodation and office requirements OUTPOST Staff numbers Current Required Estimated cost as proposed accommodation accommodation (Ug.shs) (5,640,000,000) BUHOMA 77 6 senior staff houses, 2 Six 10 unit blocks 600,000,000 duplex, 1-10 unit block, 1 VIC 2,500,000,000 (VIC) dormitory RUSHAGA 35 1-10 unit block, 1 Two 12 unit blocks, 240,000,000 dormitory VIC Nyabaremura 700,000,000(VIC) NKURINGO 25 None Two 12 unit blocks 240,000,000 RUHIJA 36 2 dormitory blocks and 1 VIC with office 700,000,000 senior staff house 3 -10 unit blocks 300,000,000 KITAHURIRA 15 One 2-roomed unit Two 8 unit blocks 180,000,000 NDEGO 08 1 dormitory One 6-roomed block 60,000,000 RUSHAMBA 12 1 two roomed block One 12-roomed block 120,000,000 also catering for office and store Management actions In order to address the gaps in skills, management71 will undertake training needs assessment. ExistingManagement staffing gapsactions will be filled by recruiting more staff and training to acquire those par- ticularIn order skills neededto address for park the management.gaps in skills, In managementaddition, more will staff undertake requires more training equipment needs and assessment. Existing staffing gaps will be filled by recruiting more staff and training accommodation which will be procured so as to address the welfare of staff for effective and to acquire those particular skills needed for park management. In addition, more staff efficientrequires management more equipment of the park. and accommodation which will be procured so as to address the welfare of staff for effective and efficient management of the park.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Undertake training needs CAM HRU,DC Year 2 20,000,000 assessment and implement recommendations. Recruit additional staff as CAM HRU,DC Year 1 2,000,000 shown in the staff analysis table. Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC,ED Year 1,6 1,920,000,000 equipments(vehicles) Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC Year 1 56,000,000 equipments(solar system) Procure relevant CAM PM,CCAM Year 3 32,500,000 equipments(computers) Procure relevant CAM CCAM, PM Year 2 324,000,000 equipments(M/cycles) Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC Year 4 60,000,000 equipments(Generators) Procure relevant CAM CCAM Year 2 259,900,000 equipments(Others; refer to BINP GMP equipment needs table) Construct additional staff CAM CCAM, DC Year 3,6,9 1,740,000,000 accommodation with associated structures as per the existing and additional staff numbers 68 Carry out routine staff CAM HRU, ED Year 1-10 40,000,000 awareness activities on HIV dangers and ensure that staff take their annual leave appropriately.

8.2 Financing for Planned activities (Plan implementation)

Output: Adequate funding secured for implementation of planned activities

Issues and Rationale Financing conservation in the third world has continued to pose a major challenge world over and BINP is not an exception. Considering that conservation becomes irrelevant to the populace unless it can be able to translate into tangible benefits, it is imperative for BINP to raise funds for its long term survival and relevancy. What is quite clear is that BINP generates quite substantial funds. In fact about 50% of the operations costs of UWA budget is met by BINP out of gorilla tourism. Being unique, gorilla tourism as a product still remains a captivating tourism opportunity in Uganda and this region. However, this revenue is shared by all the protected areas under

72 Management actions In order to address the gaps in skills, management will undertake training needs assessment. Existing staffing gaps will be filled by recruiting more staff and training to acquire those particular skills needed for park management. In addition, more staff requires more equipment and accommodation which will be procured so as to address the welfare of staff for effective and efficient management of the park.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Undertake training needs CAM HRU,DC Year 2 20,000,000 assessment and implement recommendations. Recruit additional staff as CAM HRU,DC Year 1 2,000,000 shown in the staff analysis table. Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC,ED Year 1,6 1,920,000,000 equipments(vehicles) Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC Year 1 56,000,000 equipments(solar system) Procure relevant CAM PM,CCAM Year 3 32,500,000 equipments(computers) Procure relevant CAM CCAM, PM Year 2 324,000,000 equipments(M/cycles) Procure relevant CAM CCAM,DC Year 4 60,000,000 equipments(Generators) BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 Procure relevant CAM CCAM Year 2 259,900,000 equipments(Others; refer to BINP GMP equipment needs table) Construct additional staff CAM CCAM, DC Year 3,6,9 1,740,000,000 accommodation with associated structures as per the existing and additional staff numbers Carry out routine staff CAM HRU, ED Year 1-10 40,000,000 awareness activities on HIV dangers and ensure that staff take their annual leave appropriately.

8.2 Financing for Planned activities (Plan implementation) 8.2 Financing for Planned activities (Plan implementation)

Output:Output : AdequateAdequate funding funding secured secured for for implementation implementation of of planned planned activities activities

IssuesIssues and and Rationale Rationale FinancingFinancing conservation conservation in thein thethird third world world has has continued continued to topose pose a majora major challenge challenge world world over and BINP is not an exception. Considering that conservation becomes over and BINP is not an exception. Considering that conservation becomes irrelevant to the irrelevant to the populace unless it can be able to translate into tangible benefits, it is populaceimperative unless for itBINP can beto raiseable tofunds translate for its into long tangible term survival benefits, and it relevancy.is imperative What for isBINP to quiteraise clearfunds is for that its BINP long generatesterm survival quite and substantial relevancy. funds. What In is fact quite about clear 50% is thatof the BINP generatesoperations quite costs substantial of UWA funds. budget In isfact met about by BINP 50% outof theof gorilla operations tourism costs. B eingof UWA unique budget, is metgorilla by tourismBINP out as of a gorilla product tourism. still remains Being unique, a captivating gorilla tourism asopportunity a product instill Uganda remains a captivatingand this tourismregion. opportunityHowever, this in Uganda revenue and is thisshared region. by However,all the protected this revenue areas is sharedunder by all the protected areas under UWA jurisdiction. As such BINP remains underdeveloped despite the amount of revenue it generates for the organization. Being a World Heritage Site, this status is not reflected on the ground. A deliberate72 effort to cause infrastructure development in BINP is important. Therefore there is need to lobby UWA Top Management for a 10% levy of the total revenues of BINP to be ploughed back for infrastructure development over this GMP period until this desire is fulfilled.

BINP has many planned activities that need to be accomplished. Fortunately, there are a number of Conservation NGOs within the region (BMCT, IGCP, GO, GVTC) supporting conservation activities. This requires clear leadership with capacity of project proposal writing that can be funded or joint planning with them. Bwindi-Mgahinga Conservation Trust was formed with the aim of the long term survival of Bwindi and Mgahinga National Parks. Annually, 20% of the Trust support given out is meant for park operations. However, there has always been inadequate monitoring of this support to ensure that it meets its intended objective.

Payment for ecosystem services that has been exploited around the globe has several chances around BINP. However, this has not been exploited around BINP and yet it offers a big opportunity.

69 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Management actions Following the above funding challenges, it becomes necessary to identify various funding sources to make BINP to flourish. As mentioned before, the supporting NGOs will continue to support conservation in this area and therefore it is incumbent upon management to identify areas where proposals should be written for support both by national NGOs and the regional ones including UNESCO, BINP being a World Heritage Site. Due to the fact that Bwindi is a World Heritage Site, like any other such site, it is believed to attract tourists and as spelt earlier it has capacity to generate revenue out of tourism. Avenues to lobby UWA to retain about 10% of the revenues generated become an inevitable approach to cause some basic infrastructure of this park that is a global jewel.

BMCT annually contributes towards BINP conservation. However, during the economic crunch, the trust fund was incapacitated for about 2 years and money was not given. Now that the trust fund has regained its financial health, this fund should annually be requested for through proposals to the BMCT to increase BINP financial resource base.

8.2.1 Payment for Ecosystem services (PES) Payment for Ecosystem services (PES) has become an important source of funding for protected areas both locally and internationally. The fact that this concept has been globally accepted as a means to protect the environment, it equally applies to BINP. It becomes essential to explore the potential for payment for ecosystem services to reconcile conservation and development goals. For instance around, BINP, there are already two hydro-electric power stations which all depend on the water supply from the park.

This scheme that involves the purchase of biodiversity conservation services that have been grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and cropsuch pollination; as nutrient and cyclescultural, and such crop as spiritualpollination; and recreationaland cultural benefits, such asare spiritualall of significant and importancerecreational to the benefits future ofare the all BINP. of signifiExaminingcant theimportance ability of PESto the to achievefuture ofconservation the BINP. and developmentExamining objectivesthe ability forof PESBINP tois anachieve avenue conservation that needs toand be developmentinvestigated and objectives utilized. for BINP is an avenue that needs to be investigated and utilized.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Write funding proposals for specific CAM EMRC Year 2-10 3,000,000 interventions and Research Request the 20% share of funds for CAM ED, DFA Year 1 500,000 park operations as provided in the Bwindi Trust Deed Study the potential for PES around CAM PC Year 2 5,000,000 BINP and implement the recommendations

74 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 9: THE BUSINESS PLAN

9.1PART Introduction 9: THE BUSINESS PLAN

9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Visitor Numbers Bwindi impenetrable9.1.1 Visitor national Numbers park is an increasingly important national and international Bwindi impenetrable national park is an increasingly important national and tourism hub due to its exceptionally unique wildlife, forming special tourism products such as international tourism hub due to its exceptionally unique wildlife, forming special mountaintourism gorillaproducts tracking, such birdas mountainwatching, gorillanature walkstracking, to serenebird watching, habitats and nature opportunities walks to for butterflyserene watching. habitats Sinceand theopportunities inception of for tourism butterfly in 1993, watching. visitor numbersSince the have inception exponentially of continuedtourism toin increase 1993, forvisitor instance, numbers from have1,313 exponentiallin 1993 to overy continued 18,000 in to2012 increase (refer tofor BINP instance, from 1,313 in 1993 to over 18,000 in 2012 (refer to BINP annual visitor annualtotals visitor below). totals below).

Figure 24: Graph showing BINP Visitor numbers

TheThe diversification diversification and and spread spread of tourism of tourism activities activities around around different different sectors sectors of the parkof the partly accountpark partly for the account increasing for the visitation increasing to the visitation PA. In to1993 the onlyPA. Inone 1993 tourism only sectorone tourism (Buhoma) sector (Buhoma) existed and due to diversification of tourism activities, other three existedtourism and sectors due to ofdiversification Ruhija, Nkuringo of tourism & Rushagaactivities, otherwere threedeveloped. tourism This sectors has of also Ruhija, Nkuringoincreased & revenueRushaga generationwere developed. compared This hasto the also expenditure increased revenue as shown generation below. compared to the expenditure as shown below.

75 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Figure 25: Graph showing BINP Income from tourism

Figure 26: Graph showing BINP annual financial expenditure

76 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Figure 27: Graph showing the comparison of BINP Revenue and expenditure

9.1.2 Tourism program 9.1.2 Tourism program Overall tourism objective: To sustainably generate income for conservation and Overall tourism objective : To sustainablylivelihood improvement. generate income for conservation and livelihood improvement. 9.1.2.1 Infrastructure issues 9.1.2.1 Infrastructure issues Output: Adequate tourism infrastructure developed TourismOutput is: Aonedequate of the tourism fastest infrastructuregrowing industries developed in Uganda and the biggest foreign currency earner.Tourism Visitor is one arrivals of the rose fastest from 800,000 growing in industries 2008 to overin Uganda 1million and visitors the inbiggest 2012. Theforeign growth currency earner. Visitor arrivals rose from 800,000 in 2008 to over 1million visitors in of this tourism industry, requires development of appropriate tourism infrastructure especially 2012. The growth of this tourism industry, requires development of appropriate intourism protected infrastructure areas were mostespecially of the intourism protected is based. areas Currently, were most parks ofincluding the tourism Bwindi is have inadequatebased. Currently, infrastructure parks to including meet the Bwindi required have demands inadequate of its tourists. infrastructure to meet the required demands of its tourists. Issues and Rationale TheIssues increasing and Rational tourisme activities are not matched by appropriately required tourism infrastructure.The increasing The tourism four tourism activities sectors are notlack matched Visitor Information by appropriately Centres required (VIC’s), tourism gates and infrastructure. The four tourism sectors lack Visitor Information Centres (VIC‟s), appropriate signage. The existing gates comprise of mere cross bars more of security check gates and appropriate signage. The existing gates comprise of mere cross bars points than tourism gates of some standard. more of security check points than tourism gates of some standard. The increasing tourism potential in BINP has attracted development of various tourism infrastructureThe increasing and tourismfacilities potentialin and around in BINP the hasPark. attracted Some of developmentthese include ofhotels, various camps, restaurants,tourism infrastructure trails and banda’s. and facilities in and around the Park. Some of these include hotels, camps, restaurants, trails and banda‟s. The existing tourism accommodation facilities only target high-end market segment and do not cater for budget clients.73 The available expensive accommodation facilities have often denied potential visitors

77 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

The existing tourism accommodation facilities only target high-end market segment and do not cater for budget clients. The available expensive accommodation facilities have often denied potential visitors opportunities of visiting the park and thus greatly affecting visitation especially the domestic market.

All upcoming tourism infrastructure and facilities in and around the park have not been guided by appropriate plans. This has led to haphazard developments in inappropriate areas e.g. in Buhoma. Such developments have often portrayed a negative image to UWA’s potential visitors and customers. IGCP assisted in developing a Tourism Plan for Buhoma and later GVTC also developed another plan for Ruhija. However, these plans have not been implemented. UWA has no mandate to enforce what happens outside the park given the fact that these developments are on private land belonging to individuals.

All roads connecting Bwindi to the national road network (Rukungiri-Kihihi- Butogota- Buhoma, Kantunguru-Ishasha-Kihihi, Kabale-Kanungu-Buhoma, Kabale-Ruhija-Buhoma, Muko-Rubuguri and Kisoro-Nkuringo-Nteko) are most times in a bad state with irregular maintenance, making them impassable in the rain seasons. Most tourists to Bwindi travel by road and their vehicles often get stuck causing delays in their time bound itineraries especially Gorilla tracking.

Lack of access roads to gorilla tracking trail heads in areas of Rubona, Mukono, Nkuringo, Nyabaremura and Nshanjere villages adjacent the park have often made gorilla tracking a more hectic activity especially for the elderly. Most visitors walk about 03-06km on private land before entering the park for gorilla tracking. This makes visitors exhausted before commencing the actual tracking experience.

Development of tourism products to meet international standards requires that other related tourism infrastructure and or facilities also conform to appropriate standards in order to improve visitor satisfaction and UWA’s corporate image. BINP operates in four tourism centres (Buhoma,Rushaga,Ruhija & Nkuringo) which do not have any tourism gates to ease proper management of visitors to and from the park. The existing gates comprise cross bar wooden poles and are ideally check points.

The Ruhija –Ndego- Kabale public road partly traverses some of the northern eastern parts of the park in areas of Nyamishamba & Kitahurira (commonly known as “the neck”) and Ruhija. These areas are known for holding abundant wildlife species of birds and habituated mountain gorillas. Some illegal activities in bird watching and at times gorilla tracking have been reported in these areas due to free and uncontrolled movement of vehicles since it is a public road.

74 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Management actions The following management actions are proposed. The park will construct standard Tourism gates at Ndego, Nyamishamba, Rushaga, Buhoma and Ruhija.

To minimize occurrence of possible illegal activities and also properly manage visitor movements, standard control gates will be constructed at Ndego and Nyamishamba. Rushaga tourism zone has increasing tourist numbers and construction of a standard tourism gate needs to be urgently constructed.

Gorilla tourism in the southern sector of BINP (Rushaga and Nkuringo) has steadily increased over a few years from one gorilla group in Nkuringo in 2004 to four gorilla groups in 2012. Due to this, many tourists visiting the area do not have a central briefing area for proper management. Currently, visitors tracking gorilla groups of Kahungye and Mishaya commence their tracking from Nyabaremura village where UWA owns no property but only hires accommodation for its staff. Kahungye gorilla group tracked from this location comprise of about 28 members and has shown signs of splitting in future. This is likely to increase the number of visitors handled at this site from 16 to 24 yet without facilities. In order to develop visitor infrastructure (VIC) in the area, UWA will acquire land at Nyabaremura.

Many accommodation facilities in and around the park, target the high end visitors. In Buhoma, budget visitors prefer staying in the neighboring town of Butogota which offers relatively cheap accommodation. Construction of a guest house (8 double beds) for low budget visitors at Buhoma shall be prioritized.

The growing tourism activities in BINP have attracted a similar development of tourism facilities especially by the private sector. Many of the facilities coming up do not follow any available plans leading to haphazard and inappropriate developments in strategic tourism sites. To avert this, UWA/BINP shall lobby partners in the enforcement or implementation of the existing Buhoma, Ruhija, Rushaga and Nkuringo physical plans.

Park management will work closely with Local Governments to open up access roads to the trail heads in the areas of Rubona, Mukono, Nkuringo, Nyabaremura and Nshanjere villages.

UWA recognizes that Ruhija-Ndego-Ikumba road existed way back before the park was created. However, due to the impacts associated with public roads through the park, it would be a best option to divert the road through community land at the periphery of the park. UWA, together with other stakeholders will lobby central Government to divert and tarmac the Ruhija-Ndego road through community land so that the general public can benefit as they use it instead of going through the park.

75 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

The private sector including community groups offering tourism services in and around the park need to implement the quality assurance standards provided by the Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Heritage. To improve compliance to the tourism standards, incentives and disincentives shall be established or provided for improvement of quality service. UWA shall liaise with MTWA to ensure that standards are upheld by the developers.

Ruhija tourism sector offers one of the best birding opportunities in Bwindi. The sector has also grown its gorilla tourism with two tourism gorilla groups. An old and dilapidated guest house exists on site and gives a negative image to the organization. Since all visitors are always briefed on site, this dilapidated guest house will be demolished and all its debris properly disposed of to provide space for other planned standard tourism facilities.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Partner with local government to open CAM CAO, District Year 1-3 70,000,000 access roads up to park boundary Engineers, (Nshanjare-Kanyamahene-Rushaga, UNRA Rubuguri-Nyabaremura, Kanyashande-Rubona, Nyabaremura- Ivi) Lobby central Government to divert CAM ED, KDLGs, Year 1-2 2,000,000 and tarmac the Ruhija-Ndego road IGCP, UPLG along the periphery of the park. Implement the signage plan for BINP WT CAM,DTBS Year1-2 24,000,000 Construct standard tourism gates at CAM BTBS Year 1-2 200,000,000 Buhoma, and Ruhija, Construct standard control gates at CAM DC Year 2-3 90,000,000 Ndego, Rushaga and Nyamishamba Construct visitor information centre at CAM DC,DTBS,ED Year 2-5 3,900,000,000 Kempungu in Rubuguri and another in Buhoma Acquire land for VIC at Kempungu in CAM DC,DFC Year 1 42,000,000 Rubuguri Construct guest house at Nkuringo and CAM WT,DC Year 2 and 240,000,000 Buhoma 3 Lobby partners to enforce the CAM District Year 1-2 2,000,000 implementation of physical plans planners, CAO,s Establish incentives and disincentives WT CAM,DTBS,AU Year 3 00 to improve compliance with tourism TO infrastructural standards Enforce compliance to tourism WT CAM Year 3-10 7,000,000 infrastructure standards Demolish the current dilapidated guest CAM DC Year 1 5,000,000 house at Ruhija and dispose of the debris properly

9.1.2.2 Products and services 76 Output: Improved and diversified tourism products and services

Tourism in Uganda is majorly nature based concentrating on wildlife and physical attractions. In Bwindi impenetrable national park, over 90% of its tourism activities are skewed towards mountain gorilla tracking. Gorilla tracking currently attracts more (international) visitors than other available attractions. The later have been overshadowed by gorilla tracking and no well developed. Also the services offered to visitors have not been to standard, living visitors highly dissatisfied.

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9.1.2.2 Products and services

Output: Improved and diversified tourism products and services

Figure 28: Graph showing visitor numbers per tourism activity Figure 28: Graph showing visitor numbers per tourism activity

Issues andIssues Rationale and Rationale Tourism in Bwindi,Tourism commenced in Bwindi, commencedin 1993 based in on1993 tracking based of on habituated tracking ofmountain habituated gorillas mountain gorillas in Buhoma. This activity has since spread to other areas of Ruhija,Nkuringo in Buhoma. andThis Rushaga.activity has In since Uganda spread as towell other as Bwindi,areas of gorillaRuhija,Nkuringo tourism has and been Rushaga. considered In a Uganda as wellflagship as Bwindi, tourism gorilla activity tourism and has has been thus considered suppressed a flagship development tourism activityof other and viable has thus suppressedactivities developmentlike birding, ofcanopy other viablewalk, natureactivities walks, like birding, butterfly canopy & dragon walk, flynature watching walks, butterflyamong & dragonothers. fly Gorilla watching tourism among is more others. biased Gorilla to tourismthe international is more biased market to andthe also based on habituated gorillas whose sustainability remains uncertain. international market and also based on habituated gorillas whose sustainability remains uncertain.

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Figure 26: Chart showing the distribution of habituated tourism gorilla groups around BINP (as per 2012).

Figure 29: Table showing the spread of gorilla tourism around the Park

S/NO Tourism Gorilla groups NO. OF INDIVIDUALS LOCATION/SECTOR 1 Mubare 07 BUHOMA 2 Habinyanja 18 3 Rushegura 17 4 NKuringo 14 NKURINGO Oruzogo 21 RUHIJA 5 Bitukura 12 7 Mishaya 07 RUSHAGA 9 Nshongi 19 10 Kahungye 27 142

Sale and Marketing of gorilla permits has been centralised at UWA Headquarters with Sale and Marketing of gorilla permits has been centralised at UWA Headquarters limitedwith updates limited toupdates the respective to the gorilla respe trackingctive gorilla sites. trackingThe lack ofsites. gorilla The booking lack informationof gorilla at protectedbooking area information level has at often protected led to area reduced level permithas often sales. led Some to reduced potential permit visitors sales. willing to buySome permits potential on sitevisitors have willing been tofrustrated buy permits by the on systemsite have due been to lack frustrated of information by the on permitsystem availability. due to Thislack partlyof information leads to low on permitpermit salesavailability. and gives This away partly such leads opportunities to low to the permitneighbouring sales and countries gives awaywith similarsuch opportunities products. Besides to the sale neighbouring of permits, countriesmost visitors with and/ similar products. Besides sale of permits, most visitors and/ or new tour companies or newdo not tour fully companies understand do thenot actual fully understandtracking sit es/locationsthe actual tracking for their sites/locationsbooking. This forhas their booking.made Thissome has visitorsmade someturn visitorsup in turnareas up innot areas meant not meantfor their for theirtracking, tracking, forcing forcing managementmanagement to atto timesat times take take more more visitors visitors than than officially officially required. required.

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The increasing tourism activities in and around the PA have attracted various categories of people engaging in provision of services to tourists. Some of the people or companies offering services such as tour guiding, and transport to the park lack required knowledge and skills to the satisfaction of the tourists. This results in misinformation to visitors at the expense of self gains. In addition, some of the companies or individuals involved in providing these services are not officially licensed creating loopholes for such companies to engage in illegal activities e.g. illegal gorilla tracking and bird watching.

Bwindi is one of Uganda’s must visited tourism destinations offering an ultimate gorilla experience and birding of unique species among others. The availability of these special tourism products have led to developments of many facilities such as lodges, camps and curio/ craft shops around all tourism sites. These developments are emerging at a fast rate without any control. All the existing and emerging tourism facilities have not been officially classified and therefore lack appropriate standardization to offer value for money. Many visitors have regarded this as day broad cheating since prices charged do not conform to the poor services or quality of products offered.

Gorilla tracking experience at times can be strenuous due to the challenging terrain and movement of gorillas. But in order to help visitors realize their life time tracking experience, porters have been organized to support tourists in carrying their bags as well as physical support while in difficult terrain. Whereas all the nine existing porters associations have constitutions guiding their operations no official memoranda exist between the park and the porters associations. This has created gaps in proper management of the associations especially in spelling out their roles and functions in line with the required tourism service standards.

Bwindi impenetrable national park existed as a home to three major apes; the Mountain gorillas, Chimpanzees and the Batwa before gazettement. The later were forest denizens whose life was entirely dependent on forest products. However, the increased conservation status of the forest and protection of the critically endangered gorillas led to the eviction of the Batwa out the forest. This limited their free movements and extraction of forest products. Currently the Batwa lack sufficient livelihood activities to support their social economic development. The Batwa are believed to have rich cultural values that have not been fully tapped to benefit from the burgeoning tourism industry in Uganda. In Bwindi, Batwa tourism activities revolve around the poorly developed cultural centre in Buhoma, community trails in Nkuringo, Buhoma and Rushaga as well as sell of hand crafts of inappropriate quality.

Management actions The development of gorilla tourism has also created some challenges. About six of the habituated gorilla groups (Shongi, Kahungye, Nkuringo, Rushegura, Habinyanja & Mubare)

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are known to range on private land causing human wildlife conflicts when they crop raid and at times visitor dissatisfaction when tracked outside the national park. A decision needs to be taken by top management to address these challenges.

Ordinarily, habituated gorilla groups are expected to range within the confines of the national park land. But due to the unconfirmed ecological factors, they have been reported more frequent on private land than inside the park. There need to carry out a study to determine why Gorillas frequently range on private land. Tourism in Bwindi is predominantly based on gorillas. Introduction or development of other forms like butterfly watching, Bird watching, canopy walk and cultural tourism (traditional dances, way of life, norms, myths, blacksmiths, craftsmanship) would help diversify tourism activities.

Unlike the Batwa community in Mgahinga national park, BINP Batwa seems not to be fully involved in community tourism to improve their livelihood. Therefore, before any developments, a feasibility study for possibility of Batwa cultural Tourism in BINP is conducted.

Tourism developments in and around the park have since attracted many stakeholders in provision of auxiliary services such as bird guiding and porter services to tourists during gorilla tracking. Communities engaged in provision of these services operate in the park without any binding agreements with the park management. Therefore, to improve their services, Memoranda of Understandings (MoU’s) with the private bird guides associations, and Porters be developed and signed.

BINP is an important tourism destination in the East African region offering internationally driven tourism activities like gorilla tracking and bird watching among others. But because some of the tourism products such as birds are widely distributed in and around the park, unscrupulous guides have at times evaded payment of Official Park fees by taking visitors in non designated tourism areas. To minimize this, management should develop and disseminate Institutional guidelines for carrying out tourism related activities in and around the park.

The available tourism developments and/or facilities in and around the park especially for accommodation have not been classified in order to improve the required quality of services. UWA management should liaise with the Quality assurance department under the Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Heritage to grade tourist facilities around park.

The current UWA gorilla tracking booking system restricts purchase of permits per gorilla family. This arrangement makes it difficult to meet special needs of the elderly, family groups and couples who seldom find themselves divided in different groups whose tracking locations might also be different.

80 reported more frequent on private land than inside the park. There need to carry out a study to determine why Gorillas frequently range on private land. Tourism in Bwindi is predominantly based on gorillas. Introduction or development of other forms like butterfly watching, Bird watching, canopy walk and cultural tourism (traditional dances, way of life, norms, myths, blacksmiths, craftsmanship) would help diversify tourism activities.

Tourism developments in and around the park have since attracted many stakeholders in provision of auxiliary services such as bird guiding and porter services to tourists during gorilla tracking. Communities engaged in provision of these services operate in the park without any binding agreements with the park management. Therefore, to improve their services, Memoranda of Understandings (MoU‟s) with the private bird guides associations, and Porters be developed and signed.

The current UWA gorilla tracking bookingBINP system GENERAL restricts MANAGEMENT purchase PLANof permits 2014– per 2024 gorilla family. This arrangement makes it difficult to meet special needs of the elderly, family groups and couples who seldom find themselves divided in different Thisgroups has atwhose times madetracking interest locations groups might like couplesalso be and different. family membersThis has pull at outtimes from made tracking wheninterest provisions groups for like tracking couples together and arefamily not met.members Therefore, pull toout improve from propertracking management when provisions for tracking together are not met. Therefore, to improve proper of gorilla tracking activities as well as visitor satisfaction, information need to be provided management of gorilla tracking activities as well as visitor satisfaction, information andneed the proposedto be providedbooking ofand gorilla the permits proposed per sectors/locations booking of rathergorilla than permits Gorilla groupsper is implemented.sectors/locations rather than Gorilla groups is implemented.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others involved Timing Estimated cost (Ug.shs) Carry out a study to determine why CAM SRMC,ITFC,MPI Year 1-3 150,000,000 Gorillas frequently range on private Activityland. Resp Others involved Timing Estimated Introduce butterfly watching, and WT DTBS Year 1-3 cost20,000,000 (Ug.shs) Bird watching Conduct a feasibility study for WCC M&R,CCC,ITFC Year 1 50,000,000 Batwa cultural Tourism in BINP (FFI 84 projects under ITFC) Develop and sign MoUs with the WT CCW Year 1 2,00,000 private guiding associations, and Porters Develop and circulate Institutional WT CAM,DTBS Year 3 10,000,000 guidelines for carrying out tourism related activities inside BINP. Liaise with the Quality assurance CAM DTBS,DC Year 5 00 department in the MTWA to grade tourist facilities around BINP. Provide information and implement WT DTBS, CAM Year 1-2 00 the new Gorilla booking system- booking by locations rather than Gorilla groups. Introduce bicycle riding as a tourism WT CAM, LE, BDM Year 1-3 40,000,000 product from Buhoma to river Ivi

9.3.2.3 E-Marketing 9.3.2.3 E-Marketing Output: Increased visitor numbers by 2,000 annually Output: Increased visitor numbers by 2,000 annually

BwindiBwindi impenetrable impenetrable national national park park is isone one of ofthe the best best tourism tourism destinations destinations in Africa in Africa offering specialoffering and special unique and tourism unique attractions tourism attractions of national, of national,regional regionaland international and internati significance.onal Despitesignificance. having Despite a rare typehaving of atourism rare type attractions of tourism of attractionsthe famed ofmountain the famed gorillas mountain alongside othergorillas prominent alongside attractions other prominent namely attractionsunique birds, namely butterflies unique and birds, plant butterflies species includingand flowers,plant species the protected including area flowers, receives the limited protected visitor area numbers. receives The limited visitors visitor received numb for ers.tracking whichThe visitorsis the main received catchment for tracking attraction which can onlyis the account main forcatchment 60% of theattraction overall canoccupancy only of theaccount current for 72 60% permits of theavailable overall for occupancy gorilla tourism of thedaily. current There is72 little permits to show available that the for entire gorilla tourism daily. There is little to show that the entire globe is aware of the globe is aware of the existence of the product as well as the conservation initiative being put existence of the product as well as the conservation initiative being put together to togethersave these to save great these apes great species apes speciesof the gorillas.of the gorillas. This has lead to under utilization of the tourism estate thus little revenue received from it despite the fact that it can account for more resource in terms of revenue collected with a little more marketing and awareness of the product. Unlike other countries that practice gorilla tourism,81 Uganda has not carried out aggressive marketing to capture a wider market in order to optimally benefit from its vast array of unique tourism attractions. It has not yet embraced wholly the component of electronic marketing (E- marketing) to bolster its chances to attract the visitors especially those overseas who account for the majority of visitors that track gorillas. E- Marketing is the best tool available in combating negative marketing from competing countries that have previously generated negative myths associated to Uganda‟s gorilla tourism with an aim to tilt a positive image in their favor unfairly.

Issues and Rationale Tourists that visit the PA have been affected greatly by the seasonality patterns dictated by the weather patterns overseas such as winter, summer, autumn, etc as they occur in the respective continents. Furthermore, the area of coverage and

85 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

This has lead to under utilization of the tourism estate thus little revenue received from it despite the fact that it can account for more resource in terms of revenue collected with a little more marketing and awareness of the product. Unlike other countries that practice gorilla tourism, Uganda has not carried out aggressive marketing to capture a wider market in order to optimally benefit from its vast array of unique tourism attractions. It has not yet embraced wholly the component of electronic marketing (E- marketing) to bolster its chances to attract the visitors especially those overseas who account for the majority of visitors that track gorillas. E-Marketing is the best tool available in combating negative marketing from competing countries that have previously generated negative myths associated to Uganda’s gorilla tourism with an aim to tilt a positive image in their favor unfairly.

Issues and Rationale

Tourists that visit the PA have been affected greatly by the seasonality patterns dictated by the weather patterns overseas such as winter, summer, autumn, etc as they occur in the respective continents. Furthermore, the area of coverage and publicity initiative geared towards creation of awareness and generation of knowledge about the existence of the PA’s gorilla tourism is minimal. Seasons therefore as referred to here, occur depending on the month period when we receive high or low visitor numbers. In Uganda the months of March-May and October –November are considered low seasons while December-February and June-September are regarded high seasons. In the low seasons, half or less than half the number of visitors received in the high season visit the park for gorilla tourism.

The low visitation especially in low seasons is partly attributed to overdependence on the European tourism market which is driven by weather patterns. Such poor marketing strategies have lead to uneven marketing regime where only European countries are largely emphasized and little done to bring on board the Scandinavian countries. Consequently, many countries in Europe flock here during summer overwhelming our tourism estates only to leave us with almost no tourism during winter. Such seasonality has undermined efforts to maximize the potential and earn good revenue for the organization. Deliberate marketing strategies where information is made available to other alternative countries especially packaged and disseminated for such audiences can be one of the ways we can achieve their participation through e -marketing.

82 publicity initiative geared towards creation of awareness and generation of knowledge about the existence of the PA‟s gorilla tourism is minimal. Seasons therefore as referred to here, occur depending on the month period when we receive high or low visitor numbers. In Uganda the months of March-May and October – November are considered low seasons while December-February and June- September are regarded high seasons. In the low seasons, half or less than half the number of visitors received in the high season visit the park for gorilla tourism.

The low visitation especially in low seasons is partly attributed to overdependence on the European tourism market which is driven by weather patterns. Such poor marketing strategies have lead to uneven marketing regime where only European countries are largely emphasized and little done to bring on board the Scandinavian countries. Consequently, many countries in Europe flock here during summer overwhelming our tourism estates only to leave us with almost no tourism during winter. Such seasonality has undermined efforts to maximize the potential and earn good revenue for the organization.BINP Deliberate GENERAL marketing MANAGEMENT strategies PLANwhere 2014–information 2024 is made available to other alternative countries especially packaged and disseminated for such audiences can be one of the ways we can achieve their participation through e -marketing.

Figure 30: Graph showing the comparison of monthly visitor numbers over time Figure 30: Graph showing the comparison of monthly visitor numbers over time

As juxtaposedAs withjuxtaposed other countries,with other tourismcountries, in Ugandatourism inhas Uganda continued has tocontinued attract relatively to attract low numbers. Despiterelatively that low Bwindi numbers. impenetrable Despite that national Bwindi impenetrablepark (BINP) offersnational unique park (BINP)and specialised offers tourism activityunique of gorillaand specialised tracking withtourism limited activity visitor of gorilla numbers tracking per gorillawith limited group. visitor The numbersPA is yet to achieve full peroccupancy gorilla group bookings. The throughoutPA is yet to theachieve year. fCurrentlyull occupancy 09 gorillabookings groups throughout exist with the 72 year. Currently 09 gorilla groups exist with 72 permits available per day but only permits availableabout per60% day is sold. but onlyThe situationabout 60% has isbeen sold. made The worsesituation with has very been low madeinvolvement worse of with very low involvementthe domestic of market.the domestic According market. to BINP According visitor statis to BINPtics, visitor domestic statistics, visitors domestic contribute visi - tors contributeto about to about or less or than less 20%than of20% the overallof the visitoroverall totals. visitor totals.

Figure 31: Graph showing comparisons of tracking occupancy rates per gorilla group over time 86

Note: Kyaguriro gorilla group is officially for research and used by tourist on special emergence cases as approved by top management. Since the inception of Gorilla tourism in Uganda, gorilla tracking has been perceived83 as a high end market oriented activity. UWA in its tariffs provides various payments for different categories of its clients. Foreign tourists currently pay US$ 500 while locals (East Africans) pay only UGX. 250,000.

Besides provision of this relatively low gorilla tracking fees to the locals, many still regard it as unaffordable since extra costs of accommodation, travel and meals are expensive (costed at the international rate). Due to this, the number of locals involved in gorilla tracking is extremely minimal.

Figure 32: Graph showing visitor category comparison over time

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Note: Kyaguriro gorilla group is officially for research and used by tourist on special emergence cases as approved by top management. Since the inception of Gorilla tourism in Uganda, gorilla tracking has been perceived as a high end market oriented activity. UWA in its tariffs provides various payments for different categories of its clients. Foreign tourists currently pay US$ 500 while locals (East Africans) pay only UGX. 250,000.

Figure 32: Graph showing visitor category comparison over time

WhenWhen comparison comparison is made is made between between Uganda Uganda and other and Eastother African East Africanstates, Ugandastates, Ugandahas not yet embracedhas not aggressive yet embraced marketing aggressive strategies marketing more so strategies the use ofmore cyber so ‘s the latest use communication of cyber „s latest communication engines like, Facebook, twitter and websites to communicate enginesto potential like, Facebook, visitors twitterin an instant. and websites E-Marketing to communicate has largely to potentialbeen left visitors in the inhands an instant. of E-Marketingthe private has sector largely whose been leftstrategies in the handsmight ofbe thedriven private by sectorinterest whose groups strategies based mighton be particulardriven by marketinterest segments.groups based The on impact particular today market is that segments. Uganda‟s The tourism impact is today basically is that Uganda’sdriven tourismand dominated is basically by driventhe European and dominated market. by the European market.

As a result, these private marketers take specific interest on advancing their awareness to other sections of the continent as opposed to the others for their 84own selfish interest. This as result has lead to the over reliance on the European market alone when there many other markets that can be reached through e-marketing. The overreliance on European market poses a significant challenge (uncertainty) in the sustainability of tourism in Uganda especially when these countries are affected by economic crisis, travel embargos and civil wars among others. Currently little has been done to explore, diversify and also test market appropriate marketing strategies for Uganda‟s tourism products. Much of the marketing done have concentrated on participating in international Expos majorly in Europe and China and very recently in social media and with little done to target the domestic, regional and other potential markets.

BINP as a gorilla destination and world heritage site has not been well highlighted. The ecological value associated with a world heritage site can be used as a strong tool to attract visitation of the parks. Its ecological importance when harnessed and given due prominent can aid efforts to improve its development and levels of visitation. BINP is inadequately projected as such often looses out. If well highlighted, it can contribute to conservation as well as tourism development.

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As a result, these private marketers take specific interest on advancing their awareness to other sections of the continent as opposed to the others for their own selfish interest. This as result has lead to the over reliance on the European market alone when there many other markets that can be reached through e-marketing. The overreliance on European market poses a significant challenge (uncertainty) in the sustainability of tourism in Uganda especially when these countries are affected by economic crisis, travel embargos and civil wars among others. Cur- rently little has been done to explore, diversify and also test market appropriate marketing strategies for Uganda’s tourism products. Much of the marketing done have concentrated on participating in international Expos majorly in Europe and China and very recently in social media and with little done to target the domestic, regional and other potential markets.

BINP as a gorilla destination and world heritage site has not been well highlighted. The ecological value associated with a world heritage site can be used as a strong tool to attract visitation of the parks. Its ecological importance when harnessed and given due prominent can aid efforts to improve its development and levels of visitation. BINP is inadequately projected as such often looses out. If well highlighted, it can contribute to conservation as well as tourism development.

BMCA can take advantage of an on line marketing of the gorilla brand through merchandising on the website, the friending of gorillas for information and display of various website sponsorship appeal packages for those keen on conservation to contribute for a good cause. Good information packaged for conservation efforts can attract able tourists as well as cooperate institutions like oil companies, Banks, Lottery clubs, etc who would come up to support a good cause by the organization. This can be achieved through organized on line packaging of gorilla information through e- marketing. The value added can help to further publicize gorilla related products on line hence added revenue for the organization.

Management actions Management will undertake to accomplish the detailed activities in the table below.

85 BMCA can take advantage of an on line marketing of the gorilla brand through merchandising on the website, the friending of gorillas for information and display of various website sponsorship appeal packages for those keen on conservation to contribute for a good cause. Good information packaged for conservation efforts can attract able tourists as well as cooperate institutions like oil companies, Banks, Lottery clubs, etc who would come up to support a good cause by the organization. This can be achieved through organized on line packaging of gorilla information through e- marketing. The value added can help to further publicize gorilla related products on line hence added revenue for the organization. BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 Management actions Management will undertake to accomplish the detailed activities in the table below.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved cost (Ug.shs) Disseminate high quality tourism product WT WWP, CAM Year 1-2 20,000,000 information Make and share profiles for individual WT WWP, WT Year 2-5 10,000,000 gorillas and new families members of all gorilla groups Gather information from all gorilla WT WWP, Year 2-10 10,000,000 groups and file important daily updates for facebook, twitter & website Collect special news editions for WT WWP Year 1-9 12,000,000 unplanned CA events coverage , take photographs, videos and the monthly e- newsletter and local media Cover regional and district trade shows, WT WWP, WT Year 1-10 10,000,000 tourism days, wildlife days, world environment days and others to enrich UWA website. Document stories on conservation WT WWP Year 2-10 30,000,000 programmes and tourism benefits to the neighboring communities

9.3.2.4 Community tourism 9.3.2.4 Community tourism Output: Increased tourism benefits to the community around the park Output: Increased tourism benefits to the community around the park

UWA’s mission involves working with the surrounding communities in order to UWA‟s mission involves working with the surrounding communities in order to sustainablysustainably benefit benefit from from the available the available park resources. park resources. One notable One resource notable has beenresource the growing has tourismbeen thepotential growing which tourism communities potential need which to appreciate communities and directlyneed to involve appreciate in. Since and the inceptiondirectly involveof tourism in. inSince BINP, the some inception community of tourism groups in and BINP, individuals some community have got involved groups in communityand individuals tourism have ventures got involved but majorly in community with local initiatives.tourism ventures Community but majorlyinvolvement with in tourismlocal currentlyinitiatives. revolves Community around involvementprovision of guidingin tourism services, currently hotel andrevolves camping around services, provisionprovision of ofsouvenirs guiding among services, others. hotel However, and camping community services, involvement provision in tourism of souvenirs is still low among others. However, community involvement in tourism is still low and poorly andpackaged. poorly packaged. Much need Much to needbe done to be to done increase to increase tourism tourism benefits benefits to the to thesurrounding surrounding communities.communities.

Issues and Rationale Community groups involved in tourism in and around the park have been wide spread and some of their objectives not well defined. The89 existing community tourism groups lack a common forum in which to address their business issues and harmonise their objectives in order to minimise duplication but strategically position themselves with specific key sell- ing points. Lack of proper organisation has often led to unnecessary competition among community tourism groups rendering their enterprises less viable.

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Although various tourism opportunities exist in and around the park, few community groups have emerged to actively participate in community tourism. Some developments include, Buhoma-Mukono community development association, Ruhija community campsite, Nyundo Eco-tourism camp, Rushaga womens group, Rubuguru cultural centre, Batwa development program, Tourist porters associations in and around the park etc. Communities need to diversify their involvement in community tourism activities in order to sustainably benefit from the available tourism potential.

The available community based tourism products in and around the park include handcrafts/ souvenirs, eco-tourism community trails/village walks, camping and cultural centres among others. Given the high population in the surrounding villages, the current tourism products are perceived not sufficiently adequate to contribute to community development. This has partly led to some communities continue engaging in illegal activities.

The current involvement of communities in tourism has not done much to expose and benefit them from the rich cultural values of the surrounding communities. The local traditional cultural dances, local foods, folklore, use of traditional medicine are some of the areas not yet explored to capture tourist interest. Similarly, some existing natural habitats outside the park with natural attractions have not been explored as surrogates to in park tourism activities. Areas such as Ngoto Swamp among others have not been developed to harness their tourism potential to the communities.

Management actions Given the low involvement of communities in tourism activities, there shall be deliberate efforts to work with communities in identification of community based tourism products. Once community based tourism products have been identified, particular community groups and or/ individuals need to be supported in order to have them appropriately developed into required standards. For the communities to fully benefit from all the developed community based tourism products, efforts shall be made to help them market the products. Appropriate marketing strategies shall be identified to suit specific community products.

Detailed management actions Activity Resp Others Timing Estimated involved costs (Ug.shs) Work with communities to identify WT WCC,CDO‟s Year 1-2 3,600,000 community based tourism products Assist communities to develop WT WCC,CDO‟s Year 2-5 7,200,000 community based tourism products Assist communities market their WT WCC,DTBS,MM Year 2-10 67,500,000 tourism products CDO‟s

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PART 10: DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF THE INTERPRETIVE THEMES

10.1 Introduction Interpretive themes are stories or topics elaborating a particular resource value or event. It is based on the purpose and conservation values of the PA. The following were the interpretive themes identified for BINP during the planning process and will be used for interpretation of the park.

10.2 Story of Batwa marriage and the flying squirrel The flying squirrel (Anomalurus derbianus) a rodent often seen gliding on tree trunks in Bwindi was an important cultural component of the Batwa. It was an indispensable part of Batwa bride price. No Mutwa could marry without the flying squirrel. A mutwa man who wished to marry would present the rodent as part of the bride price that included other items such as a giant forest hog, a duiker and gallons of local beer (Kingdon, 1988). The squirrel is the size of a small rabbit and lives in holes of tree trunks. It is caught by one person knocking on a tree trunk while another readies at a hole entrance with fronds that are used for repeatedly knocking it unconscious or dead. It is locally called Entenza (Rukiga) but the Batwa called it Rumarampaba, meaning he who finishes food (Kingdon, 1988). Most Batwa agree that there is no meat as delicious as that from the flying squirrel and that it makes one finish bowls of potatoes or yams hence its name. The squirrel was also probably hunted by Batwa because it was thought to gnaw on ropes/ladders tied on tree trunks by the Batwa while harvesting wild honey up on the tree trunks.

10.3 Story of the aphrodisiac tree Parinari excelsa While moving around Bwindi forest (especially in the northern sector along the Kabale-Kanun- gu road), one will notice a tree that has been debarked repeatedly by local people. The tree Parinari excelsa is locally called Omushamba and it is believed to have aphrodisiac powers for men. It occurs only in the northern sector of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park at low altitudes of between 1400 m to 1800 m above sea level. On some human paths and roads around Bwindi this tree has been intensively harvested for its aphrodisiac bark.

10.4 Story of the Itaama sacred place In Bwindi forest, there is a place regarded as sacred by the local people. This place is called Itaama and the local people reveal that it is located in the Bwindi forest between two rivers in the present Kanungu district and in the Southern sector. It is thought to possess gold, spirits and demons. No one ever reaches this part of the forest because he/she will become possessed by demons after seeing the gold.

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A story is told of how some hunters decided to go and get the Itaama gold and when they reached there the whole forest became dark, they were swept away by floods from the rivers and some died while others got lost in the forest. A survivor who managed to return to the village became mad and has never revealed what happened to the others. Interviews with the Batwa forest hunters reveal that when animals run to this part of the forest (Itaama), no hunter followed them there. As such hunting in Itaama mines was traditionally unacceptable to the local people in Bwindi. This probably helped create a strict nature conservation zone in the Bwindi forest by the local people. Old maps from Bwindi, show the Itaama mines are located in the present Mpungu sub-county near River Ihihizo of Bwindi forest.

10.5 The origin of Bwindi as a name About 100 year ago, many people migrated from Rwanda, Congo and the southern edge of the forest to the area north of the forest. At that time, the area north of the forest was sparsely populated. To get there, most people had to walk a long distance through the forest. Legendry has it that, a family was attempting to cross the forest but came to a large swamp. The spirits of the swamp saw that one of the family members was a beautiful young maiden named Nnyinamukari. Give us the maiden said the spirits, and we will let you cross the swamp in safety. Caught in this dilemma, the family stayed on the edge of the swamp for two days, not knowing what to do. Finally they decided it was impossible for them to return to the home they had abandoned, so they threw Nnyinamukari into the swamp and crossed safely to the other side The tale about the sacrificed maiden spread throughout the area and people began to fear the forest and the swamp in particular. People began to call the place Mubwindi bwa Nnyinamukari. Nnyinamukari was the name of the maiden. Bwindi means a muddy, swampy place full of darkness. The surrounding communities since referred to the forest and the swamp as Bwindi and Mubwindi respectively. When, the forest began a national park, Bwindi became its official name.

10.6 The Impenetrable forest Locally, impenetrable forest denotes, “eihamba ry’Omwirima” meaning “the thick forest” or “the dark forest”. The local people referred to the Bwindi forest as such due to availability of sections of the forest people could not access due to being very thick/impenetrable. Also other local people believe there were parts of the forest that were impossible to reach as a result of evil spirits living there (Amasitani or ebihindi) as in Itaama area. This area is believed to have gold reserves which even the Bazungu (white men) are said to have failed to reach and exploit. The local people, say, that whenever the white people tried to locate the gold in the area, they would lose the way in the forest and if they reached the area and tried to mine it, a heavy down pour of rain would render them un successful. It is also believed that if any person pointed at the gold reserves with his finger or lower lip while directing the Bazungu to the area, the figure or lip would get paralyzed in that position. (Agrippinah Namara; 2000: People and Bwindi forest).

89 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

PART 11: EVALUATION AND MONITORING

11.1PART Plan 11:Evaluation EVALUATION and Monitoring AND MONITORING The performance evaluation of this GMP including the financial generation and expenditure sections will be done after the 5th year of implementation and before the 11.1end of thePlan 6th year Evaluation of implementation. and Monitoring This exercise will be done for the following reasons among others; Thei. performanceDetermine evaluation the level of of activity this GMP implementation including the as financial planned generation and expenditure sectionsii. Asses will be doneand aftercreat thee awareness5th year of implementationabout park operationsand before thefor endthe of benefitthe 6th yearof of implementation.stakeholders This exercise will be done for the following reasons among others; i. iii. DetermineStream line the management level of activity effectiveness implementation and ascreate planned transparency to the Partners ii. Assesand stakeholders and create awareness about park operations for the benefit of stakeholders iv. Assess the effectiveness of the planning process as a tool for effective and iii. Stream line management effectiveness and create transparency to the Partners efficient management v. andIdentify stakeholders gaps and propose a way forward to fill the gaps. iv.vi. AssessIdentify the new effectiveness issues and of activities the planning for implementation process as a tool for effective and efficient vii. managementDetermine financial discipline in expenditure v.viii. IdentifyEvaluate gaps the andrevenue propose generation a way forward strategies to fill the gaps. vi.ix. IdentifyReschedule new issuesthe remaining and activities actions for withinimplementation the time frame vii. Determine financial discipline in expenditure viii. Evaluate the revenue generation strategies 11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation plan and tracking indicator tables ix. Reschedule the remaining actions within the time frame

COMMUNITY MONITORING AND PARK OPERATIONS REGIONAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM BINP.xlsRESEARCH PROGRAM BINP.xlsPROGRAM BINP.xls COPERATION BINP.xls

RESOURCE TOURISM CONSERVATION PROGRAM BINP.xlsDEVELOPMENT PROGRAM BINP.xls

Note that the detailed Evaluation plan and tracking tables can be found on the folder of GMPs as soft copies.

94 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

REFERENCES

1. Baillie, J., and Groombridge, B., (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN 2. Game Department (1926-81) Annual Reports. Game Department, Entebbe, Uganda. 3. Howard, Peter C. (1991). Nature Conservation in Uganda’s Forest Reserves. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN 4. Kingdon, E., 1988. The Twa of Kigezi. Report on fieldwork among the Twa of Kigezi. Unpublished report for Horniman Trust London and Swan Fund, Oxford. 5. Lamprey, R.H. & Michelmore, F. (1996a) Surveys of Protected Areas, Phase I. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities, Kampala, Uganda. 6. Langdale-Brown, I., Osmaston, H.A. and Wilson, J.G. (1964) The Vegetation of Uganda, and its Bearing on Landuse. Government Printer, Entebbe. 7. Norton-Griffiths, M. (1978) Counting Animals. Handbook No. 1. African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi. 8. Olivier, R.C. D. (1992b) Aerial Surveys for Protected Area and Wildlife Management Planning. Field Document 11, ACTION DP:FO UGA/86/010, FAO Rome. 9. Ref: Byggott and Jeannette Hanby, 1998. A guidebook to Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable National Parks. 10. Republic of Uganda (1996) Uganda Wildlife Statute 1996. Statutes Supplements to the Uganda Gazette No. 32 Volume LXXXXIX of 24th May 1996. 11. Republic of Uganda (2000) National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, 2000. Statutory Instruments supplements to the Uganda Gazette No. 5 Volume XCIII dated 21st January 2000. 12. Stuart, S. N. , Adams, R. J., and Jenkins, M. D., (1990). Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6 13. The Uganda Wildlife Act, 1996 14. Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) Bwindi-Mgahinga Protected Areas General Management Plan, 2001 15. Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) Strategic Plan, 2013-2018 16. Wilson, S. E., -Editor- (1995). Bird and Mammal Checklists for Ten National Parks in Uganda. Kampala: Makerere University, National Biodiversity Data Bank 17. Zeigler, A. P., (1994). Uganda National Parks Report and Workshop on Sources of Revenue Washington, DC: Chemonics International

91 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

APPENDICES APPENDICES

AppendixAppendix 1: 1:Boundary Boundary Descrip Description/Boundarytion/Boundary Plan for BINPPlan for BINP

BINP is comprised within the boundary described: North: "Commencing on the Uganda/Congo border at beacon No.1, situated on Rushura Hill, following a cut and beaconed line in an easterly and then south-easterly direction for 4,937 feet, to beacon No. 6 at the head of the Musharara River; thence downstream for 3,000 feet to the River Bizenga; thence downstream for 3,900 feet to beacon No. 7; thence following a cut and beaconed line for 17,427 feet in the east-north-easterly direction, passing over Ibale, Katoma, and Kasekera hills, to beacon No. 16, at the head of an unnamed tributary of the River Kahororo; thence downstream for 1,200 feet to River Kahororo for 6,000 feet towards Nyamiaga, to beacon No. 17 situated at the head of the valley; thence in north-easterly direction for 2,001 feet to beacon No. 18, situated at the confluence of the Bihembe and Musuti rivers; thence down the Bihembe River for 1,500 feet to beacon No. 19, situated at the confluence of the rivers Bihembe and Nyakera; thence along a cut and beaconed line in a north-easterly direction for 1,921 feet to the Ruhija/Kayonza road; thence following the road in a northerly direction for 3000 feet to beacon No. 24; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a general northerly direction for 30,454 feet, passing over Karuguya, Rwakaguno, Katera, and Nyamengo hills, to beacon No. 49 situated on the Kagoma River below Bino Hill; thence following the Kagoma River downstream for 10,500 feet to its confluence with the River Ishasha at beacon No. 50; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a general easterly direction for 25,825 feet to beacon No. 66 situated on the Kanungu/Hamuhingo road” East: “Thence following the road towards Hamuhingo for 9,000 feet to beacon No. 67 marked by a fig-tree; thence following a cut and beaconed line including beacons No. 125 through beacon No. 1 of the former Ishaya Forest and continuing through beacon No. 80 towards Kitahulira, and crossing the Rivers Nyabihanga and Kishamba to beacon No. 122, situated on the Ruhija/Kayonza road immediately to the west of the road camp at Kitahulira; thence following the road towards Ruhija for 1,050 feet to beacon No. 124, situated to the north of Itama Mine road junction; thence following the Ruhija/Kayonza road past Mubale, Kanyamisinga, Kanyashogi, Nyakashunju to meet the Rukungiri/Kabale District Boundary near Lunywero; thence following the road eastwards to beacon No. 127 on the Ruhija/Kayonza road; thence following the road towards Ruhija for 12,900 feet to beacon No 128; thence following a cut and beaconed line marked by cypress trees in a south-easterly and then south-westerly direction for 41,502 feet, crossing the road to Ruhija Mine, and passing over Katoma, Nyamichuchu and Rwamanyonyi hills, to beacon No. 142 situated on the Kabale/Ruhija road by a tributary of the Ndego River” South: “Thence following the road to Kabale for 4,200 feet to beacon No. 143; thence following a cut and beaconed line, marked by cypress trees, in a general westerly and southerly direction for 23,059 feet, crossing the Ndego and Kanyamwabo rivers, to beacon No. 149, situated on the Ruhezaminda River near its confluence with the River Igurizo; thence following the River Ruhezaminda downstream for 12,300 feet to beacon No. 150, below Kanyamahene Hill; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a westerly direction for 8,883 feet, crossing the River Rushaga and the track to Mpororo Mine near the Forest92 Station at Rushaga, to beacon No. 154 on the Kabale River; thence following the Kabale River upstream to a cut and planted boundary line to the south of Kamabuya Hill; thence following the planted line south-westwards to the River Kibisa; and including the former Bikingi Forest as indicated on the map; thence following the River Kibisa downstream to the

96 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Boundary Description/Boundary Plan for BINP

BINP is comprised within the boundary described: North: "Commencing on the Uganda/Congo border at beacon No.1, situated on Rushura Hill, following a cut and beaconed line in an easterly and then south-easterly direction for 4,937 feet, to beacon No. 6 at the head of the Musharara River; thence downstream for 3,000 feet to the River Bizenga; thence downstream for 3,900 feet to beacon No. 7; thence following a cut and beaconed line for 17,427 feet in the east-north-easterly direction, passing over Ibale, Katoma, and Kasekera hills, to beacon No. 16, at the head of an unnamed tributary of the River Kahororo; thence downstream for 1,200 feet to River Kahororo for 6,000 feet towards Nyamiaga, to beacon No. 17 situated at the head of the valley; thence in north-easterly direction for 2,001 feet to beacon No. 18, situated at the confluence of the Bihembe and Musuti rivers; thence down the Bihembe River for 1,500 feet to beacon No. 19, situated at the confluence of the rivers Bihembe and Nyakera; thence along a cut and beaconed line in a north-easterly direction for 1,921 feet to the Ruhija/Kayonza road; thence following the road in a northerly direction for 3000 feet to beacon No. 24; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a general northerly direction for 30,454 feet, passing over Karuguya, Rwakaguno, Katera, and Nyamengo hills, to beacon No. 49 situated on the Kagoma River below Bino Hill; thence following the Kagoma River downstream for 10,500 feet to its confluence with the River Ishasha at beacon No. 50; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a general easterly direction for 25,825 feet to beacon No. 66 situated on the Kanungu/Hamuhingo road” East: “Thence following the road towards Hamuhingo for 9,000 feet to beacon No. 67 marked by a fig-tree; thence following a cut and beaconed line including beacons No. 125 through beacon No. 1 of the former Ishaya Forest and continuing through beacon No. 80 towards Kitahulira, and crossing the Rivers Nyabihanga and Kishamba to beacon No. 122, situated on the Ruhija/Kayonza road immediately to the west of the road camp at Kitahulira; thence following the road towards Ruhija for 1,050 feet to beacon No. 124, situated to the north of Itama Mine road junction; thence following the Ruhija/Kayonza road past Mubale, Kanyamisinga, Kanyashogi, Nyakashunju to meet the Rukungiri/Kabale District Boundary near Lunywero; thence following the road eastwards to beacon No. 127 on the Ruhija/Kayonza road; thence following the road towards Ruhija for 12,900 feet to beacon No 128; thence following a cut and beaconed line marked by cypress trees in a south-easterly and then south-westerly direction for 41,502 feet, crossing the road to Ruhija Mine, and passing over Katoma, Nyamichuchu and Rwamanyonyi hills, to beacon No. 142 situated on the Kabale/Ruhija road by a tributary of the Ndego River” South: “Thence following the road to KabaleBINP GENERALfor 4,200 MANAGEMENT feet to beacon PLAN No. 143;2014– thence 2024 following a cut and beaconed line, marked by cypress trees, in a general westerly and southerly direction for 23,059 feet, crossing the Ndego and Kanyamwabo rivers, to beacon No. 149, situated on the Ruhezaminda River near its confluence with the River Igurizo; thence following the River Ruhezaminda downstream for 12,300 feet to beacon No. 150, below Kanyamahene Hill; thence following a cut and beaconed line in a westerly direction for 8,883 feet, crossing the River Rushaga and the track to Mpororo Mine near the Forest Station at Rushaga, to beacon No. 154 on the Kabale River; thence following the Kabale River upstream to a cut and planted boundary line to the south of Kamabuya Hill; thence following the planted line south-westwards to the River Kibisa; and including the former Bikingi Forest as indicated on the map; thence following the River Kibisa downstream to the River Kashasha or Ivi; thence following the River Kashasha or Ivi downstream for 4,400 feet to the Congo border at B.P.10. West: “Thence following the international boundary northwards through B.P. 11 for 18,900 feet to beacon No. 1, the point of commencement”96

Appendix 2: Identified management issues/challenges

Program Issues and challenges generated Tourism 1. Limited access to trail heads during Gorilla tracking 2. Inadequate signage in and around the PA 3. Inadequate tourism infrastructure like gates, etc… 4. Lack of low level accommodation facilities like Guest house inside the park 5. Poor tourism infrastructure and facilities around the PA‟s 6. Poor access roads (inaccessible roads) 7. Poor tourism access roads to the PA‟s 8. Lack of tourism information centers around the PA‟s 9. Uncontrolled developments around tourism sites 10. Over reliance on Gorilla tourism 11. Lack of Batwa cultural tourism initiatives in Bwindi 12. Unregulated tourist guiding services. 13. Lack of agreements between existing porters associations and UWA. 14. No classification /standards of available lodges and camps 15. Presence of illegal and unprofessional tour companies mismanaging tourists in Bwindi. 16. Uncontrolled developments around tourism sites 17. Poor coordination of tourism activities around the park among tour operators 18. Poor information dissemination around gorilla ticket booking in relation to gorilla group to track and rules for tracking 19. Low visitation during the low tourism season 20. Inadequate and inappropriate marketing strategies for tourism products 21. Low tourist numbers in Uganda (including domestic tourists to the PA‟s) 22. High gorilla tracking fees for the local communities 23. Lack of market research 24. Limited access to gorilla tracking by local communities 25. Presence of illegal and unprofessional tour companies mismanaging tourists in Bwindi. 26. Uncontrolled developments around tourism sites 27. Poor coordination of tourism activities around the park among tour operators 28. Non compliance of hotels/camps in paying local Government tax 29. Tracking of gorillas on private land without benefits to private owners 30. Lack of agreements between existing porters associations and UWA. 31. Un organized community tourism groups 32. Limited involvement of communities in tourism activities 93 33. Low involvement of communities in tourism development 34. Inadequate cultural and / or other tourism development initiatives outside PA‟s 35. Limited community based tourism products 36. Low cultural tourism development

Community Conservation 1. Crop raiding by Problem animals 2. Problem animals 3. Human wildlife conflict 4. Lack of compensation scheme

97 River Kashasha or Ivi; thence following the River Kashasha or Ivi downstream for 4,400 feet to the Congo border at B.P.10. West: “Thence following the international boundary northwards through B.P. 11 for 18,900 feet to beacon No. 1, the point of commencement”

Appendix 2: Identified management issues/challenges

Program Issues and challenges generated Tourism 1. Limited access to trail heads during Gorilla tracking 2. Inadequate signage in and around the PA 3. Inadequate tourism infrastructure like gates, etc… 4. Lack of low level accommodation facilities like Guest house inside the park 5. Poor tourism infrastructure and facilities around the PA‟s 6. Poor access roads (inaccessible roads) 7. Poor tourism access roads to the PA‟s 8. Lack of tourism information centers around the PA‟s 9. Uncontrolled developments around tourism sites 10. Over reliance on Gorilla tourism 11. Lack of Batwa cultural tourism initiatives in Bwindi 12. Unregulated tourist guiding services. 13. Lack of agreements between existing porters associations and UWA. 14. No classification /standards of available lodges and camps 15. Presence of illegal and unprofessional tour companies mismanaging tourists in Bwindi. 16. Uncontrolled developments around tourism sites 17. Poor coordination of tourism activities around the park among tour operators 18. Poor information dissemination around gorilla ticket booking in relation to gorilla group to track and rules for tracking 19. Low visitation during the low tourism season 20. Inadequate and inappropriate marketing strategies for tourism products 21. Low tourist numbers in Uganda (including domestic tourists to the PA‟s) 22. High gorilla tracking fees for the local communities 23. Lack of market research 24. Limited access to gorilla tracking by local communities 25. Presence of illegal and unprofessional tour companies mismanaging tourists in Bwindi. 26. Uncontrolled developmentsBINP GENERAL around tourism MANAGEMENT sites PLAN 2014– 2024 27. Poor coordination of tourism activities around the park among tour operators 28. Non compliance of hotels/camps in paying local Government tax 29. Tracking of gorillas on private land without benefits to private owners 30. Lack of agreements between existing porters associations and UWA. 31. Un organized community tourism groups 32. Limited involvement of communities in tourism activities 33. Low involvement of communities in tourism development 34. Inadequate cultural and / or other tourism development initiatives outside PA‟s 35. Limited community based tourism products 36. Low cultural tourism development

Community Conservation 1. Crop raiding by Problem animals 2. Problem animals 3. Human wildlife conflict 4. Lack of compensation scheme Program Issues and challenges generated 5. Problem animal management (e.g. Elephants in Rushaga) 6. Poor Vermin control 7. Lack of compensation97 as a result of Human wildlife conflict 8. Inadequate interventions to deal with PAM 9. Lack of technical staff at District, S/County and lower local government levels to handle PAM 10. Rejection of some PAC interventions by communities 11. Lack of vermin guards 12. Facilitation of Porters while chasing gorillas from public land into the PA. 13. No token of appreciation to HUGO members 14. Lack of an institutional home for HUGO 15. No benefits (Gorilla levy) to some community members hurt by gorillas on their private land. 16. Lack of ownership of revenue sharing projects 17. Lack of knowledge and skills by communities to generate R/Sharing project proposals 18. Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land 19. Fixed/static empirical gorilla levy rate (percentages would be appropriate) 20. Untimely release of Revenue Sharing money 21. Poor Identification of Gorilla levy projects 22. Evaluation of revenue sharing funded community projects. 23. Implementation of gorilla levy guidelines 24. Unsustainable projects funded by Revenue Sharing money 25. Local community dissatisfaction with the current revenue sharing 26. Un sustainable R/Sharing Interventions (community projects) 27. Inadequate Monitoring of revenue sharing projects 28. Revenue sharing not benefiting people affected by the PA 29. Inequitable distribution of revenue sharing money to communities (Low percentage). 30. Over demand from communities for resources(resources over demanded include firewood, building poles, poles for hand tools 31. Limited access to park resources 32. Non- involvement of local resource users in monitoring resource off-take 33. New parishes not benefiting from resource access (20%front line area) 34. Un employment of the Batwa community-Benefits 35. Difficulty in accessing UWA employment -Benefits 36. Limited benefits to special interest groups (Batwa)-Benefits 37. Batwa‟s limited access to some forest resource-Resource 38. Some landless Batwa-stakeholder 39. Incompatible land use practices around the park 40. Lack of physical plan implementation around Bwindi 41. Land shortage outside the park 94 42. High population increase around the PA 43. Pressure for mining 44. Inadequate community awareness on conservation and tourism 45. Poor sanitation 46. Slow attitude change towards conservation 47. Increasing pressure to habituate more Gorillas for tourism 48. Inadequate sensitization and awareness about the PA 49. Low levels of education among communities neighboring the PA 50. Inadequate PA educational materials at the District 51. Inadequate dissemination of R/Sharing guidelines or information 52. Inadequate awareness about the existing agreement between UWA and NCCDF on the management of the Nkuringo Buffer zone 53. Inadequate education, sensitization and information dissemination to communities 54. Inadequate stakeholder awareness on conservation and tourism 55. Lack of awareness of the judiciary, directorate of public prosecution and Police about wildlife laws

98 Program Issues and challenges generated 5. Problem animal management (e.g. Elephants in Rushaga) 6. Poor Vermin control 7. Lack of compensation as a result of Human wildlife conflict 8. Inadequate interventions to deal with PAM 9. Lack of technical staff at District, S/County and lower local government levels to handle PAM 10. Rejection of some PAC interventions by communities 11. Lack of vermin guards 12. Facilitation of Porters while chasing gorillas from public land into the PA. 13. No token of appreciation to HUGO members 14. Lack of an institutional home for HUGO 15. No benefits (Gorilla levy) to some community members hurt by gorillas on their private land. 16. Lack of ownership of revenue sharing projects 17. Lack of knowledge and skills by communities to generate R/Sharing project proposals 18. Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land 19. Fixed/static empirical gorilla levy rate (percentages would be appropriate) 20. Untimely release of Revenue Sharing money 21. Poor Identification of Gorilla levy projects 22. Evaluation of revenue sharing funded community projects. 23. Implementation of gorilla levy guidelines 24. Unsustainable projects funded by Revenue Sharing money 25. Local community dissatisfaction with the current revenue sharing 26. Un sustainable R/Sharing Interventions (community projects) 27. Inadequate Monitoring of revenue sharing projects 28. Revenue sharing not benefiting people affected by the PA 29. Inequitable distribution of revenue sharing money to communities (Low percentage). 30. Over demand from communities for resources(resources over demanded include firewood, building poles, poles for hand tools 31. Limited access to park resources 32. Non- involvement of local resource users in monitoring resource off-take 33. New parishes notBINP benefiting GENERAL from resource MANAGEMENT access (20%front PLAN 2014– line area) 2024 34. Un employment of the Batwa community-Benefits 35. Difficulty in accessing UWA employment -Benefits 36. Limited benefits to special interest groups (Batwa)-Benefits 37. Batwa‟s limited access to some forest resource-Resource 38. Some landless Batwa-stakeholder 39. Incompatible land use practices around the park 40. Lack of physical plan implementation around Bwindi 41. Land shortage outside the park 42. High population increase around the PA 43. Pressure for mining 44. Inadequate community awareness on conservation and tourism 45. Poor sanitation 46. Slow attitude change towards conservation 47. Increasing pressure to habituate more Gorillas for tourism 48. Inadequate sensitization and awareness about the PA 49. Low levels of education among communities neighboring the PA 50. Inadequate PA educational materials at the District 51. Inadequate dissemination of R/Sharing guidelines or information 52. Inadequate awareness about the existing agreement between UWA and NCCDF on the management of the Nkuringo Buffer zone 53. Inadequate education, sensitization and information dissemination to communities 54. Inadequate stakeholder awareness on conservation and tourism 55. Lack of awareness of the judiciary, directorate of public prosecution and Police about wildlife laws Program Issues and challenges generated 56. Political interference in protected area management 57. Un satisfactory PA-Community98 relationship 58. Inability of the booking system which does not carter for the interest of the elderly and couple visitors leading to over tracking (>8people). 59. Inadequate involvement of local leaders in community sensitization. 60. Weak partnership between BINP and Local Government 61. Lack of community appreciation of conservation 62. Weak relationship between PA management and communities 63. Lack of integration between District development plans and BINP Management Plan 64. Inadequate linkages to various authorities responsible for access roads maintenance Resource conservation 1. Coordination gaps between UWA and security agents 2. Demand for road connecting Kisoro and Kanungu 3. Presence of armed groups on the DRC side 4. Cross border poaching 5. Illegal resource access 6. Illegal tourism activities inside the park 7. Poaching 8. Timber cutting/vegetation destruction 9. Illegal tracking 10. Illegal activities as a result of access routes (Rushamba-Hakyikome) 11. Illegal footpaths/routes and roads (Kashuri-Kiyebe footpath, Bugarama road, Kitojo-Rwesanziro footpaths) 12. Lack of live and cairns/concrete pillars as boundary markers 13. Management of live boundary markers 14. Unclear boundary (Lack of demarcation in Mbwa tract and Bujengwe) 15. Lack of appropriate boundary maintenance 16. Wildfire 17. Inappropriate methods of honey harvesting 18. Weak wildlife laws 19. Lack of wildlife regulations 20. Conflicting laws and policies (wildlife Act & local government Act) 21. Illegal tracking (BINP), no provision-weak penalties; provides only for95 illegal entry. 22. Gorilla ranging outside the park, an opportunity for disease transmission (Nkuringo,Buhoma,Bujengwe and Nyabaremure) 23. Disease transmission between wildlife and Humans Research and Monitoring 1. Changing home range of the habituated Gorilla groups inside the park 2. Wildlife diseases 3. Waste management and noise pollution 4. Increasing pressure to habituate more Gorillas for tourism 5. Presence of Exotic species 6. Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land 7. Limited information and management intervention on other species other than mountain Gorillas 8. Un updated Population and Habitat viability of key wildlife species 9. Lack of recent socio-economic survey 10. Lack of database for information management 11. Wildlife diseases 12. Inadequate monitoring of Resource off-take 13. Inadequate monitoring of the impacts of tourism on PA resources 14. Inadequate capacity to monitor various developments in and around the PA including waste management. Regional collaboration 1. Poor collaboration between the Gorilla ranging states

99 Program Issues and challenges generated 56. Political interference in protected area management 57. Un satisfactory PA-Community relationship 58. Inability of the booking system which does not carter for the interest of the elderly and couple visitors leading to over tracking (>8people). 59. Inadequate involvement of local leaders in community sensitization. 60. Weak partnership between BINP and Local Government 61. Lack of community appreciation of conservation 62. Weak relationship between PA management and communities 63. Lack of integration between District development plans and BINP Management Plan 64. Inadequate linkages to various authorities responsible for access roads maintenance Resource conservation 1. Coordination gaps between UWA and security agents 2. Demand for road connecting Kisoro and Kanungu 3. Presence of armed groups on the DRC side 4. Cross border poaching 5. Illegal resource access 6. Illegal tourism activities inside the park 7. Poaching 8. Timber cutting/vegetation destruction 9. Illegal tracking 10. Illegal activities as a result of access routes (Rushamba-Hakyikome) 11. Illegal footpaths/routes and roads (Kashuri-Kiyebe footpath, Bugarama road, Kitojo-Rwesanziro footpaths) 12. Lack of live and cairns/concrete pillars as boundary markers 13. Management of live boundary markers 14. Unclear boundary (Lack of demarcation in Mbwa tract and Bujengwe) 15. Lack of appropriateBINP boundary GENERAL maintenance MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 16. Wildfire 17. Inappropriate methods of honey harvesting 18. Weak wildlife laws 19. Lack of wildlife regulations 20. Conflicting laws and policies (wildlife Act & local government Act) 21. Illegal tracking (BINP), no provision-weak penalties; provides only for illegal entry. 22. Gorilla ranging outside the park, an opportunity for disease transmission (Nkuringo,Buhoma,Bujengwe and Nyabaremure) 23. Disease transmission between wildlife and Humans Research and Monitoring 1. Changing home range of the habituated Gorilla groups inside the park 2. Wildlife diseases 3. Waste management and noise pollution 4. Increasing pressure to habituate more Gorillas for tourism 5. Presence of Exotic species 6. Habituated Gorilla groups ranging on private land 7. Limited information and management intervention on other species other than mountain Gorillas 8. Un updated Population and Habitat viability of key wildlife species 9. Lack of recent socio-economic survey 10. Lack of database for information management 11. Wildlife diseases 12. Inadequate monitoring of Resource off-take 13. Inadequate monitoring of the impacts of tourism on PA resources 14. Inadequate capacity to monitor various developments in and around the PA including waste management. Regional collaboration 1. Poor collaboration between the Gorilla ranging states Program Issues and challenges generated 2. Low conservation status of the gorilla ranging areas outside Uganda such as Sarambwe forest in D.R.Congo 99 Park operations (Administration) 1. Inadequate specialised re-training of staff 2. Inadequate field allowance for staff 3. Shortage of man power in the PA 4. Increasing HIV prevalence in and around the park 5. Low staff Salary and wide salary gaps 6. Involvement of staff in illegal activities 7. Lack of Education infrastructure for staff children 8. Inadequate field equipment 9. Few and old vehicles 10. Poor communication network (repeater requirement) 11. Lack of central stores for assorted items such as food, etc 12. Inadequate and Inappropriate accommodation 13. Lack of power supply around park installations 14. Inadequate Staff accommodation, and VIC (Ruhija, Buhoma, Nyabaremura for VIC, Nkuringo area) and Office 15. Inadequate funding for planned activities

Appendix 3: Bwindi’s Major Visitor Destinations by Ranking

Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 1.USA 2257 2351 2652 7260 2.UK 2043 2185 2348 6576 3.Netherlands 1021 1310 1243 3574 4.Australia 782 1322 1447 3551 5.Germany 777 1120 1487 3384 96 6.Uganda 725 1467 822 3014 7.Canada 498 602 766 1866 8.Italy 407 571 683 1661 9.Belgium 383 441 582 1406 10.Spain 256 338 621 1215 11.Sweden 315 309 501 1125 12.South Africa 282 347 385 1014 13.New Zealand 216 262 319 797 14.Switzerland 214 227 330 771 15.Austria 62 278 398 738 16.France 161 260 304 725 17.Denmark 207 206 288 701 18.Ireland 229 226 219 674 19.Norway 100 112 238 450 20.Czech Rep. 150 134 154 438 21.Japan 99 136 149 384 22.Poland 84 77 139 300 23.Finland 51 86 158 295 24.Russia 28 123 117 268 25.Argentina 191 12 44 247 26.Israel 30 76 121 227 27.Mexico 35 30 115 180 28.India 30 71 42 143 29.Kenya 21 50 71 142 30.Portugal 27 31 41 99

100 Program Issues and challenges generated 2. Low conservation status of the gorilla ranging areas outside Uganda such as Sarambwe forest in D.R.Congo Park operations (Administration) 1. Inadequate specialised re-training of staff 2. Inadequate field allowance for staff 3. Shortage of man power in the PA 4. Increasing HIV prevalence in and around the park 5. Low staff Salary and wide salary gaps 6. Involvement of staff in illegal activities 7. Lack of Education infrastructure for staff children 8. Inadequate field equipment 9. Few and old vehicles 10. Poor communication network (repeater requirement) 11. Lack of central stores for assorted items such as food, etc 12. Inadequate and Inappropriate accommodation 13. Lack of power supplyBINP aroundGENERAL park MANAGEMENT installations PLAN 2014– 2024 14. Inadequate Staff accommodation, and VIC (Ruhija, Buhoma, Nyabaremura for VIC, Nkuringo area) and Office 15. Inadequate funding for planned activities

Appendix 3: Bwindi’s Major Visitor Destinations by Ranking

Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 1.USA 2257 2351 2652 7260 2.UK 2043 2185 2348 6576 3.Netherlands 1021 1310 1243 3574 4.Australia 782 1322 1447 3551 5.Germany 777 1120 1487 3384 6.Uganda 725 1467 822 3014 7.Canada 498 602 766 1866 8.Italy 407 571 683 1661 9.Belgium 383 441 582 1406 10.Spain 256 338 621 1215 11.Sweden 315 309 501 1125 12.South Africa 282 347 385 1014 13.New Zealand 216 262 319 797 14.Switzerland 214 227 330 771 15.Austria 62 278 398 738 16.France 161 260 304 725 17.Denmark 207 206 288 701 18.Ireland 229 226 219 674 19.Norway 100 112 238 450 20.Czech Rep. 150 134 154 438 21.Japan 99 136 149 384 22.Poland 84 77 139 300 23.Finland 51 86 158 295 24.Russia 28 123 117 268 25.Argentina 191 12 44 247 26.Israel 30 76 121 227 27.Mexico 35 30 115 180 28.India 30 71 42 143 29.Kenya 21 50 71 142 30.Portugal 27 31 41 99 Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 31.China 27 38 31 96 32.Slovenia 32 9 100 43 84 33.Brazil 10 28 45 83 34.Slovak Rep. 6 16 48 70 35.Turkey 8 16 44 68 36.Hungary 9 22 26 57 37.Greece 14 25 11 50 38.Ukraine 1 31 12 44 39.Romania 0 23 20 43 40.Thailand 10 5 25 40 41.Colombia 2 2 35 39 42.Tanzania 3 4 24 31 43.Croatia Rep. 2 12 13 27 44.Luxemburg 1 9 16 26 45.Singapore 16 6 3 25 97 46.Korea 4 7 13 24 46.Latvia 5 12 6 23 47.Malaysia 4 10 6 20 48.Chile 4 7 6 17 49.Iceland 4 2 8 14 50.Rwanda 1 0 12 13 51.Bulgaria 1 6 5 12 52.Georgia 4 3 4 11 53.Philippines 3 0 7 10 54.Zimbabwe 2 4 4 10 55.Trinidad & Tobago 0 9 1 10 56.Sri lanka 4 5 0 9 57.Scotland 0 0 8 8 58.Salvador 0 0 8 8 59.Malta 1 2 5 8 60.Egypt 3 4 1 8 61.Indonesia 1 0 6 7 62. Lithuania 0 6 0 6 63.DRC 0 0 5 5 64.Cyprus 0 0 5 5 65.Jordan 0 0 5 5 66.Namibia 2 1 2 5 67.Venezuela 2 2 1 5 68.Taiwan 0 0 4 4 69.Bahamas 0 0 4 4 70.Cameroon 0 0 4 4 71.Costa Rica 2 0 2 4 72.Mali 4 0 0 4 73.Bolivia 1 0 3 4 74.Peru rep. 0 0 3 3 75.Guatemala 0 0 3 3 76.UNO 0 0 3 3 77.Hong Kong 2 0 1 3 78.Haiti 3 0 0 3 79.Pakistan 3 0 0 3 80.Morocco 0 3 0 3

101 Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 31.China 27 38 31 96 32.Slovenia 32 9 43 84 33.Brazil 10 28 45 83 34.Slovak Rep. 6 16 48 70 35.Turkey 8 16 44 68 36.Hungary 9 22 26 57 37.Greece 14 25 11 50 38.Ukraine 1 31 12 44 39.Romania 0 BINP23 GENERAL MANAGEMENT20 PLAN43 2014– 2024 40.Thailand 10 5 25 40 41.Colombia 2 2 35 39 42.Tanzania 3 4 24 31 43.Croatia Rep. 2 12 13 27 44.Luxemburg 1 9 16 26 45.Singapore 16 6 3 25 46.Korea 4 7 13 24 46.Latvia 5 12 6 23 47.Malaysia 4 10 6 20 48.Chile 4 7 6 17 49.Iceland 4 2 8 14 50.Rwanda 1 0 12 13 51.Bulgaria 1 6 5 12 52.Georgia 4 3 4 11 53.Philippines 3 0 7 10 54.Zimbabwe 2 4 4 10 55.Trinidad & Tobago 0 9 1 10 56.Sri lanka 4 5 0 9 57.Scotland 0 0 8 8 58.Salvador 0 0 8 8 59.Malta 1 2 5 8 60.Egypt 3 4 1 8 61.Indonesia 1 0 6 7 62. Lithuania 0 6 0 6 63.DRC 0 0 5 5 64.Cyprus 0 0 5 5 65.Jordan 0 0 5 5 66.Namibia 2 1 2 5 67.Venezuela 2 2 1 5 68.Taiwan 0 0 4 4 69.Bahamas 0 0 4 4 70.Cameroon 0 0 4 4 71.Costa Rica 2 0 2 4 72.Mali 4 0 0 4 73.Bolivia 1 0 3 4 74.Peru rep. 0 0 3 3 75.Guatemala 0 0 3 3 76.UNO 0 0 3 3 77.Hong Kong 2 0 1 3 78.Haiti 3 0 0 3 79.Pakistan 3 0 0 3 80.Morocco 0 3 0 3

101

98 BINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024

Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 81.Bahrain 0 0 2 2 82.Guinea Bissau 0 0 2 2 83.Mauritania 2 0 0 2 84.Rep. of Belarus 2 0 0 2 85.Botswana 1 1 0 2 86.Saudi Arabia 1 1 0 2 87. Barbados 0 2 0 2 88.Nigeria 0 0 2 2 89.Ethiopia 1 0 1 2 90.Senegal 1 0 1 2 91.Kosovo 0 0 1 1 92.Gabon 0 0 1 1 93.Bermuda 1 0 0 1 94.California 1 0 0 1 95.Ghana 1 0 0 1 96.Madagascar 1 0 0 1 97.Malawi 1 0 0 1 98.Mauritius 1 0 0 1 99.Myanmar 1 0 0 1 100.Zambia 1 0 0 1 Total 11898 15112 17335 44345

Appendix 4: Planning team members

No Name Designation / Tittle Contact / Address

1 Susan Lilian Namuli M &E Mgr Uwa H /trs 2 Edgar buhanga SPEIAC Uwa H/trs 3 Robert Bitariho SRO ITFC 4 Stephen Asuma CR / Po IGCP 5 Masaba Christopher Ag WIC BMCA 6 Sunday frank AWLE BMCA 7 Godfrey Balyesiima AWT BMCA 8 Okuta Charles AWCC BMCA 9 Sebuhinja Julius Field Coordinator Kisoro District NGO Forum 10 Paul M sabiiti DNRO - Kabale District Kabale 11 Kapere Richard SPEIAO -UWA Uwa H /trs 12 Pontius Ezuma Ag CAM - BMCA BMCA 13 Agaba George Ag. Head of Natural Resources Kanungu 14 Kato Raymond Warden Research and monitoring BMCA

Appendix 5: List of District stakeholders consulted during data collection (15th - 21st January 2012)

Kanungu District Resource Users; Date: 16th Jan 2012 No Name Designation Title Contact / Address 1 Mubangizi Mark C/person problem Animal Karangara parish Control Kayonza 99 2 Tumwebaze Peace C/p resource Users Karangara parish Kayonza 3 Tindiwegyi Bernard C/person Bujegwe Bwindi Nyamishamba

102 Nationality 2009 2010 2011 Total 81.Bahrain 0 0 2 2 82.Guinea Bissau 0 0 2 2 83.Mauritania 2 0 0 2 84.Rep. of Belarus 2 0 0 2 85.Botswana 1 1 0 2 86.Saudi Arabia 1 1 0 2 87. Barbados 0 2 0 2 88.Nigeria 0 0 2 2 89.Ethiopia 1 0 1 2 90.Senegal 1 0 1 2 91.Kosovo 0 0 1 1 92.Gabon 0 0 1 1 93.Bermuda 1 0 0 1 94.California 1 0 0 1 95.Ghana 1 0 0 1 96.Madagascar 1 0 0 1 97.Malawi 1 0 0 1 98.Mauritius 1 0 0 1 99.Myanmar 1 0 0 1 100.Zambia 1 0 0 1 Total 11898 15112 17335 44345

Appendix 4: Planning team members

No Name Designation / Tittle Contact / Address

1 Susan Lilian Namuli M &E Mgr Uwa H /trs 2 Edgar buhanga SPEIAC Uwa H/trs 3 Robert Bitariho SRO ITFC 4 Stephen Asuma CR / Po IGCP 5 Masaba Christopher Ag WIC BMCA 6 Sunday frank AWLE BMCA 7 Godfrey Balyesiima AWT BMCA 8 Okuta Charles AWCC BMCA 9 Sebuhinja Julius Field Coordinator Kisoro District NGO Forum 10 Paul M sabiiti DNRO - Kabale District Kabale 11 Kapere Richard SPEIAO -UWA Uwa H /trs 12 Pontius Ezuma Ag CAM - BMCABINP GENERAL MANAGEMENTBMCA PLAN 2014– 2024 13 Agaba George Ag. Head of Natural Resources Kanungu 14 Kato Raymond Warden Research and monitoring BMCA

Appendix 5: List of District stakeholders consulted during data collection (15th - 21st January 2012)

Kanungu District Resource Users; Date: 16th Jan 2012 No Name Designation Title Contact / Address 1 Mubangizi Mark C/person problem Animal Karangara parish Control Kayonza 2 Tumwebaze Peace C/p resource Users Karangara parish Kayonza 3 Tindiwegyi Bernard C/person Bujegwe Bwindi Nyamishamba Support staff Kayonza 4 Wanyonzi James S/C Chairperson kayonza Kayonza S/county Sub-county102 5 Turyagyenda David C/man Resource use Kitariro Rutugunda Rutugunda kirima s/county 6 Ngabirano Caleb C.man B.S.F Buhoma 7 Byemaku Benard C/man HuGo Mukono 8 Tumukuratire Felix C/man Resource Users Mpungu 9 Ngabirano Alex Sec. natural Resources Kayonza

Kanungu Sub- County Participants; Date: 16th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Address Contact / Address 1 Mucunguzi Elly Kirima S/chief 0782448065 2 Magara syliva GISO kanungu TC 0772330871 3 Hope O Kayonza s/c ………………… 4 Sunday Lauriano Sec. for production Kayonza 0755511244 5 Akanshungura sharon Sec for production Mpungu 0787836998 6 Twehangane Sam Speaker mpungu 0755783779 7 Tumusherure Confidence Natural Resource Mpungu 8 Caleb Kamashaka C/p LC3 Kirima 0772577278 9 Orishaba Richard C/lc3 Rutenga 0774156859 10 Byaruhanga John Se, for production 0775670515 11 Asp Bakashaba Bosco OC FFU kanungu District 0777609151 12 Karanda Karafe Deputy mayor KTC 0777402732 13 Ampumuza David CDO Mpungu s/c 0782570871 14 Tumwesigye Johns S/C Mpungu 0752344337 15 Tindimwebwa Benson CDO Rutenga S/c 0785235834 16 Kato Nicholas ACDO Kanungu T/c 0772434890 17 Arineitwe Allen S/C Chief kayonza 0774087940 18 Twongeorwe emmy Sec. production & social services 0772430580 19 Besigye Deus S/C Rutenga 0782352613 20 Byarugaba Beddalt Sec Production & social services 0772057876 21 Tumubweine Allen SEC for RDC 0779783589 22 Besigye Milton Sec natural resources Rutenga S/c 0782913566 23 Byakatonda Methodius S/C Chief Kiinaba 0774153056 24 Byamukama Jackson Town Clerk Kanungu 0772856885 25 Birungi Sam CDo Kinaaba 0788132313 2 Agaba Richard CDO Kirima 0785101424 27 Gumisirize William C/p Mpungu Reformed poachers 0774911647 association

Kanungu District level Participants; Date: 17th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address100 1 Bayanga frank Lodge manager 0782352726 Volcano Safaris 2 Magara Syliver For DISO 0772330871 Kanungu 3 Ssemakula Moses DPC Kanungu 0714667860 4 Atwine Justine kakuru For sec. production 0772684174 5 Banobi Herbert C/r Kanungu NGO Forum 0772930304 6 Agaba George Ag DNRO 0774226928 7 Akankwasa hope Ppo For CAO 0782377822 8 Namara Christopher DCDO 0772514850 9 Saturday Jackson DPO 0772563737 10 Kamara Christopher District Councillor 0772658174 11 Mugabe Gregory Ag Group Manager 0772684180 12 Juuko Kasiita RDC 0772607314

103 Support staff Kayonza 4 Wanyonzi James S/C Chairperson kayonza Kayonza S/county Sub-county 5 Turyagyenda David C/man Resource use Kitariro Rutugunda Rutugunda kirima s/county 6 Ngabirano Caleb C.man B.S.F Buhoma 7 Byemaku Benard C/man HuGo Mukono 8 Tumukuratire Felix C/man Resource Users Mpungu 9 Ngabirano Alex Sec. natural Resources Kayonza

Kanungu Sub- County Participants; Date: 16th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Address Contact / Address 1 Mucunguzi Elly Kirima S/chief 0782448065 2 Magara syliva GISO kanungu TC 0772330871 3 Hope O Kayonza s/c ………………… 4 Sunday Lauriano Sec. for production Kayonza 0755511244 5 Akanshungura sharon Sec for production Mpungu 0787836998 6 Twehangane Sam Speaker mpungu 0755783779 7 Tumusherure Confidence Natural Resource Mpungu 8 Caleb Kamashaka C/p LC3 Kirima 0772577278 9 Orishaba Richard C/lc3 Rutenga 0774156859 10 Byaruhanga John Se, for production 0775670515 11 Asp Bakashaba Bosco OC FFU kanungu District 0777609151 12 Karanda Karafe Deputy mayor KTC 0777402732 13 Ampumuza David CDO Mpungu s/c 0782570871 14 Tumwesigye Johns S/C Mpungu 0752344337 15 Tindimwebwa Benson CDO Rutenga S/c 0785235834 16 Kato Nicholas ACDO Kanungu T/c 0772434890 17 Arineitwe Allen S/C Chief kayonza 0774087940 18 Twongeorwe emmy Sec. production & social services 0772430580 19 Besigye Deus S/C Rutenga 0782352613 20 Byarugaba Beddalt Sec Production & social services 0772057876 21 Tumubweine Allen SEC for RDC 0779783589 22 Besigye Milton Sec natural resources Rutenga S/c 0782913566 23 Byakatonda Methodius S/C Chief Kiinaba 0774153056 24 Byamukama Jackson Town Clerk Kanungu 0772856885 25 Birungi Sam CDo Kinaaba 0788132313 2 Agaba Richard CDO KirimaBINP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN0785101424 2014– 2024 27 Gumisirize William C/p Mpungu Reformed poachers 0774911647 association

Kanungu District level Participants; Date: 17th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Bayanga frank Lodge manager 0782352726 Volcano Safaris 2 Magara Syliver For DISO 0772330871 Kanungu 3 Ssemakula Moses DPC Kanungu 0714667860 4 Atwine Justine kakuru For sec. production 0772684174 5 Banobi Herbert C/r Kanungu NGO Forum 0772930304 6 Agaba George Ag DNRO 0774226928 7 Akankwasa hope Ppo For CAO 0782377822 8 Namara Christopher DCDO 0772514850 9 Saturday Jackson DPO 0772563737 10 Kamara Christopher District Councillor 0772658174 11 Mugabe Gregory Ag Group Manager 0772684180 12No JuukoName Kasiita RDCDesignation / Title 0772607314 Contact / Address 13 Byaruhanga Frank For District C/person 0772627852 14 Nfitundinda George Magistrate Kanungu ………………… 103 Kisoro District Level Consultations; Date: 18th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Rev. Emmanuel Mfitumukiza Kisoro District NGO/ CBO forum 0772390712 Program Coordinator 2 Lubuka David CAO Kisoro O752649386 3 Wenamanya Ben For DPC Kisoro 0714667856 4 Bainenaama Francis District planner kisoro 0774439772 5 Nkuranga Florence Sec. Production 0752499008 6 Babishanga Elidard Brian D/DISO Kisoro 0784055272 7 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO O772480186 8 Kwizera Benon C/person District Tourism 0772408476 Association 9 Kigongo Sarah Kagwa DCDO - KDLG 0772601067 10 Lt col peter N Akankunda CO 63 BN 0782301409 11 Zaninka Penninah UOBDU Coordinator O772660810 12 Mujawimana Happy UNIDO coordinator 0782177391 13 Bazanye Milton Mutabazi LC5 Chairperson 0774338066 14 Aheebwa Gideon Deputy RDC Kisoro 0773570373 15 Kabihogo Beaince URP Team leader KISORO 0702585859

Kisoro District subcounty participants consulted; Date: 19th Jan 2012 No Name Designation /Title Contact / Address 1 Nzabonimpa David Nyabwishenya CDO 0776017982 2 Tukundane Frederick MGNP Volunteer 0701555982 3 Richard Niyonzimza S/C Chief Nyabwishenya 0781446622 4 Rugurira S David Sec. Produc. Muramba 0779104414 S/county 5 Tumuheirwe B John LC3 C/person Kirundo 0756779986 6 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. For production Kirundo 0785378752 S/c 7 Kibetenga Monica Nyarusiza S/c Chief 0772968056 8 Mugabo Edward Lc3 c/p Nyabwishenye S/c 0772530980 9 Kampire Moirah CDO Nyarusiza S/C 0782795542 10 Ntawigomwa Deo V/C Lc3 Muramba S/c 0777007374 101 11 Nyirabuntu Lilian For S/C Chief Muramba 0788102295 12 Uwiringiyimana Laurent Production C/person 0777298963 13 Dusabe Hope Sec. Production ------14 Niyonzima Sam CDO Bukimbiri 0772486806 15 Karuru Godfrey Lc3 C/p 0775884615 16 Monday moses Sec. production Bukimbiri 0715719083 17 Nsabimana silva S/C Chief Bukimbiri 0773337877 18 Tumwebaze Gervase NCCDF C/m 0773337785 19 Nyirabyiringiro Naomi Sec. for production 0777043851 20 Nizeyimana Henry Sec.production Nyarusiza S/C 21 Maniragaba Jack SEC. Natural resources Nyarusiza S/C 22 Niyendera Ester Natural Resources Kirundo

104 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 13 Byaruhanga Frank For District C/person 0772627852 14 Nfitundinda George Magistrate Kanungu …………………

Kisoro District Level Consultations; Date: 18th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Rev. Emmanuel Mfitumukiza Kisoro District NGO/ CBO forum 0772390712 Program Coordinator 2 Lubuka David CAO Kisoro O752649386 3 Wenamanya Ben For DPC Kisoro 0714667856 4 Bainenaama Francis District planner kisoro 0774439772 5 Nkuranga Florence Sec. Production 0752499008 6 Babishanga Elidard Brian D/DISO Kisoro 0784055272 7 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO O772480186 8 Kwizera Benon C/person District Tourism 0772408476 Association 9 Kigongo Sarah Kagwa DCDO - KDLG 0772601067 10 Lt col peter N Akankunda CO 63 BN 0782301409 11 Zaninka Penninah UOBDU Coordinator O772660810 12 Mujawimana Happy UNIDO coordinator 0782177391 13 Bazanye Milton Mutabazi LC5 Chairperson 0774338066 14 Aheebwa Gideon Deputy RDC Kisoro 0773570373 15 Kabihogo Beaince URP Team leader KISORO 0702585859

Kisoro District subcounty participants consulted; Date: 19th Jan 2012 No Name Designation /Title Contact / Address 1 Nzabonimpa David Nyabwishenya CDO 0776017982 2 Tukundane Frederick MGNP Volunteer 0701555982 3 Richard Niyonzimza S/C Chief Nyabwishenya 0781446622 4 Rugurira S David Sec. Produc. Muramba 0779104414 S/county 5 Tumuheirwe B John LC3BINP C/person GENERAL Kirundo MANAGEMENT 0756779986 PLAN 2014– 2024 6 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. For production Kirundo 0785378752 S/c 7 Kibetenga Monica Nyarusiza S/c Chief 0772968056 8 Mugabo Edward Lc3 c/p Nyabwishenye S/c 0772530980 9 Kampire Moirah CDO Nyarusiza S/C 0782795542 10 Ntawigomwa Deo V/C Lc3 Muramba S/c 0777007374 11 Nyirabuntu Lilian For S/C Chief Muramba 0788102295 12 Uwiringiyimana Laurent Production C/person 0777298963 13 Dusabe Hope Sec. Production ------14 Niyonzima Sam CDO Bukimbiri 0772486806 15 Karuru Godfrey Lc3 C/p 0775884615 16 Monday moses Sec. production Bukimbiri 0715719083 17 Nsabimana silva S/C Chief Bukimbiri 0773337877 18 Tumwebaze Gervase NCCDF C/m 0773337785 19 Nyirabyiringiro Naomi Sec. for production 0777043851 20 Nizeyimana Henry Sec.production Nyarusiza S/C 21 Maniragaba Jack SEC. Natural resources Nyarusiza S/C 22 Niyendera Ester Natural Resources Kirundo

Kisoro District Resourse Users consulted-19th January 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Hitiman Dismas C/p Rukongi hand Crafts 0759577023 2 Safari David Gisozi beekeepers 0772991769 3 Semivumbi Geoffrey Mgahinga RFPA 0778583484 4 Bashinyoka Geoffrey Chairperson HuGo 0771691182 5 Bizimana Stanley Rubuguri HuGo …………. 6 Tukesiga William C/person104 Rubuguri 0782141429 7 Ngabirano Caleb Rushaga Village C/person 0778498706 8 Akantambira Keefa Rushaga village 0784519425 9 Safari Gerisomu Nshongi ……………… 10 Basabase John C/man beekeeping Rukongi 11 Munyakibiina Tom C/p beekeeping Gitenderi 12 Ndabagoragora Francis C/p GPACA GISOZI PARISH 13 Sebahashi Julius C/p Muramba Murama H/C 14 Nyiraguriro Hope Gisozi Muramba 15 Niyindeba Ester Natural Resource Kirundo 16 Kanyankole Ben C/man ASC Nteko HuGo 17 Bahebyabusha Evarist C/man HOG Nteko parish 18 Musabyimana Enock C/mam B/Z Nteko village 19 Mirembe Ponsiano C/man - HuGo Nteko 20 Bisanukurisa Vice C/man resource Rukongi 21 Kabwiko Justus C/man resource Users remera 0782267559 22 Kajubwami Atanazius c/person Nkuringo SS 0783155325

Kabale District Sub-county Participants; Date: 20th Jan 2012 No Name Designation /Title Contact / Address 1 Kamugisha Steven C/p LC3 Muko 0771822982 2 Asiimwe Benjamin CDO Ruhija Sub-County 0782401038 3 Gordon Tabaro SAS Ruhija S/C 0782496324 4 Manzi Gordon SAS Ikumba 0782692201 5 Arineitwe Prize CDO Muko S/c 0771410752 6 Kemigisha Starlet CDO Ikumba 0787662570 7 Kemigisha Bronte Sec for production Ruhija 8 Byomuhangi Clement LC3 C/person Ruhija 9 Nyakeshiki Goreth Natural Resource Ruhija 10 Mugisha N Bikangiso S / C Chief Muko 0772933932102 11 Tumwesigye John Bosco LC3 C/p Ikumba 12 Byomuhangi Nestor Sec. for production Ikumba 13 Ngabirano Agnes Sec. production for NR Ikumba 14 Byaruhanga Hebert Sec. for natural Resourses Mukono 15 Katureebe Willing Sec. for Council KDLG

Kabale District level Participants; Date: 20th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address

105 3 Semivumbi Geoffrey Mgahinga RFPA 0778583484 4 Bashinyoka Geoffrey Chairperson HuGo 0771691182 5 Bizimana Stanley Rubuguri HuGo …………. 6 Tukesiga William C/person Rubuguri 0782141429 7 Ngabirano Caleb Rushaga Village C/person 0778498706 8 Akantambira Keefa Rushaga village 0784519425 9 Safari Gerisomu Nshongi ……………… 10 Basabase John C/man beekeeping Rukongi 11 Munyakibiina Tom C/p beekeeping Gitenderi 12 Ndabagoragora Francis C/p GPACA GISOZI PARISH 13 Sebahashi Julius C/p Muramba Murama H/C 14 Nyiraguriro Hope Gisozi Muramba 15 Niyindeba Ester Natural Resource Kirundo 16 Kanyankole Ben C/man ASC Nteko HuGo 17 Bahebyabusha Evarist C/man HOG Nteko parish 18 Musabyimana Enock C/mam B/Z Nteko village 19 Mirembe Ponsiano C/man - HuGo Nteko 20 Bisanukurisa Vice C/man resource Rukongi 21 Kabwiko Justus C/man resource Users remera 0782267559 22 Kajubwami Atanazius c/person Nkuringo SS 0783155325

Kabale District Sub-county Participants; Date: 20th Jan 2012 No Name Designation /Title Contact / Address 1 Kamugisha Steven C/p LC3 Muko 0771822982 2 Asiimwe Benjamin CDO Ruhija Sub-County 0782401038 3 Gordon Tabaro SAS Ruhija S/C 0782496324 4 Manzi Gordon SASBINP Ikumba GENERAL MANAGEMENT0782692201 PLAN 2014– 2024 5 Arineitwe Prize CDO Muko S/c 0771410752 6 Kemigisha Starlet CDO Ikumba 0787662570 7 Kemigisha Bronte Sec for production Ruhija 8 Byomuhangi Clement LC3 C/person Ruhija 9 Nyakeshiki Goreth Natural Resource Ruhija 10 Mugisha N Bikangiso S / C Chief Muko 0772933932 11 Tumwesigye John Bosco LC3 C/p Ikumba 12 Byomuhangi Nestor Sec. for production Ikumba 13 Ngabirano Agnes Sec. production for NR Ikumba 14 Byaruhanga Hebert Sec. for natural Resourses Mukono 15 Katureebe Willing Sec. for Council KDLG

Kabale District level Participants; Date: 20th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address

1 Kyampeire Caroline Program Coordinator Kabale Civil Society 2 Mugisha Denis DISO‟s office 0788189094 3 Businge WinFred DCDO 0772673898 4 Okumu Jude Chief of magistrate O752955786 5 Kwomukama Amos Ag DNRO 0772421714 6 Asp Aropa bosco DPC Kabale 0714667857 7 Mwine Mark David Trust Admin. Kabale 8 Mugisha James Pas. For CAO Kabale 9 Twinomuhangi pastoli Speaker Kabale 0788535475 10 Zikampereza Loy Sec for health 0772645272 11 Silva baguma District Councillor 0772960215 No12 NameNgabirano Agnes DesignationCouncillor / Title Contact0787271597 / Address 13 Byamugisha Geoffrey Sec. for education and sports 0775245294 14 Beebwajuba Mary Sec for prodn and marketing 0782772293 15 Ivan Mbabazi Batuma Tourism Investor 0772409510 16 Tumwesigye Amply Press 0772949459 17 Bwogi Buyera John Vision105 Group 0772674456 18 Mujuni Richard Manager krone U ltd 0782365821 19 Twebaze Alex District Planner K‟le 0772370506 20 Nyakairu Cox RDC 0772529811 21 Lutwanga Christopher Escort for RDC 0775472291 22 Besigye Patrick Keihwa C/P KDLG Kabale

Kabale District Resource Users Meeting participants; Date: 21th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Mubangizi Augustine C/P Oruzogo Mpungu 2 Ntambirweki Christopher C/p Kiyebe Ruhija 3 Buhaburwa Enock C/person Beekeepers kaara 4 Turyamureba Henry C/person HuGo kashaasha 5 Tukahirwa Nichodemus C/person RVS kashaasha 6 Zorekana Siwera C.Person HuGo BINP - Buhoma 7 Byaruhanga G C/man Mushanje 8 Manzi R Sec. for C/p Kaara 9 Nyamarembo Adrine C/person Kaara Kaara 10 Kweyamba Moses Police Ikumba 0757358687 11 Bagambisa Epaphra P/c for S/Chief 0774190576 12 Ndabiine Karaveri Nyamabale beekeepers 0779171099 13 Byaruhanga Emmanuel HuGo C/person 0754429729 14 Happy Wilber Agric Officer 0782619994 15 Zerex Turyamureba C/p Beekeepers 0759823293 16 Sabiiti Elijah Manager BBDA 0782329259 17 Ndyabami Vincent Nyamabare C/man 0773947278 103

Appendix 6: Presentation of the draft GMP- List of participants

106 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address

14 Beebwajuba Mary Sec for prodn and marketing 0782772293 15 Ivan Mbabazi Batuma Tourism Investor 0772409510 16 Tumwesigye Amply Press 0772949459 17 Bwogi Buyera John Vision Group 0772674456 18 Mujuni Richard Manager krone U ltd 0782365821 19 Twebaze Alex District Planner K‟le 0772370506 20 Nyakairu Cox RDC 0772529811 21 Lutwanga Christopher Escort for RDC 0775472291 22 Besigye Patrick Keihwa C/P KDLG Kabale

Kabale District Resource Users Meeting participants; Date: 21th Jan 2012 No Name Designation / Title Contact / Address 1 Mubangizi Augustine C/P Oruzogo Mpungu 2 Ntambirweki Christopher C/p Kiyebe Ruhija 3 Buhaburwa Enock C/person Beekeepers kaara 4 Turyamureba Henry C/person HuGo kashaasha 5 Tukahirwa Nichodemus C/person RVS kashaasha 6 Zorekana Siwera C.Person HuGo BINP - Buhoma 7 Byaruhanga G C/man Mushanje 8 Manzi R Sec. for C/p Kaara 9 Nyamarembo Adrine C/person Kaara Kaara 10 Kweyamba Moses Police Ikumba 0757358687 11 Bagambisa Epaphra P/cBINP for S/Chief GENERAL MANAGEMENT0774190576 PLAN 2014– 2024 12 Ndabiine Karaveri Nyamabale beekeepers 0779171099 13 Byaruhanga Emmanuel HuGo C/person 0754429729 14 Happy Wilber Agric Officer 0782619994 15 Zerex Turyamureba C/p Beekeepers 0759823293 16 Sabiiti Elijah Manager BBDA 0782329259 17 Ndyabami Vincent Nyamabare C/man 0773947278

Appendix 6: Presentation of the draft GMP- List of participants

Kanungu district; 4th March 2013 No Name Title 2 Musinguzi Edgar DEO Kanungu 3 Ampuriira Martin S/ chief Rutenga 4 Namara Christopher DCDO 5 Elia Emmanuel For natural resource Officer 6 Mucunguzi Elly S/chief Kirima S/county 7 Orishaba Ruichard C/person Lc3 Rutenga 8 Kabami Sebasore CDO Kayonza 9 Ampumuza David CDO Mpungu 10 Wagaba Richard ACDO Kirima 11 Habomugisha Richard DAO kanungu 12 Tindimwebwa Benson CDO Rutenga 13 Turamyomwe Annet Off.DA 14 Muhima John Sec Production 15 Kato Nicholas CDO Kanungu Trading Centre 16 Kanyomozi James LC3 Chairperson kayonza 17 Nimusiima Lilien J S/Chief kayonza 18 Charles t Kamashaka C/person LC3 Kirima 19 Kaheeru Joseph C/person kanungu Tc 20No KyalimpaName Aulea Tumwebaze Title CCr Kanungu Zone 21 Byamukama Jackson Town Clerk TC 22 Tumwesigye Johnes S/chief Mpungu 23 Bujamanya Vincent LC3 c /person Mpungu 24 Alinaitwe Irene Sec.106 Natural Resources 25 Herbert k Cordinator Kanungu NGO Forum 26 Twehangane sam Speaker mpungu 27 Byakatonda methodius S/c Kiinaba 28 Besigye Milton Sec. natural Resources Rutenga 29 Birungi Sam S/c CDO Kinaaba 30 Byaruhanga John K SEC. for Production Rutenga 31 Kamara Christopher District Councillor 32 Byaruhanga Frank For district Chairperson

Kisoro district; 6th March 2013 No Name Title 1 Nzabonimpa David CDO - Nyabwishenya S/ county 2 Rev, E Mfitumukiza Coordinator - kisoro NGO /CBO Forum 3 Hakiza Mark Ext. worker rep. Muramba S/ County 4 Uragiwe nimana Vallence Ag S/Chief Nyarusiza 5 Niyonzima Jackson LC111 C/person Nyarusiza 6 Tumuheirwe John Lc3 Chairperson Kirundo 7 Solomon H Basaza Ag DAO 8 Ndikuyeze Sawiya ACDO Nyarusiza S/county 9 Muja Judith DENV.O 10 Niyonzima Richard SAS Nyabwishenya 11 Nzabonimpa Francis LC111 Chair person Muramba S/c 104 12 Munezero Richard District Tourism Officer 13 Nkuranga Florence SEC. Production 14 SEbagabo David SAS - S/chief Kirundo 15 Bainengama Francis D/ planner 16 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO 17 Karemera Alfred DIO 18 Mugabo Edward LC3 C/p Nyabwishenya 19 Nsabimana Syliva SAS - Bukimbiri 20 Amos T Gakyalo Reporter VOM 21 Karuru Godfrey Lc 3 Bkimbiri S/c 22 Masereka Asuman CAO kisoro 23 Mugisha H Clement CDO Kirundo 24 Ruzaza Stephen CDO Muramba 25 Bitariho Robert Ag Director ITFC 26 Kwizera Benon C/person D. Tourism 27 Kigongo Sarah. Kaffwa DCDO 28 Mugarira David Sec. production Muramba 29 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. Production Kirundo 30 Zaninka Peninnah UOBDU Coordinator 31 Monday Moses SeC. production Bukimbiri 32 Tumbebaze Evas NCCDR C/man 33 Niyendera Ester Natural Resource kirundo 34 Maniraguha Jack SE. Natural Resource Nyarusiza 35 Bizimana Stanley HUGO Rubuguri 36 Basabose John Chair person Beekeeping Rukongi

107 No Name Title 21 Byamukama Jackson Town Clerk TC 22 Tumwesigye Johnes S/chief Mpungu 23 Bujamanya Vincent LC3 c /person Mpungu 24 Alinaitwe Irene Sec. Natural Resources 25 Herbert k Cordinator Kanungu NGO Forum 26 Twehangane sam Speaker mpungu 27 Byakatonda methodius S/c Kiinaba 28 Besigye Milton Sec. natural Resources Rutenga 29 Birungi Sam S/c CDO Kinaaba 30 Byaruhanga John K SEC. for Production Rutenga 31 Kamara Christopher District Councillor 32 Byaruhanga Frank For district Chairperson

Kisoro district; 6th March 2013 No Name Title 1 Nzabonimpa David CDO - Nyabwishenya S/ county 2 Rev, E Mfitumukiza Coordinator - kisoro NGO /CBO Forum 3 Hakiza Mark Ext. worker rep. Muramba S/ County 4 Uragiwe nimana Vallence Ag S/Chief Nyarusiza 5 Niyonzima Jackson LC111BINP C/person GENERAL Nyarusiz MANAGEMENTa PLAN 2014– 2024 6 Tumuheirwe John Lc3 Chairperson Kirundo 7 Solomon H Basaza Ag DAO 8 Ndikuyeze Sawiya ACDO Nyarusiza S/county 9 Muja Judith DENV.O 10 Niyonzima Richard SAS Nyabwishenya 11 Nzabonimpa Francis LC111 Chair person Muramba S/c 12 Munezero Richard District Tourism Officer 13 Nkuranga Florence SEC. Production 14 SEbagabo David SAS - S/chief Kirundo 15 Bainengama Francis D/ planner 16 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO 17 Karemera Alfred DIO 18 Mugabo Edward LC3 C/p Nyabwishenya 19 Nsabimana Syliva SAS - Bukimbiri 20 Amos T Gakyalo Reporter VOM 21 Karuru Godfrey Lc 3 Bkimbiri S/c 22 Masereka Asuman CAO kisoro 23 Mugisha H Clement CDO Kirundo 24 Ruzaza Stephen CDO Muramba 25 Bitariho Robert Ag Director ITFC 26 Kwizera Benon C/person D. Tourism 27 Kigongo Sarah. Kaffwa DCDO 28 Mugarira David Sec. production Muramba 29 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. Production Kirundo 30 Zaninka Peninnah UOBDU Coordinator 31 Monday Moses SeC. production Bukimbiri 32 Tumbebaze Evas NCCDR C/man 33 Niyendera Ester Natural Resource kirundo 34 Maniraguha Jack SE. Natural Resource Nyarusiza 35 Bizimana Stanley HUGO Rubuguri 36No NameBasabose John ChairTitle person Beekeeping Rukongi 21 Byamukama Jackson Town Clerk TC 22 Tumwesigye Johnes S/chief Mpungu 23 Bujamanya Vincent LC3 c /person Mpungu 24 Alinaitwe Irene Sec. Natural Resources 25 Herbert k Cordinator Kanungu NGO Forum 26 Twehangane sam Speaker mpungu 27 Byakatonda methodius S/c Kiinaba 28 Besigye Milton Sec.107 natural Resources Rutenga 29 Birungi Sam S/c CDO Kinaaba 30 Byaruhanga John K SEC. for Production Rutenga 31 Kamara Christopher District Councillor 32 Byaruhanga Frank For district Chairperson

Kisoro district; 6th March 2013 No Name Title 1 Nzabonimpa David CDO - Nyabwishenya S/ county 2 Rev, E Mfitumukiza Coordinator - kisoro NGO /CBO Forum 3 Hakiza Mark Ext. worker rep. Muramba S/ County 4 Uragiwe nimana Vallence Ag S/Chief Nyarusiza 5 Niyonzima Jackson LC111 C/person Nyarusiza 6 Tumuheirwe John Lc3 Chairperson Kirundo 7 Solomon H Basaza Ag DAO 8 Ndikuyeze Sawiya ACDO Nyarusiza S/county 9 Muja Judith DENV.O 10 Niyonzima Richard SAS Nyabwishenya 11 Nzabonimpa Francis LC111 Chair person Muramba S/c 105 12 Munezero Richard District Tourism Officer 13 Nkuranga Florence SEC. Production 14 SEbagabo David SAS - S/chief Kirundo 15 Bainengama Francis D/ planner 16 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO 17 Karemera Alfred DIO 18 Mugabo Edward LC3 C/p Nyabwishenya 19 Nsabimana Syliva SAS - Bukimbiri 20 Amos T Gakyalo Reporter VOM 21 Karuru Godfrey Lc 3 Bkimbiri S/c 22 Masereka Asuman CAO kisoro 23 Mugisha H Clement CDO Kirundo 24 Ruzaza Stephen CDO Muramba 25 Bitariho Robert Ag Director ITFC 26 Kwizera Benon C/person D. Tourism 27 Kigongo Sarah. Kaffwa DCDO 28 Mugarira David Sec. production Muramba 29 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. Production Kirundo 30 Zaninka Peninnah UOBDU Coordinator 31 Monday Moses SeC. production Bukimbiri 32 Tumbebaze Evas NCCDR C/man 33 Niyendera Ester Natural Resource kirundo 34 Maniraguha Jack SE. Natural Resource Nyarusiza 35 Bizimana Stanley HUGO Rubuguri 36 Basabose John Chair person Beekeeping Rukongi

Kisoro district; 6th March 2013 No Name Title 1 Nzabonimpa David CDO - Nyabwishenya S/ county 2 Rev, E Mfitumukiza Coordinator - kisoro NGO /CBO Forum 3 Hakiza Mark Ext. worker rep. Muramba S/ County 4 Uragiwe nimana Vallence Ag S/Chief Nyarusiza 5 Niyonzima Jackson LC111 C/person Nyarusiza 6 Tumuheirwe John Lc3BINP Chairperson GENERAL Kirundo MANAGEMENT PLAN 2014– 2024 7 Solomon H Basaza Ag DAO 8 Ndikuyeze Sawiya ACDO Nyarusiza S/county 9 Muja Judith DENV.O 10 Niyonzima Richard SAS Nyabwishenya 11 Nzabonimpa Francis LC111 Chair person Muramba S/c 12 Munezero Richard District Tourism Officer 13 Nkuranga Florence SEC. Production 14 SEbagabo David SAS - S/chief Kirundo 15 Bainengama Francis D/ planner 16 Henry Mutabazi Ag DNRO 17 Karemera Alfred DIO 18 Mugabo Edward LC3 C/p Nyabwishenya 19 Nsabimana Syliva SAS - Bukimbiri 20 Amos T Gakyalo Reporter VOM 21 Karuru Godfrey Lc 3 Bkimbiri S/c 22 Masereka Asuman CAO kisoro 23 Mugisha H Clement CDO Kirundo 24 Ruzaza Stephen CDO Muramba 25 Bitariho Robert Ag Director ITFC 26 Kwizera Benon C/person D. Tourism 27 Kigongo Sarah. Kaffwa DCDO 28 Mugarira David Sec. production Muramba 29 Nvuyekure Geoffrey Sec. Production Kirundo 30 Zaninka Peninnah UOBDU Coordinator 31 Monday Moses SeC. production Bukimbiri 32 Tumbebaze Evas NCCDR C/man 33 Niyendera Ester Natural Resource kirundo 34 Maniraguha Jack SE. Natural Resource Nyarusiza 35 Bizimana Stanley HUGO Rubuguri 36 Basabose John Chair person Beekeeping Rukongi

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