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BIO 475 - Parasitology Spring 2009 Stephen M
BIO 475 - Parasitology Spring 2009 Stephen M. Shuster Northern Arizona University http://www4.nau.edu/isopod Lecture 12 Platyhelminth Systematics-New Euplatyhelminthes Superclass Acoelomorpha a. Simple pharynx, no gut. b. Usually free-living in marine sands. 3. Also parasitic/commensal on echinoderms. 1 Euplatyhelminthes 2. Superclass Rhabditophora - with rhabdites Euplatyhelminthes 2. Superclass Rhabditophora - with rhabdites a. Class Rhabdocoela 1. Rod shaped gut (hence the name) 2. Often endosymbiotic with Crustacea or other invertebrates. Euplatyhelminthes 3. Example: Syndesmis a. Lives in gut of sea urchins, entirely on protozoa. 2 Euplatyhelminthes Class Temnocephalida a. Temnocephala 1. Ectoparasitic on crayfish 5. Class Tricladida a. like planarians b. Bdelloura 1. live in gills of Limulus Class Temnocephalida 4. Life cycles are poorly known. a. Seem to have slightly increased reproductive capacity. b. Retain many morphological characters that permit free-living existence. Euplatyhelminth Systematics 3 Parasitic Platyhelminthes Old Scheme Characters: 1. Tegumental cell extensions 2. Prohaptor 3. Opisthaptor Superclass Neodermata a. Loss of characters associated with free-living existence. 1. Ciliated larval epidermis, adult epidermis is syncitial. Superclass Neodermata b. Major Classes - will consider each in detail: 1. Class Trematoda a. Subclass Aspidobothrea b. Subclass Digenea 2. Class Monogenea 3. Class Cestoidea 4 Euplatyhelminth Systematics Euplatyhelminth Systematics Class Cestoidea Two Subclasses: a. Subclass Cestodaria 1. Order Gyrocotylidea 2. Order Amphilinidea b. Subclass Eucestoda 5 Euplatyhelminth Systematics Parasitic Flatworms a. Relative abundance related to variety of parasitic habitats. b. Evidence that such characters lead to great speciation c. isolated populations, unique selective environments. Parasitic Flatworms d. Also, very good organisms for examination of: 1. Complex life cycles; selection favoring them 2. -
Influence of Temperature on the Development, Reproduction and Regeneration in the Flatworm Model Organism Macrostomum Lignano
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/389478; this version posted August 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Influence of temperature on the development, reproduction and regeneration in the flatworm model organism Macrostomum lignano Jakub Wudarski1, Kirill Ustyantsev2, Lisa Glazenburg1, Eugene Berezikov1* 1 European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; 2 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract The free-living marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano is a powerful model organism to study mechanisms of regeneration and stem cell regulation due to its convenient combination of biological and experimental properties, including the availability of transgenesis methods, which is unique among flatworm models. However, due to its relatively recent introduction in research, there are still many biological aspects of the animal that are not known. One of such questions is the influence of the culturing temperature on Macrostomum biology. Here we systematically investigated how different culturing temperatures affect the development time, reproduction rate, regeneration, heat shock response, and gene knockdown efficiency by RNA interference in M. lignano. We used marker transgenic lines of the flatworm to accurately measure the regeneration endpoint and to establish the stress response threshold for temperature shock. We found that compared to the culturing temperature of 20oC commonly used for M. -
New Reports of Gastrotricha for the North-Eastern Ukraine
Zoodiversity, 54(5): 349–356, 2020 Fauna and Systematics DOI 10.15407/zoo2020.05.349 UDC 595.132(47.52/.54) NEW REPORTS OF GASTROTRICHA FOR THE NORTH-EASTERN UKRAINE R. R. Trokhymchuk V. N. Karazin National University, Svobody Sq., 4, Kharkiv, 61002 Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] R. R. Trokhymchuk (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9570-0226) New Reports of Gastrotricha for the North-Eastern Ukraine. Trokhymchuk, R. R. — Gastrotricha is poor known phylum of small metazoans. Information about Ukrainian gastrotrichs’ fauna is outdated. Althogether nine species are reported in this paper. Seven taxa are new to the fauna of Ukraine: Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) hystrix, Chaetonotus (Primochaetus) heideri, Chaetonotus (Zonochaeta) bisacer, Lepidodermella minor minor, Lepidodermella squamata, Ichthydium maximum and Haltidytes festinans. This investigation gives an additional morphological information on Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) maximus and Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) macrochaetus, which have been earlier reported to the Ukraine fauna but currently they recorded in Kharkiv Region for the first time. We provide short morphological description of all species and give some ecological notes. Key words: Gastrotricha, meiofauna, Ukraine, biodiversity. Introduction Gastrotricha Metschnikoff, 1865 are minute vermiform, acoelomate invertebrates. Metschnikoff classified these organisms as a Phylum (Metschnikoff, 1865) but some present investigations defined this group as a clade of Lophotrochozoa (Hejnol, 2015). Gastrotrichs are cosmopolitic species and can be found in all aquatic environments (Balsamo et al., 2008). However, we receive information about new species for science every year. In the sea gastrotrichs can rank third in abundance after nematodes and harpacticoid and in freshwater habitats they are among the top five most common taxa encountered. -
The Free-Living Flatworm Macrostomum Lignano
ARTICLE IN PRESS Experimental Gerontology xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Experimental Gerontology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/expgero Review The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano: A new model organism for ageing research Stijn Mouton a,*, Maxime Willems a, Bart P. Braeckman b, Bernhard Egger c, Peter Ladurner c, Lukas Schärer d, Gaetan Borgonie a a Nematology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium b Laboratory for Ageing Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium c Ultrastructural Research and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria d Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland article info abstract Article history: To study the several elements and causes of ageing, diverse model organisms and methodologies are Received 5 September 2008 required. The most frequently used models are Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosoph- Received in revised form 6 November 2008 ila melanogaster and rodents. All have their advantages and disadvantages and allow studying particular Accepted 28 November 2008 aspects of the ageing process. During the last few years, several ageing studies focussed on stem cells and Available online xxxx their role in tissue homeostasis. Here we present a new model organism which can study this relation where other model systems fail. The flatworm Macrostomum lignano possesses a dynamic population Keywords: of likely totipotent somatic stem cells known as neoblasts. Several characteristics qualify M. lignano as Flatworm a suitable model system for ageing studies in general and more specifically for gaining more insight in Macrostomum lignano Ageing the causal relation between stem cells, ageing and rejuvenation. -
Macrostomum Lignano Jakub Wudarski1, Kirill Ustyantsev2, Lisa Glazenburg1 and Eugene Berezikov1*
Wudarski et al. Zoological Letters (2019) 5:7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0122-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Influence of temperature on development, reproduction and regeneration in the flatworm model organism, Macrostomum lignano Jakub Wudarski1, Kirill Ustyantsev2, Lisa Glazenburg1 and Eugene Berezikov1* Abstract Background: The free-living marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano is a powerful model organism for use in studying mechanisms of regeneration and stem cell regulation due to its combination of biological and experimental properties, including the availability of transgenesis methods, which is unique among flatworm models. However, due to its relatively recent introduction in research, many aspects of this animal’s biology remain unknown. One such question is the influence of culture temperature on Macrostomum biology. Results: We systematically investigated how different culture temperatures affect development time, reproduction rate, regeneration, heat shock response, and gene knockdown efficiency by RNA interference (RNAi) in M. lignano. We used marker transgenic lines to accurately measure the regeneration endpoint, and to establish the stress response threshold for temperature shock. We found that compared to the culture temperature of 20 °C commonly used for M. lignano, temperatures of 25 °C–30 °C substantially increase the speed of development and regeneration, lead to faster manifestation of RNAi phenotypes, and increase reproduction rate without detectable negative consequences for the animal, while temperatures above 30 °C elicit a heat shock response. Conclusions: We show that altering temperature conditions can be used to reduce the time required to establish M. lignano cultures, perform RNAi experiments, store important lines, and optimize microinjection procedures for transgenesis. -
Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters
European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.354 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Kolicka M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51C2BE54-B99B-4464-8FC1-28A5CC6B9586 A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters Małgorzata KOLICKA 1,*, Piotr GADAWSKI 2 & Miroslawa DABERT 3 1 Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. 2 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90–237 Łódź, Poland. 3 Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:550BCAA1-FB2B-47CC-A657-0340113C2D83 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:BCA3F37A-28BD-484C-A3B3-C2169D695A82 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:8F04FE81-3BC7-44C5-AFAB-6236607130F9 Abstract. Gastrotricha is a cosmopolitan phylum of aquatic and semi-aquatic invertebrates that comprises about 820 described species. Current knowledge regarding freshwater gastrotrichs inhabiting caves is extremely poor and there are no extant data regarding Gastrotricha from Montenegro. We describe a new species from Obodska Cave, which is also the fi rst record of a gastrotrich from this region. Due to its unusual habitat and morphological characteristics, this species may be important when considering the evolution and dispersion routes of Chaetonotidae Gosse, 1864 (sensu Leasi & Todaro 2008). -
Flatworms/ Rotifers 1) Clade (Clades Are a Group of Related Phylum) Platyzoa A) Platyzoa Consist of 6 Phyla, However Most of T
Flatworms/ Rotifers 1) Clade (clades are a group of related phylum) Platyzoa a) Platyzoa consist of 6 phyla, however most of these phyla are represented by a very small number of species and are debated on where they fall taxonomically. b) These organisms represent the beginning or bilateral symmetry i) For organisms like sponges and Cnidarians it is to their advantage to be radial symmetrical because they can collect food from any angle ii) However now organisms show a distinct head and tail end and better movement to go after food items 2) Phylum Platyhelminthes a) This is the group of flat worms. b) It consist of four classes c) All but one class are parasitic in nature d) Feeding i) Platyhelminthes have an incomplete gut. ii) Most have a mouth, pharynx, and intestine (1) The advancement of having a small intestine increases surface area and thus increases the amount of nutrients absorbed. iii) Many of the non-parasitic species have a pharynx (connection between mouth and intestines) that has the ability to extend out of the mouth in order to gather resources. iv) Parasitic forms have to have some specialized feeding apparatus to extract nutrients from their host without causing too much harm. e) Sense organs i) Here is also an evolutionary advancement in nerve cells (1) The simplest forms are similar to Cnidarians, however, others have in addition one or more longitudinal nerve cords creating a “ladder” style pattern. (2) Towards the superior end there is a cluster of nerves that serves as a rudimentary brain ii) Tactile cells (cells that detect pressure) and chemoreceptors (cells that stimulate in response to a chemical) are abundant all over the body. -
Freshwater Gastrotricha By: Tobias Kånneby, Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, and Mitchell J
October 2016 U.S. Freshwater Gastrotricha By: Tobias Kånneby, Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, and Mitchell J. Weiss, 51-B Phelps Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A. This list is based on the following works: Amato & Weiss 1982; Anderson & Robbins 1980; Bovee & Cordell 1971; Brunson 1948, 1949a, 1949b, 1950; Bryce 1924; Colinvaux 1964; Davison 1938; Dolley 1933; Dougherty 1960; Emberton 1981; Evans 1993; Fernald 1883; Goldberg 1949; Green 1986; Hatch 1939; Horlick 1975; Kånneby & Todaro 2015; Krivanek & Krivanek 1958a, 1958b, 1959; Lindeman 1941; Packard 1936, 1956, 1956-58, 1958a, 1958b, 1959, 1962, 1970; Pfaltzgraff 1967; Robbins 1964, 1965, 1966, 1973; Sacks 1955, 1964; Schwank 1990; Seibel et al. 1973; Shelford & Boesel 1942; Stokes 1887a, 1887b, 1896; Strayer 1985, 1994; Weiss 2001; Welch 1936a, 1936b, 1938; Young 1924; Zelinka 1889. Full references at end of document. Phylum Gastrotricha Metchnikoff, 1865 Order Chaetonotida Remane, 1925 Suborder Paucitubulatina d’Hondt, 1971 Family Chaetonotidae Gosse, 1864 [sensu Leasi & Todaro, 2008] Subfamily Chaetonotinae Gosse, 1864 Genus Aspidiophorus Voigt, 1903 1. Aspidiophorus paradoxus (Voigt, 1902) New Jersey [see also Schwank 1990] Genus Chaetonotus Ehrenberg, 1830 Subgenus Chaetonotus (Captochaetus) Kisielewski, 1997 2. Chaetonotus (Captochaetus) gastrocyaneus Brunson, 1950 Indiana, Michigan 3. Chaetonotus (Captochaetus) robustus Davison, 1938 New Jersey, New York Subgenus Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) Ehrenberg, 1830 4. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) aculeatus Robbins, 1965 Illinois 5. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) brevispinosus Zelinka, 1889 New Hampshire, Ohio 1 October 2016 6. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) formosus Stokes, 1887 Alaska (?), Michigan, New Jersey 7. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) larus (Müller in Hermann, 1784) Maine (?), New Jersey (?) [see Zelinka 1889; see also Schwank 1990] 8. -
Ichthydium Hummoni N. Sp. a New Marine Chaetonotid Gastrotrich with a Male Reproductive System (I)
ICHTHYDIUM HUMMONI N. SP. A NEW MARINE CHAETONOTID GASTROTRICH WITH A MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (I). by Edward E. Ruppert Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A. (2) Résumé Une espèce marine hermaphrodite du genre Ichthydium est décrite de la Caroline du Nord (U.S.A.) et d'Arcachon (France). Cette espèce cosmopolite a été rencontrée dans les parties les plus élevées des zones intercotidales de deux plages sableuses. Elle est caractérisée par sa petite taille, sa baguette cuticulaire de maintien rappelant une colonne vertébrale, la disposition des cils de type Stylo- chaeta et son hermaphrodisme successif. Sa position systématique doit être aussi proche que possible de la famille dulcaquicole des Dasydytidae. Materials and Methods One Holotype (female phase), AMNH 83; Paratype (male phase), AMNH 84; and Paratype (female phase, "winter" eggs), AMNH 85 are deposited as formalin fixed wholemounts in the Department of Living Invertebrates of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Measurements were made of 21 indivi- duals for this description (only the North Carolina material). Collection, extrac- tion and handling procedures are given in Ruppert (1967a). This species is dedi- cated to Dr. William D. Hummon of Ohio University. Introduction and Description A comparative investigation was undertaken in 1971-1972 of the gastrotrich fauna of 3 high energy beaches, one in North Carolina and two on the west coast of France. The purpose of this investiga- tion was to study the morphology and ecology of marine gastrotrich species over a geographic range. The results are published for the Xenotrichulidae (Ruppert, 1976a) and some general conclusions have been reported recently (Ruppert, 1976b). -
Diplomarbeit
DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Microscopic and molecular analyses on digenean trematodes in red deer (Cervus elaphus)“ Verfasserin Kerstin Liesinger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag.rer.nat.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 442 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Anthropologie Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Julia Walochnik Contents 1 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 7 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 History ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 History of helminths ........................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 History of trematodes .................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2.1 Fasciolidae ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1.2.2 Paramphistomidae ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2.3 Dicrocoeliidae ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1.3 Nomenclature ............................................................................................................... -
Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide
EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide BASAL METAZOANS Dirk Erpenbeck Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Simion Paul and Michaël Manuel Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, France. Paulyn Cartwright University of Kansas USA. Oliver Voigt and Gert Wörheide Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Keywords: Metazoa, Porifera, sponges, Placozoa, Cnidaria, anthozoans, jellyfishes, Ctenophora, comb jellies Contents 1. Introduction on ―Basal Metazoans‖ 2. Phylogenetic relationships among non-bilaterian Metazoa 3. Porifera (Sponges) 4. Placozoa 5. Ctenophora (Comb-jellies) 6. Cnidaria 7. Cultural impact and relevance to human welfare Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Basal metazoans comprise the four non-bilaterian animal phyla Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (anthozoans and jellyfishes), Placozoa (Trichoplax) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The phylogenetic position of these taxa in the animal tree is pivotal for our understanding of the last common metazoan ancestor and the character evolution all Metazoa,UNESCO-EOLSS but is much debated. Morphological, evolutionary, internal and external phylogenetic aspects of the four phyla are highlighted and discussed. SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1. Introduction on “Basal Metazoans” In many textbooks the term ―lower metazoans‖ still refers to an undefined assemblage of invertebrate phyla, whose phylogenetic relationships were rather undefined. This assemblage may contain both bilaterian and non-bilaterian taxa. Currently, ―Basal Metazoa‖ refers to non-bilaterian animals only, four phyla that lack obvious bilateral symmetry, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide These four phyla have classically been known as ―diploblastic‖ Metazoa. -
Animal Diversity Part 2
Textbook resources • pp. 517-522 • pp. 527-8 Animal Diversity • p. 530 part 2 • pp. 531-2 Clicker question In protostomes A. The blastopore becomes the mouth. B. The blastopore becomes the anus. C. Development involves indeterminate cleavage. D. B and C Fig. 25.2 Phylogeny to know (1). Symmetry Critical innovations to insert: Oral bilateral symmetry ecdysis mouth develops after anus multicellularity Aboral tissues 1 Animal diversity, part 2 Parazoa Diversity 2 I. Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora • Tissues • Symmetry I. Outline the • Germ Layers III. Lophotrochozoa unique • Embryonic characteristics Development of sponges IV. Ecdysozoa • Body Cavities • Segmentation Parazoa Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges • Porifera: Sponges – Multicellular without – Hermaphrodites tissues – Sexual and asexual reproduction – Choanocytes (collar cells) use flagella to move water and nutrients into pores – Intracellular digestion Fig. 25.11 Animal diversity, part 2 Clicker Question Diversity 2 I. Parazoa In diploblastic animals, the inner lining of the digestive cavity or tract is derived from II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora A. Endoderm. II. Outline the B. Ectoderm. unique III. Lophotrochozoa C. Mesoderm. characteristics D. Coelom. of cnidarians and IV. Ecdysozoa ctenophores 2 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Cnidarians – Coral; sea anemone; jellyfish; hydra; box jellies • Ctenophores – Comb jellies Sea anemone Jellyfish Hydra Comb jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora Fig. 25.12 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Tissues Fig. 25.12 –