4. REFERENCES (CW) a Abdel-Rehim O
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The University of Queensland Inductive Position Sensing of Power Cables for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation
The University of Queensland Inductive Position Sensing of Power Cables for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation by Alexander David Goodsell 43533149 School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland. Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) and Master of Engineering Supervised by Dr Konstanty Bialkowski June 27, 2019. iii To Noel, from whom I learned my passion for electronics. Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by Dr Konstanty Bialkowski for the academic aspects of this thesis. I am particularly grateful for the support and guidance provided by Dr Erik Isokangas, and would like to extend my gratitude to all the staff at Mining3. Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their unconditional support and encouragement throughout my studies. iv Executive Summary Mining3 has responded to rising fuel and labour prices [1], stricter ventilation re- quirements in underground mines [2] and the shift towards a \green" future [1] by proposing an all-electric, autonomously controlled hauling truck called the AEH, to replace conventional and comparitively inefficient [3] diesel trucks. All existing solutions in the mining sector only address one of the aforementioned problems | from retrofitting autonomous control solutions [4], autonomous diesel- electric hybrids [5] and trolley-assist systems [6], no one technology provides a solu- tion to all three of these issues. Enter the AET | the goal is to reduce operations cost by utilising autonomous control and efficient electric drivetrains, while minimising capital cost by employing a dynamic wireless power transfer system (WPTS) which reduces the need for large battery storage on the haulers, saving cost and weight [7]. -
Eddy Current Displacement Sensor with LTCC Technology
Eddy Current Displacement Sensor with LTCC Technology Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Angewandte Wissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Yuqing Lai 2005 Dekan: Prof. Dr. J.G. Korvink Referenten: Prof. Dr. J. Wilde, Prof. Dr. C. Ament Datum der Promotion: 22. 03. 2005 To yongfeng CONTENTS 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2 State of the art...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Importance of and developments in blades vibration monitoring ............... 5 2.2 Conventional displacement sensors.............................................................. 6 2.3 High temperature properties of sensors........................................................ 9 2.4 Introduction of the planar coil technology ................................................. 10 3 Aim of research and some basic principles and concepts............................. 12 3.1 Aim of the work .......................................................................................... 12 3.2 The concept and principle of an eddy current sensor................................. 12 3.2.1 The theory of eddy currents.................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Testing principle for turbine blades........................................................ 16 3.3 Introduction to LTCC technology ............................................................. -
I NEW APPROACHES for UTILIZING PLANAR INDUCTIVE SENSORS FOR
NEW APPROACHES FOR UTILIZING PLANAR INDUCTIVE SENSORS FOR GAP MEASUREMENT PROXIMITY AND LUBRICANT OIL WEAR DEBRIS MONITORING A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of the University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dian Jiao May, 2021 i NEW APPROACHES FOR UTILIZING PLANAR INDUCTIVE SENSORS FOR GAP MEASUREMENT PROXIMITY AND LUBRICANT OIL WEAR DEBRIS MONITORING Dian Jiao Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Jiang Zhe Dr. Sergio Felicelli Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Jae-Won Choi Dr. Craig Menzemer Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Shengyong Wang Dr. Marnie Saunders Committee Member Date Dr. Hongbo Cong Committee Member Dr. Yi Pang ii ABSTRACT Planar inductive sensors have been widely used in non-contact displacement measurement applications. Due to their advantages such as low cost, easy installation, high accuracy, and stability in harsh environments, planar inductive sensors are typically used to measure turbine blade tip clearance, the displacement of metal parts in belts, and the movement of robots/manipulators. However, the planar inductive sensors has a lot of limitations. First, when the material, size, or shape of the target is changed, the calibration curve needs to be rebuilt since the eddy current varies in different materials. Second, the inductive sensor which has a high sensitivity always needs a high frequency excitation signal. This means that when using the inductive sensor in industrial applications, several high performance support instruments need to be used with the sensor, such as high sampling rate data acquisition system and multi-channel power source. -
A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Akron
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT USING PLANAR INDUCTIVE SENSORS A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Mechanical Engineering Xueyang Yu May, 2020 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT USING PLANAR INDUCTIVE SENSORS Xueyang Yu Thesis Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Jiang Zhe Dr. Sergio Felicelli Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Xiaosheng Gao Dr. Craig Menzemer Committee Member Acting Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Kwek Tze Tan Dr. Marnie Saunders Date ii ABSTRACT Non-contacting displacement/distance sensors are widely used for position measurement to ensure the performance of the system, especially when the target surface is hard for sensor setup. Inductive planar displacement sensors are widely used to measure the position of the object in terms of measuring the equivalent inductance of the sensing planar coil. Compared to other types of non-contacting displacement sensors, including optical, microwave and capacitive sensors, inductive displacement sensors are less sensitive to environmental factors, easy installing in narrow space, robust, and low cost. Nevertheless, the output of the inductive planar coil (i.e., the equivalent inductance) can be affected by the material and the shape of the target, high-temperature and the tilt angle of the object. I used FEA method to simulate the eddy current on the targets and the equivalent inductance of the sensing coil with different materials, shapes, environment temperatures and target tilt angles. First, the eddy current distribution on various targets of different materials and shapes was analyzed to prove the hypothesis that the eddy current distribution on the target can be modeled as a ring-shaped virtual coil. -
Link to Pdf of Thesis
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY AND DISTANCE SENSORS Inductive sensors have been developed commercially as proximity and distance sensors for years. Based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, V = -N(df/dt), these sensors transfer the magnetic information related to the proximity or distance between the sensor and a target to an electrical signal. Faraday’s law implies that the varying magnetic flux in a coil with N turns will generate a voltage V at the two ends of the coil. Thus, the basic component of inductive sensors is a coil which generates a magnetic field in front of the sensor and monitors the magnetic field variation when a ferromagnetic or conducting target approaches [1]. For a ferromagnetic target, the reluctance of the magnetic path consisting of the coil and the target decreases and hence the inductance of the coil increases when the distance between the sensor and the target decreases. The magnetic field of a coil sensing a ferromagnetic target is illustrated in Figure 1.1(a). For a conducting target, the magnetic field emerging from the coil induces an eddy current in the approaching target surface. The eddy current creates an opposing magnetic field which is absorbed by the coil according to Ampere’s law. Figure 1.1(b) shows the magnetic field of an eddy current sensor. This phenomenon results in a decrease of the inductance of the coil. Therefore, we can measure the inductance of the coil to tell the distance between the coil and the target. The eddy current inductive sensors are more widely applied in industry since the magnetic 1 field of these sensors penetrates the target only to the level of the orders of skin depth d, which is approximately equal to 1/ pfsm , where m and s are the permeability and conductivity of the target, respectively, and f is the frequency of the electromagnetic field. -
Induction Coil Sensors – the Review
Induction Coil Sensors – a Review Slawomir Tumanski, Member, IEEE Abstract – The induction coil sensors (called also search coils, pickup coils There are more examples of the renaissance of various coil sensors. or magnetic loop sensors) are described. The design methods of air coils The Chattock-Rogowski coil was first described in nineteenth century, and ferromagnetic core coils are compared and summarized. The in 1887 [4,5]. Today, in twenty first century, this sensor is re- frequency properties of the coil sensors are analyzed and various methods discovered as excellent current transducer [6] and sensor used in of output signal processing are presented. Special kinds of induction sensors, as Rogowski coil, gradiometer sensors, vibrating coil sensors, measurements of magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials [7]. tangential field sensors and needle probes are described. The application of The old Austrian patent from 1957 [9] describing the use of needle coil sensor as magnetic antenna is presented. sensor (called also stylus or probe) for investigation of local flux density in electrical steel was rediscovered several years ago [10,11]. Index Terms – coil sensor, magnetic field measurement, search coil, The main goal of this paper is to summarize the existing knowledge Rogowski coil, vibrating coil, gradiometer, integrator circuit, H-coil about induction coil sensors, including old, often forgotten sensor, needle probe method. publications, as well as new developments. It is organized as follows: two main designs of coils sensor (air coil and core coil) are described. I. INTRODUCTION Then, their frequency response is analyzed taking into account sensors The induction coil sensor [1,2] (called also search coil sensor, and output electronics. -
Training Manual Inductive Sensors
Training manual Inductive Sensors º´«·¼ •»²•±®• ¿²¼ ¼·¿¹²±•¬·½ •§•¬»³• °±•·¬·±² •»²•±®• ¿²¼ ±¾¶»½¬ ®»½±¹²·¬·±² ¾«•ô ·¼»²¬·º·½¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ½±²¬®±´ •§•¬»³• 1 Training manual You will find further information, data sheets, prices etc. at: www.ifm-electronic.com Training manual Inductive proximity switches (March 2003) C:\lokal\s100e.doc10.01.07 11:55 Guarantee note This manual was written with the utmost care. However, we cannot assume any guarantee for the contents. Since errors cannot be avoided despite all efforts we appreciate your comments. We reserve the right to make technical alterations to the products so that the contents of the training manual may differ in this respect. 2 Induticve Sensors Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1Proximity switches in industrial processes5 1.2Notation7 1.3On the contents7 2Basics 9 2.1Electromagnetic induction9 3Features of inductive proximity switches12 3.1Comparison12 3.1.1Limitation12 3.1.2Mechanical and electronic switches13 3.2Technology and operating principle15 3.2.1Basic inductive sensor15 3.2.2Signal generation19 3.2.3Evaluation21 3.3Practical use23 3.3.1Operating distance23 3.3.2Hysteresis28 3.3.3Correction factors30 3.3.4Switching times and switching frequency34 3.3.5Notes on practical use39 3.4Mounting instructions41 3.4.1Flush / Non flush41 3.4.2Mutual interference44 3.4.3Mechanical stability46 3.5Technology and operating principle K1, K048 3.5.1Designations48 3.5.2Conventional inductive sensor48 3.5.3Sensor with K = 151 3.5.4Sensor with K = 054 3 Training manual 4 Inductive proximity switches