School of Divinity, History and Philosophy Academic

SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-2014

HI 354R: Communists, Capitalists & Colonialists: Republican China 1911-1949

30 Credits; 12 Weeks

PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY:

The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any school regulation or procedure.

You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Dr Isabella Jackson, [email protected]. 01224 273676; Room 102, Crombie Annexe Office hours: See MyAberdeen page.

DISCIPLINE ADMINISTRATION: Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown 50-52 College Bounds Room CBLG01 01224 272199/272454 [email protected]

TIMETABLE Please refer to the online timetable on MyAberdeen

Students can view the University Calendar at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/students/13027.php

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The 1911 Revolution brought down the last emperor of China, ending over 2,000 years of imperial rule and ushering in the Republican period. But the young nation faced many challenges, from foreign imperialism to the titanic struggle between the Communist and Nationalist Parties. This course provides an in-depth study of the development of Republican China and the major debates concerning its history. Students will draw on the recent outpouring of new historiography, due in part to the new availability of archival resources in mainland China, as well as engaging directly with revealing primary materials (in English), to gain a thorough understanding of this period of intense and formative change for modern China.

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

Students will gain a thorough understanding of Republican China and the various approaches taken to its study by historians. They will be able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of such models as 'western impact- China response' and 'China-centred history' to evaluate the work of scholars. They will also be able to synthesise their understanding with an analysis of primary sources to undertake their own independent research into the period. Students' intellectual abilities will be stretched and enhanced and they will strengthen their skills in group-work, oral presentations, independent study, and the construction and presentation of compelling arguments.

Students will gain the ability to:  Identify and outline the key factors and themes relating to the development of China over the course of the first half of the 20th century.  Discuss critically the intellectual and practical challenges of combining an 'internal' and 'external' perspective on modern Chinese History.  Engage in effective team-work required for interaction in a seminar.  Give effective and meaningful presentations in class.  Pursue research centred on their individual interests as these emerge during the course and recognise the skills and practices which facilitate such research.  Appreciate a challenging environment where debate, academic criticism, evaluation of disparate analyses and the synthesis and testing of the student’s own explanatory models allow the student to develop the skills, values and attitudes of a good historian.  Identify, analyse and synthesise primary and secondary sources, and to evaluate disparate and conflicting data and arguments.  Research, construct and present essays based on relevant written, visual and electronic sources.  Develop IT skills relating to word processing, data (including bibliographic) production, presentation and analysis and the use of the internet.

This course develops key skills that will enhance the employability of graduates in several areas including: literacy, information literacy, editing and report writing, public speaking, visual appreciation and presentation. In addition, engagement with social, historical, cultural, economic and political subject matter relating to one of the world's most important societies will equip students with an up-to-date and sophisticated appreciation of China's position in the contemporary world and its sometimes ambivalent attitude towards 'the West'.

LECTURE/SEMINAR PROGRAMME

Please note that this schedule may be subject to variation as the course progresses. Week 1 1. Introduction: China under the Qing 2. The Fall of the Qing

Week 2

3. The founding of the new republic and the first presidents 4. China in the age of warlords

Week 3

5. Capital and the Chinese bourgeoisie 6. Work and poverty

Week 4 7. New Culture; New Politics: the May Fourth Movement 8. Colonialism in China: treaty ports and ‘informal empire’

Week 5

9. The May Thirtieth Incident and colonialism 10. The Birth of Chinese Communism

Week 6

11. Communism post-May Thirtieth: 1925-27 12. 1927: Conquest and Purge

Week 7

13. The Nanjing Decade 1927-37 14. Experiments in Communism: the Jiangxi Soviet

Week 8

15. Communism in retreat: the Long March 16. The Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong, 1935-49

Easter Break

Week 9: Reading Week

Week 10

17. The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937 18. China’s long Second World War, 1937-45

Week 11

19. Civil War and Communist Victory 20. Nationalist China: a strong or a weak state?

Week 12

21. Concluding debate: was the Republic a ‘new China’? 22. Revision

READING LIST

In general, the topics covered in both sessions each week will be closely related, so you should prepare for each week by reading both sets of readings, planning and dividing your preparation time. You should read at least 1-2 primary readings (where indicated) and at least 2-3 core readings for each class, and draw on further reading according to interest or if you cannot obtain enough of the core readings from the library. Wherever possible readings will be provided on the MyAberdeen site if not accessible online elsewhere, and additional primary sources may be added to the site. There will inevitably be pressure on library resources (it is illegal under copyright law for me to provide more than one chapter of a book on MyAberdeen), so please be considerate to your classmates and read in the library where possible or borrow books for the shortest period you can. Further reading is an essential part of any course in History and will deepen your understanding and enjoyment of the period and the discipline of history. The footnotes and bibliographies of these books and articles are two sources of further reading; the search-features of the library catalogue, browsing the open shelves, and consulting the course co-ordinator are other ways forward. A major outcome of a university education should be an ability to find information on any topic within your field. You are encouraged to show initiative in developing this ability.

1. Introduction: China under the Qing

Read one of the following:

John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), chapters 8-12 Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York, 1999), chapters 7-11 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 1- 29

2. The Fall of the Qing

Primary Sun Yat-sen, ‘The Revolution is the Path to the Regeneration of China’, in Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell (eds), Republican China: Nationalism, War, and the Rise of Communism, 1911-1949 (New York, 1967), pp. 6-19

Core Henrietta Harrison, The Making of the Republican Citizen: Political Ceremonies and Symbols in China, 1911-1929 (Oxford, 2000), ch. 1 John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), chapter 12 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 30-74

Further Paul Bailey, China in the Twentieth Century (Malden, Mass., 2001), pp. 14-67 Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971), pp. 1-26 Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York, 1999), chapters 11 and 12 Peter Zarrow, After Empire: the Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885-1924 (Stanford, 2012), chapter 6

Week 2

3. The founding of the new republic and the first presidents

Core Julia C. Strauss, ‘The Evolution of Republican Government’, China Quarterly, No. 150 (1987), 329-51 Peter Zarrow, After Empire: The Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885-1924 (Stanford, 2012), chapter 7

Further Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911- 1937 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 189-206 Ernest P. Young, The Presidency of Yuan Shih-k’ai: Liberalism and Dictatorship in Early Republican China (Ann Arbor, 1977)

----, ‘Politics in the aftermath of revolution: the era of Yuan Shih-kai, 1912-16, John J. Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China Pt. I (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 208-255 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 75-94

4. China in the age of warlords

Primary ‘The Dog-Meat General’ in Patricia Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1981 or 1993 ed.)

Core Edward A. McCord, ‘Cries That Shake the Earth: Military Atrocities and Popular Protests in Warlord China’, Modern China, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2005), 3-34 Arthur Waldron, From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924-1925 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 1-10 and according to interest

Further James Sheridan, ‘The Warlord Era: Politics and Militarism under the Peking Government, 1916-28’, in John J. Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China Pt. I (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 284-321 David Strand, Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920s (Berkeley, 1989), chapter 9

Week 3

5. Capital and the Chinese bourgeoisie

Core Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911- 1937 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 99-139 EITHER: Bryna Goodman, "What is in a Network? Local, Personal and Public Loyalties and Conceptions of the State and Social Welfare, in Nara Dillon and Jean Chun Oi (eds), At the Crossroads of Empires, Middlemen, Social Networks, and Statebuilding in Republican Shanghai (Stanford, 2007), pp. 155-78 OR: Bryna Goodman, ‘Being Public: The Politics of Representation in 1918 Shanghai’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 60, No. 1 (2000), 45-88

Further Parks M. Coble, The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937 (Cambridge, MA, 1980), pp. 13-27 Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity (Stanford, 2009), pp. 147-76 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), chs 5-6

Zhang Guohui, ‘The Emergence and Development of China’s Modern Capitalist Enterprises’, in Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wang Xi (eds), China’s Quest for Modernization: A Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1997), pp. 234-49

6. Work and poverty

Primary ‘The Life of Beggars’ in Patricia Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1981 or 1993 ed.)

Core Janet Chen, Guilty of Indigence: the Urban Poor in China, 1900-1953 (Princeton, 2012), Introduction Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), pp. 69-101 David Strand, Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920s (Berkeley, 1989), chapter 3 and more according to interest

Further Christian Henriot, ‘Slums, Squats, or hutments? Constructing and Deconstructing an In-Between Space in Modern Shanghai (1926-65)’, Frontiers of History in China, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2012), 499-528 Xavier Paules, ‘In Search of Smokers: A Study of Canton Opium Smokers in the 1930s’, East Asian History, No. 29 (2005), pp. 107-128 http://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article- content/29/EAH29_04.pdf

Week 4 7. New Culture; New Politics: the May Fourth Movement

Primary Hu Shih, ‘The Chinese Renaissance’, in Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell (eds), Republican China: Nationalism, War, and the Rise of Communism, 1911-1949 (New York, 1967), pp. 52-62 Read some (or all) of Lu Xun, A Madman’s Diary, first published in Chinese in 1918. It is available in a number of edited collections of Lu Xun’s work in the library, and online.

Core Edward X. Gu, ‘Who Was Mr Democracy? The May Fourth Discourse of Populist Democracy and the Radicalization of Chinese Intellectuals (1915-1922)’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3 (2001), 589-621 Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), pp. 1-68 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), chs 7-8 Wen-hsin Yeh, ‘Middle County Radicalism: The May Fourth Movement in Hangzhou’, China Quarterly, No. 140 (1994), 903-25. (The same piece

can also be found in Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wang Xi (eds), China’s Quest for Modernization: A Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1997), pp. 22-49.)

Further Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911- 1937 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 207-227 Leigh Jenco, ‘Culture as History: Envisioning Change Across and Beyond "Eastern" and "Western" Civilizations in the May Fourth Era’, Twentieth-Century China, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2013) pp. 34-52 Other articles in special issue on May Fourth in Twentieth-Century China, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2013)

8. Colonialism in China: treaty ports and ‘informal empire’

Primary Correspondence in the North China Herald, 16 July 1927 (on ‘unequal treaties’ and Sino-foreign relations) – on Blackboard Sun Yat-sen, ‘China as a “hypo-colony”’

Core Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999), pp. 22-66 Bryna Goodman and David S. G. Goodman, ‘Introduction: Colonialism and China’ in Bryna Goodman and David S. G. Goodman (eds), Twentieth- Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World (London, 2012), pp. 1-22

Further James Carter, ‘Struggle for the Soul of a City: Nationalism, Imperialism and Racial Tension in 1920s Harbin’, Modern China, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2001), pp. 91-116. http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/27/1/91.full.pdf+html Albert Feuerwerker, ‘Japanese Imperialism in China: A Commentary’ in Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (eds.), The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895-1937 (Princeton, 1989), pp. 431-8, and other parts of this volume (327.52051 JAP) Bryna Goodman and David S. G. Goodman (eds), Twentieth-Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World (London, 2012), chapters according to interest

Week 5

9. The May Thirtieth Incident and colonialism

Primary H. G. W. Woodhead, The Truth about the Chinese Republic (London, 1925), pp. 79-110

Core

Robert Bickers, Empire Made Me: An Englishman adrift in Shanghai (London, 2003), pp. 163-76 Arthur Waldron, From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924-1925 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 241-62

Further Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999), pp. 115-216 Albert Feuerwerker, ‘The Foreign Presence in China’, in John J. Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China Pt. I (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 128-207

10. The Birth of Chinese Communism

Primary ‘The Mainfesto of the CCP (November 1920)’, ‘The First Congress of the CCP (August 1921)’, ‘The First Program of the CCP (July-August 1921)’ and ‘The First decision as to the Objects of the CCP (July-August 1921)’, in Tony Saitch (ed.), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996), pp. 11-19

Core Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), pp. 102-52 S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927 (Richmond, 2000), pp. 9-30 and according to interest Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), ch 10

Further Mechthild Leutner, The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster (London, 2002), Part I Alexander V. Pantsov, ‘Comintern Activists in China: Spies of Theorists?’ in Anne-Marie Brady and Douglas Brown (eds), Foreigners and Foreign Institutions in Republican China (London, 2013), pp. 93-108 C. Martin Wilbur, 'The Nationalist Revolution: from Canton to Nanking,' in John J. Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China Pt. I (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 528-39.

Week 6

11. Communism post-May Thirtieth: 1925-27

Primary ‘Resolution on the Current Political Situation in China and the Tasks of the CP (October 1925)’ and ‘Resolution on the Relations Between the CCP and the GMD (October 1925)’, in Tony Saich (ed), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996), pp. 152-8, 161-3 (951.04 RIS)

Core Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911- 1937 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 227-41 Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971), pp. 53-61 S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927 (Richmond, 2000), pp. 130-144 and according to interest

Further Lawrence Sullivan, Leadership and Authority in China: 1895-1976 (Lanham, Md., 2012) chapter 3 Alexander Pantsov, The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution, 1919-1927 (Richmond, 2000)

12. 1927: Conquest and Purge

Core C. Wilbur, The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 170-94 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 248-70

Further Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971), pp. 108-139 Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003), pp. 94-130

Week 7

13. The Nanjing Decade 1927-37

Core Federica Ferlanti, ‘The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5 (2010), 961-1000 Frederic Wakeman, Jr., “A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism”, China Quarterly, No. 150, Special Issue: Reappraising Republic China (June 1997), 395-432 Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003), ch 4 Or Hans van de Ven, ‘The Military in the Republic’, China Quarterly, No. 150, Special Issue: Reappraising Republic China (June 1997), 352-74 – focus particularly on the later section of the article on the Nanjing Decade

Further Arif Dirlik, ‘The Ideological Foundations of the New Life Movement: A Study in Counterrevolution’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4 (1975), 945-980

Frederic Wakeman, Jr., ‘Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927-49’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1 (1995), 19-42

14. Experiments in Communism: the Jiangxi Soviet

Primary Mao Zedong, ‘A Single Spark can start a Prairie Fire’ (letter to Lin Biao, 5 January 1930), http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 1/mswv1_6.htm ----. ‘How to Differentiate the Classes in the Rural Areas’ (October 1933), http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 1/mswv1_8.htm Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London, 1937), pp. 164-75

Core Stephen C. Averill, ‘The Transition from Urban to Rural in the Chinese Revolution’, China Journal, No. 48 (July 2002), 87-121 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 271-93

Further Stephen C. Averill, ‘The Origins of the Futian Incident’, in Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven (eds), New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution (Armonk, New York, 1994), pp. 79-115 ----, “Party, Society, and Local Elite in the Jiangxi Communist Movement”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (May, 1987), 279-303 Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971), pp. 61-81

Week 8

15. Communism in retreat: the Long March

Primary Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London, 1937), Part 5: The Long March; and Part 3 (chapters 1, 2 and 5 of this part) and Part 4, on Mao’s life. Father Eymard, extract in Roger Pelissier, The Awakening of China, 1793- 1949, ed. and trans. by Martin Kieffer (London, 1963), pp. 336-9

Core Sun Shuyun, The Long March (London, 2008), chapter 5, to be read in conjunction with Timothy Cheek’s review in International Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1 (2008), pp. 302-304 Brantly Womack, ‘From Urban Radical to Rural Revolutionary: Mao from the 1920s to 1937’, in Timothy Cheek (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Mao (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 61-86

Further Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (London, 1999), pp. 397-403

16. The Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong, 1935-49

Primary Documents 1-4 from chapter one of Gregor Benton and Alan Hunter (eds), Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1942-1989 (Princeton, 1995)

Core Lucien Bianco, Peasants Without the Party: Grass-roots Movements in Twentieth Century China (Armonk, New York, 2001), chapter 3 Pauline Keating, ‘The Yan'an Way of Co-Operativization’, China Quarterly, No. 140 (1994), 1025-51 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 324-36

Further Timothy Cheek (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Mao (Cambridge, 2010) Joseph W. Esherick, ‘Deconstructing the Construction of the Party-State: Gulin County in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region’, China Quarterly, No. 140 (1994), 1052-1079 Mark Seldon, ‘Yan'an Communism Reconsidered’, Modern China, Vol. 21, No. 1 (1995), 8-44 Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic (New York, 1999), chapter 4 Lyman van Slyke, 'The Communist Movement, 1937-1945,' in John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker (eds), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13, Republican China 1912-1949, pt. II (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 609-722

Easter Break

Week 9: Reading Week

Week 10

17. The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937

Primary Sherman Cochran, Andrew C. K. Hsieh and Janis Cochran (eds), One Day in China: May 21, 1936 (New Haven, 1983): read one item from Part IV: ‘“Chinese Traitors” and the Enemy’, pp. 201-46 Extracts from the family letters of Dr Robert Wilson, Nanjing, December 1927, from Timothy Brook (ed.), Documents of the Rape of Nanking (Ann Arbor, 1999)

Core Daqing Yang, “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing”, American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3 (June 1999), 842-65 Fogel, Joshua (ed.), The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography. (Berkeley, 2000), chapter 1 Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937-1945: the Struggle for Survival (London, 2013), chapter 4

Further Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: the Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (London, 1998) Donald A. Jordan, China's Trial by Fire: the Shanghai War of 1932 (Ann Arbor, 2001) Hualing Hu and Lian-hong Zhang (eds.), The Undaunted Women of Nanking: the Wartime Diaries of Minnie Vautrin and Tsen Shui-fang (Carbondale, Ill., 2010) Toby Lincoln, “Fleeing from firestorms: government, cities, native place associations and refugees in the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance”, Urban History, Vol. 38, (December 2011), pp. 437-56 Rana Mitter, The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance and Collaboration in Modern China (Berkeley, 2000) Xiaohong Xu and Lynn Spillman, ‘Political Centers, Progressive Narrative, and Cultural Trauma: Coming to Terms with the Nanjing Massacre in China, 1937-1979’ in Mikyoung Kim and Barry Schwartz (eds), Northeast Asia's Difficult Past: Essays in Collective Memory (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 101-128

18. China’s long Second World War, 1937-45

Primary ‘CCP Declaration on the War in the Pacific (9 December 1941)’, in Tony Saich (ed), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996), pp. 965-6 ‘Generalissimo Jiang on National Identity’, in Patricia Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1993) (not in 1981 ed.)

Core Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003), chapters 5-7 Rana Mitter and Aaron William Moore, ‘Introduction’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2: Special Issue: China in World War II, 1937-1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy’, (March 2011), pp. 225-40 and one other article from this special issue, according to your interest

Further R. Keith Schoopa, In a Sea of Bitterness: Refugees During the Sino-Japanese War (Cambridge, Mass.: 2011)

Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937-1945: the Struggle for Survival (London, 2013), especially chapter 10 ----, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), pp. 155-82

Week 11

19. Civil War and Communist Victory

Primary Mao Zedong, ‘The Situation and our Policy after the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan’ (13 August 1945) and ‘Strategy for the Second Year of the War (1 September 1947)’

Core Lucien Bianco, Peasants Without the Party: Grass-roots Movements in Twentieth Century China (Armonk New York, 2001), chapter 11 Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950 (Stanford, 2003), pp. 33-66

Further Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971), pp. 167-98 Lloyd Eastman, Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949 (Stanford, 1984), pp. 158-71, also chapter 8 and especially chapter 9, ‘Who Lost China?’ Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 337-57

20. Nationalist China: a strong or a weak state?

Core Julia C. Strauss, Strong Institutions in Weak Polities: State Building in Republican China, 1927-1940 (Oxford, 1998), chapter 6 Rana Mitter, ‘Classifying Citizens in Nationalist China During World War II, 1937-1941’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2: Special Issue: China in World War II, 1937-1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy (March 2011), 243-75.

Week 12

21. Concluding debate: was the Republic a ‘new China’?

Core Lloyd Eastman, Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949 (Stanford, 1984), pp. 216-26

22. Revision

GENERAL READING

Primary

Parliamentary Papers including Hansard records: http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk/home.do Visual Shanghai http://www.virtualshanghai.net/ Visualizing China http://visualisingchina.net/ Arnold Wright (chief ed.), Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Other treaty ports of China (London, 1908): http://www.archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wriguoft - beware, very large file Ebrey, Patricia (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1981 or 1993 edition – they have slightly different contents) Adam Mathew Digital (Here you can get a month's free access to their digital collections) Archive.org Contemporary Journals (Many academic journals from the period are available via JStor) The Economist Digital Archive (covers 1843-2003) Hansard Historical Photographs of China Marxists.org (for works by prominent CCP leaders, etc.) A Pictorial History of the Republic of China: its Founding and Development (Taipei, 1981), 2 vols. Saitch, Tony (ed.), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996) The Times Digital Archive (1785-1985)

Selected Academic Journals

China Quarterly Journal of Asian Studies Modern China Twentieth Century China

Secondary

Bergère, Marie-Claire, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911- 1937, trans. by Janet Lloyd (Cambridge, 1989; first published as L’Age d’or de la bourgeoisie chinoise in 1986) Bickers, Robert, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999) Cohen, Paul A., Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past (New York, 1984)

Duara, Prasenjit, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China (Chicago, 1995) Eastman, Lloyd E., et al., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (Cambridge, 1991), available on GoogleBooks Esherick, Joseph W. (ed.), Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 (Honolulu, 2000) Fairbank, John K. and Denis Twitchett (Gen. eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Vols. 12 and 13, as well as 10 and 11 for background reading Goodman, Bryna and David S. G. Goodman (eds), Twentieth-Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World (London, 2012) Kung, Edmund S. K., The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era (Cambridge, 2010), available at www.ebooks.cambridge.org Mitter, Rana, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004) Wakeman, Jr., Frederic and Wang Xi (eds), China’s Quest for Modernization: A Historical Perspective (Berkeley, 1997) Van de Ven, Hans, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003) Zarrow, Peter, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005)

ASSESSMENT 3 hour exam = 50% Essay (max. 3,000 words) = 30% Book review (1,000 words) = 10% Seminar Participation (including presentation, engagement, etc.) = 10%

The resit is by examination alone (100%)

Feedback on all assessment should be timely and normally provided within a maximum of three working weeks (excluding vacation periods) following the deadline for submission of the assessment.

Please find the discipline specific Common Assessment Scale (CAS) descriptors in MyAberdeen.

ESSAYS Essays should be no more than 3,000 words long, including quotations and footnotes but excluding the bibliography. Students should note that they will be penalised for work which is either too long or too short. Essays should be on a topic agreed with the course coordinator and students may not write an essay on a topic which they have presented or will present in class. Essays should draw on a wide range of secondary literature and some primary sources. Please note the information below on the preferred referencing style.

BOOK REVIEW The Book Review should be no more than 1,000 words, including quotations and footnotes but excluding the bibliography (note that book reviews, like essays, must be accompanied by a bibliography and properly referenced). Students will be required to summarise the contents and main argument(s) of the book and its contribution to the wider literature on the topic. Almost any book on the reading list may be selected for review, but students should seek the approval of the course coordinator prior to commencing work to ensure the chosen book is suitable for the exercise.

SEMINAR PARTICIPATION Students will each make one presentation on a topic assigned early in the course. Presentations should be c. 15 minutes long and be accompanied by a hand-out, providing a list of references and a discussion question to launch a class discussion. PowerPoint may be used, but is not compulsory. You will be expected to provide:

 An overview of the topic under discussion  Discussion of the main historiographical arguments concerning that topic  Consideration of the topic in the context of the course as a whole

You ought not only to summarize but also to present an argument within your presentation. Oral feedback will be provided by the course coordinator, and her assessment of the presentation will be worth half of the mark for class participation (5% total mark for course).

Students will be expected to prepare well for all classes and contribute their reflections on the readings and topics constructively. The course coordinator’s assessment of the students’ level of preparation for and contribution in classes throughout the course will be worth half of the mark for class participation (5% total mark for course).

ASSESSMENT DEADLINES Book Review: 12 noon on Thursday 13th March (Week 6). Essay: 12 noon on Tuesday 22nd April (Week 9).

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS The Department requires ONE hard and ONE electronic copy of all assignments, as follows:

COPY 1: One hard copy together with an Assessment cover sheet, typed and double spaced – this copy should have your ID number CLEARLY written on the cover sheet, with NO name and NO signature but EVERYTHING ELSE filled in – and should

be delivered to the History Department [Drop-off boxes located in CB008, 50-52 College Bounds].

COPY 2: One copy submitted through Turnitin via MyAberdeen.

EXAMINATION Students will select and answer essay questions across the range of topics covered in the course. The format will be discussed in advance and a sample exam paper will be provided for revision.

Past exam papers can be viewed at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning- and-teaching/for-students/exam-papers/.

REFERENCING Every essay should be page numbered and have end/footnotes and a full bibliography, comprising only works cited. Any material consulted but not cited may be noted under an additional heading: ‘works consulted’. Please observe the following guidelines.

Footnotes You must give credit where credit is due. Quotations, paraphrases, statistics, interpretations, and significant phraseology taken from books and articles must be carefully and correctly cited in footnotes or endnotes. On the other hand obvious facts on which all authors would agree need not be footnoted. You should refer to the specific page or page range relevant, not to the whole book/chapter/article. Footnotes need full stops, unlike references in a Bibliography. For further information and guidance consult the School Guidelines. Any style found in historical publications may be followed, as long as it is used consistently, but one acceptable form for footnotes is indicated by the following examples:

Book (monograph): Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 19-20.

Multi-volume work: A Pictorial History of the Republic of China: its Founding and Development (2 vols., Taipei, 1981), Vol. 2, p. 2.

Chapter in an edited book: Albert Feuerwerker, ‘Japanese Imperialism in China: A Commentary’ in Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (eds.), The Japanese informal Empire in China, 1895-1937 (Princeton, 1989), pp. 432-3.

Article in a journal (omit ‘The’ at the beginning of journal titles): Daqing Yang, “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing”, American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3 (June 1999), 848.

In citing a work for which the publication data has been given in an earlier footnote, it is not necessary to repeat the same data in full. Simply write the author’s surname, an abbreviated title (omitting ‘The’ or ‘A/An’ if there is one at the beginning of the title) and the page number, as follows:

Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003), p. 51. Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), pp. 155-57. Mitter, Bitter Revolution, p. 25. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 55-56.

Website:. Connie Fan and April Ma, ‘A Brief Look at the Rotary Club of Shanghai from 1919 to 1949’ (Rotary Club of Shanghai, 2006), , accessed 27 June 2010

N.B. Show caution when using sources from the Internet: publications are subject to peer review by other academics, which material you find online may not be.

Bibliography Your paper should also include a bibliography. Bibliographies should be arranged in alphabetical order by author’s surname and should distinguish between primary and secondary sources. If citing a whole book do not include page numbers. If citing an article in a book or journal, give the page numbers of the whole article, as follows:

Primary Sources Ebrey, Patricia (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1993) – if you have consulted multiple sources within one volume. If you have only consulted one source from a given volume, specify it, e.g.: Mao Zedong, ‘Strategy for the Second Year of the War (1 September 1947)’ in Tony Saich (ed), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996), pp. 1285-7 – note that Mao is the surname so still appears first in a Bibliography.

Secondary Sources Bickers, Robert, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999) Eastman, Lloyd E., et al., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (Cambridge, 1991) Esherick, Joseph W. (ed.), Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 (Honolulu, 2000) Kung, Edmund S. K., The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era (Cambridge, 2010)

Mitter, Rana, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004). ----, The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance and Collaboration in Modern China (Berkeley, 2000) Mitter, Rana and Aaron William Moore, ‘Introduction’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2: Special Issue: China in World War II, 1937-1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy’, (March 2011), 225-40 Yang, Daqing, “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing”, American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3 (June 1999), 842-65 Van de Ven, Hans, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003)

Websites Full citations should also be given when material has been accessed via the internet. As much of the following information as possible should be provided: Author, ‘Title of Article’, < http://www....>, 2001 (give date if known), accessed 1 January 2012 (date you last accessed the page) For example: Hibbard, Peter, ‘History of the Royal Asiatic Society China in Shanghai’, , accessed 15 January 2012

Plagiarism ‘Plagiarism is the use, without adequate acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of another person in work submitted for assessment. A student cannot be found to have committed plagiarism where it can be shown that the student has taken all reasonable care to avoid representing the work of others as his/her own.’

Plagiarism is a serious offence everywhere, both within and beyond the academic community. All cases of suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Head of School in the first instance and cannot be discussed with or determined by a Tutor or course Co-ordinator.

Students MUST refer to the School’s Undergraduate Student Handbook for more detailed information on what constitutes plagiarism, how to avoid it, and what the University’s procedure is should plagiarism be suspected.