SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY The GW Office of Sustainability and GW Planning, Development & Construction have collaborated with the Sustainable Landscapes Design Group, made up of faculty and students of the Sustainable Landscapes program at the College of Professional Studies partnered with Jordan Honeyman Landscape Architects, to shape the Sustainable Landscapes Guidelines. The Guidelines are intended to inspire and inform Division of Operations landscape management decisions going forward, but they are not commitments or prescriptions. November 2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Sustainable Landscapes Design Group would like to recognize the following individuals for their contributions and feedback to the Sustainable Landscape Guidelines project.

GW Community External Partners Sustainable Landscapes Design Group Faculty Staff Casey Trees Adele Ashkar Ann Allegra John Ralls Houston Miller Jessica Sanders Joan Honeyman Dawnita Altieri Shannon Ross Lee Paddock Arielle Conti Barb Neal Michael Brown James Schrote Kimberly Robien Lauren Wheeler Ronda Chapman-Duer Kareem Shaban Amit Ronen DC Department of Meghan Chapple Doug Spengel Energy & Environment Sustainable Landscapes Design Students Susi Cora Alexandra Weller Students (DOEE) Julia Braun Kenneth Crosson Seth Weinshel Zoe Grimaldi Rebecca Stack Liz Halford David Dent Miles Milliken Markku McGlynn Joe Hirz Mark Ellis Faculty Alexandra Simpkins Matthew Flack Lisa Benton-Short Caitlin Troutt DCWater Graphics/Layout Noel Gasparin Hartmut Doebel Bethany Bezak Jordan Honeyman Landscape Architecture Nancy Giammatteo Royce Francis Seth Charde Lee Jennings Erica Hayton Elin Haaga Rachel Kruse Alicia Knight Lauren Kaczmar District Dept. of Timothy Miller Sylvan Kaufman Transportation (DDOT) Henry Molinengo Melissa Keeley Meredith Upchurch

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION Sustainability at GW 1 Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy Vision and Purpose Guidelines and the EES How to Use The Guidelines Living Landscapes and Living Guidelines The Special Role of Students Benefits of Sustainable Grounds

2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS Methodology LANDSCAPE Social Uses of Spaces - Map 9 Plants and Design - Map

3.0 GUIDELINES AND Design Principles Hierarchy of Spaces RECOMMENDATIONS 15 Unified Campus Aesthetic Guidelines by Square Plant Lists

4.0 TREES Sustainability and Trees Maintenance 75 Planting Tree Partnerships Trees and the EES

5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GW Grounds Management Opportunities OPPORTUNITIES 91 Grant and Partnership Opportunities

6.0 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT Community Engagement Activities AND OUTREACH 105

A . Related Documents and Background 7.0 APPENDICES Research 109 B. Site Inventory Analysis C. Master Plant List D. Soil Notes

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PURPOSE CURRENT SITUATION These Guidelines are intended to give students The George Washington University is a world-class Annuals will be utilized in key areas on campus so and university personnel a framework for institution of higher education and the campus that a varied plant language is sustained through understanding the natural spaces at GW. They is home to students, faculty and staff, and the the seasons. With such natural resource efficiency outline methods to review, discuss, and decide Foggy Bottom community. This varied use yields comes cost reductions. Instead of planting large how best to maintain or improve each campus building densities that differ in scale and character. masses of seasonal annuals several times a year, landscape space from an ecological, functional, In parallel with this varied density are streetscapes perennial plant material is planted infrequently. and aesthetic perspective. and greenspaces that are essentially residential Perennial flowers and grasses self-sow their seeds EXECUTIVE SUMMARY in scale and character. The majority of GW’s or will spread via rhizomes or root mass ensuring The Guidelines provide the basis for the GW landscape exists within an established streetscape longevity and abundant landscapes. But the Grounds Management Team to make daily and of front yards, sidewalks, and curbs edges. majority of planting will consist of a variety of seasonal decisions to transition the campus grasses, flowers, and shrubs in order to provide towards a more sustainable landscape. Long ENVIRONMENTAL AND COST BENEFITS OF color and visual interest throughout the year. term planning decisions for campus landscapes SUSTAINABLE GROUNDS AT GW will be informed by the Sustainable Landscapes This resource document offers a sustainable This approach does not incur immediate cost Guidelines, while adhering to the 2007 GW Foggy approach to landscape design and plant selection. impacts but spreads out costs per normal Bottom Campus Streetscape Guidelines. Landscapes are sustainable when their water, maintenance schedules. As perennials and grasses nutrient, and energy processes are balanced and do not require annual planting it is envisioned that Additionally, creating this set of guidelines will require very little outside inputs. This results from overall costs will be reduced over time. These help implement the GW Ecosystems Enhancement appropriate design and maintenance that stabilizes plant guidelines are envisioned as part of GW’s Strategy (EES). The guidelines will impact the the ecosystem processes over time. Once these general landscape maintenance activities. Over following focus areas outlined in the Ecosystems landscapes are in place and functioning properly, time plants may be replaced as beds are upgraded Enhancement Strategy: the benefits quickly outweigh the costs. to sustainable varieties during usual maintenance activities. • Strengthening habitat & optimizing natural In lieu of plants that require watering, fertilization, space (EES Goal 1) or pest treatments this resource offers alternatives • Promoting healthy air & climate (EES Goal 2) in plant selections to varieties that are hardy, • Fostering clean & abundant water (EES Goal 3) drought and disease-resistant. It also proposes • Encouraging a natural urban environment that to reduce the overall use of annuals and instead helps enhance physical, mental and social well- substitute perennial varieties that once established being (EES Goal 6) will provide color and texture in the landscape.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES i HIGH -IMPACT CONTEMPORARY HIGH -IMPACT TRADITIONAL LOW -IMPACT CONTEMPORARY LOW -IMPACT TRADITIONAL

Function: Tough, resilient Function: Tough, resilient Function: Layered landscape Function: Layered landscape plantings that maintain plantings that maintain their with simple, structured with simple, structured their form in winter and form in winter and withstand plantings at a residential plantings at residential scale. withstand constant foot constant foot traffic and ice- scale. Resilient plants Resilient plant materials traffic and ice-melt. melt. withstand urban conditions withstand urban conditions Aesthetic: Layered Aesthetic: Layered and prevent erosion. and prevent erosion. landscape with all-season Aesthetic: Inspired by Inspired by EXECUTIVE SUMMARY landscape with all-season Aesthetic: interest. Large, bold plant interest. Little to no symmetry native plant communities native plant communities, masses match building in front of buildings with these small garden spaces these small garden spaces scale. Annual displays at traditional style gardens. provide opportunities to provide opportunities to major intersections and Annual and perennial plant flowering pollinators. plant flowering pollinators. special focal points. displays in traditional Incorporate benches and Incorporate seating behind clusters. seat walls for students to low screening hedges at gather. residential townhouses.

Plants attract pollinators and strong color blocks Annual display at University Yard Bulbs provide early season interest and Front yards at residential campus are reused from year to year

ii THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE GUIDELINES 3. Opportunities: The Sustainable Landscapes • Provide a vocabulary of recommended The Guidelines provide a framework and Guidelines identify existing campus spaces that make recommendations for daily and seasonal University plant lists to establish a unified lend themselves to retrofit projects that are not campus landscape aesthetic. maintenance, capital development projects, and classified as future sites for building development. other opportunities. • Maintain existing trees to facilitate healthy They fall into one of two categories, opportunities growth and ease of maintenance. 1. Daily and Seasonal Maintenance: Daily and either for the Grounds Management Team or • Establish a tree canopy coverage plan that Seasonal Maintenance is at the heart of the through grants and partnerships. The former can promotes the physical enjoyment of the GW Guidelines. The Guidelines provide a framework be implemented within annual maintenance and community and the ecological functions. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and recommendations for maintenance tasks by operating budgets. The latter includes planting • Improve green places on campus to enhance square, which will help move the campus forward interventions that would require grant funding and/ the outdoor experience for all users, increasing towards a stable, resilient and sustainable future. or can be implemented through partnerships with quality of life health and well-being. The Guidelines are intended to inspire and inform local organizations or with student groups and • Identify places where stormwater mitigation landscape management decisions going forward, interns. opportunities can be pursued. but they are not commitments or prescriptions. For everyday use, this document provides RECOMMENDATIONS THE ROLE OF STUDENTS guidance for standard maintenance activities and The overall aesthetic goal of these Guidelines is to As a living document, the Guidelines provide simple upgrades to the existing campus landscape, further develop sustainable campus landscapes. opportunities for students to contribute new ideas to be implemented within annual operating The Guidelines were developed as a basis and insights based on their current research as budgets. for making appropriate aesthetic decisions in well as offer input and feedback from the larger plantings and design. All campus spaces are community of stakeholders. Students played 2. Capital Development Projects: The Guidelines categorized as high or low impact from users a direct and central role in developing these provide a framework and recommendations for on campus and designated as traditional or Sustainable Landscapes Guidelines and their style of plantings, as well as plants for new sites. contemporary style. The Guidelines identify the continued involvement will be critical for the This can to be used as a resource by project areas, provide the plant lists, and lay out the steps university to meet its sustainability vision and designers and site work of all Capital Development for managers so they can implement the following mission. Projects on campus identified in the GW 2007 recommendations: Foggy Bottom Campus Plan. Additionally, the Guidelines provide tree canopy targets developed • Create a hierarchical system of places with in partnership with Casey Trees, and aligned with corresponding landscape recommendations the 2007 GW Foggy Bottom Campus Streetscape that enhance the context, use and visibility of Guidelines. each space

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES iii THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1.0 provides the background for WE BELIEVE THAT GW’S URBAN LANDSCAPE CAN this document and how it relates to the GW ENHANCE THE ENVIRONMENT, THE FOGGY BOTTOM Streetscape Guidelines and GW’s Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy. Here the case is made for CAMPUS AND THE GREATER COMMUNITY. developing a regenerative landscape that draws from the self-healing and self-organizing capacity of natural plant communities.

These Guidelines feature an integrative and inclusive approach to landscape renewal that is consistent with GW’s vision for sustainability.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Project Background

SUSTAINABILITY AT GW

The George Washington University has declared a vision and mission for sustainability:

“The university envisions a future with healthy and thriving resource systems for all. In an effort to enhance its campus, the nation’s capital, and the world at large, GW is building a greener campus, 1.0 INTRODUCTION providing research and intellectual discourse on policies and technologies for sustainable systems and equipping students with the skills and knowledge to contribute to a sustainable future.”

Kogan Plaza GW ECOSYSTEMS ENHANCEMENT STRATEGY AND GW LANDSCAPES The GW Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy is an overarching plan for incorporating sustainability into GW’s operations and business practices. Ecosystems are communities where natural processes produce the water, nutrients, and energy on which we thrive. As a university in an urban setting, GW’s varied landscapes are part of an ecosystem community with many challenges. It is critical, then, to address the water, nutrient, and energy processes that take place on GW’s grounds, and thus contribute to the university’s vision to build a greener campus.

Square 80, a former parking lot, is now a model sustainable green space.

2 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY VISION AND PURPOSE FOR SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES WHAT IS A REGENERATIVE LANDSCAPE?

DESIGN GUIDELINES Regenerative design draws its inspiration from GW Foggy Bottom will become a regenerative campus with a landscape that enriches the life of the the self-healing and self-organizing capacities of GW community, strengthens its academic mission and benefits the environment and the community natural systems. The landscape moves beyond sustainability to reverse ecosystem degradation at large. Consistent with the university’s sustainability vision of a future campus that has healthy and and ultimately create environments that generate 1.0 INTRODUCTION thriving resource systems for all, GW will commit to building a greener campus. greater health and resilience. Regenerative landscapes have an embedded capacity to These Guidelines are intended to give students and university personnel a framework for continuously improve and react to catastrophic understanding the natural spaces at GW. They outline methods to research, discuss, and decide events with healing resiliency. They mimic native how best to maintain or improve each campus landscape space from an ecological, functional, and plant communities where species cohabitate aesthetic perspective. in ecological harmony, resulting in healthy ecosystems. The Guidelines provide the basis for the GW Grounds Management Team to make daily and seasonal decisions to transition the campus towards a more sustainable landscape. Long term The Guidelines support regenerative campus planning decisions for campus development will be informed by the Guidelines in combination with site planning, applying this integrative and GW Streetscape Guidelines. participatory design approach to increase energy efficiency and biodiversity. Through this comprehensive effort, regenerative planning will achieve the social, economic, educational and GUIDELINES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS ENHANCEMENT STRATEGY (EES) aesthetic landscape goals within GW’s ecosystem Additionally, creating this set of guidelines will help implement the GW Ecosystems Enhancement community. Strategy (EES). The Sustainable Landscape Guidelines will impact the following focus areas outlined in the Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy: However, ongoing ecological management • Strengthening habitat and optimizing natural space (EES Goal 1) is needed to ensure that regenerative • Promoting healthy air and climate (EES Goal 2) landscape capacity is sustained through time. • Fostering clean and abundant water (EES Goal 3) A periodic review of Guidelines strategies and • Encouraging a natural urban environment that helps enhance physical, mental and social implementation is imperative to assess their well-being. (EES Goal 6) efficacy and impact on the campus.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION How to Use These Guidelines

How to Use The Guidelines: 1. Daily and Seasonal Maintenance: Adoption of the Sustainable Landscape Guidelines will have an impact on the Foggy Bottom campus Daily and Seasonal Maintenance is in ever expanding ways, as illustrated in the diagram. The concentric circles identify direct Guideline at the heart of the diagram and is the application for strategic focus areas of campus development. main purpose of the Guidelines. The Guidelines provide a framework for The Guidelines are intended as a tool to inform the decisions made by Division of Operations managers maintenance tasks, which will help and designers. They are not prescriptive nor are they firm commitments. 1.0 INTRODUCTION move the campus forward towards a stable, resilient and sustainable future. Opportunities: GW Grounds Management Team 2. Capital Development Projects: Opportunites: The Guidelines will provide a framework Grants and for project designers and site work of 3a 3b Partnerships all Capital Development Projects on campus. Capital Development Projects are defined as new facilities to be built Capital Development on development sites identified in the 2 Projects GW 2007 Foggy Bottom Campus Plan.

3. Opportunities: The Guidelines identify opportunities Daily and on campus that are outside of New Seasonal Development sites and routine Maintenance maintenance areas. These opportunities have the potential to contribute dramatically to a healthy ecosystem, and a productive and sustainable campus. 1 OPPORTUNITIES OF LANDSCAPE TYPES 4 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 1. DAILY AND SEASONAL MAINTENANCE: 2. CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: 3. OPPORTUNITIES: The Guidelines identify The Guidelines are designed to be used in The Guidelines provide goals and targets for existing campus spaces that lend themselves tandem with the GW Streetscape Guidelines the design of all outdoor spaces related to to retrofit projects. These spaces are not and the GW Ecosystems Enhancement new construction on campus. The Guidelines classified as Development Sites in the 2007 Strategy. They provide goals and targets for provide a framework for landscapes relating Foggy Bottom Campus Plan. They are: the use and health of all plant material on to campus Capital Projects, including new 3a. GW Grounds Management Team the campus and in the streetscape, including facilities built on Development Sites identified Opportunities: Spaces where 1.0 INTRODUCTION routine maintenance as well as rejuvenation in the 2007 Foggy Bottom Campus Plan, to suggested incremental interventions of existing plantings. They also advance conform to the aesthetic and functional goals can have wide-ranging positive the mission of the Ecosystem Enhancement outlined in this document, within the zoning effects on the healthy use of the campus, Strategy by supporting a green campus requirements of each lot. and can often be implemented within annual and offering GW personnel and students a maintenance and operating budgets. resource for understanding how to maintain a 3b. Grants and Partnerships Opportunities: sustainable environment. Turn to Chapter 3.0 for specific Spaces other than New Development recommendations for the Style sites, where Low Impact Design and For everyday use, this document provides and Plantings, planting interventions would require some form of investment or grant funding. guidance for standard maintenance activities Turn to Chapter 4.0 for and simple upgrades to the existing campus Tree Canopy targets. Can be implemented through partnerships landscape, to be implemented within annual with local organizations such as Casey Trees operating budgets. and the District Department of Energy & Environment (DOEE) or through the efforts of student groups and interns with donor or grant funds. Turn to Chapter 3.0 Guidelines and Turn to Chapter 5.0 for Recommendations for Sustainable Design Opportunities Guidelines by Square. Turn to Chapter 6.0 for ideas and suggestions for new sustainable campus initiatives.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 5 1.0 INTRODUCTION Living Landscape and Living Guidelines

LIVING LANDSCAPE AND LIVING THE SPECIAL ROLE OF STUDENTS GUIDELINES

The Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy stresses As a living document, the Guidelines provide

1.0 INTRODUCTION the importance of including students and faculty opportunities for students to contribute new in the planning process and recognizes the need ideas and insights based on their current campus for the strategy’s continuous evolution. The GW research as well as offer input and feedback from Sustainable Landscape Guidelines is a dynamic the larger community of stakeholders. Students document that will incorporate student and played a direct and central role in developing faculty input and change as more information these Guidelines and their continued involvement about the campus is gathered and analyzed. will be critical for the university to meet its Because this will require updates on the existing sustainability vision and mission. state of the campus, the Office of Sustainability, in conjunction with Planning, Development and Construction and the GW Grounds Management Team, will initiate a periodic review and revision of the Guidelines. This will also support GW’s A GW student performing research in the forest. mission to provide the opportunity for research and intellectual discourse, and through experiential learning, prepare students for their role in a sustainable future.

6 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY The USDA Forest Service, with many partners BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE including Casey Trees, developed i-Tree, an GROUNDS PEOPLE online tool that provides urban forestry analysis PROSPERITY and benefits assessment of tree canopy cover. Landscapes are sustainable when their Another tool, i-Tree Landscape, helps with tree water, nutrient, and energy processes are planting prioritization and provides estimates balanced and require very little outside and values of ecosystem services. 1.0 INTRODUCTION inputs. This results from appropriate http://www.itreetools.org/about.php design and maintenance that stabilizes the ecosystem processes over time. PLANET Once these landscapes are in place and Based on the i-Tree assessment tool, Casey Trees functioning properly, the benefits quickly and Davey Tree Expert Co created the National outweigh the costs. Sustainable grounds The Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) Tree Benefit Calculator. When a tree species require less irrigation because rain water guide, The Value of Green Infrastructure provides and size are entered, the calculator details the is allowed to infiltrate into the soil. They a framework for economic valuation of Green benefits, including stormwater, property value, usually require no fertilizer because Infrastructure practices such as green roofs, tree energy conservation, carbon sequestration and healthy soils and natural processes planting, bioretention, pervious paving and water air quality. support native and adapted species. Plant harvesting. http://www.treebenefits.com/calculator/ replacement costs are also reduced and http://www.cnt.org/sites/default/files/ reactive measures for plants and trees publications/CNT_Value-of-Green-Infrastructure. The EPA’s web page on Green Infrastructure that become stricken with disease are pdf provides many case studies that demonstrate eliminated. All of this results in decreased the cost-benefit analysis of LIDs. It considers The Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF) costs for labor and maintenance. costs as well as environmental, social and public created the Landscape Performance Series and health outcomes of LID. It also provides links Toolkit with case studies that illustrate the benefits to the Green Values, a national stormwater of LID and a searchable collection of online tools management calculator. and calculators to estimate sustainable landscape http://www2.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/ performance. green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources http://landscapeperformance.org/benefits-toolkit TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE OF SUSTAINABILITY TRIPLE BOTTOM

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 7 8 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY CURRENT CAMPUS 2.0 LANDSCAPE

A team of faculty and students walked the campus and generated detailed maps and field notes with observations and insights about the current landscape.

This chapter summarizes this information 2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE CAMPUS 2.0 CURRENT and forms the basis for the Guidelines and Recommendations to follow.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 9 2.0#2 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE Methodology

METHODOLOGY The first steps in developing these living guidelines was to thoroughly and systematically assess the state of green spaces on GW’s Foggy Bottom Campus. This process was student-centered, with support and direction from the Sustainable Landscapes faculty. Students from the 2015 Sustainable INVENTORY Landscapes Certificate Program conducted a square by square existing conditions inventory of the 1. Foggy Bottom landscape. The state of existing plantings and the ecological function and health of the campus was assessed. Social factors were also evaluated, including the needs and diversity of people using the space, the importance of safe pedestrian and vehicular circulation and the status of improvements already completed on campus. 2. The final stage in the campus landscape inventory and analysis led to characterizing campus space in terms of original use, design, environmental and social attributes and the current condition of ANALYSIS 2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE CAMPUS 2.0 CURRENT plantings. On the following pages, current campus landscapes are categorized according to specific Organizing Principles that help set up the Guidelines and Recommendations in Chapter 3.0.

The findings from this exhaustive inventory are insightful. As a steward of the environment, GW 3. has made tremendous progress towards transforming the Foggy Bottom campus into a healthy, LANDSCAPE attractive and engaging place for students, faculty, staff and neighbors. Current efforts have been CHARACTERIZATION especially important in supporting GW’s vision and mission as outlined in the 2012 GW Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy. These include pollinator gardens, the edible GroW garden, planting herbs as annuals, the introduction of beneficial insects for pest control, xeriscaping and a ‘grass to garden’ initiative. And from a policy and planning perspective, GW has mandated that, where applicable, all new construction in the future will retrofit adjoining streetscapes according to the GW Streetscape Guidelines. GW SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE There are great opportunities for taking this effort to the next level. From upgrading street tree boxes GUIDELINES to improving small frontage landscapes and replacing fragments of remnant grass, to removing

unnecessary paving, to adding layers of cool and lush plantings, opportunities abound for turning our GUIDELINES LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABLE campus into a regenerative landscape.

10 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Methodology Social Use of Space

High Visibility/Circulation

Buildings and gathering spaces, including Premium Layer intersections (as described in the GW Streetscape Guidelines), that are highly visible to the public and attract a variety of users for campus functions and special events. This designation also includes areas that experience intense pedestrian foot traffic on a regular basis, by students, faculty, staff and neighbors.

Well-Used Space 2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE CAMPUS 2.0 CURRENT Outdoor gathering spaces, circulation routes or landscapes that are frequently and appropriately used for various intended purposes. Uses include academic, social and community purposes by students, faculty, alumni, visitors, patrons, non-GW employees, Metro commuters and community residents.

Underused Space

Outdoor spaces not functioning at their maximum potential due to various factors, including but not limited to, location, design and function.

Development Sites MAP 1 - SOCIAL USES OF SPACES MAP 1 - SOCIAL

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 11 #2 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE Plants and Design

Exemplary Planting and Design

Well-designed landscapes and/or spaces featuring appropriate landscape elements, a comfortable scale and a thoughtful sense of place. These landscapes include plant specimens and arrangements that exemplify pleasing aesthetics and appropriate design and function for their setting. Examples of this principle are planting designs that incorporate diversity in species, multiple layering and complexity of plant palette, along with a significant presence of native plant 2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE CAMPUS 2.0 CURRENT material.

Planting Opportunities

Planting beds that offer opportunities for additional plants, or improvement of planting arrangements to resolve or mitigate barren spots, compacted or eroded soil, inadequate soil volume, high concentration of non-native plants, or high maintenance issues associated with specific plants and remnant lawn fragments.

Development Sites MAP 2 - PLANTS AND DESIGN MAP 2 - PLANTS

12 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plants and Design

Design Opportunities

Landscapes that offer opportunities for design improvements to resolve poor pedestrian circulation patterns and function, uncomfortable and underutilized space, poor connectivity and sense of place, inadequate plant palettes and ecological function. An example of this principle is a landscape that offers the opportunity for implementation of appropriate low impact design elements to increase infiltration and/or reduce stormwater runoff volume. 2.0 CURRENT CAMPUS LANDSCAPE CAMPUS 2.0 CURRENT

Existing LID

Existing low impact design elements that increase infiltration and/or reduce stormwater runoff volume.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 13 14 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

GUIDELINES & 3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The overall goal of the Guidelines is to create a campus of sustainable, maintainable, and beautiful landscape spaces. The Guidelines are based on six design principles that create a foundation for making appropriate, practical, and aesthetic landscape decisions for the campus. In order to achieve this, the landscape has been

divided into a hierarchy of spaces or categories 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS based on traditional and contemporary landscape styles and high and low impact usage. A unified campus landscape aesthetic is then defined by both this hierarchy and a sustainable plant species vocabulary, thus creating the basis for design decisions. Existing trees are identified to remain, and with the addition of new trees, will support a campus wide tree canopy cover. Enhancing the outdoor experience for all users is emphasized. Areas for stormwater mitigation are identified as potential water control landscapes.

The Guidelines are detailed on a city square by square basis.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 15 3.0#2 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Design Principles

DESIGN PRINCIPLES HIERARCHY OF SPACES The overall aesthetic goal of these Guidelines Create a hierarchical system of places with corresponding landscape recommendations is to create a campus of high quality urban that enhance the context, use and visibility of each space. (See Chapter 3.0) spaces. The Guidelines were developed as a basis for making appropriate aesthetic decisions in plantings and design. All campus Provide a vocabulary of standardized University plant lists to establish a spaces are organized into one of the following unified campus landscape aesthetic. (See Chapter 3.0) Landscape Styles: • High Impact Traditional Landscape • High Impact Contemporary Landscape Maintain existing trees and facilitate healthy growth and ease of maintenance. • Low Impact Traditional Landscape (See Chapter 4.0) • Low Impact Contemporary Landscape 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Landscape Styles reflect both Use and Function Establish a tree canopy coverage plan that promotes the physical enjoyment of the GW (from Chapter 2.0, Organizing Principles) community and the ecological functions of wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and clean air that and the Traditional or Contemporary style of benefit the greater ecosystem. (See Chapter 4.0) existing buildings in each block. Details behind these findings are articulated in the Appendix. Each Landscape Style offers design objectives Improve green places on campus to enhance the outdoor experience for all users, based on the use and style of collective increasing quality of life health and well-being. (See Chapter 5.0) campus buildings.

Identify places where stormwater mitigation opportunities can be pursued. (See Chapter 5.0)

16 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY UNIFIED CAMPUS AESTHETIC

To create a consistent and unified campus aesthetic, the designated traditional landscape style is derived from the distinguishing characteristics of the gardens of Colonial Revival and Romantic style gardens. Similarly, a shared contemporary garden aesthetic is proposed for Art Deco style buildings and new buildings on campus. For simplicity and consistency, in many instances a single aesthetic is adopted for the entire block even if there are one or two buildings within the block that exhibit a different style. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS HIGH IMPACT LANDSCAPES Continued in detail on page 18

LOW IMPACT LANDSCAPES Continued in detail on page 20

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Landscape C Traditional Landscape Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Landscape D Traditional Landscape Development Sites MAP 1 - LANDSCAPE STYLE MAP 1 - LANDSCAPE

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 17 #2 HIGH IMPACT LANDSCAPES

HIGH IMPACT LANDSCAPES Spaces and streetscapes that are highly visible and experience heavy year-round urban use. Users often include neighborhood residents, commuters, the general public as well as students and faculty commuting between campus buildings. Both pedestrian safety and plant protection are important parameters in these spaces, demanding more intense maintenance to keep them at their peak. Year- round aesthetic includes intense use of annuals at key locations.

Spaces surrounding Art Deco era buildings to HIGH-IMPACT CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE: A new developments on campus

Design parameters: Plantings: Emphasis should be placed on: Functional: Tough and resilient plantings • Intense use of annual displays that maintain their form in winter months and • Strong blocks of color and texture in foliage PlantsPlants to attract to attract pollinators pollinators and and strong strong blocks blocks of color. of color. withstand constant foot traffic and ice-melt. and flowering native plants 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Aesthetic: Layered landscape with all-season • Long season perennials and grasses interest. Plantings should be in large, bold • Plants to attract pollinators masses to match the scale of the buildings. • Native flowering understory trees Continued use of annual displays at special • Native shade trees intersections and around GW busts and public art installations.

Native flowering understory trees with long season perennials and grasses.

18 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY HIGH-IMPACT TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPE: Spaces surrounding Colonial Revival and C Romantic era campus buildings

Design parameters: Plantings: Emphasis should be placed on: Functional: Tough and resilient plantings • Intense use of annual and perennial that maintain their form in winter months and displays Native oakleaf hydrangea in front of the Law School. withstand constant foot traffic and ice-melt. • Evergreen backdrops and hedges, 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Aesthetic: Layered landscape with all-season including some foundation planting interest. Little to no symmetry is found in front • Groundcovers, evergreen preferred of buildings with traditional style gardens. • Specimen native ornamental trees and Annual and perennial displays in traditional shrubs clusters. • Native shade trees

Annual display at University Yard

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 19 #2 LOW IMPACT LANDSCAPES

LOW IMPACT LANDSCAPES Spaces and streetscapes that experience normal urban use, including peripheral blocks with dorms and townhouses. These spaces require a lower intensity of regular maintenance, and should present a tidy look full of color and texture at a human scale.

Spaces surrounding Art Deco era buildings LOW-IMPACT CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE: B to new developments on campus

Design parameters: Plantings: Emphasis should be placed on: Functional: A layered landscape with simple, • Bulbs for early season interest structured plantings at a residential rather • Long season perennials and grasses than institutional scale. Use of resilient plant • Pollinator plants Layered landscape at SEAS Courtyard materials that withstand urban conditions and • Groundcovers, evergreen preferred groundcovers that prevent erosion. • Flowering understory trees 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Aesthetic: Inspired by native plant • Native shade trees communities as regenerative ecosystems, these small garden spaces provide opportunities for experimentation with herbaceous and flowering plants and pollinators. Where appropriate, incorporate inviting places for students to gather by strategically placing benches and seat walls.

Bulbs on GW Campus provide early season interest and are reused from year to year.

20 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Spaces surrounding Colonial Revival and

D LOW-IMPACT TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPE: Romantic era campus buildings Design parameters: Plantings: Emphasis should be placed on: Functional: A layered landscape with simple, • Bulbs for early season interest structured plantings at a residential rather • Simple perennial patches with intense color than institutional scale. Use of resilient plant • Conical evergreens Front yards at residential townhouses on campus. materials that withstand urban conditions and • Low evergreen screening hedges at groundcovers that prevent erosion. sidewalk edge 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Aesthetic: Inspired by native plant • Flowering understory trees communities as regenerative ecosystems, • Native shade trees these small garden spaces provide opportunities for experimentation with herbaceous material, flowering plants and pollinators. Understanding that students like to gather where they can see and be seen, gardens should incorporate inviting places to sit behind very low screening hedges, especially at residential townhouses.

Simple perennial patches, shrubs and bulbs on GW Campus.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 21 #2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

CATEGORY GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS INTRODUCTION Plant native shade trees

Guidelines By Square: The following pages TREES present a city square-by-square set of detailed recommendations for maintenance and upgrade of the GW Foggy Bottom campus landscape. A series of icons on each square indicates Diversify plantings the different types of recommended planting PLANTINGS and maintenance activities. The activities are explained in general on the opposite page and Grass to Gardens initiative (G2G) in detail for each site on the following pages. TURF All the recommendations in the Guidelines are

aligned with GW’s Ecosystem Enhancement MAINTENANCE Improve soil conditions 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Strategy as listed on the opposite page. SOILS

Plant Lists: The preceding High-Impact/Low- URBAN Increase urban agriculture/edible landscape Impact and Contemporary/Traditional landscape AGRICULTURE analysis has informed the creation of specialized sustainable plant lists for each of the four types Improve campus wide unifying themes, of campus landscapes. For example, a more DESIGN overall aesthetics, user experience, dramatic native plant list is appropriate for a circulation and plantings High Impact garden space, while a Low Impact site plant list includes more delicate or fine LOW IMPACT Install BMP’s as appropriate such as rain

textured plants. Plant lists for garden areas PLANNING DEVELOPMENT gardens, pervious paving, rainwater listed as Traditional contain more conventional (LID) harvesting evergreen materials than those listed as Contemporary. It is the intent that plant lists are closely aligned with the visual quality and function of each space, street and block.

22 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM ENHANCEMENT STRATEGY (EES) GOALS AND TARGETS: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Target 2.1: Enhance tree canopy and green cover to increase sequestration potential and outdoor air filtration capacity Target 2.1A: Offset sq. ft. /acreage loss of existing tree canopy and green TREES: Chapter 4.0 GW’s Urban Tree Canopy cover from natural causes or development with new plantings. (Increase native tree canopy coverage)

Target 1.2: Enhance campus biological richness/diversity. Target 1.2A: Create habitat friendly spaces that promote non-invasive plants PLANTINGS: Plant lists at the end of Chapter 3.0

Target 1.2: Enhance the biological richness/diversity of the campus. TURF: Plant lists at the end of Chapter 3.0

Target 1.2: Enhance the biological richness/diversity of the campus. Soil notes in Appendix D SOILS: 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS TREES: Chapter 4.0 GW’s Urban Tree Canopy PLANTINGS: Plant lists at the end of Chapter 3.0 Target 4.1: Produce food on campus TURF: Plant lists at the end of Chapter 3.0 URBAN AGRICULTURE: Opportunities in Chapters SOILS: Soil specification in Appendix 5.0 and 6.0 For future planning and projects: Target 1.2A: Create habitat friendly spaces that promote non-invasive plants DESIGN: Opportunities in Chapters 5.0 and 6.0 URBAN AGRICULTURE: Project ideas in Chapters 5.0 and 6.0 DESIGN: Opportunities in Chapters 5.0 and 6.0 Target 3.2: 10% absolute increase in permeable space over 10 years from LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT: Concept ideas in FY11 baseline. LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT: Concept ideas in Chapters 5.0 and 6.0 Target 3.3: Retained stormwater reuse for greywater systems, cooling Chapters 5.0 and 6.0 towers, and irrigation by 2021. Target 3.4: Encourage watershed replenishment projects that qualify for water quality trading schemes. Projects will decrease erosion, improve stormwater infiltration and improve water quality.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 23 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 24 #2

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES BY SQUARE

GW CAMPUS SQUARES Development Sites Sustainable LandscapeGuidelinesRecommendations #39/40 #39

K STREET WASHINGTON Plantings CIRCLE Replace non-native plants such as crape myrtles, beautyberry and daylillies with native alternatives. Refer to Plant List A. 39 LID’s

Propose more pervious paving or infiltration methods in front of School of Public Health entrance. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS

NEW HAMPSHIRE AVENUE 24th STREET 23th STREET #39 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN 40 -Milken Institute School of 39 Public Health

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List K Street Square 39 between 24th and 23rd Square Street K

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 25 #40#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

39 Plantings Design Remove grass on south side of hospital Develop improved design for I Street Mall to building. improve user experience, aesthetics, circulation Incorporate more native plants in shrub and and plant diversity. See Opportunity #9. groundcover layers in I Street Mall. Refer to Consider interactive therapy or fragrance garden in Plant List A. the GW Hospital property which abuts the I Street Mall. Design new LID features for stormwater NEW HAMPSHIRE AVENUE Trees containment as per DC Water Clean Rivers 24th STREET Program. 23th STREET Remove Bradford pear trees and replace with 40 native shade trees. Refer to Plant List A. LID’s 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Intercept stormwater run off with channel drains Soils and redirect into plant beds for infiltration.

Improve soil absorption with better plant bed preparation. Decrease mounding grade and add compost. #40 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN I STREET

-The George Washington University Hospital 40

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List K Street Square 40 between 24th and 23rd Square Street K

26 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #41

Plantings LID’s I STREET Incorporate more native plants in shrub and Plant densely to decrease erosion. groundcover layers along 23rd Street. Refer Intercept stormwater run off with channel drains to new design and Plant List A. and redirect into plant beds for infiltration. Intercept or collect stormwater run off for reuse to Design 23th STREET Generate a planting design to improve aesthetics, scale and function of east side of Ross Hall on 23rd Street. Refer to Plant List A. Design planters to deter undesired use of 24th STREET 41 space. See Opportunity #10. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Develop a design to improve seating area by GroW garden - corner of 24th and H Street.

Soils #41 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN H STREET Improve infiltration and decrease erosion by additional plants with fiberous roots, adding -Himmelfarb Health Development Sites compost and aerating. Refer to Plant List A. Sciences Library -Ross Hall School of 41 Medicine High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List H Street Square 41 between 23rd and 24th 41 between 23rd Square H Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 27 #42#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

Trees H STREET Increase canopy cover 40% by planting large shade trees around Varsity Place Plaza. Refer to Plant List B.

Plantings

Increase biodiversity and incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers on north and west side of Amsterdam Hall particularly behind hedge. Refer to Plant List B. 42 Incorporate more native plants in shrub and

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS groundcover layers around Varsity Place Plaza to complement new tree plantings. 24th STREET

23rd STREET 23rd Refer to Plant List B.

Design

Enlist GW Landscape Design program to #42 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN provide a pro-bono planting design for St. Mary’s Episcopal Church on 23rd Street to G STREET -Philip Amsterdam Hall improve aesthetics, scale and biological -Hillel Center diversity. See Community Outreach -Lerner Health and Opportunity #1. Wellness Center High Impact High Impact 42 A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List G Street Square 42 between 23rd and 24th 42 between 23rd Square G Street

28 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #43

Plantings

Incorporate plantings in Shenkman Hall courtyard. Refer to Plant List B. G STREET

Design

Develop design to improve user experience 43 and scale in Shenkman Hall courtyard. See 24th STREET Opportunity #11. 23th STREET Incorporate planters and above ground planting beds in Shenkman Hall courtyard to

increase green space. Refer to Plant List B. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS VIRGINIA AVENUE

LID’s

Intercept/capture surface water and divert to planting beds for irrigation and infiltration. #43 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-Shenkman Hall

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact 43 B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List Virginia Ave Square 43 between 23rd and 24th 43 between 23rd Square Ave Virginia

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 29 #55#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

Trees

I STREET If the existing trees, crape myrtles, need to be replaced in the future, replace with native trees such as Amelanchier ‘Autumn Brilliance’. Refer to Plant List A.

Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers on 22nd Street and H Street. Refer to Plant List A.

23rd STREET 23rd 55 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 22nd STREET

#55 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN H STREET -Fullbright Hall -Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall 55 - High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List -Science and Engineering Hall Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List H Street Square 55 between 22nd and 23rd Square H Street

30 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #56

Trees Design H STREET Plant large shade trees on south side of Improve user experience, scale and aesthetics in Funger Hall to improve terrace experience the School of Business corridor by adding an urban to either replace or augment existing crape meadow. See Opportunity #12. myrtles. Refer to Plant List A. LID’s Plantings Increase permeable surface on terrace of Funger Increase biodiversity by incorporating more Hall. Collect and reuse stormwater runoff for other native plants in shrub and groundcover layers planting beds below. 22nd STREET on H Street. Refer to Plant Lists B and D. 56 Add native plants in the planting beds up by Tompkins Hall. Refer to Plant List A.

Add native plants in front of the retaining wall 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS on 23rd Street. Refer to Plant List A.

Turf 23rd STREET 23rd

Remove grass between retaining wall and sidewalk on 23rd Street. #56 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN Remove grass on H Street. G STREET Refer to Plant List B. -Tompkins Hall School of Development Sites Engineering -Duques Hall School of Business High Impact High Impact 56 Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List -Funger Hall A C - Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List G Street Square 56 between 22nd and 23rd Square G Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 31 #57#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

Trees

Plant shade trees to increase tree canopy and G STREET improve scale and aesthetics on the south façade Smith Center. Refer to Plant List B.

Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and 23rd STREET 23rd groundcover layers on 23rd Street. Refer to Plant List A.

Design 22nd STREET

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 57 Generate a planting design with more shade trees to improve aesthetics and scale of south façade of Smith Center along F Street. Refer to Plant List B.

F STREET #57 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-Charles E. Smith Center -Townhouse Row

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact 57 B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List F Street Square 57 between 22nd and 23rd and 22nd between 57 Square Street F

32 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #58

Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers on 22nd Street and Virginia Avenue in front of International House. Refer to Plant List D. Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers on GW-owned properties F STREET nd 22nd STREET 22 Street and F Street. Refer to Plant List D. 23rd STREET 23rd

VIRGINIA AVENUE

58 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS

#58 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-International House -Newman Center -GW Townhouses

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List 58 Virginia Avenue Square 58 between 22nd and 23rd Square Avenue Virginia

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 33 #75#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations #75

Plantings

Remove non-native plants and incorproate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers in front of Rice Hall. See design recommendation below. Refer to Plant List A.

PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE Design

Enlist GW Landscape Design program to provide a sustainable planting design for Rice Hall to improve aesthetics, scale and biological diversity. Showcase GW administration’s commitment to sustainability. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 22nd STREET 75

#75 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN 21st STREET

-GW Campus Store Development Sites 75 I STREET -Rice Hall

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List I Street Square 75 between 21st and 22nd Square I Street

34 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #77 #77

I STREET Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers. Refer to plant list A. • Front of Smith Hall, 22 nd Street • Around Women’s Studies 837 22nd Street • Marvin Center 21st Street side st 77 • Front of Lafayette Hall 21 Street side Design 22nd STREET 21st STREET Develop a temporary design for Academic Center Park to improve aesthetics, user experience and ecological benefits. See Opportunity #4. Refer to Plant List A. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Create a design for the Music Department garden. See Opportunity #14. H STREET Improve user experience an aesthetics by adding large scale above ground planters Development Sites #77 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN filled with shrubs and perennials in Academic Center Breezeway. Refer to Plant List A. High Impact Hi l Plant List -Smith Hall of Art A Contemporary Plant List C LID’s -Phillips Hall Low Impact Low Impact -Rome Hall 77 B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List Construct rain garden or bioswale in -Lafayette Hall Academic Center Park to collect and infiltrate -Marvin Center stormwater runoff from Park and surrounding -District House hardscapes. -Women’s Studies

Program 22nd and 21st between 77 Square Street H

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 35 #79#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

H STREET 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 21st STREET 22nd STREET 79

#79 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

- - Development Sites -714 21st Street G STREET -James Monroe Hall and High Impact High Impact 79 A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Hall of Government -Staughton Hall Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List -2125, 2127, 2129, 2131 B D and 2145 G Street

36 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #79

Trees Turf Design

Enlarge tree boxes in Kogan Plaza to current Remove turf and install diverse plantings to Conversion to a ‘Green Street’ on H Street between standards, plant by using structural soils and improve aesthetics and scale on the west side of 21st and 22nd Streets. See Opportunity #13. nd pervious paving for walkway areas. Gelman Library on 22 Street. Refer to Plant List B. Stone planter box/seat wall and dogwood tree Replace existing Hornbeams and Japanese Remove turf and install an aesthetically engaging in front of Gelman Library on H Street (old library Maple near Veterans Park in Kogan Plaza with design which withstands high use by Lisner entrance). See Opportunity #15. native shade trees. Refer to Plant List A. Auditorium. Refer to Plant List A. Improve biodiversity function and aesthetics in Intersperse shade trees among existing Remove turf west of Staughton Hall and install Theatre and Dance Courtyard. See Opportunity planted shrubs behind blue pavilion (north diverse plantings. Refer to Plant List A. #17. side). Refer to Plant List A. Design to improve scale, function and aesthetics in Plant new shade and understory trees north G Street Park. See Opportunity #6. of Staughton Hall to increase tree canopy Soils coverage. Refer to Plant List A. Decrease soil compaction and erosion at G Street LID’s 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS park. Plantings Increase soil volume in tree boxes with existing Decrease amount of impervious paving at corner cherry trees in Kogan Plaza to improve the health of 22nd and G Street, and in Kogan Plaza,and/or Incorporate more native plants in shrub and of the trees. See tree notes. install interceptor drains to redirect water to reduce groundcover layers. Improve soils through use of compost under run off and increase infiltration. • South side of townhouses on G Street. existing southern magnolias to improve tree health. Collect and/or infiltrate run off from downspouts on Refer to Plant List D. buildings along G Street via cisterns, rain barrels. • G Street Park. Refer to plant list B and D Construct rain garden behind 714 21st Street and • Hall of Government for vegetables and Urban Agriculture Monroe Hall, and on north side of Staughton LID. Refer to Plant List A. Hall to collect and infiltrate stormwater runoff • Interior of Kogan Plaza. Refer to Plant List A. Potential location for GroW Garden - Mid campus from rooftop and surrounding landscape. See Create wildlife habitat for birds and Quad. Opportunity # 16. pollinators through the use of native Potential location for GroW garden - G Street Park. Construct rain garden / bio swale on south edge plantings in G Street Park, behind 714 21st See Opportunity #20. of G Street Park to collect and infiltrate runoff and Street and Staughton Hall. reduce existing erosion issues. G Street Square 79 between 21st and 22nd Square G Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 37 #80#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

G STREET 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 21st STREET 22nd STREET 80 #80 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-Square 80 Plaza -Strong Hall - F STREET -2101, 2109, 2123, 2147 F Street Development Sites -Guthridge Hall 80 -South Hall High Impact High Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List - 22nd St Townhouses A C - Graduate School of Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List Education and Human B D Development

38 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #80

Trees Urban Agriculture

Plant native shade and understory trees when Square 80 is a potential location for containerized non-native trees need to be replaced. urban agriculture cultivation and distribution on terrace behind townhomes. See Opportunity #20. Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and Design groundcover layers along F Street. Refer to Plant List D. Create a planting design for a new landscape to Create a design template to include hedge, replace existing grass around Strong Hall on G seating area and patio with native shade trees Street and 21st Street. See Opportunity #3. and plants in townhouse front yards along Enlist GW Landscape Design program for a 22nd Street. See 611 22nd Street as example. sustainable planting design to replace existing

Refer to Plant List D. grass on corner of F Street and 22nd Street. 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Enlist GW Landscape Design program to provide a Turf sustainable planting design for hillside at 21st and F Street to decrease erosion and improve aesthetics Remove grass around Strong Hall on G Street and biodiversity. See Opportunity #18. and 21st Street. Refer to new planting design and Plant List C. Remove grass in front of 22nd and F Street. Refer to new planting design and Plant List D. LID’s

Soils Install interceptor drains to redirect water to reduce run off and increase infiltration. Decrease soil erosion on corner of 21st and F Increase infiltration on corner of 21st and F Street. Street through use of compost socks or other Install structural retaining wall and plants. soft terracing techniques and plantings. Refer to Plant List C. F Street Square 80 between 21st and 22nd Square F Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 39 #81#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers in the following areas: 21st STREET 22nd STREET F STREET • • In front of 2142-2150 F Street • Along F Street in front of the Dakota Refer to Plant List B and design notes below. 81 Soils

Decrease erosion and increase infiltration in High Impact High Impact 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List front of 2142-2150 F Street by adding good soil amendments such as compost during planting. Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List Design Trees #81 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN Enlist GW Landscape Design program for a Increase tree canopy in Anniversary Park by sustainable planting design to improve aesthetics, planting more native shade trees. See design user experience and event space in Anniversary -Anniversary Park notes to follow. -The Dakota Park. See Opportunity #19. Increase tree canopy in front of 2142-2150 F Create a design template to include low hedge, Street by planting more native shade trees. seating area, patio with native shade tree and See Plant List D. plants in GW owned townhouse front yards along 2142-2150 F Street. See 611 22nd Street as 81 example. Refer to Plant List D. F Street Square 81 between 21st and 22nd Square F Street

40 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY #101

Plantings

Incorporate more native plants in shrub and groundcover layers in front of 814 20th Street. Refer to Plant List B.

I STREET 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS

21st STREET 101

20th STREET #101 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

- Shops Development Sites H STREET -School of Media and 101 Public Affairs High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List -812, 814 20th Street Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List H Street Square 101 between 20th and 21st Square H Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 41 #102#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

H STREET

102 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 21st STREET 20th STREET

#102 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-Corcoran & Samson Halls -GW and Textile Museum Development Sites G STREET -Woodhull House -Bell, Lisner, and Stuart High Impact High Impact 102 A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Halls -Law School and Library Low Impact Low Impact B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List -University Yard G Street Square 102 between 20th and 21st Square G Street

42 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY G Street Square 102 between 20th and 21st wherever possiblethroughout Yard. native shadetrees behindSamsonHalland Increase tree canopyinUniversity Yard byadding • • • • • groundcover layers. Incorporate more native plantsinshruband Refer toPlantList A. HStreetLerner Halloncornerof and20 Refer toPlantList A. Stockton Hallterrace, facingUniversity Yard. Refer toPlantListB. Law Library andStockton Hallon20 Refer toPlantListC. 700 20 Refer toPlantListC. Front Corcoran of &SamsonHallson21

Plantings Trees th Street, Gand20 oncornerof th Street. th Street. th st Street. Street. SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 43

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS #103#2 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

G STREET

103 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 21st STREET 20th STREET

#103 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN F STREET -Francis Scott Key Hall Development Sites -Potomac House -Support Building -GW Townhouses High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List -Tonic at Quigley’s -Law School Complex Low Impact Low Impact 103 B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List

44 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY F Street Square 103 between 21st and 20th Increase tree 65020 canopyinfront of • • • • • • groundcover layers. Incorporate more native plantsinshruband planting native shadetrees. List C. 650 20 Plant ListC. Francis Scott Key Hallon20 Street. Refer toPlantListB. Potomac House&Francis Scott Key Hall, F 2035 FStreet. Refer toPlantListB. Support Building, FStreet. Refer toplantlistB Refer toPlantListC. 605-607 andDavis-HodgkinsHouse, 21

Trees Plantings th Street andGStreet side. Refer toPlant th Street. Refer to th Street by st Street. SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES Support Building. SeeOpportunity #7. temporary eventuseforexisting parkinglotbehind Develop adesigntoimprove circulation and

Design #103 45

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS ##2 121 GUIDELINES BY SQUARE Sustainable Landscape Guidelines Recommendations

Urban Agriculture

Potential location for urban agriculture on G STREET 20th Street. See Design notes below.

Design

Enlist GW Landscape Design student for a sustainable planting design to improve aesthetics and food garden at . 20th STREET 19th STREET 121 LID’s 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Collect and/or infiltrate run-off from downspouts for reuse in landscape or vegetable garden.

F STREET #121 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN

-The F Street House

High Impact High Impact A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List Low Impact Low Impact 121 B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List F Street Square 121 between 19th and 20th Square F Street

46 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY # 122

F STREET Trees Design

Increase tree canopy on west side of Old Create a planting design for Old Main to enhance Main by adding native shade trees. user experience and increase biodiversity. See Opportunity #8. Create a planting design for a new landscape to Plantings replace existing grass on side of Thurston Hall on 21st Street. Incorporate native plants in shrub and Create a planting design for a new landscape to groundcover layers in the following areas: 20th STREET

19th STREET replace existing grass in front of Mitchell Hall on • West side of Old Main. 21st Street. 122 • Along 19th St. • In front of Thurston Hall. Refer to Plant List C. LID’s 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Collect and/or infiltrate run off from Old Main Turf downspouts for reuse in landscape or rain garden.

Remove grass at west side of Old Main. Remove grass at side of Thurston Hall on 19th St. #122 HIGHLIGHTS KEY PLAN Remove grass in front of Mitchell Hall on 19th St. Refer to Plant List C. -Old Main -Alumni House E STREET Soils -Thurston Hall -Mitchell Hall High Impact High Impact Decrease soil erosion and secure grade in A Contemporary Plant List C Traditional Plant List -Elliott School of front of Thurston Hall by installing additional International Affairs Low Impact Low Impact plants. Refer to Plant List C. -1959 E Street B Contemporary Plant List D Traditional Plant List 122 E Street Square 122 between 19th and 20th Square E Street

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 47 #2 PLANT LISTS Highly Recommended Plants

INTRODUCTION

Plant Lists: The Guideline Design Principles, use and function of each campus space were used to compile the plant lists at the end of this chapter. Failproof plants with the highest aesthetic and wildlife value are highlighted with photographs in the following pages. The plants are mostly a reflection of Mid-Atlantic natural plant communities; use of these plants will move GW’s landscape towards a resilient and self-healing ecosystem that will improve with the years. The Contemporary Landscape Plant Lists (lists A and Acer rubrum Red Maple Betula nigra River Birch B) include native plants along with a few non- Fast growing, easy to establish, excellent fall color Handsome bark, good fall color

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS native evergreens and favorites that reflect a Nesting site, food for birds, mammals, insects Pollen producer, food for birds, mammals, insects modern landscape aesthetic. More non-invasive, non-native plants are found in the Traditional Landscape Plant Lists (lists C and D), selected with sensitivity to traditional architectural context and complementary period gardens.

The Plant Lists are a guide for the GW Grounds Management Team (GMT) as they continue to work towards more sustainable goals. This will not preclude the GMT from the occasional use of conventional, non-native plant varieties when the need arises. For example, in instances where crowd control requires a particularly tough or spiny plant. For new construction, consulting landscape Ilex opaca American Holly Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo architects and designers are expected to adhere to Screening, evergreen, attractive fruit Outstanding summer and fall foliage and habit the Plant Lists. Cover for wildlife, red drupes for wintering birds Pollen producer, food for winter birds 48 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam Chionanthus virginicus Virginia Fringe Tree Excellent drought resistance, good fall color Heavy shade tolerant, attractive bark Distinctive showy flowers, air pollution tolerant

Excellent source of caterpillars (557 species) Provides good understory cover 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS

Amelanchier x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’ Cercis canadensis Redbud Cornus florida Dogwood Edible fruits, excellent fall color, attractive bark Showy flowers Showy flowers, attractive bark and fall color Early spring nectar source, food for birds, mammals Pollen/nectar producer, food for birds Excellent food source for wintering birds SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 49 #2 PLANT LISTS Highly Recommended Plants

Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia Clethra alnifolia Sweet pepperbush Ilex glabra Inkberry Evergreen, screen, hedge; fragrant, showy flowers Fast growing, adaptable, good for rain gardens Evergreen for hedges and massing, accent plant

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Cover for birds and mammals Ideal for nectaring butterflies Berries for winter birds, nectar for native bees

Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf hydrangea Ilex verticillata Winterberry Evergreen to semi-evergreen, attractive flowers Showy flowers, shade tolerant, good fall color Winter interest, rain garden, informal hedge Host to sweetbay silk moth Good source of early summer pollen & nectar Food for more than 49 bird species 50 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Rhus aromatica ‘Gro Low’ Gro Low Sumac Amsonia hubrichtii Arkansas Amsonia Attractive fragrant flowers, best in masses Tolerates poor soil, good fall color Blue spring flowers, showy fall color, best in masses

Excellent source of pollen & nectar for native bees Food source for wintering birds Good butterfly nectar plant 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS

Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry V i b u r n u m n u d u m ‘ W i n t e r t h u r ’ S m o o t h W i t h e r o d Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed Evergreen, drought and salt tolerant Dense, lustrous foliage, showy berries and flower Long bloom period, drought tolerant Food source for wintering birds Excellent source of berries and caterpillars for birds Larval host for monarch butterfly SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 51 #2 PLANT LISTS Highly Recommended Plants

Aster laevis Smooth Blue Aster Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower Heuchera villosa Hairy Alumroot Easily self seeds, late autumn flowers Highly adaptable plant, attractive long blooming Good ground cover, attractive foliage Attractive to butterflies Excellent source of midsummer pollen & nectar

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Provides cover for wildlife

Chelone glabra Turtlehead Eupatorium dubium ‘Baby Joe’ Dwarf Joe Pye Weed Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern Distinctive flower, suitable for rain gardens Showy flowers in late summer/early fall Attractive fronds Larval host of Baltimore Checkerspot butterfly Attractive to butterflies Good for bird cover and nesting sites 52 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GW makes every effort to purchase plants that have not been treated with neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that are often used as seed or soil treatments in nursery plants as well as agricultural crops. Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower Systemic insecticides are taken up by plant Adaptable, attractive fall color & winter interest Excellent bloom and color for late summer tissues, and can persist in soil for months

Provides nesting material for grassland birds Good for pollinators and winter birds 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS or years after application. Neonicotinoid residues have been found in pollen and nectar consumed by pollinators such as bees and butterflies. These insecticides are currently under the EPA risk assessment review process for bees and other pollinators.1,2

Phlox paniculata Tall Garden Phlox Solidago rugosa Goldenrod 1www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/schedule-review-neonicotinoid- pesticides Many varieties, colors. Fragrant, long blooming Attractive fall blooming, good for rain gardens 2 Provides nectar for hummingbird sphinx moth Provides cover, seed, food for 115 caterpillar types www.xerces.org/neonicotinoids-and-bees/ SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 53 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 54 #2 A

HIGH IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST Amelanchier canadensis Amelanchier arborea Ulmus americana‘Liberty’ Thuja occidentalis Quercus rubra Quercus phellos Quercus palustris Quercus bicolor Quercus alba Platanus occidentalis Nyssa sylvatica Liquidambar styraciflua Juniperus virginiana Gymnocladus dioica Gleditsia triacanthosvar. inermis Cladrastis kentukea Betula lenta Betula nigra Acer rubrum Botanical Name THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plant Name Shadblow Serviceberry Downy Serviceberry American ElmDisease Resistant Arborivitae Red Oak Willow Oak Pin Oak Oak Swamp White White Oak Sycamore Black Tupelo Sweetgum Eastern Red Cedar Kentucky Coffeetree Thornless Honeylocust Yellowood Sweet Birch River Birch Red Maple Common Name PLANT LISTS FLOWERING /UNDERSTORY TREES TREES

Native High ImpactContemporary PlantList

Adaptive x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’ ‘Red Rage’, ‘Forum’ Seedless cultivars‘Rotundiloba’ ‘Cherokee’ Male podlesspreferred Notes andCultivarInformation Street Tree Evergreen High Impact Contemporary Plant List PLANT LISTS

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

A Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Cercis canadensis Sweet Birch Cornus florida Dogwood Cloud 9, Ozark Spring Sassafras albidum Sassafras SHRUBS Cephalanthus occidentalus Dwarf Button Bush Sugar Shack Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Cornus sericea Red Twig Dogwood Arctic Fire

Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf Fothergilla 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea Pee Wee, Snowflake, Ruby Slippers, Sike’s Dwarf Ilex glabra Inkberry Ilex verticillata Winterberry Holly Red Sprite, Winter’s Red, males to pollinate Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Little Henry, Henry’s Garnet Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry Myrica pensylvanica Northern Bayberry Rhus aromatica ‘Gro low’ Gro low Sumac Rhus copallinum Winged Sumac

HIGH IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY HIGH IMPACT Virburnum nudum ‘Winterthur’ Smooth Witherod GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Amsonia hubrichtii Arkansas Amsonia Andropogon virginicus Virginia Broomsedge

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 55 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 56 #2 A

HIGH IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST Eupatorium perfoliatum Eupatorium hyssopifolium Eupatorium dubium Eupatorium coelestinum Echinacea purpurea Swan’ ‘White Echinacea purpurea Dryopteris marginalis Deschampsia caespitosavivipara Dennestaedtia punctilobula Chelone glabra Carex pensylvanica Athyrium filix-femina Aster novi-belgii Aster laevis Asclepias tuberosa Asclepias syriaca Asclepias incarnata Asarum canadense Aruncus diocicus Aquilegia canadensis Botanical Name THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plant Name Boneset ThoroughwortHyssop-leaf Pye Joe Dwarf Weed Hardy Ageratum White Coneflower Purple Coneflower Eastern Woodfern Tufted Hair Grass Hay ScentedFern Turtlehead Pennsylvania Sedge Lady Fern New YorkAster Smooth blueaster Butterfly Milkweed Milkweed Swamp Milkweed Wild Ginger Goat's Beard Red Columbine Common Name PLANT LISTS GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS

Native High ImpactContemporary PlantList

Adaptive Baby Joe used w/ Asclepias assistsinMonarch reproduction cycle species andMagnusStar host planttoendangered Baltimore Checkerspot species and‘Little Lanterns’ Notes andCultivarInformation Street Tree Evergreen High Impact Contemporary Plant List PLANT LISTS

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

A Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium great for early pollinators Geranium ‘Rozanne’ Cranesbill Heuchera villosa Hairy Alumroot Autumn Bride Liatris spicata Spiked Blazing Star Liriope spp. Lilyturf Big Blue, Silver Dragon, Variegata Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia Opuntia humifusa Eastern Prickly Pear

Osmunda cinnamomea Cinammon Fern 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Pachysandra procumbens Alleghany Spurge Pachysandra terminalis Japanese Spurge Packera aurea Golden Groundsel Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper Penstemon digitalis ‘Husker Red’ Beard Tongue Husker’s Red Phlox panicultata Tall Garden Phlox David, Jeana, David’s Lavender Polygonatum pubescens Solomon’s Seal

HIGH IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY HIGH IMPACT Pycnanthemum muticum Mountain Mint Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan Sedum ternatum Stonecrop

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 57 #2 PLANT LISTS High Impact Contemporary Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

A Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Solidago rugosa Goldenrod Fireworks, Little Lemon Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed Thelypteris novoboracensis New York Fern Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort Sweet Kate, Concord Grape 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS HIGH IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY HIGH IMPACT

58 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY PLANT LISTS Low Impact Contemporary Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

TREES Acer rubrum Red Maple Betula lenta Sweet Birch Betula nigra River Birch Cladrastis kentukea Yellowood Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Thornless Honeylocust Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky Coffeetree male podless preferred Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar

Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Seedless-Rotundiloba, Cherokee 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo Red Rage, Forum Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Quercus alba White Oak Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak Quercus palustris Pin Oak Quercus phellos Willow Oak Quercus rubra Red Oak Taxodium distichum Baldcypress

LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW Thuja occidentalis Arborivitae Ulmus americana 'Liberty’ American Elm Disease Resistant FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 59 #2 PLANT LISTS Low Impact Contemporary Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow Serviceberry Asimina triloba Paw Paw Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam Cercis canadensis Redbud Chionanthus virginicus VA Fringe Tree Cornus florida Dogwood Cloud 9, Ozark Spring Cornus mas Cornelian Cherry

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Crataegus crus-galli ‘Inermis’ Thornless Hawthorn Magnolia grandifolia Southern Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia Ostrya virginiana Eastern Hophornbeam Parotia persica Persian Parotia Sassafras albidum Sassafras SHRUBS Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea

LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW Cephalanthus occidentalus Dwarf Button Bush Sugar Shack Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Cornus sericea Red Twig Dogwood Arctic Fire Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf Fothergilla

60 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Low Impact Contemporary Plant List PLANT LISTS

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

SHRUBS Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea Pee Wee, Snowflake, Ruby Slippers, Sike’s Dwarf Ilex glabra Inkberry Densa, Compacta Ilex verticillata Winterberry Holly Red Sprite, Winter's Red, males to pollinate Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Little Henry, Henry’s Garnet Lindera benzoin Spicebush Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape Holly Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry

Myrica pensylvanica Northern Bayberry 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Physocarpus opulifolius Ninebark Potentilla fruticosa Bush Cinquefoil Rhus aromatica ‘Gro low’ Gro low Sumac Rhus copallinum Winged Sumac Vaccinium angustifolium Lowbush Blueberry Viburnum acerfolium Mapleleaf Viburnum Viburnum dentatum ‘Blue Muffin’ Dwarf Arrowwood Virburnum nudum ‘Winterthur’ Smooth Witherod

LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW Yucca filamentosa Adam’s Needle GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Amsonia hubrichtii Arkansas Amsonia Andropogon virginicus Virginia Broomsedge

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 61 #2 Low Impact Contemporary Plant List PLANT LISTS

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Aquilegia canadensis Red Columbine species and 'Little Lanterns' Aruncus diocicus Goat's Beard Asarum canadense Wild Ginger Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed Ice Ballet Asclepias syriaca Milkweed Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed Aster laevis Smooth Blue Aster

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Aster novi-belgii New York Aster Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge Chelone glabra Turtlehead host plant to endangered Baltimore Checkerspot Dennestaedtia punctilobula Hay scented fern Deschampsia caespitosa vivipara Tufted Hair Grass Dryopteris marginalis Eastern Woodfern Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower species and Magnus Star Echinacea purpurea ‘White Swan’ White Coneflower

LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW Eupatorium coelestinum Hardy ageratum used with Asclepias assists in Monarch reproduction cycle Eupatorium dubium Dwarf Joe Pye Weed Baby Joe Eupatorium hyssopifolium Hyssop-leaf Thoroughwort Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset

62 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY PLANT LISTS Low Impact Contemporary Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium great for early pollinators Geranium ‘Rozanne’ Cranesbill Heuchera villosa Hairy Alumroot Autumn Bride Hibiscus moscheutos Pink Rose Mallow Anne Arundel Liatris spicata Spiked Blazing Star Liriope spp. Lilyturf Big Blue, Silver Dragon, Variegata Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower

Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Monarda fistulosa Beebalm Opuntia humifusa Eastern Prickly Pear Osmunda cinnamomea Cinammon Fern Pachysandra procumbens Alleghany Spurge Pachysandra terminalis Japanese Spurge Packera aurea Golden Groundsel Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper

LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW Penstemon digitalis ‘Husker Red’ Beard Tongue Husker’s Red Phlox panicultata Tall Garden Phlox David, Jeana, David’s Lavender Phlox stolonifera Creeping Phlox Polygonatum pubescens Solomon’s Seal

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 63 #2 Low Impact Contemporary Plant List PLANT LISTS

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

B Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Pycnanthemum muticum Mountain Mint Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem Sedum ternatum Stonecrop Solidago rugosa Goldenrod Fireworks, Little Lemon Sporobolus heterolepis Prarie Dropseed

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Thelypteris novoboracensis New York Fern Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort Sweet Kate, Concord Grape Vernonia lettermann Iron Weed Iron Butterfly Vernonia noveboracensis New York Ironweed LOW IMPACT CONTEMPORARY PLANT LIST PLANT CONTEMPORARY IMPACT LOW

64 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY C HIGH IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST Prunus serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ Cornus florida Cercis canadensis Amelanchier canadensis Amelanchier arborea Ulmus parvifolia Ulmus americana'Liberty’ Thuja occidentalis Quercus rubra Quercus phellos Quercus palustris Quercus bicolor Quercus alba Platanus occidentalis Nyssa sylvatica Liquidambar styraciflua Gymnocladus dioicus Cladrastis kentukea Acer rubrum Botanical Name Plant Name Kwanzan Cherry Dogwood Redbud Shadblow Serviceberry Downy Serviceberry Lacebark Elm American ElmDisease Resistant Arborivitae Red Oak Willow Oak Pin Oak Oak Swamp White White Oak Sycamore Black Tupelo Sweetgum Kentucky Coffeetree Yellowood Red Maple Common Name PLANT LISTS FLOWERING /UNDERSTORY TREES TREES

Native High Impact Traditional PlantList

Adaptive Cloud 9, OzarkSpring x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’ Red Rage, Forum Seedless-Rotundiloba, Cherokee male podlesspreferred Notes andCultivarInformation Street Tree SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES Evergreen 65

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS #2 PLANT LISTS High Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

C Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ Autumn Blooming Higan Cherry Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ Okame Cherry Prunus x yedoensis Yoshino Cherry SHRUBS Abelia x grandiflora Glossy Abelia Rose Creek, Edward Goucher Aucuba japonica Spotted Laurel Buxus sempervirens Vardar Valley Boxwood

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Camellia japonica Japanese Camellia Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf Fothergilla Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea Pee Wee, Snowflake, Ruby Slippers, Sike’s Dwarf Ilex glabra Inkberry Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Little Henry, Henry’s Garnet Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Gulftide’ Gulftide False Holly HIGH IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL HIGH IMPACT Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Rhus aromatica ‘Gro low’ Gro low Sumac Taxus baccata repandens Repandends English Yew Taxus cuspidata Japanese Yew Viburnum burkwoodii 'Conoy' Conoy Viburnum

66 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY PLANT LISTS High Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

C Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

SHRUBS Virburnum nudum 'Winterthur' Smooth Witherod GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Amsonia hubrichtii Arkansas Amsonia Aquilegia canadensis Red Columbine species and ‘Little Lanterns’ Asarum canadense Wild Ginger Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge Dennestaedtia punctilobula Hay scented fern

Dryopteris erythrosora Autumn Fern 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Dryopteris marginalis Eastern Woodfern Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower species and Magnus Star Echinacea purpurea ‘White Swan’ White Coneflower Geranium 'Rozanne' Cranesbill Heuchera villosa Hairy Alumroot Autumn Bride Liriope spp. Lilyturf Big Blue, Silver Dragon, Variegata Nepeta racemosa Low Catnip Walker's Low HIGH IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL HIGH IMPACT Osmunda cinnamomea Cinammon Fern Pachysandra procumbens Alleghany Spurge Pachysandra terminalis Japanese Spurge Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper Penstemon digitalis 'Husker Red' Beard Tongue

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 67 #2 PLANT LISTS High Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

C Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Phlox panicultata Tall Garden Phlox David, Jeana, David's Lavendar Phlox stolonifera Creeping Phlox Polygonatum pubescens Solomon's Seal Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan Thelypteris novoboracensis New York Fern 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS HIGH IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL HIGH IMPACT

68 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY PLANT LISTS Low Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

D Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

TREES Acer rubrum Red Maple Cladrastis kentukea Yellowood Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffeetree male podless preferred Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Seedless-Rotundiloba, Cherokee Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo Red Rage, Forum Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Quercus alba White Oak

Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Quercus palustris Pin Oak Quercus phellos Willow Oak Quercus rubra Red Oak Taxodium distichum Baldcypress Thuja occidentalis Arborivitae Ulmus americana ‘Liberty’ American Elm Disease Resistant Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm Allee, Dynasty LOW IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL IMPACT LOW FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’ Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow Serviceberry Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam Cercis canadensis Redbud

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 69 #2 PLANT LISTS Low Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

D Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

FLOWERING / UNDERSTORY TREES Chionanthus virginicus VA Fringe Tree Cornus florida Dogwood Cloud 9, Ozark Spring Crataegus crus-galli 'Inermis' Thornless Hawthorn Magnolia grandifolia Southern Magnolia Ostrya virginiana Eastern Hophornbeam Parotia persica Persian Parotia Prunus serrulata ‘Kwanzan' Kwanzan Cherry

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' Autumn Blooming Higan Cherry Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ Oakme Cherry Prunus x yedoensis Yoshino Cherry SHRUBS Abelia grandiflora Glossy Abelia Rose Creek, Edward Goucher Aucuba japonica Spotted Laurel Buxus sempervirens Vardar Valley Boxwood Camellia japonica Japanese Camellia LOW IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL IMPACT LOW Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf Fothergilla Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea Pee Wee, Snowflake, Ruby Slippers, Sike's Dwarf Ilex glabra Inkberry Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Little Henry, Henry’s Garnet

70 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY PLANT LISTS Low Impact Traditional Plant List

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i t e p v

D Botanical Name Common Name i

a Street Tree Evergreen t a d A N

SHRUBS Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape holly Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Gulftide’ Gulftide False Holly Potentilla fruticosa Bush Cinquefoil Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Rhus aromatica ‘Gro low’ Gro low Sumac Taxus baccata repandens Repandends English Yew

Taxus cuspidata Japanese Yew 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS Vaccinium angustifolium Lowbush blueberry Viburnum burkwoodii ‘Conoy’ Conoy Viburnum Virburnum nudum ‘Winterthur’ Smooth Witherod GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS Amsonia hubrichtii Arkansas Amsonia Aquilegia canadensis Red Columbine species and ‘Little Lanterns’ Asarum canadense Wild Ginger LOW IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST PLANT TRADITIONAL IMPACT LOW Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge Dennestaedtia punctilobula Hay Scented Fern Dryopteris erythrosora Autumn Fern Brilliance Dryopteris marginalis Eastern Woodfern Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower species and Magnus Star

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 71 3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 72 #2 D

LOW IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST Polygonatum pubescens Phlox stolonifera Phlox panicultata Penstemon digitalis‘Husker Red’ Parthenocissus quinquefolia Pachysandra terminalis Pachysandra procumbens Osmunda cinnamomea Nepeta racemosa Monarda fistulosa Lobelia siphilitica Lobelia cardinalis Liriope spp. Hibiscus moscheutos Heuchera villosa Geranium 'Rozanne' Geranium maculatum Eupatorium perfoliatum Eupatorium coelestinum Echinacea purpurea 'WhiteSwan Botanical Name THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plant Name Solomon’s Seal Creeping Phlox Tall Garden Phlox Beard Tongue Virginia Creeper Japanese Spurge Alleghany Spurge Cinammon Fern Low Catnip Beebalm Great BlueLobelia Cardinal Flower Lilyturf Pink Rose Mallow Hairy Alumroot Cranesbill Wild Geranium Boneset Hardy Ageratum White Coneflower Common Name PLANT LISTS GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS

Native Low Impact Traditional PlantList

Adaptive David, Jeana, David’s Lavender Walker's Low Big Blue, SilverDragon, Variegata Anne Arundel Autumn Bride great forearly pollinators used with Asclepias assistsinMonarch reproduction cycle Notes andCultivarInformation Street Tree Evergreen D LOW IMPACT TRADITIONAL PLANT LIST Thelypteris novoboracensis Sedum ternatum Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia fulgida Botanical Name Plant Name New YorkFern Stonecrop Black Eyed Susan Orange Coneflower Common Name PLANT LISTS GROUNDCOVER PERENNIALS

Native Low Impact Traditional PlantList

Adaptive Notes andCultivarInformation Street Tree SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES Evergreen 73

3.0 GUIDELINES & RECOMMENDATIONS 74 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 4.0 TREES TREES 4.0

Trees play a vital role in creating a regenerative campus landscape because they provide such a rich variety of ecosystem services. This chapter provides guidance on maintaining and enriching the tree canopy on Foggy Bottom campus. It also places the Guidelines for tree planting on campus in the context of GW’s Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy as well as the District of Columbia’s stated goal of reaching 40% tree canopy coverage.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 75 4.0 Trees 4.0

76 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY TREES Sustainability and Trees

SUSTAINABILITY AND TREES 4.0 Trees 4.0 Trees play a vital role in sustainability because This chapter provides guidance for the continuing partnership with Casey Trees, and they provide such a wide array of ecosystem maintenance and enhancement of GW’s tree places the guidelines for campus tree planting services. In an urban setting like the Foggy canopy coverage in each of the strategic focus on campus in the context of the GW Ecosystem Bottom Campus, tall trees with large crowns, areas for campus development identified in Enhancement Strategy. called overstory or shade trees, provide the Chapter 1.0. It provides recommendations for the shade from the summer sun for buildings, sidewalks and natural spaces, which helps reduce the Urban Heat Island effect in the city. Smaller trees can flourish under shade trees as understory trees. Understory trees often produce flowers that add to the beauty and aesthetic interest of the campus. Both types of trees are necessary, as they filter air, improve water quality, sequester carbon, and provide wildlife habitat and corridors for wildlife movement.

Trees perform all of these functions for very low cost over their lifetime. However, they often go unnoticed even as they greatly contribute silently and steadfastly to the natural spaces around them. Trees can play an important role in the four GW Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy focus areas (addressed later in this chapter). For these reasons, trees and their In their natural settings, both shade and flowering trees grow together, virtually doubling the preservation should be a primary goal of the ecosystem benefits in the same space. Sustainable Landscapes Guidelines.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 77 TREES Maintenance

MAINTENANCE GW Campus Trees GW Grounds Management Team, Casey Trees and 4.0 Trees 4.0 Campus trees are those located on campus Office of Sustainability will evaluate tree-related Guidelines for Daily and Seasonal grounds owned and maintained by GW. These programming and develop future programming to Maintenance (see Chapter 3.0) trees are predominantly understory or flowering ensure the long term success of Foggy Bottom tree • Focus on maintaining existing trees, trees and in the aggregate make up only 5% of the health. especially large shade trees. GW’s total Tree Canopy Coverage (Figure 1). These • Minimize compaction via foot and trees are found in Zone 4 of the GW Streetscape GW Street Trees vehicular traffic. Guidelines. • Implement the most advantageous tree In the District of Columbia, the District Department protection strategies during construction As urban trees, those on the street and campus of Transportation (DDOT) has ownership over all projects. face many challenges. They live in a minimal “street” trees, defined as those located between • Ensure an ISA certified arborist evaluates amount of soil, can suffer from soil compaction the curb of a street and the sidewalk. These trees mature trees annually. around their roots, and may have insufficient water also correspond to Zone 2 in the GW Streetscape • Replace failing trees according to Tree during establishment or times of drought. The Guidelines. Street trees are regulated by the Urban Planting Program. site analysis conducted by GW students for these Forestry Administration (UFA) in DDOT, which has Guidelines suggests that the overall health of the a mission to “manage and increase the District’s campus trees is good, due to proper maintenance street trees, and to maintain healthy trees.”1 and care. On the Foggy Bottom Campus, street trees are GW has the potential to ensure the continued significant as they provide more than 50% of the health of these trees. The first step is to develop campus’s Tree Canopy Coverage (TCC) (Figure an accurate inventory of street and campus trees 1) and contribute to all the ecosystem services and develop systems to monitor their status and described later in this chapter. Although GW does health. The Additional Tree Care Actions later not have direct responsibility over the maintenance in this chapter present several opportunities of these trees, they should be monitored. to provide additional care through student

engagement and strategic partnerships . Annual 1. District Department of Transportation, “Urban Forestry Administration.” reviews by a consortium of stakeholders such as Accessed at http://ddot.dc.gov/page/ddot-urban-forestry-administra- tion-ufa.

78 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Tree Canopy and Plantable Space Summary of George Washington University's Additionally, partnerships with the UFA and Casey Block Key

Foggy Bottom Campus Trees 4.0 Trees, a key external partner to the GW Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy, can lead to creative solutions to increase the health and survivability Canopy not including of its street trees furthering both the District’s and Block Canopy Plantable space street trees GW’s goal of increasing tree canopy coverage. 1 1 40.9% 24.3% 0.0% 2 8.3% 6.0% 0.4% 3 4 3 4.3% 0.0% 5.1% 2 4 4.6% 2.1% 0.0% 5 6.7% 0.0% 1.7% 5 6 7 6 10.2% 2.4% 2.3% 7 9.6% 4.4% 0.0% 8 5.0% 0.0% 4.3% 8 9 10 11 9 11.6% 2.6% 4.2% 10 9.7% 4.9% 7.7% 11 19.6% 13.8% 10.2% 12 13 14 15 16 12 5.8% 0.5% 0.0% 13 7.8% 0.0% 0.0% 17 14 15.3% 10.5% 5.3% 18 15 10.6% 2.1% 2.0% 16 9.6% 6.8% 0.0% 17 14.4% 6.5% 0.0% 18 5.3% 0.8% 0.0%

Figure 1: Casey Trees’ Tree Canopy and Plantable Space Summary

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 79 TREES Planting

In addition to maintenance, GW can contribute Tree Canopy Coverage Plan (TCCP) TREE PLANTING significantly to the overall Tree Canopy Coverage

4.0 Trees 4.0 (TCC) through a robust Tree Canopy Coverage As described in the GW Ecosystem Enhancement Plan (TCCP) for campus trees. Adopting a TCCP Strategy, GW’s operations are part of the greater Guidelines for Daily and Seasonal and a proactive and rigorous tree planting ecosystem in the District of Columbia. The Maintenance (see Chapter 5.0 and 6.0) program will help GW achieve its own goal for a Sustainable DC Plan recently instituted a goal • Prioritize planting native trees. greener campus and contribute to the goals set of reaching 40% canopy coverage by 2032, • Prioritize planting shade trees over by the District of Columbia. addressing the decline in tree canopy coverage flowering trees in new construction or over the past 65 years. GW can participate in this in replacement plantings to increase action plan by increasing the TCC on its grounds tree canopy coverage (see Tree Canopy to benefit its own community, the surrounding Coverage Plan). neighborhood and the city as a whole. There • Mimic natural systems with layered tree are incentives and grants to help individuals plantings by planting shade trees amongst and institutions meet the District’s TCC goal of existing flowering trees to increase 40% such as DDOE’s RiverSmart Schools and biomass, ecosystem services and long RiverSmart Communities Tree Rebate programs. term benefits for campus (see Tree Planting Program). • Implement clear establishment practices for newly planted trees to include monitoring and using watering bags (Gator A maintenance program for newly planted Bags) as needed to provide supplemental trees protects the school’s expenditures; water. unlike architectural retrofits, as the trees grow they provide an increasing return on the investment. Densely planted mixture of native shade trees and understory trees with native groundcovers at St. John’s College

80 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY In the Casey Trees GW Landcover Analysis (Figure 2), the Foggy Bottom campus is situated in a

highly urbanized core of the city and has only 12% Trees 4.0 TCC with 9% plantable space. Plantable space is defined as any space that is bare earth or grass, not including impervious surfaces. Maintaining large trees is critical since they are the largest contributors to the success of TCC, as evidenced by the Casey Trees Tree Canopy and Plantable Space Summary. For example, Square 39 (Block #1 in Figure 1) has one mature oak tree that provides 24.3% of the total 40.9% TCC of that block.

Based on Casey Trees’ Landcover Analysis, we project that planting 22 shade trees on the Foggy Bottom campus would effectively increase our TCC by 1%1.

The Guidelines advocate for increasing the Foggy Bottom Tree Canopy Cover by 1% per year until we have used all our GWU Landcover Analysis plantable space. Alternatively, this goal can be achieved by planting shade trees Percent Canopy Percent Plantable Space elsewhere in the District of Columbia, such Mt. Vernon 32 21 as the Mount Vernon Campus or local parks, Foggy Bottom 12 9 GWU 16 11 as volunteer outreach to under-served

communities. 0 0.25 0.5 1 Miles

1Assuming 800sf of TCC per shade tree, 22 shade trees will cover 1% of ± the Foggy Bottom Campus. Since we have 9% plantable space, it would Figure 2: Casey Trees’ GW Landcover Analysis take 9 years to maximize our TCC.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 81 TREES Planting

Tree Planting Program security. Of course, designers intentionally use Though the recent DDOT Green Infrastructure small flowering trees to create a desired effect and Standards2 indicate a small flowering tree requires Maintaining the existing trees is not enough, place them in locations where security may not be 600 cubic feet of soil volume and a large tree however. GW will need to conduct a Tree Planting an issue. requires 1500 cubic feet of soil volume, we Program that specifically increases the number of recommend that the GW Tree Program implement shade trees on campus. The Foggy Bottom campus features flowering larger soil volumes, 1000 cubic feet for small trees trees such as crape myrtles and dogwoods and 2000 cubic feet minimum for larger trees to throughout the campus that add beauty and GW Goal : Increase the Use of Shade Trees insure the longer life of trees. seasonal color. These small trees do provide versus Flowering Trees some ecosystem benefits, but shade trees, Where to Plant Trees with their vastly larger canopy size, provide exponentially greater benefits. Field observations throughout the campus reveal A Mid-Atlantic deciduous forest is primarily made many locations where shade trees can be planted. up of shade trees such as Oak, Maples, Hickory, Tu- In Chapter 3.0 of these Guidelines, a “Trees” icon lip Poplar and Pines. These shade trees can reach Cost Benefit Analysis is used to identify locations on campus where trees between 40 feet and 120 feet high at maturity, with can be inserted into the landscape fabric of the canopies that provide a corresponding amount of The installation cost of both flowering trees and campus. They include spots for new and replace- shade. Once established, a shade tree often natu- shade trees are roughly the same, but the shade ment tree plantings, such as: rally sheds its lower branches so that there is a clear tree provides three times the ecosystem services. line of sight underneath, a valuable feature in ur- Both types of trees need about the same amount • Open spaces for new tree planting. For ban environments where personal safety is of great of space to mature, usually take about the same example, the following locations have been concern. amount of inputs to get established and need identified as having appropriate soil volume and roughly the same amount of soil volume to aerial space for shade trees. See Chapter 3.0 Flowering trees grow under larger shade trees in become mature trees. Squares 41,42,55,56,57,79,80,81,102,103,122. the forest, and also at the forest’s edge. Mature • Replacement tree planting: typically a location flowering trees range between 18 feet and 40 All species of trees have different life spans; where a small flowering tree or shade tree has feet high. Their canopies span from 10 to 50 feet generally speaking a shade tree can live 100+ declined or died and can replaced with a shade wide depending on the species and cultivar. Most years but a flowering tree can have one-third that tree. flowering tree species require pruning of the low- life span unless specially cared for, like the cherry 2. http://ddot.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddot/publication/attach- er branches to improve sight lines and increase trees around the Tidal Basin. ments/2014-0421-DDOT%20Green%20Infrastructure%20Standards.pdf

82 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY • Expanded tree box planting: an existing tree box needs to be modified to increase the available soil volume for the tree. This might Trees 4.0 mean increasing the planter area for the tree or removing existing paving and putting structural soils in place with paving above the soil. • Layered shade / flowering tree planting: a location where an existing flowering tree is planted but a shade tree could be planted in conjunction with it to provide the overstory layer. • By design: GW could commit to designing in appropriately sized tree spaces in all their new building and major renovations.

In addition, GW advancement efforts can contribute to the TCCP by: • Implementing a Legacy Tree program to install native shade trees on campus. -Name and sponsor existing mature trees. -Name, sponsor and plant new shade trees. • Creating a Memorial Tree program for the campus to streamline the process currently in place as part of an overall tree planting process that could fund future trees.

Examples of potential tree planting locations on campus.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 83 TREES Recommended Trees

What Trees to Plant

Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar v i

The Guidelines offer master plant t e Information 4.0 Trees 4.0 p Botanical Name Common Name v i a lists for the Grounds Management t d a A Team to use when planning for new N or replacement plantings. Shade and Acer rubrum Red Maple ‘Red Sunset’ understory trees are shown here. It is highly recommended that Capital Gleditisia triacanthos var. inermis Thornless Honeylocust Projects also use the tree lists when specifying trees adjacent to new Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum ‘Rotundiloba’ buildings. Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo ‘Wildfire’

Platanus occidentalis Sycamore RECOMMENDED TREES RECOMMENDED

Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak

Quercus palustric Pin Oak

Quercus phellos Willow Oak

Ulmus americana ‘Liberty’ American Elm Disease Resistant

Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm ‘Allee’

84 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plant Name e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t Evergreen e p Botanical Name Common Name v i a t d a 4.0 Trees 4.0 A N Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow Serviceberry x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’

Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry

Asmina triloba Paw Paw

Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam

Cercis canadensis Redbud

Chionanthus virginicus Virginia Fringe Tree

Cornus florida Dogwood

Cornus mas Cornelian Cherry

Crataegus crus-galli ‘Inermis’ Thornless Hawthorn FLOWERING /UNDERSTORY TREES /UNDERSTORY FLOWERING Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia

Magnolia grandifolia Southern Magnolia

Ostrya virginiana Eastern Hophornbeam

Parotia persica Persian Parotia

Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ Okame Cherry

Sassafras albidum Sassafras

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 85 TREES Partnerships

TREE PARTNERSHIPS: CASEY TREES AND STUDENT 4.0 Trees 4.0 ENGAGEMENT Additional Tree Care Actions

The Guidelines recommend a list of additional actions that can be performed on both street and campus trees. Many, if not all, of the actions represent a prime opportunity for student engagement. With Faculty and Grounds Management oversight, tree inventories, inspection of trees for soil compaction and health issues, and research can be conducted by undergraduate and graduate students as service or research projects. A prime candidate for a student capstone project that crosses many disciplines could be the creation of a tree alert system. Training students, staff, and faculty to use this system could serve as an ongoing service project during Arbor Day, for example. Financial support and expertise could come from Casey Trees or other foundations.

86 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Action Responsibility Special Considerations Inventory all GW campus trees Potential for student engagement to take the lead Coordination with Casey Trees for training with GW Grounds Management for oversight 4.0 Trees 4.0

Obtain an inventory of all street trees at Foggy Bottom Potential for student engagement to take the lead Requires coordination with UFA/DDOT and Casey Trees with GW Grounds Management for oversight

Develop simple updating system for GW grounds man- Potential for student engagement with GW Grounds In coordination with Casey Trees, using existing agers to track the health of individual campus trees Management for oversight applications such as opentreemap

Identify universal issues with campus trees that lead to GW Grounds Management; some potential for stu- Coordination with Casey Trees for training decline in tree health dent engagement

Track condition on tree by tree basis, to be completed Potential for student engagement to take the lead Coordination with Casey Trees database on an annual basis with GW Grounds Management for oversight

Ensure reliable water source for street trees when newly GW Grounds Management identifies working water Requires coordination with UFA/DDOT and Casey Trees planted and during times of drought systems like hose bibs or other sources; coordinates for Gator bags if necessary Ensure adequate soil volume and compaction for street GW Planning, Development & Construction All new buildings or developments to exceed District trees coordinates inspections and enforcement from UFA/ regulations for soil volume with use of structural soils, DDOT during new construction connected tree boxes’ soils below paving. Create Tree Alert system available to students, staff, Potential for Student Engagement with GW Grounds facilities to identify trees issues Management for oversight

Research & implement mulching practices that promote GW Grounds Management; some potential for stu- good soil biology health dent engagement

Implement robust tree preservation practices that SL Guidelines exceed District requirements GW Grounds Management Team enforces

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 87 TREES Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy

TREES AND THE ECOSYSTEM ENHANCEMENT STRATEGY (EES) 4.0 Trees 4.0 EES Goal #1 Strengthen habitat and optimize natural space EES Goal #2: Promote Healthy air and climate.

Provide Wildlife Habitat Maintain Wildlife Corridors Filter the Air When a native tree is planted, the entire food chain The Foggy Bottom campus lies at a very strategic Trees act as “living filters” by absorbing gaseous 6 benefits. Native trees provide an abundance of point in the District of Columbia and Chesapeake pollutants from the air through the leaf surface. wildlife habitat such as food, shelter, nesting and Bay watershed. The campus is within ½ mile of Research indicates trees can reduce street level 7 sometimes water. One white oak tree supports Rock Creek Park, the Potomac River, the National particulate matter by 60%. more than 534 butterfly and moth species, one Mall, and Theodore Roosevelt Island, and can be birch tree supports 413 butterfly and moth easily traversed by birds, bats, bees and other Sequester Carbon species.3 More than 96% of terrestrial birds flying insects. Thus, native landscape plantings and Trees act as a “carbon sink” because they are depend on insects as their food source and insects enhanced natural spaces on campus can serve as effective at removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from depend on native plants. part of a corridor through which these species can the atmosphere,. They “sink” CO2, , a greenhouse more easily cross than other inhospitable parts of gas, by capturing it from the atmosphere and One example of this difference in wildlife hosting the city landscape.5 storing it as cellulose in their trunks, branches, is a native vs nonnative dogwood. Nonnative leaves, and roots. A single tree, such as the black Kousa dogwood supports zero insects versus walnut at the Dance Studio Entrance on G Street, 8 native Florida dogwood that supports 117 moths can store as much as 48 pounds of CO2 every year. and butterflies.4 There is evidence to suggest that new native plant installations in suburban settings Minimize the Heat Island Effect have begun to reverse the decline in at-risk bird Temperatures under tree canopies are cooler than populations. the surrounding area. Tree branches and leaves block up to 90% of the sunlight from hitting the surfaces below the tree canopy. A multi-month 3. Douglas W. Tallamy, Bringing Nature Home (Portland: Timber Press, study measured maximum surface temperature 2007), 147. 4. Douglas W. Tallamy, http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/butterfly-gar- reductions ranging from 20 to 45ºF (11-25ºC) for den.asp walls and roofs at two buildings.9 5. Sylvan Kaufmann, “George Washington University’s Foggy Bottom Campus in a Regional Context” (Unpublished Paper, 2015.)

88 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

4.0 Trees 4.0 EES Goal #3: Foster clean and abundant water. EES Goal #6: Encourage a natural urban Improve Water Quality environment that helps enhance physical, mental Trees mitigate the negative effects of stormwater and social well-being. runoff in numerous ways such as intercepting Student Health rainwater, reducing erosion, absorbing water As an educational institution, there is an additional and cooling stormwater. Trees absorb water incentive to plant more trees as research indicates through their roots and leaves and transform there are benefits to health and well-being. Trees water into water vapor through a process called on an urban college campus improve quality of evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration rate of life and increase emotional health by creating trees varies dramatically based upon tree species, enjoyable outdoor spaces, offering something climatic and soil conditions. For example, a large natural to view from classroom and office oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons of water a windows and helping to provide a human scale year 10 and a river birch can transpire 500 gallons in relationship to tall urban buildings. Research a day during hot summer months. The relative has indicated that students who walked in an cost to install and maintain a tree for stormwater arboretum or were in other ways exposed to trees management compared to the cost of building a performed 20% better on a cognitive assignment. Low Impact Development facility, such as a rain Current research has shown that an additional ten garden or pervious paving, is much lower. This trees on a block corresponds with 1% increase in clearly favors the installation of trees. “how healthy residents felt”. 11

6. District of Columbia Draft Urban Tree Canopy Plan (2013). International Society of Arboriculture, “Benefits of Trees,” Tree Care Bulle- tin. (International Society of Arboriculture, 2004). 7.Dr. Kim D. Coder, “Identified Benefits of Community Trees and Forests” (University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Forest Resources Unit Publication FOR96-39, October, 1996). 8. Coder, “Benefits of Community Trees and Forests,” (October, 1996). 9. Environmental Protection Agency, “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Com- 10. EPA report http://www.epa.gov/hiri/resources/pdf/TreesandVeg- pendium of Strategies: Trees & Vegetation” Akbari, H., D. Kurn, S. Bretz, Compendium.pdf and J. Hanford. 1997. Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade 11. http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-is-a-tree-worth Marc trees. Energy and Buildings. 25:139-148. Berman Scientific Reports

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 89 90 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES

Carefully chosen incremental landscape improve- ments can have wide repercussions for advancing a healthy and sustainable campus environment. This chapter provides ideas for projects that are easily undertaken within an annual operating budget, and that can increase learning, usage and enjoyment of the outdoor spaces on GW campus. Additionally, the chapter provides seeds of ideas for larger projects that can be adopted by student DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE groups or classes, developed and submitted for competitions or grant funding.

91 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 91 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GW Grounds Management Team

GW GROUNDS MANAGEMENT TEAM

1. Square 56: Funger Hall Frontage The following concepts or opportunities can be conceived as incremental landscape improvements 2. Square 56: Tompkins Hall Sidewalk and with wide repercussions for advancing a healthy and sustainable campus environment. The Grounds Grass Management Team could undertake one or more concepts per year, within the operating budget; 3. Squares 58, 79, 80, 81, 103: Small examples include re-using benches and other site furnishings on hand or propagating and dividing Townhouse Front Gardens perennial plants. The concepts identified have the potential of increasing the usage and enjoyment 4. Square 77: Academic Center Park of the outdoor spaces on campus while providing opportunities for community engagement and 5. Square 79: Kogan Plaza at Gelman Library education about sustainable methods in site design. 6. Square 79: G Street Park 7. Square 103: Parking Lot Behind Support Building 8. Square 122: Old Main Lawn

5.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS FOR SPECIAL 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES 1. FUNGER HALL FRONTAGE Advantages: SQUARE 56 • Creating a comfortable and cool place to Installing shade trees in street-level landscape wait for the shuttles beds along G street NW in front of Funger Hall • Shading the south facing façade of will improve canopy coverage and scale along Funger Hall the building. Providing shade over the terrace • Providing a new venue to enjoy the creates a cool and inviting space along the outdoors façade of Funger Hall to wait for the University • Increasing potential gathering space on Shuttle. game days at the Smith Center • Providing new reasons to sit outside Funger/Duques Hall along 22nd and G Street PROPOSED ADDITION OF SHADE TREE IN PLANTING BED 1. FUNGER HALL 1. PRECEDENT:

92 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 2. TOMPKINS HALL SIDEWALK AND Advantages: (in spite of this being a future GRASS development site) SQUARE 56 • Improving pedestrian circulation on Even though this is a designated Development public sidewalk in a High-Impact zone Site in the 2007 Foggy Bottom Campus Plan, • Promoting safer pedestrian experience on existing pedestrian circulation could be greatly public sidewalk, correcting trip and slip improved with wider sidewalks at this choke hazards point. Replacing remnant grass with tough • Improving visual impact of university to native plantings could help contain pedestrian public flow on the sidewalks and reduce the unsightly • Enhancing health of street trees appearance of highly compacted, bare earth.

Tough native plantings along the walkway 2. TOMPKINS HALL TOMPKINS 2. PRECEDENT:

3. SMALL TOWNHOUSE FRONT GARDENS Advantages: FOR DESIGN PROJECTS 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES SQUARES 58, 79, 80, 81, 103 • Providing students with visible gathering Whether in front of traditional or contemporary spaces where they can see and be seen buildings, the small entry gardens at many • Capturing a sense of the historic period of campus townhouses are used for sitting the house where appropriate outside, sometimes with picnics and outdoor • Providing the potential for learning about grills. Many of these spaces can be very simply architectural styles and corresponding enhanced by establishing a safe hard or porous landscapes surface for gathering, with a simple planted • Taking advantage of opportunities for screen or very low hedge to create a sense of stormwater capture and infiltration privacy and visual separation from the street.

Entry gardens can become an amenity with planting and hardscape 3. TOWNHOUSES 3. PRECEDENT:

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 93 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GW Grounds Management Team

4. ACADEMIC CENTER PARK Advantages (in spite of being a future SQUARE 77 development site): Since this is a Development Site, in the short • Providing a much-needed hang-out space term this space has the potential for much along the busy I-Street corridor greater casual use by current students, faculty • Creating a more usable oasis of shade and staff at very minor expense. Introducing and nature among busy venues simple landscape elements could improve the • Providing an outdoor space for organized user experience. Designating clear walkways art exhibits, as well as casual leisure with a curvilinear lawn and adding benches • Transforming a neutral visual garden into in social clusters to encourage daily use of an engaging, useful gathering space the space would make this a popular spot to gather, eat, and just breathe. The National Institute of Health campus uses simple materials & plantings to provides a restful place for employees and visitors. PRECEDENT: 4. ACADEMIC CENTER ACADEMIC 4.

5.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS FOR SPECIAL 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES 5. KOGAN PLAZA AT GELMAN LIBRARY Advantages: SEE SQUARE 79 MAP • Demonstrating simple rainwater capture Since this plaza must continue to methods accommodate large tented gatherings and • Enhancing growth and shading potential festivals, the wide-open paved surface at of the trees by improving their health and the base of the library steps must remain viability unimpeded. However, simple retrofits can be made to increase the soil volume in plaza tree planters, in order to capture stormwater sheet runoff and improve tree health.

The Amazon.com building in Seattle, WA incorporates

stormwater planters and seating in the open entry plaza LIBRARY KOGAN 5. PRECEDENT:

94 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 6. G STREET PARK Advantages: SQUARE 79 • Enhancing the potential for more uses as Until this space is developed, this small park gathering, exhibit, festival space has great potential for simple and temporary • Enhancing the potential for learning about but high impact uses such as a GroW garden, a nature, pollination, beekeeping, and more pollinator garden and an apiary habitat. These • Engaging high school students in the life uses can coexist with and even improve the of the campus park facility for the events and tailgates that currently use the space. They would provide learning opportunities for both GW and School Without Walls students by offering volunteer and engagement options for the campus. Pollinator garden 6. G STREET PARK G STREET 6. PRECEDENT:

7. PARKING LOT BEHIND SUPPORT Advantages: FOR DESIGN PROJECTS 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES BUILDING • Providing a venue for student-initiated, SQUARE 103 fun, temporary activities With the understanding that this is a future • Turning a mostly utilitarian space into an development site, improving the already interesting fun, art or productive place heavy student circulation through this space • Providing a fun and attractive space for would make for a safer, cleaner pathway for hosting university events current students. Installing ‘Pop-up Venues’ – • Improving safety and functionality of a such as GroW garden squares, recreation or heavy circulation path a temporary park, would add interest and life to this parking lot, in its new incarnation as a programmed event space. Parking lot space at Union Market in DC features vegetable/herb planters, a mobile drink stand, cornhole, and seating. PRECEDENT: 7. SUPPORT BUILDING SUPPORT 7.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 95 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GW Grounds Management Team

8. OLD MAIN LAWN Advantages: SQUARE 122 • Improving the gathering potential of the Simple changes to the planting scheme in the garden with usable and inviting design Old Main front yard would improve the design • Enhancing the historic character of the and user experience for all its occupants. building by providing a suitable and Reducing the lawn to a usable area for seating appropriate period garden for building and lounging, placing benches in critical occupants and students spots and surrounding the lawn with layered • Providing an opportunity for learning plantings in a period style would bring a sense about architecture and corresponding of place and user comfort to this underused landscape history but substantial open space.

Barrett Library in Old Town Alexandria features multiple entry

PRECEDENT: paths, seating area, and planting beds 8. OLD MAIN LAWN 8. 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS FOR SPECIAL 5.0 OPPORTUNITIES

96 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

GRANT AND PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES: 9. Sq. 40-41: I Street Mall 10. Sq. 41: Planters at Ross Hall The following opportunities suggest more intensive improvements with wide repercussions for 11. Sq. 43: Shenkman Hall Courtyard advancing a healthy and sustainable environment on campus. These concepts require an infusion 12. Sq. 56: School of Business Corridor of effort and investment, and are more likely to be implemented using strategic partnerships, 13: Sq. 77-79: H St Between 21st and 22nd St competitions and grant funding. The ideas identified have the potential of increasing usage and 14. Sq. 77: Music Department Garden enjoyment of outdoor spaces on campus. They can also provide opportunities for student groups to 15. Sq. 79: Planter Boxes at Old Library Entrance initiate community engagement, to compete in competitions like the EPA’s annual Campus RainWorks 16. Sq. 79: Kogan Plaza Stormwater Challenge, or to develop strategies to attract private donors. Each concept is described with a short 17. Sq. 79: Theater and Dance Courtyard summary describing the advantages for its implementation. Students and groups are encouraged to 18. Sq. 80: Eroded Hillside at 21st and F St take these ideas, research them, broaden their scope and impact, and create implementation plans to 29. Sq. 81: Anniversary Park gain the best possible outcome for GW and its stakeholders. 20. GroW Gardens 21. Street Planter Boxes 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 9. I STREET MALL ADVANTAGES: SQUARES 40 & 41 • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to Redesign the Metro plaza between GW sustainable design and outreach to its Hospital and Ross Hall to improve its community stormwater management facilities, circulation, • Offering an amenity to all users of native plant palette and overall aesthetics. this busy space, GW students, faculty, As these design ideas are implemented, staff, hospital users, metro users and there is great potential to showcase GW’s pedestrians. commitment to sustainability and good • Offering an even better venue for festivals, design in a high visibility intersection with the farmers’ markets and outward- facing larger urban community. events.

Potential Funding Partners: DC Water, Casey A demonstrative leaf shaped rainwater pavilion marks the

entrance to Tanner Springs park in Portland, Oregon MALL I STREET 9. Trees, UFA, Foundations PRECEDENT:

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 97 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Grants and Partnerships

10. PLANTERS AT ROSS HALL Advantages: SQUARE 41 • Reducing undesired uses of sheltered This street side landscape is made up of nooks in the façade of Ross Hall planting beds that are sloping downwards • Demonstrating interesting use of from street to building. While the plantings rainwater are attractive, there are secluded nooks in • Extending green space closer to building the building façade that provide shelter for windows undesirable public use. Several of these nooks • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to can be treated as extensions of the planted sustainability as a core belief on our areas and irrigated by rainwater. Existing campus drainage channels can be used to underdrain excess water away from the building. Stormwater planters along K Street capture runoff and beautify the space between the sidewalk and building PRECEDENT: 10. ROSS PLANTERS 10. 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 11. SHENKMAN HALL COURTYARD Advantages: SQUARE 43 • Providing opportunities to be outdoors The experience in this outdoor gathering and within the dorm environment dining space can be improved by a more • Providing opportunities for gatherings, varied design. Suggested options might be cook-outs and parties increased plantings via the use of multi-layered • Shading a very uncomfortable paved planters, outdoor recreation equipment or urban space dining furnishings and cooking appliances.

Student’s produce energy at a Green Energy Gym at Sir George Monoux College, Walthamstow, UK PRECEDENT: 11. SHENKMAN HALL 11.

98 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 12. SCHOOL OF BUSINESS CORRIDOR Advantages: SQUARE 56 • Creating a comfortable and cool place to Improve the appearance and use at the corner wait for the shuttles of G and 22nd Streets by decreasing the extent • Shading the south facing façade of of vast concrete entryways and terraces, adding Funger Hall planters, redesigning the adjacent landscape • Providing a new venue to enjoy the and site amenities, removing existing pavers outdoors and installing an urban meadow, very much like • Increasing potential gathering space on a green roof installation. game days at the Smith Center • Providing new reasons to sit outside of Funger/Duques along 22nd and G Streets Potential Partners: candidate for EPA Campus RainWorks Challenge The Belo Center for New Media at UT Austin captures and cleans water while creating wildlife habitat in an urban campus PRECEDENT: 12. BUSINESS SCHOOL 12. 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 13. H STREET BETWEEN 21ST & 22ND STREET Advantages: SQUARES 77 & 79 • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to Transform H Street into a Green Street. recognizing H Street as the heart of a Working toward the goals of the 2007 Foggy pedestrian campus Bottom Campus Plan, consider opportunities • Developing Streetscape Guidelines to make H Street more of an academic, concept that the east-west streets are pedestrian experience at the heart of campus. dedicated to campus uses in contrast to Wider crosswalks and changes in paving the north-south streets on campus and plantings would prioritize people over • Creating a safer campus for students and vehicular traffic. Investigate strategies for all visitors to our public venues managing food trucks, the potential for one- • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to way or limited automobile circulation, or H STREET 13. sustainability as a core belief on campus occasional street closings to favor University- Streets transformed into pedestrian corridors provide event Potential partners: Casey Trees, DOEE, space and maintain emergency access at Columbia University. wide events and gatherings. PRECEDENT: ASLA, EPA Campus RainWorks Challenge

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 99 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Grants and Partnerships

14. MUSIC DEPARTMENT GARDEN Advantages: SQUARE 77 • Seizing an opportunity to create an Redesign the sunken garden along the side of outdoor venue for the music department Phillips Hall to enhance user experience and • Protecting existing tree canopy and strengthen the garden’s relation to the music carving out a hidden contemplative oasis department. • Using the space to the greater advantage of its community • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to sustainability as a core belief on our campus

Potential partners: Casey Trees, Arts and Toronto Music Garden 14. MUSIC GARDEN 14. Humanities grants PRECEDENT: 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 15. PLANTER BOXES AT OLD LIBRARY Advantages: ENTRANCE • Presenting a more unified look along H SQUARES 77 & 79 Street The old entrance to Gelman Library is • Disguising the old library entrance, and now empty dead-end space at H Street. redirecting attention to Kogan Plaza Transforming one or two of the stairways into entrance built-up planters would alleviate the empty • Taking advantage of existing structure to feeling. A consistent look on this side of the create a new rejuvenated look library would be created and the outdoor experience at the coffee shop would be Potential Partners: Casey Trees, private enhanced. Existing stone walls could extend donors across the steps to the building face. Dogwood trees and under-plantings would be installed to Dogwoods would be planted to match existing planters

match others in this series of planters. PRECEDENT: 15. PLANTER BOXES 15.

100 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 16. KOGAN PLAZA STORMWATER Advantages: SQUARE 79 • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to As the preeminent gathering and festival Sustainability as a core belief on our space for GW’s Foggy Bottom campus, Kogan campus Plaza can also play a central role in projecting • Advancing GW’s commitment to being a the image of a healthy, sustainable campus leader in Sustainable DC’s initiatives that engages constituents in all aspects of • Providing a learning tool for the artful sustainability. The plaza is an excellent site for retention and reuse of stormwater creative thinking about stormwater mitigation and reuse. It can continue to be studied as an urban regenerative landscape and submitted for competitive Climate Change contests. Potential Partners: candidate for EPA’s Campus Innovative stormwater treatment becomes an amenity on UPenn

campus. PLAZA KOGAN 16. Rain Works Challenge PRECEDENT: 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 17. THEATER AND DANCE COURTYARD Advantages: SQUARE 79 • Turning a little-used space into an This is a little garden space on G Street NW, amenity for program use, such as an between the firehouse and the GW Deli. There outdoor classroom or performance is great potential for making this a charming space for the Theater and Dance studios. treasure of a garden for the use of the • Demonstrating the reuse of stormwater academic programs that inhabit the buildings • Demonstrating the use of native and surrounding it. pollinator-attracting plants

Potential Partners: EPA competitions and grants Small scale rain garden PRECEDENT: 17. ARTS ARTS COURTYARD 17.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 101 #2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Grants and Partnerships

18. ERODED HILLSIDE AT 21ST AND F Advantages: STREET • Protecting old and venerable trees SQUARE 80 • Protecting soil and preventing erosion Develop an erosion control plan with specific • Resolving a visual blight plantings plan, and/or retaining wall.

Potential partners: Historic preservation grant Retaining wall provides level planting area and doubles as seating along a street in Boston ERODED HILL 18. PRECEDENT: 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 19. ANNIVERSARY PARK Advantages: SQUARE 81 • Vastly improving the park as a venue for Already a popular venue for organized university events, festivals and exhibits gatherings and cook-outs, this park could • Providing a showcase for biodiversity, become a beloved gathering space at the while accommodating big events, southern edge of campus. This could be proving that the two can be compatible accomplished by creating a more comfortable atmosphere through hardscape and plantings; consider developing a layered forest planting all around the periphery and background of the park, and improving the hardscape area at the center to accommodate heavy usage. Potential Partners: Casey Trees, DOEE, EPA Rendering of Sherman Street Plaza in Denver shows flexible seating, varied hardscape materials, and planting pockets Campus RainWorks challenge candidate PRECEDENT: 19. ANNIVERSARY PARK ANNIVERSARY 19.

102 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 20. GroW GARDENS Advantages: • Turning a little-used space into an Increase number of GroW Gardens throughout amenity for program use, such as an the campus. GroW gardens can be dedicated outdoor classroom community gardening spots like the successful • Demonstrating the reuse of stormwater garden managed by the Food Justice Alliance • Demonstrating the use of edible on H street. They can also be continued plantings as pollinator-attracting plants initiatives by the Grounds Management Team to add edible plants to campus spaces as Selected Locations: annual ornamental plants, a very successful • Square 80 Plaza, Kogan Plaza, Mid- initiative so far. Campus Quad, G Street Park, Corner of 24th and H Street Potential Partners: Founding Farmers, Raised planters in Mandell Park in a Houston, TX neighborhood provide vegetable gardening space FarmFresh Markets, GW Food Justice Alliance PRECEDENT: 20. GROW GARDENS GROW 20. 5.0 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 5.0 SUSTAINABLE 21. STREET TREE PLANTER BOXES Advantages: WHERE NEEDED • Demonstrating GW’s commitment to In partnership with DC Water and DOEE, Sustainability as a core belief on our these are projects that upgrade our campus campus green infrastructure and advance the District • Advancing GW’s commitment to be a of Columbia’s goals for stormwater infiltration. good neighbor to the Foggy Bottom Such projects will also help to maintain and neighborhood increase the Urban Tree Canopy through • Contributing to the greater Sustainability enhanced street tree health. The projects goals of the District of Columbia would focus on enlarging street tree boxes and backfilling root zones with structural soils Potential Partners: Casey Trees, DC Water, that can withstand intense foot traffic on the DOEE, others sidewalks. Large street tree boxes in Portland, OR support tree health and a larger tree canopy 21. STREET TREES STREET 21. PRECEDENT:

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 103 104 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND 6.0 OUTREACH

This chapter suggests a number of potential activities that foster engagement with the Foggy Bottom community. The activities can be adopted and adapted by staff, students or faculty for volunteering, community outreach or educational projects. 6.0 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT & OUTREACH INVOLVEMENT 6.0 COMMUNITY

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 105 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND OUTREACH Community Engagement

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 1. Outreach to churches abutting GW property 2. Outreach to local fraternities and sororities Several places of worship are located in and within GW property 1. Outreach to churches abutting GW property around the GW campus. The Sustainable Several fraternity and sorority houses are located 2. Outreach to local fraternities and sororities Grounds project team has noted that the landscape in and around the campus. Many of the houses within GW property surrounding these buildings and abutting GW belong to the Greek organizations and are not 3. Develop Educational Programming for property are often poorly maintained, showing maintained by GW Grounds Management Team. In School Without Walls (SWW) compacted, bare soil or ailing plantings. This is some instances, little to no upkeep is visible, and 4. Broaden the scope of GW’s GroW Gardens frequently a consequence of low maintenance compacted bare ground, eroded slopes, and poor 5. Foggy Bottom Garden Club Partnership budgets, and understandably low priority placed plantings are the result. on garden maintenance. GW can help by: GW can help by: • Developing a landscape design template that • Offering design services through courses in the mirrors these Guidelines, featuring: Landscape Design program at CPS • Low maintenance plantings • Providing volunteer GW students to install • Low cost of installation and maintain the new landscapes, through the • Meets social, functional and aesthetic goals 6.0 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND OUTREACH INVOLVEMENT 6.0 COMMUNITY Center for Civic Engagement and Public Service of the organizations • Implementing a Greek Landscape Outreach Program that would provide guidance and mentoring for fraternities and sororities, through the Center for Student Engagement. • Providing service credit for volunteer hours spent on improving the landscape surrounding Greek houses • Developing an on-going “Green Care” program for external spaces on or near campus.

106 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Community Engagement

3. Develop Educational Programming for School 4. Broaden the scope of GW’s GroW Gardens 5. Foggy Bottom Garden Club Partnership Without Walls (SWW) Building on the success of GW’s first community Investigate the potential to partner with a local There are great partnership and mentorship garden on H Street, programming can be Garden Club to engage the community in our opportunities for GW students who wish to developed that bridges Public Health issues efforts at creating a sustainable landscape. engage with high schoolers at the School Without with Biology, Plant Science, Nutrition and the Neighbors that find a hospitable, dynamic and Walls. These opportunities can enhance the close Humanities. attractive landscape on campus will feel more relationship that already exists between GW and secure and comfortable as they interact with GW. the School Without Walls. GW can help by: • Working with GroW Gardens leadership & GW can help by: GW can help by: Sustainable Landscapes Program to create new • Creating small scale seating areas for the • Developing and implementing student educational programs such as the following: enjoyment of students and neighbors stewardship programs that satisfy community -- GW Community and community based • Offering adopt-a-garden opportunities for service requirements educational workshops on food security maintenance of small gardens • Offering work opportunities in the GW GroW and healthy living • Providing student-led workshops for neighbors Gardens, and volunteering at preferred -- GroWing Vegetables 101 on topics like container gardening, food environmental organizations such as -- Cooking with vegetables, healthy eating production, and nutrition. 6.0 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND OUTREACH INVOLVEMENT 6.0 COMMUNITY Casey Trees and the Dumbarton Oaks Park on campus Conservancy • Environmental Stewardship on Campus -- Curriculum Development for in-class education -- Living Labs on Campus, using specific planting beds in Square 80 Plaza -- Understand Sustainable Features on Campus -- Office of Sustainability Summer Internship(s) focusing on Core Urban Environmental Issues

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 107 108 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY APPENDICES

7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

A . Related Documents and Background Research B. Site Inventory Analysis C. Master Plant List

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 109 #2 APPENDIX A Related Documents & Background Research

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS These Guidelines build on the concepts set forth in related GW planning documents including: 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0 • A Vision for the Future: the George Washington University Foggy Bottom GW ECOSYSTEMS Campus Plan 2006-2025, including a ENHANCEMENT STRATEGY FALL 2012 Historic Preservation Plan • GW Ecosystems Enhancement Strategy: Fall 2012 • Streetscape Guidelines: Draft, August 2010 A Vision for the Future, The George Washington GW Ecosystem Enhancement Strategy, 2012 University Foggy Bottom Campus Plan: 2006-2025,

The Guidelines also emphasize compliance and encourage potential partnerships with municipal regulators and their published guidelines including:

• Greening DC Streets: A Guide to Green Infrastructure in the District of Columbia, District Department of Transportation, April 2014

Streetscape Guidelines: The George Washington Uni- Greening DC Streets: A Guide to Green Infrastructure in the versity, Foggy Bottom Campus, Draft 2010 District of Columbia, 2014

110 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY w The Guidelines reflect a strong ecological basis for the rejuvenation, growth and performance of our campus landscape. Analysis performed by Sylvan Kaufman, Ph.D. provides this basis as well as samples of Plant Collections Management Plans used by institutions and public gardens for the stewardship of their plants and arboreta. The Guidelines present a separate focus on trees, where the urban tree canopy is presented as an ecological resource, identifying potential goals such as developing an arboretum, improving our APPENDICES 7.0 street trees, making physical connections with the surrounding DC tree network. Sources include: • The work and expertise of Casey Trees • Trees USA CASEY TREES - WASHINGTON, D.C.

BENCHMARKING Casey Trees is a non-profit organization The Guidelines team researched sustainable landscape practices as reported on other campuses working “to restore, enhance and protect around the US. This list of campuses included GW’s Market Basket schools, schools with well-known the tree canopy of the nation’s capital.” sustainable programs and practices, additional schools acknowledged by AASHE (Association for the Advancement in Sustainability in Higher Education), and other schools referred to us or discovered during the research process. A comprehensive look at documentation available on their websites revealed that while all institutions on our list publicized their efforts towards sustainability, including the incorporation of generalized landscape practices, none addressed them in sufficient detail to 12 universities from around guide the routine maintenance and renovation work that are the building blocks of a sustainable the country serve as benchmarks landscape. The institutions with relevant detailed descriptions of sustainable landscape practices with relevant detailed description include: of sustainable landscape practices • American University • Oberlin College and Conservatory • Cornell University • Princeton University • Duke University • Purdue University • George Mason University • Seattle University • Harvard University • Tufts University • Northwestern University • Tulane University

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 111 #2 APPENDIX B Site Analysis: Function and Style

USE AND FUNCTION

High Impact Landscapes: Spaces and streetscapes that are highly visible, experience heavy use 39 and often include neighborhood residents, commuters, the general public as well as 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0 university stakeholders. Spaces and streetscapes that experience heavy use are mainly traveled 40 55 75 by students and faculty commuting between campus buildings. Both pedestrian safety and plant protection are important parameters in these spaces, demanding more intense maintenance to 41 56 77 101 keep them at their peak.

Low Impact Landscapes: Spaces and streetscapes that experience normal urban use,like including peripheral squares with dorms and townhouses. 42 57 79 102 These spaces should require a lower intensity of regular maintenance

BUILDING STYLE 43 58 80 103 121 Traditional: For the purpose of classifying the campus landscape into meaningful style categories, the Traditional definition used here will 81 not necessarily follow GW’s designation of campus buildings as Historic Landmarks, or the proposed 122 Historic District identified in the campus Historic Preservation Plan. These Guidelines attempt to unify the treatment of garden areas in simple and MAP 1 - USE AND FUNCTION MAP 1 - USE 112 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY as wellallnewconstruction oncampus. century dorms, suchas MunsonandOnassisHalls, which were builtinthe1940s, themid- someof Governments,as Lisner Auditorium andtheHallof includes buildingsinthelate Art-Deco stylesuch non-historic, neworrelatively new. This category Contemporary: in1849, Alumni Houseand theLenthall Houses. on campus, theFStreet Houseoriginallybuilt Federal style: along GStreet between21stand22ndstreets. along 22ndStreet oppositetheSmithCenter, and century. townhouses Examplesincludethestringof Empire buildingtypesbuilt inthemidtolate 19th Italianate, Romanesque, Queen Anne andSecond houses were builtinthisstyle, whichincludes Romantic style and Strong Halls. 20th century. ExamplesincludeMadison, Lafayette halls were builtinthisstyle, dating backtotheearly Colonial Revival style campus, including: Several traditional buildingstylesexist onour ourbuildings. or contemporary styleof straightforward wayswhilerespecting thehistoric 3housesinthisstylewere identified : manytownhousesandstandalone All othercampusbuildingsthat are : manydormsandacademic

MAP 2 - BUILDING STYLE SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 113

7.0 APPENDICES #2 APPENDIX C Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p

v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t

a Low Impact Low Impact d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N TREES B D

Acer rubrum Red Maple 40-70’ 30-50’ A W ‘October Glory’, ‘Autumn Flame’ A C B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Betula lenta Sweet Birch 40-70’ 40-60’ A W A B

Betula nigra River Birch 40-70’ 40-60’ A W A B

Cladrastis Yellowood 30-50’ 40-55’ A A C kentukea B D

Gleditsia Thornless 60-80’ 60-80’ A A triacanthos var. Honeylocust B inermis

Gymnocladus Kentucky 60-80’ 40-55’ A male podless preferred A C dioicus Coffeetree B D

Ilex opaca American Holly 15-30’ 10-20’ A ‘Jersey Princess,’ ‘Old Heavyberry’ C D

Juniperus Eastern Red Cedar 30-65’ 8-25’ D A A virginiana B

114 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N TREES B D

Liquidambar Sweetgum 60-80’ 40-60’ A Seedless-Rotundiloba, Cherokee A C styraciflua B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Nyssa sylvatica Black Tupelo 30-50’ 20-30’ A W Red Rage, Forum A C B D

Platanus Sycamore 75-100’ 75-100’ A W A C occidentalis B D

Quercus alba White Oak 50-80’ 50-80’ D A A C B D

Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak 50-60’ 50-60’ A C A W B D

Quercus palustris Pin Oak 50-70’ 40-60 A C A W B D

Quercus phellos Willow Oak 40-75’ 25-50’ A W A C B D

Quercus rubra Red Oak 50-75’ 50-75’ D A A C B D

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 115 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N TREES B D

Taxodium Bald Cypress 50-70’ 20-45’ A W distichum 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0 B D Thuja ‘Green Green Giant 40-60’ 12-18’ C A Giant’ Arborvitae D

Thuja occidentalis Arborivitae 20-40’ 10-15’ A A C B D

Ulmus americana American Elm 60-80’ 40-70’ A A C ‘Liberty’ Disease Resistant B D

Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm 40-50’’ 25-40’ A ‘Allee’, ‘Dynasty’ C D

116 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Amelanchier Downy 15-25 15-25 A x grandiflora ‘Autumn Brilliance’ A C arborea Serviceberry B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Amelanchier Shadblow 15-25 15-25’ A A C canadensis Serviceberry B D

Asimina triloba Paw Paw 15-30’ 15-30’ A W B

Carpinus American 20-35’’ 20-35’ A caroliniana Hornbeam B D

Cercis canadensis Redbud 25-30’ 25-35’ ‘Forest Pansy’, ‘Hearts of Gold’ A A C FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY TREES FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY B D

Chionanthus Virginia Fringe Tree 12-20’ 12-20’ A virginicus B D

Cornus florida Dogwood 15-30’ 15-30’ ‘Cloud 9’, ‘Ozark Spring’ A A C B D

Cornus mas Cornelian Cherry 15-25’ 15-20’ A B

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 117 #2 Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Crataegus Thornless Hawthorn 20-30’ 20-35’ A crus-galli ‘Inermis’

7.0 APPENDICES 7.0 B D

Magnolia Southern Magnolia 60-80’ 30-50’ A grandifolia B D

Magnolia Sweetbay Magnolia 10-35’ 10-35’ A W virginiana B

Ostrya virginiana Eastern 25-40’ 20-30’ A Hop Hornbeam B D

Parotia persica Persian Parotia 20-40’ 20-30’ A FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY TREES FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY D

Prunus serrulata Kwanzan Cherry 25-30’ 25-30’ A C ‘Kwanzan' D

Prunus subhirtella Autumn Blooming 20-35’ 15-30’ A C 'Autumnalis' Higan Cherry D

Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ Cherry 15-20’ 15-20’ A C 'Okame' D

118 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Prunus x Yoshino Cherry 30-40’ 30-40’ A C yedoensis D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Sassafras albidum Sassafras 30-60 25-40’ A A B FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY TREES FLOWERING/UNDERSTORY

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 119 #2 Master Plant List

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions Notes and Cultivar Information Street Tree Evergreen e v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture v

i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

SHRUBS Abelia x Glossy Abelia 3-6’ 3-6’ ‘Edward Goucher’, ‘Rose Creek’, ‘Prostrata’ C A grandiflora D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry 6-8’ 3-4’ A ‘Brilliantissima’

B

Aucuba japonica Spotted Laurel 6-10’ 5-9’ A C D

Buxus Vardar Valley 2-3’ 4-5’ A C sempervirens Boxwood D

Camellia japonica Japanese Camellia 7-12 5-10’ ‘April Series’ A C D

Ceoanothus New Jersey Tea 3-4’ 3-5’ D A americanus B

Cephalanthus Dwarf Button Bush 3-4’ 3-4’ A W occidentalus A 'Sugar Shack' B Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush 3-8’ 4-6’ ‘Hummingbird’ D A A C B D

120 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i High Impact High Impact t e

p Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D SHRUBS Cornus sericea Red Twig Dogwood 6-9’ 7-10’ A W ‘Arctic Fire’ A B 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Fothergilla Dwarf Fothergilla 2-3’ 2-4’ A gardenii A C B D

Hydrangea Oakleaf Hydrangea 6-8’ 6-8’ A ‘Pee Wee’, ‘Snowflake’, ‘Ruby Slippers’, ‘Sike’s Dwarf’ A C quercifolia B D

Ilex glabra Inkberry 5-8’ 5-8’ A W ‘Densa’, ‘Compacta’ A C B D

Ilex verticillata Winterberry Holly 3-12’ 3-12 ‘Red Sprite’, ‘Winter’s Red’, males to pollinate A W A B

Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire 3-5’ 3-5’ ‘Little Henry’, ‘Henry’s Garnet’ A W A C B D

Lindera benzoin Spicebush 6-12’ 6-12’ A B

Mahonia Oregon Grape 3-6’ 2-5’ A aquifolium Holly B D

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 121 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

SHRUBS Myrica cerifera Southern Bayberry 15-25’ 15-25’ ‘Don’s Dwarf’, ‘Fairfax’ D A A C B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Myrica Northern Bayberry 5-10’ 5-10’ D A A pensylvanica B

Osmanthus Gulftide False Holly 8-10’ 7-9’’ A C heterophyllus D 'Gulftide'

Physocarpus Ninebark 5-8’ 4-6’ D A opulifolius B

Potentilla fruticosa Bush Cinquefoil 1-4’ 2-4’ A ‘Abbotswood’ ‘Coronation Triumph’ B D

Prunus Cherry Laurel 3-4’ 6-8’ A ‘Otto Luyken’ C laurocerasus D

Rhus aromatica Gro low Sumac 1.5-2’ 6-8’ A C 'Gro low' D A B D

Rhus copallinum Winged Sumac 7-15’ 10-20’ D A A B

122 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D SHRUBS Taxus baccata Repandends 2-4’ 12-15’ A C repandens English Yew D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Taxus cuspidata Japanese Yew 10-40’ 10-40’ A ‘Densa’, ‘Capitata’ C D

Vaccinium Lowbush blueberry 6”-2’ 2-4’ A W multiple varities for best fruiting, acidic soil required angustifolium B D

Viburnum Mapleleaf 3-6’ 10-20’ A acerfolium viburnum B

Viburnum Conoy Viburnum 4-5’ 7-8’ A C burkwoodii D 'Conoy' Viburnum Dwarf Arrowwood 3-5’ 3-4’ A dentatum 'Blue Muffin' B Virburnum nudum Smooth Witherod 5-12’ 5-12’ A W A C 'Winterthur' B D

Yucca filamentosa Adam's Needle 4-8’ 2-3’- D A B

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 123 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Amsonia Arkansas Amsonia 2-3’ 2-3’ A A C hubrichtii B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Andropogon Virginia 2-3’ 1-2’ A W Salt tolerance A virginicus Broomsedge B D

Aquilegia Red Columbine 2-3’ 1-1.5’ A A C canadensis B D

Aruncus dioicus Goat's Beard 4-6’ 6’ A W A B GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS Asarum Wild Ginger 6-12” 12-18” Prefers acid soils A W A C canadense B D

Asclepias Swamp Milkweed 3-5’ 2’ Pollinator host and food source A W A incarnata ‘Ice Ballet’ B

Asclepias syriaca Milkweed 2-4’ 1’ D A Pollinator host and food source A B

Asclepias Butterfly Milkweed 18-24” 24” Pollinator host and food source D A A tuberosa B

124 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Aster laevis Smooth Blue Aster 3-4’’ 12” D A Syn. Symphyotrichum laeve A ‘Bluebird’ B 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Aster novi-belgii New York Aster 3-5’ 3’ A W A B

Athyrium Lady Fern 1-3’ 1-2.5’ A filix-femina A B

Carex Pennsylvania Sedge 6”-12” 6”-12” Semi-evergreen D A A C pensylvanica B D GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS

Chelone glabra Turtlehead 2-3’ 1.5-2.5’ A W Rain garden/bioretention plant Host plant to endangered Baltimore Checkerspot A B

Dennestaedtia Hay Scented Fern 1.5-2’ 2-3’ A A C punctilobula B D

Deschampsia Tufted Hair Grass 2-3’ 1-2’ A A caespitosa B vivipara Dryopteris Autumn Fern 18-30” 12” ‘Brilliance’ A W C erythrosora D

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 125 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D Dryopteris Eastern Woodfern 12-18” 12-18’ A C A W marginalis B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Echinacea Purple Coneflower 2-3’ 18” white flowering: ‘White Swan’ D A A C purpurea ‘Magnus Star’ B D

Eupatorium Hardy Ageratum 2-3’ 12” A W Used with Asclepias spp. assists in Monarch A coelestinum reproduction cycle B D

Eupatorium Dwarf Joe Pye 3-4’ 12” ‘Little Joe’ A W A dubium Weed B GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS Eupatorium Hyssop-leaf thor- 2-3’ 12” D A A hyssopifolium oughwort B

Eupatorium Boneset 3-4’ 2’ Bio-retention/rain garden A W A perfoliatum B D

Geranium Wild Geranium 1.5-2’ 1-1.5’ Great for early pollinators A A maculatum B D

Geranium Cranesbill 1-1.5’ 1-2’ Long flowering season D A A C 'Rozanne' B D

126 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

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Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Heuchera villosa Hairy Alumroot 1.5-3’’ 1.5-2’’ A ‘Autumn Bride’ A C B D 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Hibiscus Pink Rose Mallow 3-7’ 3-4’ Salt tolerant moscheutos A W Bio-retention/rain garden B D

Liatris spicata Spiked Blazing Star 2-4’ 9-18” A Bio-retention/rain garden A B

Liriope spp. Lilyturf 9-18” 9-18” ‘Silver Dragon’ ‘Big Blue’ A A C erosion control B D GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower 2-4’ 1-2’ Bio-retention/rain garden A W Attracts hummingbirds B D

Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia 2-3’ 1-1.5’ Bio-retention/rain garden A W B D

Monarda fistulosa Beebalm 2-4’ 2-3’ Attracts pollinators D A A B D

Nepeta racemosa Low Catnip 9-12” 1-1.5’ ‘Walker’s Low’ D A C D

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 127 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Opuntia humifusa Eastern Prickly Pear 6-12” 6-12” D A B 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Osmunda Cinammon Fern 2-3’ 2-3’ A W A C cinnamomea B D

Pachysandra Alleghany Spurge 6-12” 1-2’ A A C procumbens B D

Pachysandra Japanese Spurge 6-12” 1-1.5” A Tolerates heavy shade A C terminalis B D

GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS Packera aurea Golden Groundsel 6-30” 6-18” Bio-retention/rain garden A W A Syn. Senecio aureus B

Panicum virgatum Switchgrass 3-4’ 3-4’ ‘Shenandoah’, ‘Heavy Metal’ A W A Bio-retention/rain garden B

Parthenocissus Virginia Creeper 30-50’ 5-10’ Vine can be used as groundcover, erosion control A A C quinquefolia B D

Penstemon Beard Tongue 24-30” 12-18” Salt tolerant D A A C digitalis 'Husker Attractive to pollinators B D Red'

128 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v

i High Impact High Impact t e Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List p v

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t Low Impact Low Impact a d Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D Phlox paniculata Tall Garden Phlox 2-4’ 2-3’ ‘David,’ ‘Jeana,’ ‘David’s Lavendar’ A A C

B D APPENDICES 7.0

Phlox stolonifera Creeping Phlox 6-12” 9-18” A C B D

Polygonatum Hairy 1-3’ 1’ A W A C pubescens Solomon's Seal B D

Pycnanthemum Mountain Mint 1-3’ 1-3’ A A muticum B

GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS Rudbeckia fulgida Orange coneflower 2-3’ 2-2.5’ Bio-retention/rain garden D A A C ‘Goldsturm’, ‘Little Suzy’ B D

Rudbeckia hirta Black Eyed Susan 1-2.5’ 1.5-2’ ‘Prairie Sun’ A A C B D

Schizachyrium Little bluestem 2-4’ 1.5-2’ Bio-retention/rain garden D A scoparium B

Sedum ternatum Stonecrop 3-6” 6-8” A A C B D

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 129 #2 Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i

t High Impact High Impact e p v Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List

Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i A C a t a

d Low Impact Low Impact Contemporary Plant List Traditional Plant List A N B D

Solidago rugosa Goldenrod 3-4’ 2-3’ A W ‘Fireworks’, ‘Little Lemon’ A B 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Sporobolus Prarie Dropseed 2-3’ 2-3’ D A A heterolepis B

Thelypteris New York Fern 1-2’ 6” A W A C novoboracensis B D

Tradescantia Spiderwort 24-36” 12-18” ‘Sweet Kate’, ‘Concord Grape’ D A ohiensis B GROUND COVER/PERENNIALS

Vernonia Iron Weed 30-36” 3-36” D A ‘Iron Butterfly’ lettermannii B

Vernonia New York Ironweed 4-6’ 3-4’ Bio-retention/rain garden A W noveboracensis B

130 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Master Plant List

Street Tree Evergreen

Plant Name Characteristics Conditions e Notes and Cultivar Information v i High Impact t High Impact e p v Contemporary Landscape Traditional Landscape Botanical Name Common Name Height Spread Light Moisture i a t a d Low Impact Low Impact A N TREES Contemporary Landscape Traditional Landscape

Acer rubrum Red Maple 40-70’ 30-50’ A W 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0

Betula lenta Sweet Birch 40-70’ 40-60’ A W

Betula nigra River Birch 40-70’ 40-60’ A W

Cladrastis Yellowood 30-50’ 40-55’ A kentukea

Gleditisia Thornless 60-80’ 60-80’ A triacanthos var. Honeylocust inermis

Gymnocladus Kentucky 60-80’ 40-55’ A male podless preferred dioica Coffeetree

Ilex opaca American Holly 15-30’ 10-20’ A

Juniperus Eastern Red Cedar 30-65’ 8-25’ D A virginiana

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 131 #2 APPENDIX D Soil Notes

SOIL NOTES

Soil is integral to our living landscape as it is a vital component of the infrastructure that supports biodiversity in our natural world. Complex interactions among various microorganisms and 7.0 APPENDICES 7.0 tiny insects, worms and other small animals that live in the soil create a dynamic environment that supports plant and animal life and affects larger systems that stabilize our climate. In urban settings like the GW campus, soil degradation occurs relentlessly as daily foot traffic, erosion, de-icing chemicals, and neglect cause compaction and deplete the internal air, moisture and nutrients that are imperative for balanced, healthy soil.

For all ongoing and new landscape projects on campus, provide a soil regeneration plan that addresses the physical structure and nutrient needs of the soil as well as options to prevent further soil deterioration. Specifications for planting bed soil remediation, soil for new planting areas and ongoing maintenance are found in LATIS Planting Soil for Landscape Architectural Projects by the American Society of Landscape Architects, 2013 pages 34-53.

Please refer to GW Design Standards, Design Standards Supporting Documents, GW Reference Standards, for LATIS specifications information.

132 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Plant Photos: pp. 48-53: IMAGE CREDITS cover, Cam Mannino p. 99, University of Texas (top), Lee Jennings (bot) Acer rubrum: Vick, Albert F.W,, Lady Bird Johnson TOC, Jessica McConnell p. 100, alphamom.com/family-fun/activities/50- Wildflower Center p. ii, Matthew Flack, Jessica McConnell, Adele things-to-do-with-kids-in-toronto-before-your-kids- Ashkar (L-R) grow-up/ (top), Adele Ashkar (bot) Betula nigra:lindenlandgroup.com p. 1, William Atkins p. 101. Lauren Wheeler (top), Adele Ashkar (bot) p. 2, Jessica McConnell(top), Lauren Wheeler (bot) p. 102, Adele Ashkar (top), www.artifex10.com/ Ilex opaca: Wasowski, Sally and Andy,Lady Bird p. 6, Adele Ashkar portfolio/wells-fargo-center-urban-park/gallery/ Johnson Wildflower Center p. 9, Jessica McConnell commercial-development/#!prettyPhoto (bot) p. 15, static.wixstatic.com/media/554760_f8eb- p. 103, www.asakurarobinson.net/portfolio-view/ Nyssa sylvatica: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Lady 4cf3d306803b1bf40b14cba84a34.jpg mandell-park/ (top), Environmental Protection Bird Johnson Wildflower Center p. 18, Matthew Flack (top) Joan Honeyman (bot) Agency (bot) p. 19, Adele Ashkar (top),Jessica McConnell (bot) p. 103, GW Photography LYR Quercus bicolor: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, UConn p. 20, Adele Ashkar p. 106, William Atkins Plant Database p. 21, Adele Ashkar p. 107, Jessica McConnell p. 75, Adele Ashkar p. 109, www.perkinseastman.com/dynamic/im- Amelanchier x grandiflora: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, p. 76, Adele Ashkar age/week/asset/liquid/1500x/92/777777/Cen- UConn Plant Database p. 77, Adele Ashkar ter/3406236.jpg p. 80, Lauren Wheeler Carpinus caroliniana: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, p. 83, Lauren Wheeler UConn Plant Database p. 86, Lauren Wheeler p. 88, Lauren Wheeler Cercis canadensis: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Lady p. 89, Lauren Wheeler Bird Johnson Wildflower Center p. 91, Matthew Flack p. 92, Adele Ashkar, Lee Jennings Chionanthus virginicus: Makin, Julie. Lady Bird p. 93, Adele Ashkar Johnson Wildflower Center p. 94, Joan Honeyman (top) Amelia Bates/Grist (bot) Cornus florida: Makin, Julie. Lady Bird Johnson p. 95, Adele Ashkar Wildflower Center p. 96, Adele Ashkar p. 97, Adele Ashkar Magnolia virginiana: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, p. 98, Adele Ashkar (top) The Great Outdoor Gym UConn Plant Database Company(bot)

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 133 Magnolia grandiflora: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Amsonia hubrichtii: peganum from Small Dole, Phlox: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Lady Bird Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center England (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Johnson Wildflower Center File:Amsonia_hubrichtii_hybrid_-_Flickr_-_pega- Rudbeckia: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Lady Bird Clethra alnifolia: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, UConn num_(2).jpg), „Amsonia hubrichtii hybrid - Flickr Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database - peganum (2)“, https://creativecommons.org/li- censes/by-sa/2.0/legalcode Solidago:Smith, R.W. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Hydrangea quercifolia: Bransford, W.D. and Dol- Center phia, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Asclepias tuberosa: Hixson, John, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Ilex glabra: Mark Brand, 1997-2014, UConn Plant Database Aster laevis: Smith, R.W. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Itea virginiana: Wasowski, Sally and Andy, Lady Bird Icons made by Freepik Johnson Wildflower Center Chelone glabra: R.W. Lady Bird Johnson from www.flaticon.com Wildflower Center Ilex verticillata: Noel Gasparin Echinacea: Page, Lee.Lady Bird Johnson Myrica cerifera: http://www.rushingnursery.com/ Wildflower Center wax_myrtles Eupatorium: https://extension.umass.edu/land- Rhus aromatica:Adel Ashkar scape/weeds/eupatorium-dubium

Viburnum ‘Winterthur’: https://plantbydesign. Heuchera villosa: http://www.mtcubacenter.org/ wordpress.com/2015/02/17/viburnum-nudum-win- images/plant-finder/Heuchera_villosa_Autumn_ terthur/ Bride_4.jpg

Osmundastrum: Cressler, Alan. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Panicum: Fannon, Carolyn, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

134 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY